Learner Skills and Knowledge

Cisco CCNA® certification

NOTE: Practical experience with deploying and operating networks
based on Cisco network devices and Cisco IOS software is strongly
recommended.

Introducing Campus Networks

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Course Flow
Course Goal Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
In this course, learners will find out how to create an Course
efficient and expandable enterprise network by Implementing Implementing WLANs Configuring
Introduction
installing, configuring, monitoring, and Spanning Inter-VLAN Campus
A Tree Routing Switches to
troubleshooting network infrastructure equipment M Network
Support Voice
according to the Campus Infrastructure module in the Requirements Implementing
High Minimizing
Enterprise Composite Network Model. Service Loss
Availability
Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks
Lunch
Defining Implementing Implementing WLANs Minimizing
VLANs Spanning High Service Loss
P Tree Availability and Data
M Theft in a
Implementing Campus
Inter-VLAN Network
Routing

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Cisco Icons and Symbols Cisco Career Certifications
Router Network
Cloud IP Phone

Voice-
Enabled Multilayer Switch Access Point
Router End Users

Workgroup Lightweight
Wireless
Switch Single-Radio
Router Ethernet
Access Point

PC Workgroup Autonomous
Switch: Dual-Band Wireless Link
Voice-Enabled Access Point

100BASE-T Lightweight
Laptop
Hub Dual-Band
Access Point

File Wireless LAN

Server Bridge
Controller

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Cisco Career Certifications

Expand Your Professional Options

and Advance Your Career
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

Required Recommended Training Through

Expert Exam Cisco Learning Partners
CCIE 642-901 Building Scalable Cisco
BSCI Internetworks
Professional 642-812 Building Cisco Multilayer
BCMSN Switched Networks
CCNP 642-825 Implementing Secure
ISCW Converged Wide Area Networks
Associate
642-845 Optimizing Converged
ONT Cisco Networks
CCNA

[Link]
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Intelligent Information Network Cisco SONA Framework
• Intelligent Information Network (IIN) integrates
networked resources and information assets. • The Cisco Service-Oriented Network
Architecture (SONA) is an architectural
• IIN extends intelligence across multiple products
framework.
and infrastructure layers.
• SONA brings several advantages to enterprises:
• IIN actively participates in the delivery of
services and applications. – Outlines how enterprises can evolve toward
the IIN
• Three phases in building an IIN are:
– Illustrates how to build integrated systems
– Integrated transport
across a fully converged intelligent network
– Integrated services
– Improves flexibility and increases efficiency
– Integrated applications

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Cisco SONA Framework Layers Cisco Enterprise Architecture

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 Nonhierarchical Network Devices Layer 2 Switching

• Large collision domain • Hardware-based bridging

• Large broadcast domain • Wire-speed performance
• High latency • Collision domain per port
• Difficult to troubleshoot • Traffic containment based on
MAC address

Issues
• No traffic between VLANs
• Unbounded broadcast domain
• Servers not centrally located

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Layer 3 Routing Multilayer Switching

• Single broadcast domain per • Combined functionality

interface – Layer 2 switching
• ACLs can be applied between – Layer 3 switching
segments
– Layer 4 switching
• Low latency
• High-speed
scalability

Issues
• High per-port cost
• Layer 3 processing required
• High latency over Layer 2 switching

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Issues with Multilayer Switches
in a Nonhierarchical Network Hierarchical Campus Model

• Single point of failure

for Layer 2 and Layer 3
• Underutilization of
hardware
• Spanning tree
complexity
• Servers
not centrally
located

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ECNM Functional Areas Enterprise Composite Network Model

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Modules in the Enterprise Campus Campus Infrastructure Module

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Switch Configuration Interfaces Cisco Catalyst Software

• Cisco Catalyst software is used to

• Two interfaces are used to configure Cisco Catalyst configure Layer 2 parameters.
switches:
• Cisco Catalyst software
– Cisco Catalyst software configuration commands are
– Cisco IOS prefaced with the keyword set.

• Cisco Catalyst software was traditionally used to – Console(enable) set port

enable 3/5
configure Layer 2 parameters on the modular switches:
• Layer 3 configuration is
– Cisco Catalyst 4000, 5500, 6500 Series implemented on MSFC with the
– These switches now support Cisco IOS (native IOS) Cisco IOS interface. Cisco Catalyst 4000, 5500,
and 6500 switches
• Cisco IOS software is standard for most other switches • Some platforms can now use the
and for Layer 3 configuration on the modular switches. Cisco IOS interface to configure
both Layer 2 and Layer 3
(native IOS).

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Cisco IOS Interface Summary

• The SONA framework guides the evolution of the enterprise

On most Catalyst switches, Cisco IOS interface is network toward IIN.
standard for • Cisco enterprise architecture with a hierarchical network model
• Layer 2 configuration facilitates the deployment of converged networks.
• Layer 3 configuration • Nonhierarchical network designs do not scale and do not
on multilayer switch provide the required security necessary in a modern topology.
• Layer 2 networks do not provide adequate security or
hierarchical networking.
• Router-based networks provide greater security and
hierarchical networking; however, they can introduce latency
issues.

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Summary (Cont.)
• Multilayer switches combine both Layer 2 and Layer 3
functionality to support the modern campus network
topology.
• Multilayer switches can be used in nonhierarchical networks;
however, they will not perform at the optimal level.
• The enterprise composite model identifies the key
components and logical design for a modern topology.
• Implementation of an ECNM provides a secure, robust
network with high availability.
• The Campus infrastructure, as part of an ECNM, provides
additional security and high availability at all levels of the
campus.
• The two Cisco Catalyst switch interfaces have different
features and different font.

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Objectives Bridges

Upon completing this lesson, you will be Bridge Categories

able to: • Local Bridge
– An internetworking device designed to interconnect two
• Describe Layer 2 switching and bridging bridges within close proximity of one another
operations and modes – Also support network separation
• Describe how LAN switches use and populate • To reduce network utilization by splitting a LAN into
the MAC address table more than one independent LAN
• Remote Bridge
– Converts LAN traffic into a wide area protocol thus
allowing a LAN to be connected to a WAN

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Types of Bridges Bridging and Switching

Transparent Bridge
• Remote bridge with identical data link protocol Bridges forward traffic based on MAC level
• Can support different physical media
address
A bridge may perform protocol conversion or
Translating Bridge speed matching between different LAN types
• Connection with different data link protocol
Bridges provides buffering of packets
– Frame conversion
A switch is a bridge with all ports use the same
• For example, Ethernet to Token ring or Token ring to
Ethernet
frame type; also called a LAN switch to distinguish
from an ATM or telecommunications switch
• May require assembly and reassembly
– Transmission rate conversion

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Why Bridging and Switching? Traffic and LAN Size

A: total traffic 6 Mbps B: total traffic 5 Mbps

•Decrease traffic on LAN segments

•Extend LAN without increasing congestion
Joining LAN segments with a hub or repeater increases
•Bridge different network protocols traffic. All machines share the same media (same collision
•Speed matching domain).
A+B: total traffic 11 Mbps
•Security
•Reliability: fault isolation and bandwidth repeater
balancing

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Switched LAN Segments LAN Extension

A sw/ B: traffic 7 Mbps switch B sw/ A: traffic 6 Mbps

wireless bridge
up to 40 km

switch Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet
300 m 300 m

•A switch only forwards packets when necessary.

•learns network addresses of machines connected to each port
•doesn’t forward traffic between machines on same port
•provides packet buffering and retiming, reducing collisions •a switch can extend length limit of network, since it provides
packet retiming and retransmission
•does forward all broadcast traffic
•bridge: different media and protocol to extend length limit
•may forward multicast traffic, depending on switch
•switches are not subject to repeater count limit on ethernet

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Bridging Different Protocols Protocol Conversion Problems

Ethernet Frame
Ethernet bridge
1 byte 6 6 2 46 - 1500 4
Destination Source Frame
SOH length Data
address address CRC
Token Ring
Token Ring Frame

1 byte 1 1 6 6 0 - 18180 4 1 1
Start Access Frame Destination Source Frame End Frame
Data
delimiter control control address address CRC delimiter status
•a bridge can convert frame formats
Ethernet does not have frame “address seen” or “copied” bits (set by receiver
•requires compatible network addresses, e.g. in Token Ring Frame Status byte)
ethernet & token ring are OK, but not ethernet Ethernet does not have priorities or access control flags
and ATM Token Ring frame may be too long for ethernet
Maximum throughput of ethernet and token ring not the same: some frames
•frame conversion may lose some information may be dropped
about the frame Token Ring doesn’t have a length field: bridge must buffer and compute

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Speed Matching Security

Fast Ethernet hub switch 10 Mbps Ethernet hub Hub: shared media access Switch: selective access

Gigabit Fast ooooh.. rats!

Ethernet Ethernet

100 Mbps ethernet 10 Mbps ethernet

server server
A hub forwards all A switch only
A switch can connect segments operating at different speeds packets to all ports. Any forwards packets to
How to handle overload of a slow or busy segment? host can listen to port containing the
• back pressure (false collisions) packets to/from another destination host.
• drop frames host, using programs
like tcpdump, Computers on other
Ethernet switches can support 10, 100 Mbps, and gigabit
Bridging ethernets is simple: packet formats are the same etherwatch, or snoop. ports cannot
eavesdrop.
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Ethernet Switches and Bridges Transmitting Frames

Cut-Through Store and Forward

• Switch checks destination Complete frame is received
address and immediately and checked before
begins forwarding frame. forwarding.

Fragment-Free
• Switch checks the first 64 bytes,
then immediately
• Address learning begins forwarding frame.

• Forward/filter decision
• Loop avoidance
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MAC Address Table Learning Addresses

• Station A sends a frame to station C.

• Initial MAC address table is empty. • Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by
learning the source address of data frames.
• The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all
ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
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Learning Addresses (Cont.) Filtering Frames

• Station D sends a frame to station C.

• Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 by
learning the source address of data frames. • Station A sends a frame to station C.
• The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports • Destination is known; frame is not flooded.
except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
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Filtering Frames (Cont.) Broadcast and Multicast Frames

• Station A sends a frame to station B. • Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame.

• The switch has the address for station B in the MAC • Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports
address table. other than the originating port.
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Summary

• Ethernet switches and bridges increase the available

bandwidth of a network by creating dedicated network
segments and interconnecting the segments.
• Switches and bridges use one of three operating modes
to transmit frames: store and forward, cut-through, and
fragment-free.
• Switches and bridges maintain a MAC address table to
store address-to-port mappings so it can determine the
locations of connected devices.
• When a frame arrives with a known destination address,
it is forwarded only on the specific port connected to
the destination station.
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Objectives

Upon completing this module, you will be

able to:
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLANs on a Implementing VLANs
switched network
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VLAN trunks
in a switched network
• Configure, verify, and troubleshoot VTP in a
switched network

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Traditional Campus Networks Performance Issues
I need to know
the MAC
Broadcast Domain address for
Server A
ARP ARP ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP
ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP ARP
ARP ARP ARP ARP

ARP ARP ARP ARP

ARP ARP ARP ARP
ARP ARP ARP ARP
ARP ARP
ARP ARP ARP ARP
Collision Domain 1 Collision Domain 2 ARP ARP

ARP ARP ARP ARP

Server A
• Multicast, broadcast, and unknown destination
• Bridges terminate collision domains events become global events
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Broadcast Issues Solution: Localizing Traffic

[Link] [Link]

[Link]

Server A

• Broadcasts can consume all available bandwidth • LAN broadcasts terminate at the router interface
• Each device must decode the broadcast frame
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 Solution: Localizing Traffic (Cont.) Current Campus Networks

VLAN1 VLAN5 VLAN8

VLAN2 VLAN6 VLAN9
VLAN3 VLAN7 VLAN10
VLAN1 VLAN2

VLAN3

• VLANs contain broadcast traffic and separate traffic flows • Layer 3 devices interconnect LAN segments while still
containing broadcast domains

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VLAN Overview

• Layer 2
connectivity Switch A Switch B
• Logical
organizational
flexibility
• Single
broadcast
domain Red Black Green Red Black Green
VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN
• Management
• Basic security • Each logical VLAN is like a separate physical bridge
• VLANs can span across multiple switches
A VLAN = A Broadcast Domain = Logical Network (Subnet)

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 VLANs Establish Broadcast Domains

Switch A Switch B

Trunk

Fast Ethernet

Red Black Green Red Black Green

VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN

• Each logical VLAN is like a separate physical bridge

• VLANs can span across multiple switches
• Trunks carries traffic for multiple VLANs
• VLANs plus routing limits broadcasts to the domain of origin.
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Layer 2 End-to-End VLANs Local VLANs

Switched Ethernet Wiring

Closet
Fast Ethernet

Distribution
Layer
Workgroup Fast Ethernet
Servers
Core Layer
Fast or Gigabit
Inter-VLAN Ethernet
Routing
Enterprise Servers
• Local VLANs generally reside in the wiring closet.
• End-to-end VLANs span the switch fabric
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Benefits of Local VLANs in the ECNM Static VLANs

• Deterministic traffic flow

• Active redundant paths

• High availability
• Finite failure domain

• Scalable design

• All users attached to same switch port must be in the same VLAN.
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Issues in a Poorly Designed Network Scalable Network Addressing

• Unbounded failure
domains
• Large broadcast domains
• Large amount of
unknown MAC unicast
traffic
• Unbounded multicast
traffic
• Management and IT, Human Resources Sales, Marketing Finance, Accounting
support challenges
• Possible security • Allocate IP address spaces in contiguous blocks.
vulnerabilities
• Allocate one IP subnet per VLAN.

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 Determining Equipment and Cabling
Interconnection Technologies Needs

Technology Use
Each link provides
adequate bandwidth for
Fast Ethernet Connects end-user
devices to the access traffic aggregating over
layer switch that link.
Gigabit Access to distribution
Ethernet switch, high-use servers

10-Gigabit High-speed switch to

Ethernet switch links, backbones

EtherChannel High-speed switch to

switch links, backbones
with redundancy

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VLANs and the Logical Network Network Traffic Types

Traffic types to consider:

• Network management
• IP telephony
• Multicast
• Normal data
• Scavenger class

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Traffic Path for IP Telephony Traffic Path for IP Multicast

Consider complete traffic path when placing equipment and Consider complete traffic path when placing equipment and
configuring VLANs. configuring VLANs.
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Configuring VLANs
Configuring VLANs in Global Mode in VLAN Database Mode

Switch#configure terminal Switch#vlan database

Switch(config)#vlan 3 Switch(vlan)#vlan 3
Switch(config-vlan)#name Vlan3
Switch(config-vlan)#exit VLAN 3 added:
Switch(config)#end Name: VLAN0003
Switch(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....

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 Deleting VLANs
Deleting VLANs in Global Mode in VLAN Database Mode

Switch#vlan database
Switch#configure terminal
Switch(vlan)#no vlan 3
Switch(config)#no vlan 3
Switch(config)#end
VLAN 3 deleted:
Name: VLAN0003
Switch(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....

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VLAN Membership Modes Assigning Access Ports to a VLAN

Switch(config)#interface gigabitethernet 1/1

• Enters interface configuration mode

Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access

• Configures the interface as an access port

Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 3

• Assigns the access port to a VLAN

• VLAN membership can either be static or dynamic.

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 Verifying the VLAN Configuration Verifying the VLAN Port Configuration

Switch#show vlan [id | name] [vlan_num | vlan_name]

Switch#show running-config interface {fastethernet |
VLAN Name Status Ports gigabitethernet} slot/port
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/5, Fa0/7
Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/11, Fa0/12
• Displays the running configuration of the interface
Gi0/1, Gi0/2
2 VLAN0002 active
51 VLAN0051 active Switch#show interfaces [{fastethernet | gigabitethernet}
52 VLAN0052 active
slot/port] switchport
…

VLAN Type SAID MTU Parent RingNo BridgeNo Stp BrdgMode Trans1 Trans2 • Displays the switch port configuration of the interface
---- ----- ---------- ----- ------ ------ -------- ---- -------- ------ ------
1 enet 100001 1500 - - - - - 1002 1003
2 enet 100002 1500 - - - - - 0 0 Switch#show mac-address-table interface interface-id [vlan
51 enet 100051 1500 - - - - - 0 0
52 enet 100052 1500 - - - - - 0 0 vlan-id] [ | {begin | exclude | include} expression]
…
• Displays the MAC address table information for the specified
Remote SPAN VLANs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
interface in the specified VLAN
Primary Secondary Type Ports
------- --------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------
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Troubleshooting VLANs Summary

• A VLAN is a logical grouping of switch ports connecting
nodes of virtually any type with no regard to physical
location.
• An end-to-end VLAN spans the entire switched network,
while a local VLAN is restricted to a single switch.
• Static VLANs involve switch ports that you manually
assign to a particular VLAN. You can configure VLANs
using Cisco IOS commands in VLAN configuration mode.
• Once a VLAN has been defined, you can assign switch
ports to it.
• You use show commands to confirm that a VLAN and its
associated ports have been configured correctly.
• To troubleshoot VLANs, you should check the physical
connections, switch configuration, and VLAN
configuration.
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