Oris oY [ F 184 Relative clauses 1: : clauses with who/that/which Look at this example sentence: The woman who lives next door is a doctor. aay ) relative clause ‘A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker meai 1 The woman who lives next door ... (‘who lives next door’ tells us which woman) 13 People who live in the country ... (‘who live in the country’ tells us what kind of people) We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things): the woman ~ she lives next door — is a doctor ’ The woman who lives next door is a doctor. we know a lot of people ~ they live in the country ee y We know a lot of people who live in the country. © An architect is someone who designs buildings. © What was the name of the person who phoned you? 5 Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by Friday. You can also use that (instead of who), but you can’t use which for people: 5 The woman that lives next door is a doctor. (not the woman which) Sometimes you must use who (rot that) for people ~ see Unit 95. When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in a relative clause: where is the cheese? ~ it was in the fridge | : | was in the fridge? that —+ Where is the cheese } (yi, 5 I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or stories which have © Barbara works for a company that makes furniture. (or a company which makes furniture) © The machine that broke down is working again now. (or The machine which broke down) ‘That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which ~ see Unit 95. What = ‘the thing(s) thar’. Compare what and that: | What happened was my fault. (= the thing that happened) Everything that happened was my fault, (not Everything what happened) © The machine that broke down is now working again. (not The machine what broke down) Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which, not he/she/they/it: 1 I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door. (not the woman she lives) Relative clauses 2-5 —> Units 93-96Exercises Unit 92 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary. steals from a shop buys something from a shop -designs-buildings- pays rent to live ina house or flat Ns 1% helshe ) oesn't believe in God M*/SHE) breaks into a house to steal things | is not brave expects the worst to happen 1 (an architect) .. An architect. is. some (a burglar) A burglar is someone (a customer) 4 (a shoplifter) eee S (a coward) ee 6 (an atheist) 7 (a pessimist) neem 8 (a tenant) abe - _ 2 Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which. 1A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. The. girl who was. injured. in the, accident. is now in hospital, 2A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient. The : a seen A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. The . : = 4 Some people were arrested. They: have now been released. The - sas 5 A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour. TRE enn . ss Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative clause. he invented the telephone it makes-furniture- she runs away from home it gives you the meaning of words they stole my car ir can support life they were on the wall ir cannot be explained 1 Barbara works for a company ...1/1at_ makes. fyrmiture 2 The book is about a girl nun 3 What happened to the pictures ie 4A mystery is something ... 5 The police have caught the men .. 6 A dictionary is a book — a - i 7 7 Alexander Bell was the Mam <---onsosnm 8 It seems that the earth is the only planet . Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Idon’t like stories who have unhappy endings. stories that have 2 What was the name of the person who phoned you? OK, 3. Where's the nearest shop who sells newspapers? . 4 The driver which caused the accident was fined £500. “ 5 Do you know the person that took these photographs? ...... ese 6 We live in a world what is changing all the time. co co 7 Dan said some things about me that were not true. 8 What was the name of the horse it won the race? 185ities Relative clauses 2: : “ej clauses with and without who/that/which Look at these example sentences from Unit 92: 12 The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives ...) The woman lives next door. who (= the woman) is the subject (Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (or the cheese which was .. The cheese was in the fridge. that (= the cheese) is the subject You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause. So you cannot say ‘The woman lives next door is a doctor’ or ‘Where is the cheese was in the fridge?’. EE] sometimes whojthat/which is the object of the verb. For example: 9 The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday. who (= the woman) is the object I wanted to see the woman Tis the subject © Have you found the keys that you lost? that (= the keys) you is the subject the object You lost the keys. the object, you can leave it out. So you can say: © The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see ... 5 Have you found the keys you lost? or... the keys that you lost? © The dress Liz bought doesn’t fit her very well. or The dress that Liz bought ... © Is there anything I can do? or... anything that I can do? Note that we say: the keys you lost (vot the keys you lost them) the dress Liz bought (ot the dress Liz bought it) BE] 8 re the position of prepositions (in/to/for etc.) in rel: Tom is talking toa woman - do you know her? e clauses: » Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to? Islept in a bed last night - it wasn't very comfortable + The bed (thav/which) I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable. © Are these the books you were looking for? or... the books thavwhich you were ... © The woman he fell in love with left him after a month, or The woman who/that he ... ‘The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. or ‘The man who/that I was sitting next to Note that we say: the books you were looking for (not the books you were looking for them) BE You cannot use what in sentences like these (see also Unit 92C): © Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said) 3 I gave her all the money (that) I had. (ot all the money what I had) What = ‘the thing(s) that’: 15 Did you hear what they said? the things that they said) 186 Relative clauses 1 > Unit 92 Relative clauses 3-5 — Units 94-96 Whom — Unit 948Exercises Unit 93 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 In some of these sentences you need who or that. Correct the sentences where necessary. ‘The woman lives next door is a doctor. The, woman who lives. next door. Have you found the keys you lost? Ok. - The people we met last night were very nice. The people work in the office are very nice. . The people I work with are very nice. 5 What have you done with the money I gave you? What happened to the money was on the table? ‘What's the worst film you've ever seen? What's the best thing it has ever happened to you? a Bone Lau ca ry What do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence with a relative clause. 1 Your friend lost some keys. You want to know if he has found them. You say: Have you found ...th¢..keue..uou lost... A friend is wearing a dress. You like it. You tell her: I like the dress — 3 A friend is going to see a film. You want to know the name of the film. You say: What's the name of the film snes 4. You wanted to visit a museum. It was shut when you got there, You tell a frien The tie ceo eS was shut when we got there. You invited some people to your party. Some of them couldn't come, You tell someone: Some of the people : couldn’t come. 6 Your friend had ro do some work. You want to know if she has finished. You say: Have you finished the work NT | You hired a car. It broke down after a few miles. You tell a friend: The car . _ sousnsnnnnnnnn BFOKE down after a few miles. 8 You stayed at a hotel. Tom had recommended it to you. You tell a friend We stayed at a hotel - Complete each sentence using a relative clause with a preposition. Choose from the box. we went to a party last night you can rely on Gary we were invited to a wedding I work with some people 1 applied for a job you told me about a hotel you-werelooking-forsome-books I saw you with a man 1 Are these the books ...42. king, for... ? 2 Unfortunately we couldn’t go to the wedding... - Tenjoy my job. [like the people ese.u-nn What's the name of that hotel The party .n. wasn't very enjoyable. I didn’t get the job - nn Gary is a good person ro know. He's somebody = 8 Who was that man eco en na in the restaurant? aw rau Put in that or what where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty. 1 gave her all the money ..::... Lhad. (all the money that I had is also correct) 2 Did you hear sh... they said? 3. They give their children everything... . they want, 4 Tell me you want and I'll try to get it for you. 3 Why do you blame me for everything - goes wrong? 6 I won't be able to do much, but I'l do Tecan. 7 won't be able to do much, but I'll do the best Tean, 8 Idon’t agree with - you've just said. 9 I don't trust him, I don’t believe anything _ he says. 187Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where _ we saw some people ~ their car had broken down —+ We saw some people whose car had broken down. ‘We use whose mostly for people: © A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead) © What's the naime of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car) © Tmet someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother) Compare who and whose: © Imet a man who knows you. (he knows you) © met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister know’ you) Whom Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in Unit 93B): 1 The woman whom I wanted to see was away. (I wanted to see her) You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom etc.): © The people with whom I work are very nice. (I work with them) But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing (see Unit 93). So we usually say: 13 The woman I wanted to see... or The woman who/that I wanted to see 1 The people I work with .... or The people who/that I work with ... Where You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place: the restaurant — we had dinner there ~ it was near the airport The restaurant. where we had dinner was near the airport. © Irecently went back to the town where I grew up. (or ... the town I grew up in. or ... the town that I grew up in) 1 I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine. We say: the day / the year / the time ete. { Something happens or that something happens © Do you remember the day (that) we went to the 200? © The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine © Thaven’t seen them since the year (that) they got married. We say: something happens or the reason | ssavwhy something happens © The reason I'm phoning you is to ask your advice. (or The reason that I’m phoning / The reason why I'm phoning) Relative clauses 1-2 + Units 92-93 Relative clauses 4-5 — Units 95-96 Whom —* Unit 96Exercises Unit 94 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 You met these people at a party: 1 My mother writes 2 tive stories) My wife is an English teacher ; My parents used to work in a circus. (Wy ambition is») ea Everest, ‘§ We've just got married The next day you tell a friend about these people. Complete the sentences using who or whose. 1 [met somebody ..whose. mother writes detective stories 2 Tmet a man 3 [met a woman _ a 4 [met somebody 5 I met a couple 6 I met somebody Read the situations and complete the sentences using where. 1 You grew up in a small town. You went back there recently. You tell someone this. I recently went back to the small rown where. |. grew up 2 See 2 You want to buy some postcards. You ask a friend where you can do this. Is there a shop near here wf 3. You work in a factory. The factory is going to close down next month. You tell a friend: The factory a is going to close down next month. 4 Sue is staying at a hotel. You want to ‘know the name of the hotel. You ask a friend: Do you know the name of the hotel > You play foorball in a park on Sundays. You show a friend the park. You say: This is the park stsnieannen Of SUNdAYS. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where. 1 What's the name of the man 9928... car you borrowed? 2 Acemetery isa place vm people are buried. 3 A pacifist is a person believes that all wars are wrong. 4 An orphan is a child ... parents are dead. S What was the name of the person to sn. you spoke on the phone? 6 The place... we spent our holidays was really beautiful. This school is on! 8 The woman wit for children first language is not English. he fell in love left him after a month. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. They are like the examples in Sections D and E. 1 [ll always remember the day ...!..fuSt.net YOU i T'll never forget the time . soo a The reason “was that I didn’t know your address. Unfortunately I wasn’t at home the evening : as The reason .. A wi is that they don’t need one. was the year om ili - aus BUN 189Relative clauses 4: extra information clauses (1) There are two types of relative clause. In these Compare: Type 1 © The woman who lives next door is a doctor. © Barbara works for a company that makes furniture. 0 We stayed at the hotel (that) yo recommended. In these examples, the relative clause tells you which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means: ‘The woman who lives next door’ tells us which woman. ‘A company that makes furniture’ tells us what kind of company. “The hotel (that) Ann recommended’ tells us which hotel, We do not use commas (,) with these clauses: 10 We know a lot of people who live in London. Type 1 You can use that: © Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian? . 1 Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture You can leave out who/which/that when it is the object (see Unit 93): © We stayed at the hotel (that/vhich) you recommended. 3 This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadn't seen for ages. We do not often use whom in this type of clause (see Unit 948). amples, the relative clauses are underlined. | Type 2 © My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor. = Colin told me about his new job, which “ g very much. © We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended. In these examples, the relative clauses do not tell you which person or thing the speaker means, We already know which thing or person is meant: ‘My brother Rob’, ‘Colin’s new job’ and ‘the Park Hotel’. The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing. We use commas (,) with these clauses: | My brother Rob, who lives in London, is a doctor. BE 10. both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. Bur: Type 2 You cannot use that: 5 John, who (not thac) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide. Colin told me about his new job, which (not that) he’s enjoying very much You cannot leave out who or which: © We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended. 2 This morning I met Chris, who I hadn’t seen for ages. You can use whom for people (when it is the object): © This morning | met Chris, whom L hadn’t seen for ages. In both types of relative clause you can use whose and where: 1D We met some people whose car had broken down. 1 What's the name of the place where you went on holiday? Liz, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood Jill has just been to Sweden, where her daughter lives. Relative clauses (Type 1) —> Units 92-94 Relative clauses (Type 2) > Unit 96Exercises Unit 95 95.1 95.2 95.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2). You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where. 1 Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.) Catherine, whe lives next door, is very friendly... 2 We stayed at the Park Hotel. (A friend of ours had recommended it.) We stayed. at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours had. recommended. 3 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is not very far away. 4 [went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days.) 5 John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.) i . 7 a 6 Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of ‘even 8 Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there.) 9 A friend of mine helped me to get a job. (His father is the manager of a company.) Read the information and complete each sentence. Use a relative clause of Type 1 or Type 2. Use commas where necessary. 1 There’s a woman living next door to me. She’s a doctor. ‘The woman ...6he. lives next. door to. me. is. a. doctor. 2 I've got a brother called Rob. He lives in Australia. He’s a doctor. My brother Rob ...1vho. lives. in Australia, is. a. doctor... 3 There was a strike at the car factory. It began ten days ago. It is now over. The strike at the car factory’... “ 4 Iwas looking for a book this morning. I've found it no T've found... — London was once the largest city in the world, but the population is now ling The population of London a — 6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications. Few of Amy has a son. She showed me a photograph of him. He's a policeman. Amy showed me ssi a sini Correct the sentences that are wrong and put in commas where necessary. If the sentence is correct, write ‘OK! 1 Colin told me about his new job that he’s enjoying very much, _Golin told. me about his new jop,,which Ne's, enjoying very much My office that is on the second floor is very small. 3 The office I'm using at the moment is very small. 4 Ben’s father that used to be a teacher now works for a TV company. The doctor that examined me couldn't find any thing wrong. 191