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Dhanaraj K.J., Asst - Professor, ECED, NITC: I e o C C e I

Nullators and norators are mathematical models that are useful for analyzing transistor circuits in small signal operation. A nullator has a voltage and current of zero, while a norator has arbitrary voltage and current. Idealized transistors can be represented as a norator-nullator pair called a nullor, where the base current is assumed to be negligible and the base-emitter voltage is zero. Examples show how nullors can be used to model common small signal transistor circuits through representing the relationships between input, output, and feedback voltages and currents.

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81 views2 pages

Dhanaraj K.J., Asst - Professor, ECED, NITC: I e o C C e I

Nullators and norators are mathematical models that are useful for analyzing transistor circuits in small signal operation. A nullator has a voltage and current of zero, while a norator has arbitrary voltage and current. Idealized transistors can be represented as a norator-nullator pair called a nullor, where the base current is assumed to be negligible and the base-emitter voltage is zero. Examples show how nullors can be used to model common small signal transistor circuits through representing the relationships between input, output, and feedback voltages and currents.

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Ritu Roy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Analysis of transistor circuits using Norators and Nullators

Dhanaraj K.J., Asst.Professor, ECED, NITC

Nullator and Norator are purely mathematical models which are helpful in circuit analysis.If v is the
voltage across a (two terminal) circuit element and i is the current through it, a short is the element with v
as zero and i as any arbitrary value and an open is the element with i as zero and v as any arbitrary value.
A Nullator is an element with v and i as zero. A Norator is an element with v and i as arbitrary values.
Symbols:

Nullor equivalent of Transistor:


It is obvious that nullators and norartors cannot exist in real world. But ideal behaviour of certain active
circuit components can be represented by a combination of norators and nullators.A norator-nullator pair is
called nullor.
In the approximate analysis of many BJT circuits it is assumed that in small signal operation (i) base currents
are negligible in comparison with collector currents and base-emitter volages are zero (ii) output resistance
of transistors are very large . Such idealized BJTs may be precisely represented by nullors. Idealized FETs
can also be represented by nullors, for which gate currents are zero.

These models are useful for analysis of small signal operation of BJT/FET based amplifiers only if local feed-
backs are there such that overall performance is indepenedent of production spreads in transistor parameters.
Example 1:

vi
i=
Re
vo = −iRc
Rc
= − vi
Re
vo Rc
=−
vi Re
Example 2:

1
v o − vi vi
i= =
R1 R2
vo R1
=1+
vi R2
Example 3:

Re −vi
i = io ∗ =
Re + Rf Rs
 
io 1 Rf
=− 1+
vi Rs Re

Example 4:

vo −vi
i= =
Rf R1
vo Rf
=−
vi R1
References:

1. A.C. Davies, The signi ficance of nullators, norators and nullors in active-network theory, Radio and
electronic Engineer, volume 34,issue 5, November 1967, p 259-267
2. V.K. Aatre, Network Thoery and Filter Design, II edition,Wiely Eastern Ltd, 1986

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