OOPs Part - 2

Agenda

 Inheritance
 Has-A Relationship
 IS-A Relationship
 IS-A vs HAS-A Relationship
 Composition vs Aggregation

 Types of Inheritance
 Single Inheritance
 Multi Level Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
 Cyclic Inheritance

 Method Resolution Order (MRO)

 super() Method

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Using members of one class inside another class:
We can use members of one class inside another class by using the following ways

1. By Composition (Has-A Relationship)

2. By Inheritance (IS-A Relationship)

1. By Composition (Has-A Relationship):

By using Class Name or by creating object we can access members of one class inside another class
is nothing but composition (Has-A Relationship).

The main advantage of Has-A Relationship is Code Reusability.

Demo Program-1:

1) class Engine:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=20
5) def m1(self):
6) print('Engine Specific Functionality')
7) class Car:
8) def __init__(self):
9) self.engine=Engine()
10) def m2(self):
11) print('Car using Engine Class Functionality')
12) print(self.engine.a)
13) print(self.engine.b)
14) self.engine.m1()
15) c=Car()
16) c.m2()

Output:
Car using Engine Class Functionality
10
20
Engine Specific Functionality

Demo Program-2:

1) class Car:
2) def __init__(self,name,model,color):
3) self.name=name
4) self.model=model
5) self.color=color
6) def getinfo(self):

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 7) print("Car Name:{} , Model:{} and Color:{}".format(self.name,self.model,self.color))
8)
9) class Employee:
10) def __init__(self,ename,eno,car):
11) self.ename=ename
12) self.eno=eno
13) self.car=car
14) def empinfo(self):
15) print("Employee Name:",self.ename)
16) print("Employee Number:",self.eno)
17) print("Employee Car Info:")
18) self.car.getinfo()
19) c=Car("Innova","2.5V","Grey")
20) e=Employee('Durga',10000,c)
21) e.empinfo()

Output:
Employee Name: Durga
Employee Number: 10000
Employee Car Info:
Car Name: Innova, Model:2.5V and Color:Grey

In the above program Employee class Has-A Car reference and hence Employee class can access all
members of Car class.

Demo Program-3:

1) class X:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=20
5) def m1(self):
6) print("m1 method of X class")
7) class Y:
8) c=30
9) def __init__(self):
10) self.d=40
11) def m2(self):
12) print("m2 method of Y class")
13) def m3(self):
14) x1=X()
15) print(x1.a)
16) print(x1.b)
17) x1.m1()
18) print(Y.c)
19) print(self.d)
20) self.m2()
21) print("m3 method of Y class")
22) y1=Y()

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 23) y1.m3()

Output:
10
20
m1 method of X class
30
40
m2 method of Y class
m3 method of Y class

2. By Inheritance(IS-A Relationship):
What ever variables, methods and constructors available in the parent class by default available to
the child classes and we are not required to rewrite. Hence the main advantage of inheritance is
Code Reusability and we can extend existing functionality with some more extra functionality.

Syntax :
class childclass(parentclass):

Demo Program for inheritance:

1) class P:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=10
5) def m1(self):
6) print('Parent instance method')
7) @classmethod
8) def m2(cls):
9) print('Parent class method')
10) @staticmethod
11) def m3():
12) print('Parent static method')
13)
14) class C(P):
15) pass
16)
17) c=C()
18) print(c.a)
19) print(c.b)
20) c.m1()
21) c.m2()
22) c.m3()

Output:
10
10

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Parent instance method
Parent class method
Parent static method

Eg:

1) class P:
2) 10 methods
3) class C(P):
4) 5 methods

In the above example Parent class contains 10 methods and these methods automatically
available to the child class and we are not required to rewrite those methods(Code Reusability)
Hence child class contains 15 methods.

Note:
What ever members present in Parent class are by default available to the child class through
inheritance.

Demo Program:

1) class P:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent class method")
4) class C(P):
5) def m2(self):
6) print("Child class method")
7)
8) c=C();
9) c.m1()
10) c.m2()

Output:
Parent class method
Child class method

What ever methods present in Parent class are automatically available to the child class and hence
on the child class reference we can call both parent class methods and child class methods.

Similarly variables also

1) class P:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=20
5) class C(P):
6) c=30
7) def __init__(self):
8) super().__init__()===>Line-1
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 9) self.d=30
10)
11) c1=C()
12) print(c1.a,c1.b,c1.c,c1.d)

If we comment Line-1 then variable b is not available to the child class.

Demo program for inheritance:

1) class Person:
2) def __init__(self,name,age):
3) self.name=name
4) self.age=age
5) def eatndrink(self):
6) print('Eat Biryani and Drink Beer')
7)
8) class Employee(Person):
9) def __init__(self,name,age,eno,esal):
10) super().__init__(name,age)
11) self.eno=eno
12) self.esal=esal
13)
14) def work(self):
15) print("Coding Python is very easy just like drinking Chilled Beer")
16) def empinfo(self):
17) print("Employee Name:",self.name)
18) print("Employee Age:",self.age)
19) print("Employee Number:",self.eno)
20) print("Employee Salary:",self.esal)
21)
22) e=Employee('Durga', 48, 100, 10000)
23) e.eatndrink()
24) e.work()
25) e.empinfo()

Output:
Eat Biryani and Drink Beer
Coding Python is very easy just like drinking Chilled Beer
Employee Name: Durga
Employee Age: 48
Employee Number: 100
Employee Salary: 10000

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IS-A vs HAS-A Relationship:
If we want to extend existing functionality with some more extra functionality then we should go
for IS-A Relationship

If we dont want to extend and just we have to use existing functionality then we should go for
HAS-A Relationship

Eg: Employee class extends Person class Functionality

But Employee class just uses Car functionality but not extending

Person

IS - A

HAS - A
Employee Car

1) class Car:
2) def __init__(self,name,model,color):
3) self.name=name
4) self.model=model
5) self.color=color
6) def getinfo(self):
7) print("\tCar Name:{} \n\t Model:{} \n\t Color:{}".format(self.name,self.model,self.col
or))
8)
9) class Person:
10) def __init__(self,name,age):
11) self.name=name
12) self.age=age
13) def eatndrink(self):
14) print('Eat Biryani and Drink Beer')
15)
16) class Employee(Person):
17) def __init__(self,name,age,eno,esal,car):
18) super().__init__(name,age)
19) self.eno=eno
20) self.esal=esal
21) self.car=car
22) def work(self):
23) print("Coding Python is very easy just like drinking Chilled Beer")
24) def empinfo(self):

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 25) print("Employee Name:",self.name)
26) print("Employee Age:",self.age)
27) print("Employee Number:",self.eno)
28) print("Employee Salary:",self.esal)
29) print("Employee Car Info:")
30) self.car.getinfo()
31)
32) c=Car("Innova","2.5V","Grey")
33) e=Employee('Durga',48,100,10000,c)
34) e.eatndrink()
35) e.work()
36) e.empinfo()

Output:
Eat Biryani and Drink Beer
Coding Python is very easy just like drinking Chilled Beer
Employee Name: Durga
Employee Age: 48
Employee Number: 100
Employee Salary: 10000
Employee Car Info:
Car Name:Innova
Model:2.5V
Color:Grey

In the above example Employee class extends Person class functionality but just uses Car class
functionality.

Composition vs Aggregation:
Composition:
Without existing container object if there is no chance of existing contained object then the
container and contained objects are strongly associated and that strong association is nothing but
Composition.

Eg: University contains several Departments and without existing university object there is no
chance of existing Department object. Hence University and Department objects are strongly
associated and this strong association is nothing but Composition.

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 Department Object
(Contained Object)

University Object
(Container Object)

Aggregation:
Without existing container object if there is a chance of existing contained object then the
container and contained objects are weakly associated and that weak association is nothing but
Aggregation.

Eg: Department contains several Professors. Without existing Department still there may be a
chance of existing Professor. Hence Department and Professor objects are weakly associated,
which is nothing but Aggregation.
(Contained Object)
Professor Object

x
x
: :
: :
: :
x

Department Object
(Container Object)

Coding Example:

1) class Student:
2) collegeName='DURGASOFT'
3) def __init__(self,name):
4) self.name=name
5) print(Student.collegeName)
6) s=Student('Durga')
7) print(s.name)

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Output:
DURGASOFT
Durga

In the above example without existing Student object there is no chance of existing his name.
Hence Student Object and his name are strongly associated which is nothing but Composition.

But without existing Student object there may be a chance of existing collegeName. Hence
Student object and collegeName are weakly associated which is nothing but Aggregation.

Conclusion:
The relation between object and its instance variables is always Composition where as the relation
between object and static variables is Aggregation.

Note: Whenever we are creating child class object then child class constructor will be executed. If
the child class does not contain constructor then parent class constructor will be executed, but
parent object won't be created.

Eg:

1) class P:
2) def __init__(self):
3) print(id(self))
4) class C(P):
5) pass
6) c=C()
7) print(id(c))

Output:
6207088
6207088

Eg:

1) class Person:
2) def __init__(self,name,age):
3) self.name=name
4) self.age=age
5) class Student(Person):
6) def __init__(self,name,age,rollno,marks):
7) super().__init__(name,age)
8) self.rollno=rollno
9) self.marks=marks
10) def __str__(self):
11) return 'Name={}\nAge={}\nRollno={}\nMarks={}'.format(self.name,self.age,self.rollno
,self.marks)
12) s1=Student('durga',48,101,90)
13) print(s1)

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Output:
Name=durga
Age=48
Rollno=101
Marks=90

Note: In the above example when ever we are creating child class object both parent and child
class constructors got executed to perform initialization of child object

Types of Inheritance:
1. Single Inheritance:
The concept of inheriting the properties from one class to another class is known as single
inheritance.

Eg:

1) class P:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent Method")
4) class C(P):
5) def m2(self):
6) print("Child Method")
7) c=C()
8) c.m1()
9) c.m2()

Output:
Parent Method
Child Method

Single Inheritance

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2. Multi Level Inheritance:
The concept of inheriting the properties from multiple classes to single class with the concept of
one after another is known as multilevel inheritance

Eg:

1) class P:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent Method")
4) class C(P):
5) def m2(self):
6) print("Child Method")
7) class CC(C):
8) def m3(self):
9) print("Sub Child Method")
10) c=CC()
11) c.m1()
12) c.m2()
13) c.m3()

Output:
Parent Method
Child Method
Sub Child Method

C Multi – Level Inheritance

CC

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3. Hierarchical Inheritance:
The concept of inheriting properties from one class into multiple classes which are present at
same level is known as Hierarchical Inheritance

C1 C2

Hierarchical
Inheritance

1) class P:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent Method")
4) class C1(P):
5) def m2(self):
6) print("Child1 Method")
7) class C2(P):
8) def m3(self):
9) print("Child2 Method")
10) c1=C1()
11) c1.m1()
12) c1.m2()
13) c2=C2()
14) c2.m1()
15) c2.m3()

Output:
Parent Method
Child1 Method
Parent Method
Child2 Method

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4. Multiple Inheritance:
The concept of inheriting the properties from multiple classes into a single class at a time, is
known as multiple inheritance.

P1 P2

Multiple
Inheritance

1) class P1:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent1 Method")
4) class P2:
5) def m2(self):
6) print("Parent2 Method")
7) class C(P1,P2):
8) def m3(self):
9) print("Child2 Method")
10) c=C()
11) c.m1()
12) c.m2()
13) c.m3()

Output:
Parent1 Method
Parent2 Method
Child2 Method

If the same method is inherited from both parent classes,then Python will always consider the
order of Parent classes in the declaration of the child class.

class C(P1,P2): ===>P1 method will be considered

class C(P2,P1): ===>P2 method will be considered

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Eg:

1) class P1:
2) def m1(self):
3) print("Parent1 Method")
4) class P2:
5) def m1(self):
6) print("Parent2 Method")
7) class C(P1,P2):
8) def m2(self):
9) print("Child Method")
10) c=C()
11) c.m1()
12) c.m2()

Output:
Parent1 Method
Child Method

5. Hybrid Inheritance:
Combination of Single, Multi level, multiple and Hierarchical inheritance is known as Hybrid
Inheritance.

A B C

G H

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6. Cyclic Inheritance:
The concept of inheriting properties from one class to another class in cyclic way, is called Cyclic
inheritance.Python won't support for Cyclic Inheritance of course it is really not required.

Eg - 1:

class A(A):pass

NameError: name 'A' is not defined

Eg - 2:

1) class A(B):
2) pass
3) class B(A):
4) pass

NameError: name 'B' is not defined

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Method Resolution Order (MRO):
In Hybrid Inheritance the method resolution order is decided based on MRO algorithm.
This algorithm is also known as C3 algorithm.
Samuele Pedroni proposed this algorithm.
It follows DLR (Depth First Left to Right)
i.e Child will get more priority than Parent.
Left Parent will get more priority than Right Parent

MRO(X)=X+Merge(MRO(P1),MRO(P2),...,ParentList)

Head Element vs Tail Terminology:

Assume C1,C2,C3,...are classes.
In the list : C1C2C3C4C5....
C1 is considered as Head Element and remaining is considered as Tail.

How to find Merge:

Take the head of first list
If the head is not in the tail part of any other list,then add this head to the result and remove it
from the lists in the merge.
If the head is present in the tail part of any other list,then consider the head element of the next
list and continue the same process.

Note: We can find MRO of any class by using mro() function.

print(ClassName.mro())

Demo Program-1 for Method Resolution Order:

B C

D
mro(A)=A,object
mro(B)=B,A,object
mro(C)=C,A,object
mro(D)=D,B,C,A,object

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test.py:

1) class A:pass
2) class B(A):pass
3) class C(A):pass
4) class D(B,C):pass
5) print(A.mro())
6) print(B.mro())
7) print(C.mro())
8) print(D.mro())

Output:
[<class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class
'object'>]

Demo Program-2 for Method Resolution Order:

Object

A B C

X Y

mro(A)=A,object P
mro(B)=B,object
mro(C)=C,object
mro(X)=X,A,B,object
mro(Y)=Y,B,C,object
mro(P)=P,X,A,Y,B,C,object

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Finding mro(P) by using C3 algorithm:
Formula: MRO(X)=X+Merge(MRO(P1),MRO(P2),...,ParentList)

mro(p)= P+Merge(mro(X),mro(Y),mro(C),XYC)
= P+Merge(XABO,YBCO,CO,XYC)
= P+X+Merge(ABO,YBCO,CO,YC)
= P+X+A+Merge(BO,YBCO,CO,YC)
= P+X+A+Y+Merge(BO,BCO,CO,C)
= P+X+A+Y+B+Merge(O,CO,CO,C)
= P+X+A+Y+B+C+Merge(O,O,O)
= P+X+A+Y+B+C+O

test.py:

1) class A:pass
2) class B:pass
3) class C:pass
4) class X(A,B):pass
5) class Y(B,C):pass
6) class P(X,Y,C):pass
7) print(A.mro())#AO
8) print(X.mro())#XABO
9) print(Y.mro())#YBCO
10) print(P.mro())#PXAYBCO

Output:
[<class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.Y'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.P'>, <class '__main__.X'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.Y'>, <class
'__main__.B'>,
<class '__main__.C'>, <class 'object'>]

test.py:

1) class A:
2) def m1(self):
3) print('A class Method')
4) class B:
5) def m1(self):
6) print('B class Method')
7) class C:
8) def m1(self):
9) print('C class Method')
10) class X(A,B):
11) def m1(self):
12) print('X class Method')

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 13) class Y(B,C):
14) def m1(self):
15) print('Y class Method')
16) class P(X,Y,C):
17) def m1(self):
18) print('P class Method')
19) p=P()
20) p.m1()

Output:
P class Method

In the above example P class m1() method will be considered.If P class does not contain m1()
method then as per MRO, X class method will be considered. If X class does not contain then A
class method will be considered and this process will be continued.

The method resolution in the following order:PXAYBCO

Demo Program-3 for Method Resolution Order:

Object

D E F

B C

mro(o)=object
mro(D)=D,object A
mro(E)=E,object
mro(F)=F,object
mro(B)=B,D,E,object
mro(C)=C,D,F,object
mro(A)=A+Merge(mro(B),mro(C),BC)
=A+Merge(BDEO,CDFO,BC)
=A+B+Merge(DEO,CDFO,C)
=A+B+C+Merge(DEO,DFO)
=A+B+C+D+Merge(EO,FO)
=A+B+C+D+E+Merge(O,FO)
=A+B+C+D+E+F+Merge(O,O)
=A+B+C+D+E+F+O
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test.py:

1) class D:pass
2) class E:pass
3) class F:pass
4) class B(D,E):pass
5) class C(D,F):pass
6) class A(B,C):pass
7) print(D.mro())
8) print(B.mro())
9) print(C.mro())
10) print(A.mro())

Output:
[<class '__main__.D'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.E'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.F'>, <class 'object'>]
[<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class
'__main__.E'>,
<class '__main__.F'>, <class 'object'>]

super() Method:
super() is a built-in method which is useful to call the super class constructors,variables and
methods from the child class.

Demo Program-1 for super():

1) class Person:
2) def __init__(self,name,age):
3) self.name=name
4) self.age=age
5) def display(self):
6) print('Name:',self.name)
7) print('Age:',self.age)
8)
9) class Student(Person):
10) def __init__(self,name,age,rollno,marks):
11) super().__init__(name,age)
12) self.rollno=rollno
13) self.marks=marks
14)
15) def display(self):
16) super().display()
17) print('Roll No:',self.rollno)
18) print('Marks:',self.marks)
19)
20) s1=Student('Durga',22,101,90)

nd
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 21) s1.display()

Output:
Name: Durga
Age: 22
Roll No: 101
Marks: 90

In the above program we are using super() method to call parent class constructor and display()
method

Demo Program-2 for super():

1) class P:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=10
5) def m1(self):
6) print('Parent instance method')
7) @classmethod
8) def m2(cls):
9) print('Parent class method')
10) @staticmethod
11) def m3():
12) print('Parent static method')
13)
14) class C(P):
15) a=888
16) def __init__(self):
17) self.b=999
18) super().__init__()
19) print(super().a)
20) super().m1()
21) super().m2()
22) super().m3()
23)
24) c=C()

Output:
10
Parent instance method
Parent class method
Parent static method

In the above example we are using super() to call various members of Parent class.

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How to call method of a particular Super class:
We can use the following approaches

1. super(D,self).m1()
It will call m1() method of super class of D.

2. A.m1(self)
It will call A class m1() method

1) class A:
2) def m1(self):
3) print('A class Method')
4) class B(A):
5) def m1(self):
6) print('B class Method')
7) class C(B):
8) def m1(self):
9) print('C class Method')
10) class D(C):
11) def m1(self):
12) print('D class Method')
13) class E(D):
14) def m1(self):
15) A.m1(self)
16)
17) e=E()
18) e.m1()

Output:
A class Method

Various Important Points about super():

Case-1: From child class we are not allowed to access parent class instance variables by using
super(),Compulsory we should use self only.
But we can access parent class static variables by using super().

Eg:

1) class P:
2) a=10
3) def __init__(self):
4) self.b=20
5)
6) class C(P):
7) def m1(self):

nd
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 8) print(super().a)#valid
9) print(self.b)#valid
10) print(super().b)#invalid
11) c=C()
12) c.m1()

Output:
10
20
AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'b'

Case-2: From child class constructor and instance method, we can access parent class instance
method,static method and class method by using super()

1) class P:
2) def __init__(self):
3) print('Parent Constructor')
4) def m1(self):
5) print('Parent instance method')
6) @classmethod
7) def m2(cls):
8) print('Parent class method')
9) @staticmethod
10) def m3():
11) print('Parent static method')
12)
13) class C(P):
14) def __init__(self):
15) super().__init__()
16) super().m1()
17) super().m2()
18) super().m3()
19)
20) def m1(self):
21) super().__init__()
22) super().m1()
23) super().m2()
24) super().m3()
25)
26) c=C()
27) c.m1()

Output:
Parent Constructor
Parent instance method
Parent class method
Parent static method
Parent Constructor
Parent instance method

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Parent class method
Parent static method

Case-3: From child class, class method we cannot access parent class instance methods and
constructors by using super() directly(but indirectly possible). But we can access parent class static
and class methods.

1) class P:
2) def __init__(self):
3) print('Parent Constructor')
4) def m1(self):
5) print('Parent instance method')
6) @classmethod
7) def m2(cls):
8) print('Parent class method')
9) @staticmethod
10) def m3():
11) print('Parent static method')
12)
13) class C(P):
14) @classmethod
15) def m1(cls):
16) #super().__init__()--->invalid
17) #super().m1()--->invalid
18) super().m2()
19) super().m3()
20)
21) C.m1()

Output:
Parent class method
Parent static method

From Class Method of Child class,how to call parent class instance

methods and constructors:
1) class A:
2) def __init__(self):
3) print('Parent constructor')
4)
5) def m1(self):
6) print('Parent instance method')
7)
8) class B(A):
9) @classmethod
10) def m2(cls):
11) super(B,cls).__init__(cls)
12) super(B,cls).m1(cls)

nd
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 13)
14) B.m2()

Output:
Parent constructor
Parent instance method

Case-4: In child class static method we are not allowed to use super() generally (But in special way
we can use)

1) class P:
2) def __init__(self):
3) print('Parent Constructor')
4) def m1(self):
5) print('Parent instance method')
6) @classmethod
7) def m2(cls):
8) print('Parent class method')
9) @staticmethod
10) def m3():
11) print('Parent static method')
12)
13) class C(P):
14) @staticmethod
15) def m1():
16) super().m1()-->invalid
17) super().m2()--->invalid
18) super().m3()--->invalid
19)
20) C.m1()

RuntimeError: super(): no arguments

How to call parent class static method from child class static method by using super():

1) class A:
2)
3) @staticmethod
4) def m1():
5) print('Parent static method')
6)
7) class B(A):
8) @staticmethod
9) def m2():
10) super(B,B).m1()
11)
12) B.m2()

Output: Parent static method

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