DIGITAL MODULATION

TECHNIQUES
Part II
by
Dr Debashis Adhikari

Reference: 1. Digital Communication by John Proakis, 4th Edition , McGrawHill

2. Digital Communication by John Proakis & Salehi, 5th Edition , McGrawHill

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 111

Phase Shift Keying

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 111

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)
Generalized Representation of M – ary PSK

• In digital phase modulation, the M signal waveforms are represented as (note that since we are supposed to transmit
the message signal 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 through the changes in phase)

𝑚−1
𝑗2𝜋
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑀 . 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, . . 𝑀, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
𝑚−1 2𝜋
𝑗 2𝜋 𝑀 +2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
= 𝑅𝑒 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 = 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚−1
𝑀
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑚 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡 sin 𝑚 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑀 𝑀

= 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝜃𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡 sin 𝜃𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

2𝜋
• where 𝜃𝑚 = 𝑀 𝑚 − 1 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, . . 𝑀, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 are the M possible phases of the carrier that convey the
transmitted information
• and 𝑔 𝑡 is the signal pulse shape.

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 3

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Energy of signal 𝒔𝒎 𝒕

𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
2
2𝜋
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔2 𝑡 cos 2 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 − 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑀
0 0
𝑇𝑠 4𝜋 𝑇𝑠
1 − cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚−1 1
= 𝑔2 𝑡 𝑀 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2
0 0

𝐸𝑔
𝐸𝑚 = , where 𝐸𝑔 is the energy of the pulse 𝑔 𝑡
2

Note: The energy 𝐸𝑚 of the signal 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 is constant and is not dependent on the value of m.
Hence PSK is a constant energy modulation scheme.

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 4

 2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Evaluation of Basis Functions

Let us express the mth signal waveform as a linear combination of two basis functions, 𝜑1 𝑡 and 𝜑2 𝑡 . The
reason for considering only two basis functions, i.e., N = 2 , is only to visualize them on a 2-D signal space
(oscilloscope).
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑚1 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑚2 𝜑2 𝑡
Comparing with our previous equation,

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑚 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡 sin 𝑚 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑀 𝑀

𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + − sin 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔 2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 5

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Evaluation of Basis Functions

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 cos 𝑚 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡 sin 𝑚 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑀 𝑀
𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + − sin 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔 2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔

• Note that since basis functions are unit normal vectors we have divided the signal 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 by the square root
𝐸𝑔
of its energy i.e., by to derive the basis functions.
2
𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋
• Also note that the terms cos 𝑚 − 1 and − sin 𝑚 − 1 are constants, not depending on
2 𝑀 2 𝑀
time. Thus we can consider them to be the basis coefficients.

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 6

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Evaluation of Basis Functions

𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + − sin 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔 2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔

𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑚1 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑚2 𝜑2 𝑡

2
Hence comparing we obtain the generalized 𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
basis functions 𝐸𝑔

2
𝜑2 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝐸𝑔

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 7

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Evaluation of Basis Coefficients

𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2
𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + − sin 𝑚−1 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔 2 𝑀 𝐸𝑔

𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑚1 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑚2 𝜑2 𝑡

Comparing, the 2D signal vector is given as 𝑠𝑚 = 𝑠𝑚1 𝑠𝑚2

𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋
𝑠𝑚 = cos 𝑚−1 − sin 𝑚−1
2 𝑀 2 𝑀

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 8

2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

𝑒
Euclidean Distance between two Signal points 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 and 𝑠𝑘 𝑡 [𝑑𝑚𝑘 ]
1 1
𝑇𝑠 2 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 2
𝑒 2
𝑑𝑚𝑘 = 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑚 − 𝑠𝑘 2 = 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑘 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +
𝑠𝑚 𝑠𝑘2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 2 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑘 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 1 0
𝑇𝑠 2
1 1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 𝐸𝑔 + 𝐸𝑔 − 2 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 − 1 . 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘 − 1 𝑑𝑡
2 2 𝑀 𝑀
0
1
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 2
1 1 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 𝐸𝑔 + 𝐸𝑔 − 2 𝑔2 𝑡 cos 𝑚 − 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 − 2 𝑔2 𝑡 . cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 + 𝑘 − 2 𝑑𝑡
2 2 𝑀 𝑀
0 0
1
𝑇𝑠 2 1
1 1 2𝜋 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 2
= 𝐸𝑔 + 𝐸𝑔 − 2 cos 𝑚−𝑘 𝑔2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸𝑔 − 2. cos 𝑚−𝑘
2 2 𝑀 2 𝑀
0
1
𝑒 2𝜋 2 𝑒 2𝜋
𝑑𝑚𝑘 = 𝐸𝑔 1 − cos 𝑚−𝑘 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 1 − cos
𝑀 𝑀

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 9

 2. M-ary Phase modulated signals or M – ary Phase Shift Keying (M – ary PSK)

Summary:
𝑚−1
𝑗2𝜋
Signal Waveform 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 𝑀 . 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, . . 𝑀, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
2𝜋
Signal Phase 𝜃𝑚 = 𝑚 − 1 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, . . 𝑀, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
𝑀

𝐸𝑔
Signal Energy 𝐸𝑚 =
2

2 2
Basis Function 𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝜑2 𝑡 = − 𝑔 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔

𝐸𝑔 2𝜋 𝐸𝑔 2𝜋
Basis Coefficients 𝑠𝑚 = cos 𝑚−1 sin 𝑚−1
2 𝑀 2 𝑀

1
Distance between 𝑒 2𝜋 2
signal points 𝑑𝑚𝑘 = 𝐸𝑔 1 − cos 𝑚−𝑘
𝑀

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 10

2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

• We define two signals 𝑠1 𝑡 and 𝑠2 𝑡 based on a single basis function 𝜑1 𝑡 . Hereafter we will be
considering the signals without any pulse shaping i.e., 𝑔 𝑡 =1.
• Since it is binary, the symbols are in fact bits, each of duration 𝑇𝑏 . Let the energy of each signal be 𝐸𝑏 .

𝐸𝑏
• The quantity therefore represents the signal amplitude.
𝑇𝑏

• Hence from our earlier discussions, the generalized equation of the signal representation can then be

2𝐸𝑏 2𝜋
written as 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 − 1 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏 𝑀

• Here the factor 2 in the amplitude term is put for mathematical manipulations.
1
• Please note that we are considering narrowband signaling, implying 𝑓𝑐 ≫
𝑇𝑏

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 11

2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

2𝐸𝑏 2𝜋
From the equation, with M = 2 𝑠𝑚 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚−1 , 𝑚 = 1, 2, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏 𝑀
We will have the BPSK signals represented as:

2𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏
𝑠1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏 𝑠2 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜋 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏

2
Basis function, 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑏

Therefore, 𝑠1 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡
𝑠2 𝑡 = − 𝐸𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏

Basis coefficients 𝑠11 = 𝑠1 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 ; 𝑠21 = 𝑠2 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝐸𝑏

0 0

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 12

 2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Constellation Diagram

− 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝑠11 = 𝐸𝑏 𝑠21 = − 𝐸𝑏
𝜑1 𝑡

BPSK Modulator
Random input sequence
𝐸𝑏
≡ 𝐸𝑏 𝑑 𝑡 2𝐸𝑏
Product 𝑠 𝑡 =± cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃
Modulator 𝑇𝑏
− 𝐸𝑏
2𝐸𝑏
= 𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃
𝑇𝑏
2
NOTE: If ‘𝜃’ is non-zero implies that we have not 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)
strictly followed that signal has not started at 𝜃 = 𝑇𝑏
+1
0. Adding 𝜃 is only to generalize the scenario. 𝑑 𝑡 =
−1

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 13

2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Coherent BPSK Demodulator (Correlator demodulator)

2
𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑏

A 𝑇𝑏 B C
𝑟 𝑡 =𝑠 𝑡 +𝑛 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1, 𝑖𝑓𝑟1 > 0
Narrow band IF signal 𝑟1 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑟1 ≤ 0
0
Sampled at
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑏
2
• At A we have [𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑛 𝑡 ]. cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) Desired signal Scalar Random variable
𝑇𝑏
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
2 2𝐸𝑏 2
• At B we have 𝒅 𝒕 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃 + 𝑛 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒅 𝒕 𝑬𝒃 + . 𝑛 𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
0 0

• Integrator output is sampled at 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑏

• This is ML detection scheme

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 14

 2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
‘0’ ‘1’
Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK

• The two limited signals are 𝑠1 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑠2 𝑟 𝑠1

𝑠2 𝑡 = − 𝐸𝑏 𝜑1 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡
− 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
2 Z2 Z1
• Where basis function is given as 𝜑1 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑏
cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑏
Fig: Constellation of BPSK with 1D representation

• Also basis coefficients are 𝑠11 = 𝐸𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠21 = − 𝐸𝑏

• The received vector 𝑟 is the vector sum of signal points ( 𝑠1 or 𝑠2 ) and the noise vector 𝑛 , i.e., 𝐫 = 𝐬 + 𝐧 (random variable
whose mean is E[r] = E[s + n]= E[s] = 𝑠11 or 𝑠21
• An error occurs if
(i) 𝑠1 𝑡 is transmitted while 𝑟 is in zone Z2 or
(ii) 𝑠2 𝑡 is transmitted while 𝑟 is in zone Z1

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 15

 2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
‘0’ ‘1’
Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK
• Likelihood function 𝑠2 𝑟 𝑠1
𝜑1 𝑡
1 1 2
𝑝𝑟 𝑟 0 = exp − 𝑟 − 𝑠21 − 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0
Z2 Z1
1 1 2
= exp − 𝑟 − − 𝐸𝑏 Fig: Constellation of BPSK with 1D representation
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0

1 1 2
𝑝 𝑟 𝑠1
= exp − 𝑟 + 𝐸𝑏 𝑝 𝑟 𝑠2
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0

• The probability of error Pe(0) that the receiver decides in favour of

‘1’ while ‘0’ was transmitted will therefore be given by:
∞

𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑝𝑟 𝑟 0 𝑑𝑟
0
− 𝐸𝑏 𝛾=0 𝐸𝑏 16
𝑟 𝑇𝑏

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 16

 2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
‘0’ ‘1’
Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK
∞
𝑠2 𝑟 𝑠1
𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑝𝑟 𝑟 0 𝑑𝑟 𝜑1 𝑡
0
∞ − 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
1 1 2
= exp − 𝑟 + 𝐸𝑏 𝑑𝑟 Z2 Z1
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0
0
Fig: Constellation of BPSK with 1D representation
1 1
Let z= 𝑟 + 𝐸𝑏 therefore 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑁0 𝑁0

∞ ∞ 𝑝 𝑟 𝑠2 𝑝 𝑟 𝑠1
1 1 2 2 1 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 0 = exp −𝑧 2 𝑑𝑟 = . 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = erfc
𝜋 2 𝜋 2 𝑁0
𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝑁0 𝑁0

2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑄 (since, erfc 𝑢 = 2𝑄 2𝑢 )
𝑁0
− 𝐸𝑏 𝛾=0 𝐸𝑏 17
𝑟 𝑇𝑏

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 17

2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
‘0’ ‘1’
Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK

As discussed earlier during receivers, 𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑃𝑒 1 . Therefore, 𝑠2 𝑟 𝑠1

𝜑1 𝑡
− 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑃𝑒 1 = 𝑄 Z2 Z1
𝑁0
Fig: Constellation of BPSK with 1D representation

Assuming that ‘0’ and ‘1’ are equiprobable, then average

𝑝 𝑟 𝑠2 𝑝 𝑟 𝑠1
probability of received bit being in error:

1 1 2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑒 0 + 𝑃𝑒 1 = 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑄
2 2 𝑁0

𝑟 𝑇𝑏

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 18

18
 2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
‘0’ ‘1’
Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK
𝑠2 𝑟 𝑠1
2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑃𝑒 1 = 𝑄 𝜑1 𝑡
𝑁0
− 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
Z2 Z1
𝐸𝑏 Fig: Constellation of BPSK with 1D representation
• Observe from the plot of BER Vs that as we increase the
𝑁0
SNR i.e, increasing signal power 2𝐸𝑏 , the BER reduces. ( at SNR
= 10dB the BER is almost equal to 10-6).
• Increasing 𝐸𝑏 will place 𝑠1 𝑡 or 𝑠2 𝑡 further away from the
origin and hence it will be difficult for noise psd 𝑁0 to shift the
signal from one zone say Z1 to the incorrect zone, thereby
reducing BER.

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 19

2A. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK

Assignment:

Q. A continuously operating coherent BPSK system makes error at the average rate of 100 errors per day. Data rate is
1Kbps and N0 = 10-10 W/Hz.
(a) Assuming the system to be WSS, what is the average BER.
(b) If the value of the received average signal power is adjusted to be 10-6W, will this received power be adequate to
maintain the error rate?

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 20

 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• QPSK is an expanded version of BPSK modulation scheme.

• This modulation scheme is important for the development of the concept of 2-D I-Q (in-phase – quadrature
phase) modulation.
• In QPSK, since two bits are blocked to form a symbol, we have symbol set consisting of M = 22= 22 = 4
symbols [𝑛 = log 2 𝑀].
• Hence the total phase of 360⁰ is divided into four parts for placing the signals separated in the signal space
by 90⁰.
• QPSK can also be called as 4 – PSK.
• QPSK is equal energy modulated scheme.
• Applications: QPSK is used in various cellular wireless standards such as GSM, CDMA, LTE, 802.11 WLAN,
802.16 fixed and mobile WiMAX, Satellite and CABLE TV .

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 21

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

General expression for QPSK signal

• General expression for QPSK modulated signal, without any pulse shaping is given as:

2𝐸 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
𝑇𝑠 4
1 1
where 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑛. = 𝑛. = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑇𝑠 2𝑇𝑏

• By simple trigonometric expansion we obtain:

2𝐸 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠 4

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 22

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Basis Function & Basis Coefficients for QPSK signal

2𝐸 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠 4

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
4 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠

Comparing the above equation with

𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖1 𝜑1 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖2 𝜑2 𝑡

2 2
We obtain the basis functions as 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝜑2 𝑡 = − sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 23

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Basis Coefficients or Signal points for QPSK signal

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
4 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠

The four signal points are evaluated as:

𝜋 𝜋 𝑠𝑖1
𝒔𝒊 = 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 = 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4, 𝜑2 𝑡
4 4 𝑠𝑖2
𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
• All four points are equidistant from the origin (equal energy signals) 𝐸

• Symbol transition can occur only after at 𝑇 = 2𝑇𝑏 .

𝜑1 𝑡
• Symbol rate 𝑅𝑠 = 0.5𝑅𝑏 𝐸
2
• Hence transmission bandwidth for QPSK is half that of BPSK 𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 24

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Construction of Constellation diagram for QPSK signal

• The four signal points are evaluated as:
𝜑2 𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
𝒔𝒊 = 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
4 4 𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
𝐸
• Signal point 𝒔𝟒 corresponds to the symbol (10) which implies do=1, de=0

𝜑1 𝑡
• Let us calculate the coordinates for (say) 𝑠4 (i.e., 𝑠41 and 𝑠42 ) (10) 𝐸
2

𝜋 7𝜋 𝐸 𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10
𝑠41 = 𝐸 cos 2.4 − 1 = 𝐸 cos =
4 4 2

𝜋 7𝜋 𝐸
𝑠42 = 𝐸 sin 2.4 − 1 = 𝐸 sin =−
4 4 2
• With the above information for all symbols we construct the following table:

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 25

 𝜑2 𝑡
2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
Construction of Constellation diagram for QPSK signal 𝐸

𝜑1 𝑡
𝐸
2
Co-ordinates 𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10
Phase of
i/p do de
QPSK si1 si2 i
𝜋
𝑠1 1 1 4 + 𝐸 2 + 𝐸 2 1

𝑠2 0 1 3𝜋 − 𝐸 2 + 𝐸 2 2
4
5𝜋 − 𝐸 2
𝑠3 0 0 4 − 𝐸 2 3

7𝜋 𝐸
𝑠4 1 0 4
𝐸
2 - 2 4

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 26

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Generation of QPSK modulated signal

• The limited energy signals for QPSK modulation as we have seen before is given as :

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
4 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠
Now for 𝒔𝟒 (1 0)

7𝜋 2 7𝜋 2
𝑠4 𝑡 = 𝐸 cos cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 𝐸 sin sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
4 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠

𝐸 2 𝐸 2 𝐸 𝐸
𝑠4 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + − sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2 𝑇𝑠 2 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

Here in 𝒔𝟒 (1 0), the odd bit is 1, therefore 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 = +1, and even bit is 0, therefore 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = −1

1 → +1 1 → +1
In general, 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 ≡ 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 ≡
0 → −1 0 → −1

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 27

27
2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
2𝐸
𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
Generation of QPSK modulated signal 𝑑𝐼 𝑡 𝑇𝑠

d2 d4
1 symbol duration 𝑇 = 2𝑇𝑏
d0 T 2T 3T 4T
d6
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
D
d1 d2 d4 E
Tb M 𝑑𝑄 𝑡
4T
d0 T
d3 2T d5 3T d6 d7 U
X
d1
T T 2T 3T 4T
d3 d5 d7

2𝐸
𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 28

28
2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Generation of QPSK modulated signal

2𝐸
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐸𝜑1 𝑡
𝑇𝑠

0 1 0 1
+1
𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 I channel
𝑇𝑏
Bit Splitter /
-1
𝑠 𝑡
DE-MUX & 𝑇 = 2𝑇𝑏 Σ
Data sequence
Scaling Unit
𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 Q channel

2𝐸 2𝐸 2𝐸
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐸𝜑2 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 29

 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Generation of QPSK modulated signal

𝐸 𝐸
So 𝒔𝟒 (1 0) can be represented as 𝑠4 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
where I – channel is 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ≡+ cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡and Q- channel is 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ≡− sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

𝐸
I – channel o/p + cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠
𝐸 𝐸
+ 𝑠4 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡
𝑇𝑠
cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡
𝑇𝑠
sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

𝐸
Q– channel o/p − sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 30

30
Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 31
31
 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 2𝐸 2𝐸
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
Generation of QPSK modulated waveform
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 Tb
d1 d2 d4
T 3T 4T
d0 d3 2T d5 d6 d7
𝜑2 𝑡
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
𝑑𝐼 𝑡
d2 d4
𝐸 3T 4T
d0 T 2T
d6
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
𝜑1 𝑡 1 0 0 0
𝐸
2 𝑑𝑄 𝑡
𝑠4 10
d1
𝑠3 10
T 3T 4T
d3 2T d5 d7
0 T 2T 3T 4T

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 32

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 33
33
 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
QPSK Demodulator
𝜑1 𝑡
• Received signal 𝑟 𝑡 is an IF bandpass signal
𝑇=2𝑇𝑏 𝑟1
consisting of desired modulated signal 𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
I 0 𝑡𝐼 = 2𝑇𝑏
and in-band thermal noise. M 𝑑 𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 U
• Sampling unit sample the outputs of respective
Q 𝑇=2𝑇𝑏 𝑟2 X
integrator every 𝑇 = 2𝑇𝑏 seconds.
𝑑𝑡
• 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are independent random variables 0 𝑡𝑄 = 2𝑇𝑏

with Gaussian distribution with variance 𝜎𝑛2 𝜑2 𝑡

and mean ± 𝐸
2.

• Polarity of the sampler output indicates best estimate of the corresponding information bit, estimated by the vector
receiver.
• The output of the comparators are interpreted and multiplexed to generate the demodulated sequence 𝑑 𝑡 .

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 34

2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
BER performance of QPSK Modulation

We have QPSK modulated waveform 2𝐸 𝜋 2𝐸 𝜋

𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
represented as: 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠 4

• Received signal: 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑛 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝜑2 𝑡
Z3 Z4
• Received vector 𝐫 at the output of the bank of I-path and Q – path has
two components: 𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
𝑇
𝜋 𝐸
𝑟1 = 𝑟 𝑡 𝜑1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 + 𝑛1
4
0
𝑇 𝜑1 𝑡
𝐸
𝜋 2
𝑟2 = 𝑟 𝑡 𝜑2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 + 𝑛2
4 𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10
0

• If 𝑟1 > 0, it implies that 𝐫 is either in decision region Z4 or Z1 Z2 Z1

• If 𝑟2 > 0, it implies that 𝐫 is either in decision region Z3 or Z4

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 35

 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
BER performance of QPSK Modulation
𝜋 𝜋 𝑁0
• Now 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are random variables with mean 𝐸 cos 2𝑖 − 1 and − 𝐸 sin 2𝑖 − 1 respectively and variance .
4 4 2

• Let us assume that 𝑠4 𝑡 was transmitted and we have received 𝐫. Let us first compute the probability of correct decision
i.e., 𝑃𝑐𝑠4 𝑡 = Probability of correct decision when 𝑠4 𝑡 was transmitted, 𝜑2 𝑡
Z3 Z4
= Joint probability of event that 𝑟1 > 0 and 𝑟2 > 0
𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
𝜋 𝐸 𝐸
• Mean of 𝑟1 = 𝐸 cos 7 =
4 2

𝜋 𝐸
• Mean of 𝑟2 = 𝐸 sin 7 4 = − 𝜑1 𝑡
2 𝐸
2
2 2
∞ ∞ 𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10
1 1 𝐸 1 1 𝐸
𝑃𝑐𝑠4 𝑡 = exp − 𝑟1 − 𝑑𝑟1 exp − 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝑟2 Z1
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0 2 𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0 2 Z2
0 0

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 36

 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 𝜑2 𝑡
Z3 Z4
BER performance of QPSK Modulation 𝑠3 01 𝑠4 11
Probability of correct decision 𝐸
∞ 2 ∞ 2
1 1 𝐸 1 1 𝐸
𝑃𝑐𝑠4 𝑡 = exp − 𝑟1 − 𝑑𝑟1 exp − 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝑟2 𝜑1 𝑡
𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0 2 𝜋𝑁0 𝑁0 2 𝐸
0 0 2
𝑠2 00 𝑠1 10
𝐸 𝐸
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 + Z1
We substitute 𝑧=
2
as well as 𝑧 =
2
implying Z2
𝑁0 𝑁0 𝐸
When 𝑟1 = 0, 𝑧 = −
2𝑁0
𝑑𝑟1 = 𝑁0 𝑑𝑧 and 𝑑𝑟1 = 𝑁0 𝑑𝑧 When 𝑟1 = ∞, 𝑧 = ∞

• Since 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are statistically independent, we write the above equation as

∞ 2 2
1 −𝑧 2
1 𝐸 𝐸 1 𝐸 ∞
𝑃𝑐𝑠4 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = 1 − erfc = 1 − erfc + erfc 2 1 2 1
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − erfc 𝑎
𝜋 2 2𝑁0 2𝑁0 4 2𝑁0 𝜋
−𝑎
2
𝐸
− 2𝑁
0

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 37

 2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 𝜑2 𝑡
Z3 Z4
BER performance of QPSK Modulation 𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
Probability of correct decision 𝐸

𝐸 1 𝐸
𝑃𝑐𝑠 = 1 − erfc + erfc 2 𝜑1 𝑡
4 𝑡 2𝑁0 4 2𝑁0 𝐸
2
𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10
Hence probability of error
Z2 Z1
𝐸 1 𝐸
𝑃𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑃𝑐𝑠 = erfc + erfc 2
4 𝑡 4 𝑡 2𝑁0 4 2𝑁0

Similarly for other signals we have 𝑃𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑒𝑠

1 𝑡 2 𝑡 3 𝑡 4 𝑡

𝟏
Assuming all symbols are equally likely then the prior probability 𝐏 𝒔𝟏 = 𝐏 𝒔𝟐 = 𝐏 𝒔𝟑 = 𝐏 𝒔𝟒 = 𝟒

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 38

38
2B. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
BER performance of QPSK Modulation
Therefore total probability of error is

1 𝐸 1 𝐸 𝐸 2𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 = 4. erfc + erfc 2 = erfc = erfc = erfc
4 2𝑁0 4 2𝑁0 2𝑁0 2𝑁0 𝑁0

4 𝜑2 𝑡
Since, 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑖=1 𝐏 𝒔𝒊 𝑃𝑒𝑠 Z4
𝑖 𝑡 Z3
and since, erfc 𝑢 = 2𝑄 2𝑢 ) 𝑠2 01 𝑠1 11
𝐸

𝜑1 𝑡
𝐸
2
𝑠3 00 𝑠4 10

Z2 Z1

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 39

39
2B. Summary of M-ary PSK

2𝐸 𝜋
• M possible signals are given as 𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑖 = 1,2, 3,4,
𝑇𝑠 𝑀
1
E = signal energy per symbol, and carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑛. 𝑇
𝑠

2 2
• Basis functions: 𝜑1 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 𝜑2 𝑡 = − sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠

𝑒 2𝜋
• Euclidean distance or distance between adjacent signaling points 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 1 − cos
𝑀

• Symbol duration of M-ary PSK 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇𝑏 log 2 𝑀

• Symbol energy: 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑛𝐸𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 log 2 𝑀

• Distance of each signal point from the origin 𝐸𝑠

2𝑟𝑏 Bit rate
• Bandwidth of M – ary PSK 𝐵= • Baud rate =
𝑛 log2 M

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 40

40
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

BER for BPSK: 1 𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏

𝑃𝑒 0 = erfc =𝑄
2 𝑁0 𝑁0

BER for QPSK: 𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏

𝑃𝑒 = erfc = 2𝑄
𝑁0 𝑁0

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 41

41
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Ex 1. A baseband binary transmission system send two pulses 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 and 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 as shown below in the figure, through
a channel at a rate of 100kbps to achieve an error probability of 10-6. If two sided noise PSD is given by 0.5 X 10-7 W/Hz.
Find the required value of magnitude A?
Solution: This is NRZ form of binary signaling
A 𝐸𝑏
Probability of error for binary transmission is given as 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑄 = 10−6 (given)
𝑁0
𝑇
2𝑇
0 t 1 1 𝐴
T/2 Also, 𝑁0 = 10−7 W/Hz and 𝑇 = = = 10−5 , 𝐸𝑏 = 𝐴2 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑟𝑏 100𝑋103 2
0

𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝑄 = 10−6 , which implies = 𝑄 −1 10−6 = 4.27
T/2 T 𝑁0 𝑁0
0 t
-A 𝐸𝑏 𝐴2 𝑇 𝐴2 . 10−2 A=0.6 V
= = = 4.27
𝑁0 2𝑁0 2. 10−7

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 42

42
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Ex. 2: A binary receiver system receives a bit rate of 1Mbps. The amplitude of the waveform is 3mV and the two sided
𝒆−𝒙
noise power spectral density is 0.2 X 10-11 W/Hz. If 𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐜 𝒙 = , then find the bit error probability for BPSK
𝟐𝒙
signal?
Soln: Bit rate 𝑟𝑏 = 1 Mbps = 106 bits /sec
1
Therefore, bit duration, 𝑇𝑏 = 𝑟 = 10−6 sec
𝑏

𝑁0
Also, given A = 3 X 10-3 V and = 0.2 X 10−11 W/Hz
2

2
𝐴2 3.10−3 .10−6
Signal energy, 𝐸𝑏 = . 𝑇𝑏 = = 4.5 X 10−12 J
2 2

2𝐸𝑏 1 𝐸𝑏 1 4.5 X 10−12 1 𝒆−1.0606

𝑃𝑒 0 = 𝑄 = erfc = erfc = erfc 1.0606 = = 0.0816
𝑁0 2 𝑁0 2 2𝑋0.2 X 10−11 2 2𝑋1.0606

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 43

43
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Ex. 3: For the constellation diagram shown below find the average transmitted power.

2a 𝑆4
Soln: 𝑆5 P
2a 2a
𝑆1 a
𝑆4
𝑆5
2a O a a Q
𝑆2 𝑆3
2a 2a
𝑆2 𝑆3 The energy of any constellation point is calculated by finding the
square of the distance from the origin.
𝑆7 𝑆8 Therefore energy for signal point 𝑆4 is given by
2a 𝑆6 2a
𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑎 2 + 𝑎2 = 5𝑎
Average transmitted power
1 2
𝑃 = 4X 5𝑎 + 2X𝑎2 + 2X𝑎2 = 3𝑎2
8

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 44

44
 2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Ex 4. Consider a voice transmission using BPSK signaling at a transmission rate of 2.4 kbps and a bandwidth efficiency
of 1 bps/Hz. In order to increase the data rate to 19.2 kbps with the symbol rate with the symbol rate remaining at 2400
symbols/sec, find the number of constellation points required?

Soln:
𝑟𝑏 19.2 𝑋 1000
𝑅𝑠 = 2400 = =
log 2 𝑀 log 2 𝑀

19.2 𝑋 1000
log 2 𝑀 = =8
2400

Therefore, M = 28=256 constellation points

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 45

45
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Ex. 5: A binary bandpass system transmits binary data at the rate of 2.5 X 106 bits/second. During the course of
transmission, zero-mean AWGN of 2-sided PSD equal to10-14 W/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the
amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for digit “1” or “0” is 1 mv. Find the average probability of symbol error, for
a BPSK coherent receiver?

Soln: 1 1
𝑇 = 𝑟 = 2.5 𝑋 106 = 0.4 X 10−6 secs A = 1 mv
𝑏

𝐴2 𝑇 1 𝑋 10−6 X 0.4 X 10−6

𝐸𝑏 = = = 0.2 𝑋 10−12
2 2

𝑁0 = 2 𝑋 10−14 W/Hz

1 𝐸𝑏 1 0.2 X 10−12 1
𝑃𝑒 = erfc = erfc −14 = erfc 3.1622 = 0.0000055 = 5.5 X 10−6
2 𝑁𝑜 2 2 X 10 2

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 46

46
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Example 6: Ina PSK system, the received waveforms 𝒔𝟏 𝒕 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 and 𝒔𝟐 𝒕 = −𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒄 𝒕 are coherently
detected with a matched filter. The value of A is 10mV and the bit rate is 2Mbps. If the noise PSD = 10-11 W/Hz then
find the probability of error Pe?

Soln: 𝑇
2𝑇
𝐴 1
𝐸𝑏 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = = 0.5 𝑋 10𝑋10−3 2 𝑋
2 2𝑋10−6
0

Probability of error of BPSK

1
1 𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏 2𝑋0.5 𝑋 10𝑋10−3 2 𝑋
𝑃𝑒 0 = erfc =𝑄 =Q 2𝑋10−6 = Q 5 𝑋 1011 = 1.189 𝑋 10−3
2 𝑁0 𝑁0 2𝑋10−11

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 47

47
2B. Problems on BER for BPSK and QPSK (Coherent Detection)

Example 7: A binary bandpass system transmits data at the rate of 2.5 X 106 bits /sec. during the course of
transmission, zero-mean AWGN of 2-sided PSD = 10-14 W/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the
amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1mV. Find the average probability of symbol error, for a
coherent BPSK system?

Soln:
𝐴2 𝑇 1 1 −6 seconds
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑇= = = 0.4 𝑋 10
2 𝑟𝑏 2.5 𝑋 106

BER 1 𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏 2 𝑋 0.2 𝑋10−12

𝑃𝑒 0 = erfc =𝑄 =𝑄 = 5.5 𝑋 10−6
2 𝑁0 𝑁0 2 𝑋10 −14

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 48

48
End of Digital Modulation Part II

Dr D Adhikari, School of Electrical Engineering 49

49