FLUID MACHINERY
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored
by a fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.
o The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the form of
potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy.
o Machines using liquid (water, oil…) are termed as
hydraulic machines.
Main advantage of fluid machines:
High energy capacity at small overall dimensions as well as
easy control and flexibility in use.
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Principles of Classification
Fluid machines may be classified under different categories as
follows:
o Classification Based on Direction of Energy Conversion
(Driving devices; Driven devices);
o Classification Based on Principle of Operation
(Positive Displacement machines; Rotodynamic
machines);
o Classification Based on Fluid Used
(Hydraulic machines, Gas machines).
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Classification Based on Direction of Energy
Conversion
Driving (Power Producing) Devices
The devices in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy held by
the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy of a moving member.
When the motion of the member is a rotational one (the most practically
used case) the fluid machine is known as a turbine.
Driven (Power Absorbing) Devices
The machines where the mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its
pressure or velocity. Main kinds of driven devices are: pumps, compressors,
fans or blowers.
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Classification Based on Principle of Operation
Positive Displacement machines
The machines whose functioning depend essentially on the change of
volume of a certain amount of fluid within the machine. The term ‘positive
displacement’ comes from the fact there is a physical displacement of the
boundary of a certain fluid mass as a closed system.
Examples:
Gear pump Piston pump
Rotodynamic machines
The machines, functioning of which depend basically on the principle of
fluid dynamics. The other name is turbomachines.
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Examples of Turbomachines (1)
Pelton wheel (turbine) Kaplan turbine
Steam turbine Francis turbine
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Examples of Turbomachines (2)
Axial flow Centrifugal compressor Centrifugal fan/blower
compressor
Axial fan Wind turbine
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Examples of Turbomachines (3)
Centrifugal pump
Axial pump
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Examples of Turbomachines (4)
Gas turbine engine (turbocompressor aggregate)
Industrial gas turbine
Turbofan jet engine
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Examples of Turbomachines (4)
Operation of a turbofan
1 – Air inlet; 2 – Fan; 3 – Low-pressure compressor cascade; 4 – High-pressure
compressor cascade ; 5 – Combustor; 6 – High-pressure turbine; 7 – Low-pressure
turbine ; 8 – Nozzle; 9 – Outer duct.
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Examples of Turbomachines (5)
Turbocompressor of industrial
gas turbine
Outer view of Rolls-Royce
turbofan jet engine
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Summary on the Review of Turbomachines
Turbomachines in which fluid moves through the rotating member in axial direction
with no radial movement of the streamlines, are called axial flow machines whereas
if the flow is essentially radial, it is called a radial flow or centrifugal machine. Two
primary points will be observed: first, that the main element is a rotor or runner
carrying blades or vanes; and secondly, that the path of the fluid in the rotor may be
substantially axial, substantially radial, or in some cases a combination of both.
Turbomachines can further be classified as follows:
• Turbines: Machines that produce power by expansion of a continuously flowing
fluid to a lower pressure or head.
• Pumps/Compressors: Machines that increase the pressure or head of flowing
fluid.
• Fans/Blowers: Machines that impart kinetic energy to a continuously flowing gas
(air) with a small pressure-rise. (Terms ‘fan’ and ‘blower’ are often used as a
synonyms, but in a strict consideration there is a small difference between them: a
fan imparts very small pressure rise of the gas and provides its circulation in the
entire room, whereas a blower imparts moderate pressure rise and serves for
delivering air to a specific zone or part of the entire room)
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Classification Based on Fluid Used
Fluid machines using liquid as the working fluid
Hydroturbines, pumps
Fluid machines using gas as the working fluid
Gas turbines, compressors, fans /blowers
The machine transferring mechanical energy of a rotor to the energy of
fluid is termed as a pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a
compressor or a fan or a blower, when it uses gas.
The compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase the
static pressure of a gas while the fan (blower) is intended for increasing
mainly the gas velocity .
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Historical Survey: Water Power(1)
The origin of turbomachinery can be traced to the use of flowing water as a
source of energy.
Horizontal waterwheels were already known to the ancient Greeks.
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Historical Survey: Water Power(2)
Undershot water wheel Overshot waterwheel
Described by Marcus Vilruvius came into use in the hilly regions of
Pollio in 27 CE Rome during the second century
CE
Power of overshot waterwheels increased from 3 hp to about 50 hp
during the Middle Ages. 15
Historical Survey: Wind Turbines (1)
The windwheel of the Greek engineer Heron of Alexandria in the first century is the
earliest known instance of using a wind-driven wheel to power a machine
Traditional windmill American farm windmill
for pumping water
Originated
in Middle
East in 9th
century
and
spread to
China and
India ,
then to
Europe
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Historical Survey: Wind Turbines (2)
Savonius Wind Turbine
Invented in 1922 by Finland engineer
Sigurd Johannes Savonius and is not
sensitive to the wind direction
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Historical Survey: Steam Turbines (1)
ParsonsTurbine
Sir Charles Parson ( 1854-1931) is credited with the development of the first
steam turbine in 1884. His design used multiple turbine wheels, about 8 cm in
diameter each, to drop the pressure in stages and this way to reduce the velocity of
steam striking the blades. The first of Parson's turbines generated 7.5 kW using
steam at inlet pressure of 550 kPa and rotating at 17,000 rpm.
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Historical Survey: Steam Turbines (2)
Laval turbine
An impulse turbine was developed in 1883 by the Swedish engineer Carl Gustav
Patrik de Laval ( 1845-1913) for use in a cream separator. To generate the large
steam velocities he also invented the supersonic nozzle
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Historical Survey: Gas Turbine(1)
John Barber’s prototype Franz Stolze Gas turbine
The gas turbine built in 1904
according to the plans of the Berlin
In 1791 John Barber received the first engineer Franz Stolze must be
patent for his drawings of a gas turbine. recognized as the first attempt to
But it never worked in practice. produce such an engine. It
remained unsuccessful however. 20
Historical Survey: Gas Turbine(2)
Gas turbine plant
Brown, Boveri & Cie. (Baden, Switzerland, 1939)
Intensive research led to major improvements to gas turbine design in
applications such as power plants, ship engines, locomotive engines, and
other industrial uses.
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Historical Survey: Gas Turbine(3)
De Havilland Goblin engine
Early turbojet engine designed by Frank Halford in 1941 and built by de
Havilland. The Goblin was the second British jet engine really was flying. 22
Historical Survey: Pumps (1)
Ancient screw pump
The screw pump was used widely by the Egyptians in the ancient world but
the great mathematician Archimedes was credited with inventing what is known in
history as the Archimedean screw around 250 B.C.
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Historical Survey: Pumps (2)
Chinese 'Dragon Spine' pump
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Historical Survey: Pumps (3)
Chinese Liberation Wheel chain
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Historical Survey: Pumps (4)
Bucket pump Bucket pump Piston pump Plunger pump
with stuffing box
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Historical Survey: Pumps (5)
Early types of centrifugal pumps
● First centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine in late 1400”s by Italian Renaissance
engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini.
● Denis Papin developed the first true centrifugal pump in 1687, which was one with
straight vanes that was used for drainage.
● John Appold, who was a British inventor, developed the first curved vane centrifugal
pump in 1851.
● True centrifugal pumps developed in late 1600’s in Europe and made its way to U.S. in
early 1800’s.
● Widespread use in last 75 years.
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Historical Survey: Pumps (6)
Modern multistage centrifugal water pump
(Manufactured in China)
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