Absolutely! Let's break down these Signal and System questions.

1. Definitions and Basic Concepts

●​ a) Define odd and even signal.
○​ An even signal x(t) (for continuous-time) or x[n] (for discrete-time) satisfies the
condition:
■​ x(t) = x(-t) or x[n] = x[-n].
■​ In other words, it's symmetrical about the vertical axis.
○​ An odd signal x(t) or x[n] satisfies the condition:
■​ x(t) = -x(-t) or x[n] = -x[-n].
■​ It's anti-symmetrical about the vertical axis.
●​ b) Define Unit Ramp signal.
○​ The unit ramp signal r(t) is a continuous-time signal defined as:
■​ r(t) = t for t \geq 0
■​ r(t) = 0 for t < 0
○​ The discrete time unit ramp signal r[n] is defined as.
■​ r[n] = n for n \geq 0
■​ r[n] = 0 for n < 0
●​ c) What is the condition for a stable system?
○​ A system is considered stable if its bounded input results in a bounded output
(BIBO stability).
○​ Mathematically, if |x(t)| \leq M (bounded input), then |y(t)| \leq N (bounded output),
where M and N are finite constants.
○​ For LTI(Linear Time Invariant) systems, stability is determined by the impulse
response h(t).
■​ The system is stable if \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |h(t)| dt < \infty (continuous-time)
■​ The system is stable if \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |h[n]| < \infty (discrete-time)
●​ d) Define System.
○​ A system is an entity that processes one or more input signals to produce one or
more output signals.
○​ It can be represented as a transformation or mapping of input to output.
○​ y(t) = T[x(t)] where x(t) is the input, y(t) is the output and T[] is the system operator.
●​ e) The signal n(t)=2Cos(lt)+3(Sin5t) is a periodic signal or not
○​ To determine periodicity, we need to find if the ratio of the individual frequencies is a
rational number.
○​ The frequencies are f_1 = l/(2\pi) and f_2 = 5/(2\pi).
○​ The ratio of the frequencies is f_1/f_2 = l/5.
○​ If l is a multiple of 5, or if l/5 results in a rational number, then the signal is periodic.
Otherwise, it is not.
○​ If l is a rational multiple of 5, then the signal is periodic.
2. Group B: Short Questions
●​ a) Check whether the given system is causal and stable y(n)=3x(n-2)+3x(n+2).
○​ Causality: A system is causal if its output depends only on present or past inputs.
■​ In this case, y(n) depends on x(n+2), which is a future input. Therefore, the
system is non-causal.
○​ Stability: A system is stable if a bounded input produces a bounded output.
■​ If |x(n)| \le M then |y(n)| = |3x(n-2)+3x(n+2)| \le 3|x(n-2)| + 3|x(n+2)| \le 3M +
3M = 6M. Thus the output is bounded.
■​ Therefore the system is stable.
 ●​ b) What are Energy and Power signals?
○​ Energy Signal:
■​ A signal x(t) (continuous-time) or x[n] (discrete-time) is an energy signal if its
total energy is finite.
■​ Energy is calculated as:
■​ E = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |x(t)|^2 dt (continuous-time)
■​ E = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} |x[n]|^2 (discrete-time)
■​ Energy signals have finite energy and zero average power.
○​ Power Signal:
■​ A signal x(t) or x[n] is a power signal if its average power is finite and
non-zero.
■​ Power is calculated as:
■​ P = \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{1}{2T} \int_{-T}^{T} |x(t)|^2 dt
(continuous-time)
■​ P = \lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{1}{2N+1} \sum_{n=-N}^{N} |x[n]|^2
(discrete-time)
■​ Power signals have finite average power and infinite energy.
3. Group C: Detailed Questions
●​ 3) Define Signal. Explain different operators of signal with examples. [6]
○​ A signal is a function that conveys information. It can be a physical quantity that
varies with time, space, or any other independent variable.
○​ Signal Operators:
■​ Time Shifting: y(t) = x(t - t_0) or y[n] = x[n - n_0].
■​ Example: If x(t) is a pulse, x(t-2) shifts the pulse 2 units to the right.
■​ Time Scaling: y(t) = x(at) or y[n] = x[an].
■​ Example: If x(t) is a pulse, x(2t) compresses the pulse horizontally.
■​ Time Reversal: y(t) = x(-t) or y[n] = x[-n].
■​ Example: If x(t) is a ramp, x(-t) reflects the ramp about the vertical axis.
■​ Amplitude Scaling: y(t) = Ax(t) or y[n] = Ax[n].
■​ Example: If x(t) is a sine wave, 2x(t) doubles its amplitude.
■​ Addition: y(t) = x_1(t) + x_2(t) or y[n] = x_1[n] + x_2[n].
■​ Example: Adding two sine waves.
■​ Multiplication: y(t) = x_1(t)x_2(t) or y[n] = x_1[n]x_2[n].
■​ Example: Amplitude modulation.
■​ Differentiation (continuous-time): y(t) = \frac{dx(t)}{dt}.
■​ Integration (continuous-time): y(t) = \int x(t) dt.
■​ Accumulation (discrete-time): y[n] = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{n} x[k].
■​ Differencing (discrete-time): y[n] = x[n] - x[n-1].
●​ 4) Define System. Explain the basic properties of system. [6]
○​ A system is an entity that transforms an input signal into an output signal.
○​ Basic Properties of Systems:
■​ Linearity: A system is linear if it satisfies the superposition principle.
■​ If y_1(t) = T[x_1(t)] and y_2(t) = T[x_2(t)], then T[a x_1(t) + b x_2(t)] = a
y_1(t) + b y_2(t) for constants a and b.
■​ Time Invariance: A system is time-invariant if a time shift in the input results
in the same time shift in the output.
■​ If y(t) = T[x(t)], then T[x(t - t_0)] = y(t - t_0).
■​ Causality: A system is causal if the output at any time depends only on
present or past inputs.