THE FLIGHT COMPUTER AND NAVIGATION PLOTTER

GOAL: HOW TO USE A MANUAL E6B FOR FLIGHT PLANNING AND

ENROUTE NAVIGATION.
COMPUTING SIDE OF E6B
• Distance, Speed, and Time Enroute
• Fuel Consumption and Duration
• Computation of True Airspeed using Temperature and Altitude
• Determination of Density Altitude
• True Altitude Calculation & Interpellation techniques for interpreting temp/alt
data

WIND SIDE OF E6B

• Determination of Wind Correction Angle, and True Heading
• Determination of Ground Speed, Variation and Magnetic Heading
• Use of Deviation to determine Compass Heading

NAVIGATION PLOTTER
•Plotting and determining
•True Course
•Distances

MANY EXERCISES ALONG THE WAY…..

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser

 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED, DISTANCE, TIME, FUEL
No complex formulas –LEGENDS ON E6B

Speed, Distance A
B
Time C

OR

Gallon per hour, Fuel Burned A

Time B
C

THIS WILL BECOME LESS COMPLEX AS WE DO PRACTICE EXERCISE

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE
Distance
DISTANCE (Scale A, above the time) = Speed
here

1. Speed (Scale A-speed index) * Time

2. Time (Scale B) 1
(below)
2

Use either
Minutes (B) or
Hours (C)

SPEED 120

TIME 120 MINUTES

DISTANCE = 240 MILES

CAUTION: SCALABILITY (12 can be 12, 120, 1200)

APPLY COMMON SENSE

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE

Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance

1 120 (A) 120 minutes (B) 240

SM or NM: What & Where

HOW TO CONVERT
#1 240 SM = 208 NM

*ALWAYS use KTS not

MPH, and NM not SM

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE

Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance

2 105 MPH 1 HR 20 Minutes
140 SM

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
3 90 MPH 300 Minutes
450

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
4 150 MPH 2 HRS 15 MIN
338

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
5 250 MPH 2 HRS 05 MIN
521

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
6 500 MPH 15 MIN
125

50
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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
7 123 MPH 4 HRS 04 MIN
500

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DISTANCE PRACTICE
Problem 1. Speed 2. Time Distance
8 163 MPH 13 MIN
35

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser

 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
1
Distance
Speed
SPEED (Scale A, above the speed index) = here
1. Distance (Scale A-put over time) * Time
2. Time (Scale B) (below)
2

Use either
Minutes (B) or
Hours (C)

DISTANCE 240

TIME 120 MINUTES

SPEED = 120 MILES

where time is 10 minutes or greater

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

9 240 SM (A) 2 HRS 00 MINS (B=120 & C) 120

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

10 25 SM 15 MIN 100

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

11 135 SM 1 HR 10 MIN 116

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

12 400 SM 3 HR 20 MIN 120

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

13 35 SM 12 MIN 175

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

14 75 SM 1 HR 30 MIN 50

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

15 15 SM 12 MIN 75

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Problem Distance Time SPEED

16 375 SM 3 HR 00 MIN 125

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
SPEED
Speed (A-speed index) = Distance (A) / Time (B) (underneath the distance) where time is
<10 minutes

We treat the B scale as seconds and the C scale as Minutes. Instead of using the
“Speed Index” we use a special point on the B scale found at 36 (SEC.)

Example: Fly 1 mile in 45 seconds. Set 1 (A scale) over 45 ( B scale) and locate
the SEC points (36 on B scale). Groundspeed above is 80 on the A scale.

17. 1 mile in 120 seconds (or 2:00 Minutes) = 30

18. 5 miles in 45 seconds = 400

Practice 19. 3 miles in 2 minutes 30 seconds = 72

20. 1 mile in 8 seconds = 450

21. 7.5 miles in 4 minutes and 30 seconds = 100

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser
 Quick mental math on Airspeed
Are we there yet? How long?
If the groundspeed is 150 knots, multiply the distance by four and drop the
last zero: 20 miles*4 = 80. It will take eight minutes at 150.

For 60, multiply the miles by 1 since your are traveling at 1 mile per minute.

For 90, divide miles by 1.5 since you are going 1.5 miles each minute.

For 100, multiply by six for 120, minus the zero for 12 minutes.

For 120, divide by two since you are traveling at 2 miles per minute.

For 150, divide by 2.5 since you are traveling at 2.5 miles per minute.

For 180, just divide by three since you are traveling at 3 miles per minute.

Etc, etc, etc.

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
1 2
TIME (Scale B or C, below Distance) = Speed Distance
1. Speed (Scale A)
2. Distance (Scale A) Time
here

Use either
Minutes (B) or
Hours (C)

SPEED 120

DISTANCE = 240

TIME = 120 MIN or 2:00 HRS

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Time (B-minutes/C-hours & minutes)
= Distance (A) / Speed (A-index)

Problem SPEED Distance TIME

22 120 240 2 HR 00 MIN

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME

Problem SPEED Distance TIME

23 105 25 14:17

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Problem SPEED Distance TIME
24 200 135 40:30’

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Problem SPEED Distance TIME
24 135 400 2:57:47’

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Problem SPEED Distance TIME
25 135 35 15:33

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Problem SPEED Distance TIME
26 90 75 50:00

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME
Problem SPEED Distance TIME
27 300 15 03:00

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TIME

Problem SPEED Distance TIME

28 90 375 4:10:00

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL CONSUMPTION AND RATE

RATE OF CONSUMPTION TOTAL GALLONS

(WORK LIKE SPEED) (WORK LIKE DISTANCE)

G.P.H. 5 FUEL BURNED 10

TIME 120 MINUTES TIME 120 MINUTES

FUEL BURNED = 10 GALLONS RATE = 5 G.P.H.

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL

Problem 1. GPH 2. TIME FUEL CONSUMPTION

29 5 (A) 120 minutes (B) (A)= 10 GALLONS

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GPH 2. TIME FUEL CONSUMPTION
30 8.5 GPH 1 HR 20 Minutes 11.3 G

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GPH 2. TIME FUEL CONSUMPTION
31 90 GPH 300 Minutes 450.0 G

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GPH 2. TIME FUEL CONSUMPTION
32 13.5 GPH 2 HRS 15 MIN 30.4 G

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE
Problem 1. GALLONS 2. TIME RATE OF CONSUMPTION
33 10 (A) G 120 minutes (B) (A)= 5 GPH

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GALLONS 2. TIME RATE OF CONSUMPTION
34 12 G 1 HR 20 Minutes 9 GPH

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GALLONS 2. TIME RATE OF CONSUMPTION
35 35 G 300 Minutes 7 GPH

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
FUEL
Problem 1. GALLONS 2. TIME RATE OF CONSUMPTION
36 13.5 G 2 HRS 15 MIN 6 GPH

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
AIRSPEED
WHAT YOU SEE (INDICATED AIRSPEED) IS NOT EXACTLY TRUE

V speeds KCAS (Knots Calibrated AS) KIAS (Knots Indicated AS)

V NE 158 160
V NO 126 128
VA 96 97
2300 lbs
1950 88 89
1600
80 80
V FE 86 85

TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS) - Calibrated airspeed must be corrected for altitude

and the outside air temperature. (temperature & pressure impact airspeed
indicator)

TAS IS HOW FAST YOU ARE MOVING THRU THE AIR NOT HOW FAST
YOU ARE MOVING OVER THE GROUND (need wind info for GS)

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser

 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS)
POSITION THE TEMPERATURE OVER THE ALTITUDE

PRESSURE
WINDOW Temperature Celsius Above

Density Altitude below

Altitude

CAS TAS

FIND CALIBRATED AIRSPEED ON “B”, THE TAS IS JUST ABOVE

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS)
Problem ALT TEMP C CAS TAS Density Alt.
37 5,000 0 100 107 4389

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS)
Problem ALT TEMP C CAS TAS Density Alt.
38 3, 500 +10 105 111 3728

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS)
Problem ALT TEMP C CAS TAS Density Alt.
39 8, 500 -20 120 132 6253

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE AIRSPEED (TAS)
Problem ALT TEMP C CAS TAS Density Alt.
40 12,000 -30 250 285 9350

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE ALTITUDE
TRUE ALTITUDE : Indicated altitude corrected for temperature & altitude.

4. T Alt
3. P Alt
1.Temp 2.Ind. Alt

1. Adjust wheel so that “indicated altitude” is under the outside air temperature (C)
2. Find “pressure altitude” on the B scale and read the TRUE ALTITUDE above on the
A scale. [GET PRESSURE ALTITUDE BY ADJUSTING THE KOLLSMAN WINDOW
TO READ 29.92]
Problem P Alt TEMP C TRUE ALTITUDE

41 5,000 0 4900

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE ALTITUDE
Problem P Alt TEMP C TRUE ALTITUDE

43 8, 500 -20 7930

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
TRUE ALTITUDE

Problem P Alt TEMP C TRUE ALTITUDE

44 12,000 -30 11037

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
INTERPOLATION FOR WINDS ALOFT

VFR HEADING 0-179

3000 6000
FLY odd + 500 above 3000 AGL
WINDS ALOFT@ 18015+12 20045+02
17500 16500 3000 INCRMENTS
INTERPOLATE 4500
9000 .5 difference 3000-6000
Step 1 3000-6000 Difference
7500 Direction 200-180=20
You tell me WA@ 5500 Velocity 45- 15=30
.83 DIFFERENCE Temperature 12-2=10
6500
19740+04 6000 Step 2 Cruise Difference
5500 .83> (Example@4500)
Direction .5 x20=10
Velocity .5 x30=15
4500 .50> Temperature .5 x10= 5

3500 .17> Step 3 Add Cruise Difference

Direction 180+10=190
3000 Velocity 15+15= 30
VFR HEADING 180-359  Temperature 12- 5= 7
FLY even + 500 above 3000 AGL
Wa@4500= 19030+07
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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
MULTI-PART COMPUTATIONS

HOW MUCH FUEL IS BURNED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING?

(Assumption: IAS and CAS are the same for the below problems).
FIND THE TIME AND THEN APPLY TO THE RATE OF FUEL CONSUMED .

WIND = 0, GROUND SPEED = 129 MPH, DISTANCE = 320 SM TIME 2:29

FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE = 9 GPH (Get Time & Gals) 22.5 GALS

ALTITUDE = 7,500, INDICATED AIRSPEED = 105 MPH, TEMPERATURE TAS 121

= + 15C DISTANCE = 256 SM, FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE = 11.5 GPH TIME 2:07
(Get TAS, Time, Gals) 24.4 GALS

ALTITUDE=7,500, IAS=115, TEMPERATURE=-10C, TAS 127

DISTANCE=335, FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE=8.5 GPH TIME 2:38
(Get TAS, Time, Gals) 22.4 GALS

GROUNDSPEED=135, WIND=0, TEMPERATURE=-20C, TIME 3:09

ALTITUDE=9,000, DISTANCE=425, FULE CONSUMPTION
RATE = 12 GPH (Get Time and Gals)
37.8 GALS

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
WIND SIDE

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
WIND SIDE

Use wind side

to determine / GS
resulting from
winds aloft

Uncorrected flight path

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
DETERMINING WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED
WIND 360
VELOCITY = 10
TRUE COURSE = 240
TAS = 105

1-Set Wind direction 360 4-Set TC 240

6-Grommet

3-Mark above = GS (110)

Wind speed(10)

2-Grommet to 7-WCA
any speed line (right=+)
= +5
5-Slide card so mark Is on TAS (105)

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
PRACTICE WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED

TRY THIS… TC = 310

TAS = 120

WIND = 180 @ 16

WCA (Wind Correction Angle) -6

_______

TRUE HEADING (TC+/-WCA)?

304
_______

GROUND SPEED?
130
_______

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
PRACTICE WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED

TC=178

TAS=135

WIND=045 @ 23

WCA (Wind Correction Angle) -7

_______

TRUE HEADING (TC+/-WCA)? 171

_______

GROUND SPEED? 150

_______

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
PRACTICE WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED
135 KTS
TC=050

TAS=155 MPH

WIND=165 @ 18 KTS

WCA (Wind Correction Angle) +7

_______

TRUE HEADING (TC+/-WCA)? 057

_______

GROUND SPEED (KTS) ? 142 KTS

____________

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
PRACTICE WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED

TC=270

TAS=130 KTS

WIND=344 @ 18 KTS

WCA (Wind Correction Angle) +8

_______

TRUE HEADING (TC+/-WCA)? 278

_______

GROUND SPEED? 124 KTS

____________

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 Determining Wind Direction and Speed using the E6B when enroute.

Basically you work the wind problem backwards on the E6B.

1. Put your groundspeed under the grommet

2. On the True Airspeed Arc, put a dot to reflect right or left wind correction angle
you are holding.
3. Rotate the ring so that your mark is on the centerline
Read the wind direction under the E6B True Index
Read the wind speed as the distance up from the grommet to your mark.

Try this:
Your Heading is 310, but you holding course 304 to maintain the heading.
Your TAS is 120, and your ground speed is 130.
Determine Wind Direction and speed. Slide 55 to confirm your answer.

Wind Direction 180, Wind Speed 16

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
NAVIGATION PROBLEMS

You only need 2 more pieces of the puzzle to plot and compute full navigation
problems (Deviation and Variation)

WHAT AND WHERE DO YOU FIND DEVIATION?

Corrections for instrument errors printed (a) in the POH & (b) on the Magnetic Compass
N6585J Deviation
030 060 090 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-1 -2 -1 -1 0 0 +2 +2 +1 0 -1 -1

WHAT IS AND WHERE DO YOU FIND VARIATION?

Variation between TRUE and MAGNETIC North located on Sectional Charts as dashed
vertical lines (E & W)

ADD (+) if “W”

SUB (-) if “E”

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER NAVIGATION PROBLEMS

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER…. IT’S ON YOUR E6B

 TAS, you must know the Winds Aloft , outside air

temperature and velocity at altitude

WCA is the offset to the TC due to the winds aloft

GS is the correction of TAS for the winds aloft

TH is the TC correction of WCA (TH = TC +/- WCA)

MH is the TH correction of Variation (MH = TH +/- VAR)

CH is the MH correction of Deviation (CH = MH +/- DEV)

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER
PRACTICE WIND CORRECTION & GROUND SPEED
TC=095

IAS=111 KTS
TEMPERATURE = +25 C

ALTITUDE = 7,500

WIND=360 @ 10 KTS

TAS 130 KTS

_______

WCA (Wind Correction Angle) -4

_______

TRUE HEADING (TC+/-WCA)? 091

_______

GROUND SPEED (KTS)? 130 KTS

____________

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER NAVIGATION PROBLEMS

Flight from Vandenberg to Venice FL, TRUE COURSE (TC)=197

WINDS ALOFT = 050 @ 25 KTS, TEMPERATURE ALOFT +10C

IAS = 115 = CAS

ALTITUDE 4,500 DISTANCE = 38 SM
030 060 090 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-1 -2 -1 -1 0 0 +2 +2 +1 0 -1 -1
TAS ______
124
GS ______
144
WCA -6
______
TH (TC +/- WCA) 191
______
VARIATION 4W +5
______
MH (TH+/- VARIATION) ______
196
DEVIATION = ______
+1
CH (MH +/- DEV) = 197
______

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 THE FLIGHT COMPUTER NAVIGATION PROBLEMS
SAME FLIGHT – DIFFERENT DAY
CAS 115, CRUISING 4500
WIND 200 @ 25, TEMP = +20 C
TC= 197 RETURN FLIGHT
WIND 200 @ 25, TEMP = +20 C
TAS _127_ TC= 017
GS _102_
TAS _127_
WCA _+1 _ GS _152_
TH _198_
WCA _-1 _
VAR +5 TH _016_
MH _203_
VAR +5
DEV _ +1_ MH _021_
CH _204_
DEV _ -1__
CH _020_

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser

 THE NAVIGATION PLOTTER

1. Use as straight edge to draw course line between airports/navaids

2. Measure DISTANCE

3. Determine TRUE COURSE

Grommet

CAUTION
USE THE CORRECT SIDE (SECTIONAL)
USE APPROPRIATE UNITS OF DISTANCE (NM)
USE PENCIL – NOT PEN UNLESS YOUR ABSOLUTELY SURE

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 NAVIGATION PLOTTER PRACTICE
PRACTICE EXERCISE 1

DRAW COURSE LINE AND RECORD DISTANCE (NM) BETWEEN

LEG 1. Tampa Executive to Sebring Airport.

LEG 2. Sebring Airport to Wachula Airport
LEG 3. Wachula Airport to Tampa Executive Airport

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 NAVIGATION PLOTTER PRACTICE
PRACTICE EXERCISE 2

Mark and measure Checkpoints for each leg. It is a visual marker of your choice to
assist you to recognize if you are on course. It should be a point easy to recognize.
Give careful consideration if night – checkpoints will differ at night.

1. Mark your CHECKPOINTS for each let of the flight.

2. Record the distances on each leg of the flight. True Courses discussed next class.

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 Next Session – Cross Country
Planning & Navigation
• Study for exam on use of E6B and PN-1.
• Read Chapters 9,Section A and 5, Section A.

BRING A SECTION CHART, E6B, AND PN-1 TO

THE NEXT CLASS. Also, in the “Jewel” folder
for the “Cross Country-COMM” Section 05, Print
2 “NAVLOGPlan.pdf sheets for our exercises in
class.

“That’s All Folks”

Ground School 2011 Created by Steve Reisser