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Title (Animal Testing)

A Research Paper prepared to fulfill the requirements of ENGL201
course

Prepared by: Hashem zohbi

ID: 51730153

Instructor: Ms. Noura Jazzar

LIU Tripoli Campus

Spring 2017/2018
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Abstract

, Animal testing started in 384 BC . It is the of non-human living beings in experiments

it is done in many biological organization . Animal experimentation is developing year by

year . Many scientists are working in this major , because of it importance for humans in

general . It importance reflected in the development of medicines and surgeries .Animal

testing gets the worlds attraction , so many parliaments formed laws for this reason . In

animal research , only specific animals are used , mostly mice and other animals that

are weaned b the US . So for the benefit of science we should sacrifice in order to

. protects the world

Animal Testing
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I. Introduction

A. Hook (Something to attract the readers)

B. Background and general information

C. Thesis statement: . Animal research has many importance , specific animal

used ,and it has been developing to increase it efficiency .

II. Importance of animal testing :

A- Saves humans life

B- Develop the major of doctoring

III. The organization of animal testing :

A- European Parliament calls the worldwide to ban cosmetic testing on animals

B- write an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals

IV. Specific animals used in animal testing :

A- The most comparable animals to human organs are used

B- Each animal has specific orang , same organ as human , that makes the

scientists use it .

V. It is morally wrong to execute animal testing :

A- Animal experimentation is ineffective

B- Animals do not get the disease as humans

VI. Conclusion :

.We should sacrifice in order to benefits science , people and animals at the
same time .
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Scientists, such as Aristotle (384 , - 322) and Erasistratus , (304 , - 258 BC ),

performed experiments on living animals s. It is the use of non – human living beings in
experiments , it is done in universities , medical schools , pharmaceutical companies and
defense establishments . Most used animals are invertebrates like mice , rats , birds , fish ,
frogs , and other not yet weaned , are not included in the US . From the start of
animal testing and the world trying to develop it . Many majors has been created from
the experiments done on animals . For instance many people have vary about animal
testing if it is ethical or not . Animal research has many importance , specific animal
. used ,and it has been developing to increase it efficiency

First , the importance of animal testing . Animals themselves benefits from testing
because we have develop many lifesaving doctoring for bot animals and humans . 71
premium for medicine won in the last 103 years by scientists who used animals in their
research (Mendez , 2018a). In addition animal experimentation entered the world of
education , it helps students to understand more about the lessons they take .Rogers
concluded that giving the students a platform to ask question about this topic and think
through ethical issues surrounding animal research , carries enormous learning value for
both the students and the animal research professional , (2014). Moreover animals are
used in education to teach experiments procedure on animals , i.e. learning and practicing
laboratory skills . Der valk and van Boxel contended that there is indirect objectives for
using animals in education include practicing data handing skills , learning and
practicing oral and written communication skills (1999) . Furthermore surgeries are done
on animals to make sure about the success of the surgery on humans . Debakey say that “
open – heart surgery have become standard procedure , thanks to the decades of animals
.research by scientists such as John Gibbon “, (2018)

Second , animal testing experimentation development . It has been

developing since Aristotle , ( 384 – 322 BC ) , start of animal testing . In order to enclose
animal testing and make it for the health of humans , European Parliament calls the
worldwide ban on cosmetic testing on animals 4th May 2018 . The UK has gone further than
any other country to write such an ethical framework into law by implementing the Animals
(Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. It exceeds the requirements in the European Union's Directive
86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes,
which is now undergoing revision (Matthiessen et al, 2003). For the purpose of animal
research improvement , governments have entered it to the section of education . For
instance many universities contain special labs for animal research like ,Oxford , Imperial
. college London ,Stanford , and Chicago university
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Finally , there are specific animals used for animal testing . Mostly mice were used
in experiments about 74.7 % of total animals used in labs , because 98% of humans
genes have a comparable gene in mice . In addition rats are also used in labs , they are
different then mice . Lannaccone and Jacob contended “ The rat is an excellent model for
cardiovascular disease, particularly for stroke and hypertension, and there are a variety of genetic stocks
that are ideal for these studies ‘’ (2009) . Moreover frogs were used to show that nerve impulses
affect the heart using chemical transmission ,(20050. From the experiments on frogs scientists
found that acetylcholine is responsible for relaying nerve impulses to signal movement to
muscles . By side that there are more used animals , but these are the commonly used animals
. in labs by the scientists

Some say that it is morally wrong to execute animal testing . According to Dr.
Klausner animals do not get the same disease as human , so animal experimentation is
ineffective , (2018) . That wrong , Sanchez respond “ Thanks to animal research, major
medical breakthroughs for debilitating disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, blindness, stroke
and depression have been developed, as have lifesaving vaccines and surgical techniques’’,
(2017). Mendez added ,“Relatively few animals are used in research . which is a small
price to pay for advancing medical progress ’’ , (Mendez , 2018 b ). For instance animal
testing saved many human life for its begging in 384 BC till now , so you can not eliminate
it just for saving an animal that live for no reason .

In conclusion , animal testing can increase the effectiveness of medicines . It is the

most spread test that the governments depend on to develop doctoring . We can not
avoid killing animals , but we can decrease the number of used animals . Instead of
focusing on the number of used animals , you should focus on the number of saved
humans .We should sacrifice in order to benefits science , people and animals at the
same time .
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References

Dale ,Henry and Loewi , Otto (2015) . Neurotransmission demonstrated . Retrieved from :

/http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/neurotransmission-demonstrated

DeBakey , Michael ,( 2018) . Heart Surgery and Heart Transplants . Retrieved from :
http://hirnforschung.kyb.mpg.de/en/findings/medical-treatments-and-therapies/heart-surgery-
and-transplants.html

Jan van der Valk and Marjolein van Boxel (1999). ALTERNATIVES IN EDUCATION: AN
INTRODUCTION. Retrieved from :

http://altweb.jhsph.edu/resources/education.html

Klausner , Richard (2018) . Animal experiments are cruel, unreliable, and even dangerous. Retrieved
: from

https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/arguments-against-animal-testing

Lannaccone ,Philip and Jacob , Howard (2009) . Frogs! . Retrieved from :

/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2675817

Matthiessen L, Lucaroni B, Sachez E (2003) Towards responsible animal research. EMBO Rep
4: 104–107 [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Mendez , Selena (2018) .Animal Testing Is beneficial to humans . retrieved from

https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900015772/letter-animal-testing-is-beneficial-to-humans.html

Sanchez , Mar ( 2017) . More Institutional Support for Animal Research Is Needed. Retrieved
: from

https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2017/10/19/importance-institutional-support-animal-
research-essay

Stuart , Rogers (2014). The importance of teaching about animal research in schools . retrieved
:from

http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/news/staff-blog/the-importance-teaching-
/about-animal-reseach-in-schools
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