Q1 (a)
y(t) = sin(x(t))
y(t) is memoryless because the output of the system at any time t depends on the present input.
Q1 (b)
y(t) = sin(x(t))
For positive t, y(t) = sin(x(t)). At t > 0, y(t) depends on the input value of the present.
For negative t, y(-t) = sin(x(-t)) = -sin(x(t)). At t < 0, y(-t) depends on the input value of the present.
The system is causal.
Q1 (c)
y(t) = sin(x(t))
Define the input signal x1 (t) whose response y1 (t) is given by:
y1 (t) = sin(x1 (t))
Define another input signal x2 (t) whose response y2 (t) is given by:
y2 (t) = sin(x2 (t))
The two defined signals are related by:
x3 (t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) where a and b are constant coefficient
Output y3 (t) is defined as:
y3 (t) = sin(x3 (t))
y3 (t) =sin[ax1 (t) + bx2 (t)]
y3 (t) ≠ ay1 (t) + by2 (t)
The system is non-linear.
Q1 (d)
y(t) = sin(x(t))
Assume the signal of the form:
y1 (t) = sin(x1 (t)) (1)
Introduce time delay t0 in the input of equation (1):
sin(x2 (t)) = sin(x1 (t - t0 ))
The delay in the input produces an output:
y2 (t) = sin(x2 (t)) = sin(x1 (t - t0 )) (2)
Introduce time delay t0 in the output of equation (1):
y1 (t - t0 ) = sin(x1 (t - t0 )) (3)
On comparing equations (2) and (3):
1
y2 (t) = y1 (t - t0 )
The system is time-invariant.
Q1 (e)
y(t) = sin(x(t))
|x(t)| ≤ B1 |y(t)| ≤ B2
where B1 and B2 are finite constants and y(t) is the output. If the input is bounded, then the output is
also bounded. The system is stable.
Q2 (a) y(t) = ea|t|
a > 0, y(t) goes to ∞ (divergence). The system is unstable.
a < 0, y(t) goes to 0 (convergence). The system is stable.
Q2 (b) y(t) = e-t u(t)
y(t) goes to 0 (convergence). The system is stable.
Q2 (c) y(t) = e2t u(t+4)
y(t) goes to ∞ (divergence). The system is unstable.
2
Q2 (d)
y(t) = x(4t)
|x(4t)| ≤ B1 |y(t)| ≤ B2
where B1 and B2 are finite constants and y(t) is the output. If the input is bounded, then the output is
also bounded. The system is stable.
y(t) = x(4t)
Assume the signal of the form:
y1 (t) = x1 (4t) (1)
Introduce time delay t0 in the input of equation (1):
x2 (4t) = x1 (4(t - t0 ))
The delay in the input produces an output:
y2 (t) = x2 (4t) = x1 (4t - 4t0 ) (2)
Introduce time delay t0 in the output of equation (1):
y1 (t - t0 ) = x1 (4t - t0 ) (3)
On comparing equations (2) and (3):
y2 (t) ≠ y1 (t - t0 )
The system is time-variant.
y(t) = x(4t)
Define the input signal x1 (t) whose response y1 (t) is given by:
y1 (t) = x1 (4t)
Define another input signal x2 (t) whose response y2 (t) is given by:
y2 (t) = x2 (4t)
The two defined signals are related by:
x3 (t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) where a and b are constant coefficient
Output y3 (t) is defined as:
y3 (t) = x3 (4t)
y3 (t) = ax1 (4t) + bx2 (4t)
y3 (t) = ay1 (t) + by2 (t)
The system is linear.
3
Q2 (e)
y(t) = x(t)sin(t)
|x(t)| ≤ B1 |y(t)| ≤ B2
where B1 and B2 are finite constants and y(t) is the output. If the input is bounded, then the output is
also bounded. The system is stable.
y(t) = x(t)sin(t)
Assume the signal of the form:
y1 (t) = x1 (t)sin(t) (1)
Introduce time delay t0 in the input of equation (1):
sin(x2 (t)) = x1 (t - t0 )sin(t)
The delay in the input produces an output:
y2 (t) = sin(x2 (t)) = x1 (t - t0 )sin(t) (2)
Introduce time delay t0 in the output of equation (1):
y1 (t - t0 ) = x1 (t - t0 )sin((t - t0 )) (3)
On comparing equations (2) and (3):
y2 (t) ≠ y1 (t - t0 )
The system is time-variant.
y(t) = x(t)sin(t)
Define the input signal x1 (t) whose response y1 (t) is given by:
y1 (t) = x1 (t)sin(t)
Define another input signal x2 (t) whose response y2 (t) is given by:
y2 (t) = x2 (t)sin(t)
The two defined signals are related by:
x3 (t) = ax1 (t) + bx2 (t) where a and b are constant coefficient
Output y3 (t) is defined as:
y3 (t) = x3 (t)sin(t)
y3 (t) = (ax1 (t) + bx2 (t))sin(t)
y3 (t) = ax1 (t)sin(t) + bx2 (t)sin(t)
y3 (t) = ay1 (t) + by2 (t)
The system is linear.
