The Carnot Gas Power Cycle

Gas Power Cycles

• 1 → 2 : Reversible, isothermal expansion at TH
• 2 → 3 : Reversible, adiabatic expansion from TH to TL
• 3 → 4 : Reversible, isothermal compression at TL
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
• 4 → 1 : Reversible, adiabatic compression from TL to TH
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) • qin = q12 = TH (s2 − s1 ) = TH ∆s
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ T222 • qout = q34 = TL (s3 − s4 ) = TL ∆s
T • wnet = qnet = qin − qout = (TH − TL )∆s
1 2 • ηth = wqnet = (THT−T∆sL )∆s = 1 − TTL
TH in H H

TL
TL
=⇒ ηth,Carnot = 1 − TH
4 3
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics T194 ∆s s • ηth ↑⇐=: TH ↑ AND/OR TL ↓.
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6101/ • In Boolean Logic: ηth ↑ = TH ↑ + TL ↓
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Cycles for Engines Cycles for Engines

Air-Standard Cycle Assumptions Overview of Reciprocating (R/C) Engines

01234167893

76 93
• The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed
26
loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
91 6232 
• All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible. 2 3 93 967
• The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process 0394 6 3
266
from an external source.
99
2 31392 8 9
99

T223 T224 32 42 

• The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that 923
T625 99 T227
restores the working fluid to its initial state. • TDC ≡ Top Dead Centre, BDC ≡ Bottom Dead Centre
• Air has constant specific heats determined at room temperature. • Compression Ratio ≡ r = Vmax = VBDC
Vmin VTDC
π
=⇒ A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are applicable is • Displacement Volume ≡ Vd =
4
× S × B 2 = Vmax − Vmin
Wnet
frequently referred to as an air-standard cycle. • Mean Effective Pressure ≡ MEP =
Vd

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 Cycles for Engines Otto Cycle Cycles for Engines Otto Cycle

The Otto Cycle: Ideal Cycle for SI Engines

• 1 → 2 : Isentropic compression
• 2 → 3 : Reversible, Constant-volume heat addition
• 3 → 4 : Isentropic expansion
• 4 → 1 : Reversible, Constant-volume heat rejection
T229
• Isentropic processes: 1 → 2 & 3 → 4. Also, V2 = V3 & V4 = V1
 k −1  k −1
→T T2
1
= V2
V1 = V V3
4
=T 4 T1
T3 ֌ T2 = r
k −1 & T3 = T4
T2 T1
• qin = u3 − u2 = cv (T3 − T2 ) : qout = u4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 )
T2 [T3 /T2 −1]
• ηth,Otto = wqnet = 1 − qqout = 1 − T T2 1
in in[T /T −1] = 1 − T = 1 − k −1
1 4 1 1 r
1
ηth,Otto = 1 − r k −1
r = compression ratio,
k = ratio of specific heats, cp /cv
T228

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Cycles for Engines Otto Cycle Cycles for Engines Otto Cycle

Example: Otto cycle: ⊲

P1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300 K , r = 10, qin = 1800 kJ/kg.
• P2 /P1 = r k −→ P2 = 2.511 MPa
• T2 /T1 = r k −1 −→ T2 = 753.6 K
• v = RT /P ⇒ v1 = 0.861 m3 /kg, v2 = 0.0861 m3 /kg
• cp − cv = R R
cv = k −1 = 0.7175 kJ/kgK
• qin = cv (T3 − T2 ) → T3 = 3261.4 K
• v2 = v3 , v4 = v1
 k −1
• T4 = T3 vv3 = 1298.4 K
T230 T231 4

• wnet = qin − qout = 1083.4 kJ/kg

Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto The thermal efficiency of the Otto
• ηth ,Otto = 1 − 1
cycle as a function of compression cycle increases with the specific heat r k −1
= 0.602 ◭
ratio (k = 1.4). ratio, k of the working fluid. • MEP = wnet
v1 −v2 = 1.398 MPa ◭

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 Cycles for Engines Diesel Cycle Cycles for Engines Diesel Cycle

The Diesel Cycle: Ideal Cycle for CI Engines

• For same r : ηth,Otto > ηth,Diesel .

• Diesel engines operate at much higher
compression ratios, and thus are
usually more efficient than SI-engines.

T232 T234
T233 T275
• Isentropic processes: 1 → 2 & 3 → 4.
V3 Dual Cycle:
• Cut-off ratio, rc = V , and V4 = V1 .
2 • Two heat transfer processes, one at
• qin = h3 − h2 = cp (T3 − T2 ) : qout = u4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 )
h k i constant volume and one at constant
• ηth,Diesel = wnet
qin =1− qout
qin
T2 [T3 /T2 −1]
= 1 − kT 1 [T4 /T1 −1]
= 1 − r k1−1 k r(rcc−1
−1) pressure.
h k i
rc −1
ηth,Diesel = 1 − r k1−1 k (r c −1) T235

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Cycles for Engines Diesel Cycle Cycles for Engines Regenerative Cycles

Example: Diesel cycle: ⊲

P1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300 K , r = 20, qin = 1800 kJ/kg.
Stirling & Ericsson Cycles
• Stirling and Ericsson cycles involve an isothermal
• P2 /P1 = r k −→ P2 = 6.629 MPa heat-addition at TH and an isothermal heat-rejection
• T2 /T1 = r k −1 −→ T2 = 994.3 K at TL . They differ from the Carnot cycle in that the
two isentropic processes are replaced by two
• v = RT /P ⇒ v1 = 0.861 m3 /kg, v2 = 0.0430 m3 /kg constant-volume regeneration processes in the
Stirling cycle and by two constant-pressure
• qin = cp (T3 − T2 ) → T3 = 2785.6 K
regeneration processes in the Ericsson cycle.
T3
• P2 = P3 → v3 = v2 T
2
, v4 = v1 • Both cycles utilize regeneration, a process during
 k −1 which heat is transferred to a thermal energy storage
• T4 = T3 vv3 = 1270.0 K device (called a regenerator) during one part of the
4
T276
cycle and is transferred back to the working fluid
• wnet = qin − qout = 1104.5 m3 /kg during another part of the cycle.
wnet Stirling cycle is made up of four totally reversible processes:
• ηth ,Diesel = qin = 0.613 ◭
1 → 2: Isothermal expansion (heat addition from the external source)
• rc = v3 /v2 = 2.80
2 → 3: Isochoric regeneration (internal heat transfer from the working fluid to
rck −1
h i
• ηth ,Diesel = 1 − 1
= 0.613 ◭ the regenerator)
r k −1 k (rc −1)
3 → 4: Isothermal compression (heat rejection to the external sink)
• MEP = wnet
v1 −v2 = 1.355 MPa ◭ 4 → 1: Isochoric regeneration (internal HT from regenerator back to fluid)
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 Cycles for Engines Regenerative Cycles Cycles for Gas Turbines

Brayton Cycle: Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbines

T237
An open-cycle gas-turbine

T238
T236 A closed-cycle gas turbine T239

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Cycles for Gas Turbines Cycles for Gas Turbines

• qin = h3 − h2 = cp (T3 − T2 )
Moran 9.4, 9.6: ⊲ a) ηisen = 1.0, b) ηisen = 0.8
• qout = h4 − h1 = cp (T4 − T1 )
• rp ≡ P2 T2 (k −1)/k T3 a) rp = 10, ηisen = 1.0:
P1 ⇒ T1 = rp = T4
qout T1 (T4 /T1 −1) • T2s = 543.4 K , T4s = 717.7 K
• ηth,Brayton = 1 − qin =1− T2 (T3 /T2 −1)
• wc,s = 244.6 kJ/kg, wt ,s = 585.2 kJ/kg
1
=⇒ ηth,Brayton = 1 − (k −1)/k
rp T626
• qin = 760.2 kJ/kg, ηth = 0.448 ◭
T240
a) rp = 10, ηisen = 0.8:
• wnet = cp [(T3 − T4 ) + (T1 − T2 )]
• ηc = wc,s T2s −T1 wt ,a T3 −T4
  h i wc,a ≃ T2 −T1 : ηt = wt ,s ≃ T3 −T4s
wnet 1 (k −1)/k
֌ cp = T3 1 − (k −1)/k +T1 1 − rp
rp • T2a = 604.3 K , T4a = 834.1 K
• For max. work: ∂wnet
∂rp = 0: • wc,a = 305.7 kJ/kg, wt ,a = 468.1 kJ/kg
 k /2(k −1) • qin = 699.0 kJ/kg, ηth = 0.232 ◭
T3
=⇒ rp = T1 : for max. wnet
• If T3 = 1000 K , T1 = 300 K ⇒ rp = 8.2. T241
T627

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 Cycles for Gas Turbines Cycles for Gas Turbines

Moran 9.7: ⊲
Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
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T629

8  • ǫ≡ qregen,act
≃ Tx −T2
Tx = ǫ(T4 − T2 ) + T2 = 745.5 K
T628 qregen,max T4 −T2

• qregen,act = hx − h2 : qregen,max = h4 − h2 • wnet = wt + wc = (h3 − h4 ) + (h1 − h2 ) = Cp [(T3 − T4 ) + (T1 − T2 )]

qregen,act hx −h2 Tx −T2 ⇒ wnet = 427.4 kJ/kg
• Effectiveness, ǫ ≡ qregen,max = h4 −h2 ≃ T4 −T2
  • qin = (h3 − hx ) = Cp (T3 − Tx ) = 753.2 kJ/kg
T1 (k −1)/k
• ηth,regen = 1 − T3 rp • η= wnet
= 56.7%
qin

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Cycles for Gas Turbines Cycles for Gas Turbines

Moran 9.9: ⊲
Turbines with Reheat, Compressors with Intercooling 0296


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5 4 0793


6 4 69
693

 4 5593

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1
T246 T631 
• h1 = h (100 kPa , 300 K ), s1 = s(100 kPa , 300 K )
• hc = h (300 kPa , s1 ), hd = h (300 kPa , 300 K )
• wc = wc1 + wc2 = (h1 − hc ) + (hd − h2 ) = -234.9 kJ/kg◭
If single stage compression is done:
• h2 = h (1000 kPa , s1 )

T252 • wc = (h1 − h2 ) = -280.1 kJ/kg◭

T250

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 Cycles for Gas Turbines Cycles for Gas Turbines

Cengel 9.8: ⊲ GT with reheating & intercooling: rp = 8, ηisen = 1.0, ǫ = 1.0

Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating & Regeneration
• In case of staging, for min. compressor
work or for max. turbine work:
p
Pi = Pmin Pmax

• wturb = (h6 − h7 ) + (h8 − h9 )

• wcomp = (h2 − h1 ) + (h4 − h3 )
wcomp
T251
• wnet = wturb − wcomp , bwr = wturb
• Without regen: wturb = 685.28 kJ/kg ◭ wcomp = 208.29 kJ/kg ◭
• qin = (h6 − h4 ) + (h8 − h7 ) = 1334.30 kJ/kg ◭
=⇒ ηth = 0.358 ◭ bwr = 0.304 ◭
• With regen: turbine and compressor works remains unchanged.
• qin = (h6 − h5 ) + (h8 − h7 ) = 685.28 kJ/kg ◭
=⇒ ηth = 0.696 ◭ bwr = 0.304 ◭
T249
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