Oris oY [ F 184 Relative clauses 1: : clauses with who/that/which Look at this example sentence: The woman who lives next door is a doctor. aay ) relative clause ‘A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker meai 1 The woman who lives next door ... (‘who lives next door’ tells us which woman) 13 People who live in the country ... (‘who live in the country’ tells us what kind of people) We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things): the woman ~ she lives next door — is a doctor ’ The woman who lives next door is a doctor. we know a lot of people ~ they live in the country ee y We know a lot of people who live in the country. © An architect is someone who designs buildings. © What was the name of the person who phoned you? 5 Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by Friday. You can also use that (instead of who), but you can’t use which for people: 5 The woman that lives next door is a doctor. (not the woman which) Sometimes you must use who (rot that) for people ~ see Unit 95. When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in a relative clause: where is the cheese? ~ it was in the fridge | : | was in the fridge? that —+ Where is the cheese } (yi, 5 I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or stories which have © Barbara works for a company that makes furniture. (or a company which makes furniture) © The machine that broke down is working again now. (or The machine which broke down) ‘That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which ~ see Unit 95. What = ‘the thing(s) thar’. Compare what and that: | What happened was my fault. (= the thing that happened) Everything that happened was my fault, (not Everything what happened) © The machine that broke down is now working again. (not The machine what broke down) Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which, not he/she/they/it: 1 I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door. (not the woman she lives) Relative clauses 2-5 —> Units 93-96Exercises Unit 92 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary. steals from a shop buys something from a shop -designs-buildings- pays rent to live ina house or flat Ns 1% helshe ) oesn't believe in God M*/SHE) breaks into a house to steal things | is not brave expects the worst to happen 1 (an architect) .. An architect. is. some (a burglar) A burglar is someone (a customer) 4 (a shoplifter) eee S (a coward) ee 6 (an atheist) 7 (a pessimist) neem 8 (a tenant) abe - _ 2 Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which. 1A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. The. girl who was. injured. in the, accident. is now in hospital, 2A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient. The : a seen A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. The . : = 4 Some people were arrested. They: have now been released. The - sas 5 A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour. TRE enn . ss Complete the sentences. Choose the best ending from the box and change it into a relative clause. he invented the telephone it makes-furniture- she runs away from home it gives you the meaning of words they stole my car ir can support life they were on the wall ir cannot be explained 1 Barbara works for a company ...1/1at_ makes. fyrmiture 2 The book is about a girl nun 3 What happened to the pictures ie 4A mystery is something ... 5 The police have caught the men .. 6 A dictionary is a book — a - i 7 7 Alexander Bell was the Mam <---onsosnm 8 It seems that the earth is the only planet . Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Idon’t like stories who have unhappy endings. stories that have 2 What was the name of the person who phoned you? OK, 3. Where's the nearest shop who sells newspapers? . 4 The driver which caused the accident was fined £500. “ 5 Do you know the person that took these photographs? ...... ese 6 We live in a world what is changing all the time. co co 7 Dan said some things about me that were not true. 8 What was the name of the horse it won the race? 185Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where _ we saw some people ~ their car had broken down —+ We saw some people whose car had broken down. ‘We use whose mostly for people: © A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead) © What's the naime of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car) © Tmet someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother) Compare who and whose: © Imet a man who knows you. (he knows you) © met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister know’ you) Whom Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in Unit 93B): 1 The woman whom I wanted to see was away. (I wanted to see her) You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom etc.): © The people with whom I work are very nice. (I work with them) But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing (see Unit 93). So we usually say: 13 The woman I wanted to see... or The woman who/that I wanted to see 1 The people I work with .... or The people who/that I work with ... Where You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place: the restaurant — we had dinner there ~ it was near the airport The restaurant. where we had dinner was near the airport. © Irecently went back to the town where I grew up. (or ... the town I grew up in. or ... the town that I grew up in) 1 I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine. We say: the day / the year / the time ete. { Something happens or that something happens © Do you remember the day (that) we went to the 200? © The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine © Thaven’t seen them since the year (that) they got married. We say: something happens or the reason | ssavwhy something happens © The reason I'm phoning you is to ask your advice. (or The reason that I’m phoning / The reason why I'm phoning) Relative clauses 1-2 + Units 92-93 Relative clauses 4-5 — Units 95-96 Whom —* Unit 96