IS-1

Irrigation System Planning & Design Considerations

Proper system planning and design is essential to Irrigation Water Management (IWM) and requires the thoughtful
consideration of many elements. Selecting a system must include the following major items: Management, water, soil,
and crops.
1. Management – The irrigator and planner need to collaborate in order to develop the best plan. The discussion of
desired system type needs to include an understanding of management, operation, and maintenance requirements.
2. Water – The source, whether surface or ground, and the quantity, quality, availability, and flow rate, are needed to
determine the type of system that is appropriate. Most sources of ground water require power, no matter which
type of system is planned. With microirrigation, a ground water source might only need an inline screen to clean
the water while a surface water source would require a sophisticated filtration system. Some sources, due to high
salinity (EC), may not be suitable for sprinkler irrigation. A microirrigation system works best with a constant
source while a surface system can operate on a longer interval between water applications. A surface system, in
turn, requires a relatively high flow for most efficient application, while sprinkler or microirrigation systems can
function well at a lower rate of application.
3. Soil – Many soil qualities are important when planning an irrigation system. Soil texture is a good indicator of
water holding capacity (whc), permeability, and transmissivity. Whc is particularly important when considering a
surface system, due to intervals between irrigations. Permeability plays a key role in surface system design, and to
a lesser extent, sprinklers. Transmissivity, the ability of water to move through the soil, is important when
considering a point source of irrigation, such as with drip emitters. The water needs to be able to move into and
through the root zone.
4. Crops – Selection of crops to be grown can be limited due to water quality and quantity. High salinity (EC) can
cause yield reduction and even crop failure, depending upon the crop planted.
Other important considerations should include growing season and location.
1. Growing season - The length of growing season is important for crop selection and also is important for justifying
the expense for any system planned
2. Location - System structures and hardware must be able to withstand climate extremes of temperature, humidity,
precipitation, or wind. Proximity to wildlife, cattle, and humans also suggest necessary precautions to consider.
Proper planning can help ensure that the best system will be installed.
RDFISCHER March 08
 IS – 2 – Choosing an Irrigation System

This Chapter Includes:

Methods of applying water

Effect of land slope
Requirements, Considerations, Advantages/Disadvantages

Surface Irrigation Methods

Furrow Irrigation Basin or Level

Border Irrigation
Wild Flood Irrigation

Graded Border Irrigation

Corrugation Irrigation

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 Surface Irrigation Systems
Method Adapted to Conservation Features Eff. %

Basins or Level Border Close-growing crops on flat land Provides good control of water applied. Good for 60-80
with sandy soils. alkali control.

Graded Borders Hay or grain on uniform slopes up Provides uniform wetting and efficient water use. 60-80
to 3%; established pasture on Utilizes large water streams safely and thus less
uniform slopes up to 6%. Best time is required to cover area.
adapted to light soils.

Corrugations Close-growing crops on sloping Provides uniform wetting and prevents erosive 40-55
land with soil slow to take water. water accumulation on land too rolling or steep for
Extreme care is needed in applying borders or basins. Makes use of small streams.
water to slopes of more than 2%.

Furrows Row crops, truck crops, orchards, Provides no conservation features unless furrows 60-80
vineyards and berries on gentle laid on nearly level land on the contour and water
slopes with all but coarse-textured applied with extreme care.
soils.

Controlled Flooding Close-growing crops on rolling Provides water control and fairly uniform wetting 65-80
land; pasture sod established by where land cannot be used for other methods.
corrugations or sprinkler.

Wild Flood Water is allowed to flow over the Provides little to no water control and non uniform 25-40
land without the use of furrows, wetting on sloping and rolling lands.
borders or other structures.

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 Factors Affecting the Selection of Surface Irrigation Systems

WATER
MAX. APPLICATION
RATE OF
SLOPE INTAKE FAMILY ADAPTABLE TO
Non- SOWN DRILLED ORCHARDS LABOR
TYPE OF Sodded So d SHAPE OF ROW OR SODDED AND REQUIRED APPROXIMATE
SYSTEM Crops Crops MIN MAX FIELD CROPS CROPS VINEYARDS (min/acre) COST ($/ac)
Basins, Level Border Less than .1% Slope 0.1 2 Any Shape Yes Yes Yes 6-30 2.7-4
Greater than 0.1%
Graded Borders Slope 0.1 2 Any Shape Yes Yes Yes 6-30 2.7-4
Corrugations 4.00% 8.00% 0.1 1.5 Any shape No Yes Yes 25-72 1.4-2.7
Rows should
be equal in
Furrows 3.00% NA 0.1 3 length Yes Yes Yes 25-72 2.7-8.1
Controlled Flooding 0.10% NA 0.3 2 Rectangular No Yes Yes 12-60 2.7-8.1

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 Sprinkler Irrigation Methods

Center Pivot

Linear Move Center Pivot Hand Move

Big Gun Traveling or

Side Roll Solid Set Stationary

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 Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

Eff.
Method Adapted To Conservation Features
%
Provides good control of water applied. Good for
rectangular fields, may be equipped with drop tubes and
Linear Move various spray heads to reduce wind drift and
75-90
evaporative losses and can operate on low pressures.
Application uniformity is usually high, labor
requirements are low and pressure requirements are
Center Pivot often low. Results can be accomplished on fields which
75-90
are less than a full circle.
Nearly all crops on any
irrigable soils, except in very Labor requirements are low, easily automated and
Fixed Solid Set application uniformity is usually high.
60-75
windy hot climates.
Good for rectangular fields, not adapted to tall crops,
Side Rolls alignment may be difficult on undulating topography.
60-75
Good for irregular shaped hills and rolling terrain, not
Hand Move suited for tall crops. More labor intensive than a side 60-75
roll system.
Big Gun Good for irregular shaped fields, suited for high intake
(Traveling or rate soils, wind greatly affects water distribution 55-65
Stationary) pattern. Manual labor minimized.

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 Factors Affecting the Selection of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

Water Ma x . Adaptable To
Application Height Size of
Rate. of Labor Single Approx. Liquid
Ma x . Field C oo lin g A nimal
Min. Ma x . Crop Required System Cost
Type of Slope Sha pe o f Surface and Frost Chemical Fertilizer Waste
System (%) (in./hr) (in./hr) Field Conditions (ft.) (hrs/ac.) (ac.) ($/ac) Protection Application Application Distribution
Linear
20 0 .2 1 Circular, Clear of 40-160
Mo v e
obstructions
8-10 .05-.15 No
Center Square, or and path for
20 0 .2 1 .5 towers 40-320
Pivot Rectangular

Fixed No No 1 or
0 .0 5 2 Any shape No limit . 2 -. 5 Yes
Solid Set limit limit more
Reasonably
Side Rolls 10 0 .1 2 4 1 -3 2 0 -8 0
smooth Yes Yes Yes
Rectangular
Hand No
20 0 .1 2 No limit . 5 -1 . 5 1 0 -4 0
Mo v e limit

Big Gun Safe No

operation
for tractor
(Traveling 5 0 .2 5 1 Any shape 8 -1 0 . 1 -. 5 2 0 -4 0
and lane for
or boom and
Stationary) hose

* Irrigation water shall be available on demand or if on rotation sufficient water storage is required! *

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 Trickle Irrigation Methods

Subsurface Trickle

Surface Trickle

Micro Spray or Mist

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 Trickle Irrigation Systems

Method Adapted To Conservation Features Eff. %

Permits storage of water in

Surface Trickle lower part of soil profile, good
control over timing and water
All terrains and most application, less water required, 85-95
agricultural crops and soils chemicals and fertilizer are
Subsurface Trickle including steep or rocky efficiently applied, runoff and
ground that is unsuitable for deep percolation are controlled,
other forms of irrigation. can be used on soils with low
infiltration rates and low water-
Micro Spray or Mist holding capacity. Easily 85-90
automated.

Factors Affecting the Selection of Trickle Irrigation Systems

Adaptable to Sown,
Max. Max. Water Orchards Row Crops Drilled or Labor Approx.
Type of Slope Intake Rate Soils Shape of and (row or Sodded Requirements Cost
System (%) (in./hr) Field Vineyards bedded) Crops (hrs/ac) ($/ac)
Surface No
Any Yes No No
Trickle Limit
Subsurface
5 1.5 Any Shape No Yes Yes 0.06
Trickle
Micro Spray No
Any Yes No No
or Mist Limit

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 Improving Efficiencies of Existing Irrigation Systems

Irrigation System Ways to Improve Efficiencies

Decrease the set time or irrigation frequency
Land level fields or modify the slope
Use gated pipe or cablegation
Surface Use surge irrigation
Cutback inflow
Use furrow diking
Reuse tailwater
Check for leaks in the system
Change out worn sprinkler heads or nozzles
Sprinkler Use an irrigation timer
Decrease set time or irrigation frequency
Check for plugged filters
Don’t over estimate water requirements
Trickle Address plugging problems in emitters
Avoid excessive backflushing

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Subsurface Drip Irrigation and IWM

Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) is one of several types of Microirrigation (Conservation Practice Standard 441). It is a planned irrigation
system in which water is applied directly to the root zone of plants by means of applicators (E.g. orifices, emitters, and porous tubing) placed
below the ground surface. It is operated under low pressure. It is one of the more advanced irrigation methods in use today. It is potentially
more efficient than flood or sprinkler irrigation, due, in large part to reduced evaporation.
Basic requirements: An operational SDI system involves a pressurized water distribution system and includes a variety of components such as
pumps, valves, filters, chemical injectors and a distribution system of solid pipes and flexible tape or tubes.

Advantages:
SDI has gained attention during recent years. SDI systems can apply water and nutrients directly to individual plants or trees, reducing the
wetted surface area to a fraction of other types of irrigation systems.
• SDI is a low pressure, low volume irrigation system suitable for high return value crops such as vegetable and nut crops.
• If managed properly, it can increase yields and decrease water, nutrient, pesticide, and labor requirements.
• SDI applies water to the plant’s root zone reducing evaporation losses.
• Weed growth is reduced.
• It has a high distribution uniformity allowing for high application efficiency.
• SDI can irrigate sloping or irregularly shaped land areas that cannot be flood irrigated.
• There is no runoff which results in reduced soil erosion or wasted water.
• Limited deep water drainage (with proper scheduling – management).
• High Fertilizer efficiency: Fertilizer is applied directly to root area and can be applied at any time and any dosage without wetting plant
foliage. Any water soluble fertilizer may be injected through a SDI system.
• Yields are typically increased. Soil moisture and fertility in root zone can be maintained at optimum levels.
• Fewer tractor passes through field

Disadvantages:
As with other irrigation methods, concerns arise and SDI is no exception. Some concerns include initial system cost, power cost, emitter
uniformity, system hygiene, longevity, fertility, maintenance, germination, crop performance, and rotation into other crops.
• SDI requires a heavy initial investment. Presently, initial start up cost is between $1,200 and $1,500 per acre. As an example,
amortizing a loan at 8% interest rate over a 10 year period amounts to 22% of the initial investment that must be recovered every year.
This, along with other costs, has to be compared to the benefits.
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• As with anything, there is always apprehension about the decision to convert to a something different. A sizeable personal effort is
required to understand the anticipated outcome as well as the operation and maintenance of a SDI system.
• SDI requires a higher skilled labor than most other irrigation systems.
• The systems must be carefully designed to ensure proper emitter and row spacing for the crop grown.
• Maintenance of the system must be performed in order to ensure the investment for the planned service life of the system.
• Soil salinity issues must be addressed as well as the effects of excess calcium carbonate dissolved in the irrigation waters.
• Filtration is critical. Emitter clogging will affect distribution uniformity. Algae growth and scale build up (CaCO3) must be controlled.
As with all systems that use filters, provisions must be made for utilizing the flush water.
• Components can be easily damaged by vandals, rodents, or equipment operator error.
• Few pesticides are available for injection.
• Water must be available on a regular basis.

Micro Irrigation Methods for SDI and Other Systems Line source emitters are basically flexible tubing with uniformly
Micro-irrigation can be the most water efficient of all systems. spaced emitter points. Some drip tape emits water through small laser
The irrigator has a high degree of control over the way water is drilled holes. Other drip tape designs (turbulent flow tape) include
applied. These systems must be designed, installed, operated, and equally spaced tortuous path emitter devices within the tubing. Some
maintained carefully. Systems are prone to clogging and need drip tape is designed for above ground use, while other types may be
clean water. Water applications are so light and frequent but can buried.
be operated to ensure a full root zone. Soil moisture must be Basin Bubblers:
managed carefully throughout the season. Basin bubblers apply water in a small basin or depression in the
Point source emitters: surrounding soil holds the water to allow infiltration. Basin bubbler
The numerous emitters available apply water in drops or trickles, systems are more applicable in orchards.
spray or mist (micro-sprinklers), or small fountains (bubblers). Spray or Mini-Sprinklers:
Emitters are generally placed in or along polyethylene tubing and Spray or mini-sprinkler systems emit droplets from small, low
dissipate water pressure through the use of long paths, small
pressure heads. Some micro-sprinklers have spinners, while others
orifices, or diaphragms. Some emitters are pressure compensating,
contain no moving parts. These systems cover a wider area than most
designed to discharge at a nearly constant rate over a range of drip emitters, with a typical wetting diameter of two to seven feet.
pressures. Most drip emitters are designed to be used above Mini-sprinklers are less prone to clogging than point source emitters.
ground. Typical systems in the southwest utilize groundwater, although
Line Source emitter systems (Also known as drip tape or tubing): surface water can be used.

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The following pictures show a typical SDI system. - Luna County

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Design Requirements for Subsurface Drip Irrigation - Irrigation System, Microirrigation (441):

An irrigation system for distribution of water directly to the plant root zone by means of surface or subsurface applicators.

This practice will be designed in accordance with all federal, state and local laws and ordinances. Micro irrigation Systems shall consist of
acceptable pipe design and layout to distribute the water in a uniform manner for the intended life of the practice. Resource inventories, local
conditions and the intended use will need to be assessed for the proposed Micro irrigation System design and location. A Micro irrigation
System design will be developed with the client that meets the intended goals and objectives. All materials shall be of high quality. All
appropriate job sheets, maps and reports must be developed with landowners input, review and concurrence (See Practice Standard,
Specification and Job Sheet 441).

The important components of a drip irrigation system include a water source, pump, backflow preventer, injector, filter, pressure regulator,
valves, and a distribution system of pipes (main and submain lines) and tubes (laterals). Solenoid valves and a controller can be used to
automate a system.

The minimum system capacity shall be adequate to deliver the average daily water requirement during the peak use month in not more than 18
hours of operation. The system design capacity shall be adequate to meet the intended water demands during the peak use month for all plants
planned to be irrigated in the design area. Design capacity shall include an allowance for reasonable water losses (evaporation, runoff, leaching
requirements, and deep percolation).

Determine the volume of water available and the maximum flow rate of that water. Currently most SDI system are being planned and designed
by private contractors. The following information sheet is what the SW Area Engineer is requesting that the contractors provide upon review
approval.

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Design Area (Plan Map) Submain/manifold

Producers Name All Calculations & Input
Structure locations, well locations (water supply location) per block
Dimensions – elevations - slopes - scale pressure rating & pressure in pipe
Block Layout type (diameter, type, etc)
North Arrow length (from mainline to lateral total lengths of lateral)
Water source and available Q layout (location)
Location of Pressure relief & air relief valves show lateral location
Location of all appurtenances Velocity & Q
Crops Laterals
Cu of crops All Calculations & Input
How many blocks will be irrigated simultaneously # laterals / block
how much time to irrigate each block or set spacing
Maximum velocity 5 fps in pipeline type of drip tape - size, weight, etc
Drip System (Design) emitter spacing
All Calculations & Input Emitter flow rate @ __ psi according to manufacturer
Filter System emission uniformity
System Q distribution uniformity
Capacity of filter & requirements of filter Total Q per lateral & block
Chemigation-injection Flush lines
All appurtenances required (well, filter, flushing, shutoff valves, air relief etc.) All Calculations & Input
pressure @ filter inlet flows (Q)
pressure @ filter outlet how many laterals attached to flush line
pump pressure type (diameter, type, etc)
All pipelines to be installed to NRCS standards (depths, velocity, psi, etc.) lengths
Mainline layout
All Calculations & Input
Is mainline pressure same as pressure @ filter outlet
velocity & Q
type (diameter, type, etc)
pressure rating & pressure in pipe
Layout
show submain locations- direction of outlet flow

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Maintenance of Micro Irrigation Systems

Water quality is a factor in maintaining micro irrigation systems. A water quality test will measure silt or sand; algae; bacteria; dissolved solids
such as iron, sulfur, salts, and calcium; and the pH of the water. For additional information on system maintenance, contact the equipment
manufacturer.

Maintenance tasks:
Annually treat system with acid to neutralize calcium carbonates if the water is “hard”. Consult equipment manufacturer for type of acid and
treatment interval.

Regularly:
• Irrigation system evaluation by a trained professional is highly recommended.
• Check for leaks, rodent damage, and mechanical damage.
• Inspect pressure regulating valves and pressure gauges for correct operation and pressure readings. Liquid filled pressure gauges are
recommended.
• Flush lateral lines. Depending on water quality and filtration system, flushing should be done bi-weekly and after fertilizer or chemical
injection or chlorination.
• Regularly check for and clean or replace clogged emitters. Drip emitters that are only partially clogged are difficult to identify without
catching the flow to determine the discharge rate.
• Check emitters for correct flow. Take precise measurements at least twice each year by catching the flow from several emitters in a
calibrated cylinder (such as a rain gauge) during a carefully timed interval.
• Backwash filters either manually or using automatic cycle, depending on system design and type of filter.
• Replace cartridge filters.
• If filter media (such as sand) cakes, replace media. For sand filters, periodically supplement with additional media.
• Chlorinate system with 10 ppm if water has high organic load.
• If clogging due to organic matter continues to be a problem, inject 50-100 ppm of chlorine and allow to sit for 24 hours.
• If clogging due to precipitates (such as calcium carbonate) persists, inject system with acid to lower pH to about 5. Allow to sit for 24
hours. Contact equipment manufacturer before undertaking this task to determine the minimum pH allowable for system type.

At Season Shutdown:
• Treat entire system with 40 ppm residual chlorine concentration for at least four hours, and completely flush the system.
• Drain water from all pipelines. The system may have to be blown out lateral by lateral with an air compressor to accomplish this. Don’t
exceed 15 to 20 psi of air pressure, or you’ll blow off the emitters. Polyethylene pipes can withstand some freezing without breaking, so

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it isn’t critical that all water be removed. In cases where freezing may be a problem, add non-toxic antifreeze (type used in RV’s) to the
piping system and distribute it throughout with compressed air.

Efficiency of Micro-Irrigation systems (SDI)

Application efficiency, which is the percentage of applied water beneficially used by the crop can approach 100% for SDI. High efficiency is
also realized with fertilizer application using SDI. Injected fertilizer (fertigation) is applied directly to root area and can be applied at any time
and any dosage without wetting plant foliage.

Properly designed systems are highly efficient in their use of water and energy. Below are a few suggestions for ensuring that the system is
running efficiently:

Make sure you know your exact field size. It’s common to overestimate field size, leading to overestimating water requirements. This concern
is commonly taken care of by proper planning, design, and monitoring of the soil moisture.

Avoid excessive back flushing that wastes water and energy and creates a water disposal problem. Measure back flushing amounts.

Find and address causes of plugging. Investigate the source and fix the plugging problem.

Check for plugged filter screens. Undo and clean any screens that are plugged.

Scheduling Irrigations – The Irrigation Requirement:

To effectively schedule irrigations, you must know: IR = the irrigation requirement in gallons
• The flow rate of each emitter 0.623 = gallons of water required to fill 1 square foot 1 inch deep
• The crop (or plant) canopy area CA = plant canopy area in square feet
• An estimate of the plant’s daily water-use Plant factor = 0.85 for tomatoes, chili, and sweet corn (may be
(evapotranspiration or ET) higher for melons, squash, cucumbers, etc.)
ETr = reference ET (refer to Irrigation water requirements by
The equation used to estimate the irrigation requirement (IR) per local/crop data)
Plant is: IE = irrigation efficiency (assume 90% for SDI)
IR = (0.623 x CA x Plant Factor x ETr) / IE
Where:
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Calculating the Crop Canopy Area: Chile plant (plant factor = 0.85)
Area of a circle = d2 x 0.785 (diameter x diameter x 0.785) Measured (circular) plant diameter = 1 foot
Example: plant diameter = 18 inches or 1.5 ft. Estimated irrigation efficiency (IE) = 90 % or 0.9
Area = 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.785 = 1.77 sq. ft.. Calculations: CA = 1 x 1 x 0.785 = 0.785
IR = (0.623 x 0.785 x 0.85 x 0.41)/0.9 = 0.19 gallons (24 fluid
EXAMPLE: Scenario ounces) per plant per day
Location – Albuquerque NOTE: There is no substitute for frequently checking the
Date – May 25 (ETr = 0.41 inch) moisture in the soil profile.

Water Quality and SDI systems:

The irrigation water to be used in a drip system should be evaluated carefully to assess any potential clogging problems. Materials suspended in
the water, such as sand, silt, and algae, can block emitter flow passages or settle out in the drip lines. Other contaminants, such as calcium,
bicarbonate, iron, manganese, and sulfide, can also precipitate to clog emitter flow passages.

All water needs to be tested to determine levels of dissolved salts, pH, and turbidity (sediment levels). Growers need to be aware of high levels
of pH (7.5) and high dissolved bicarbonate levels (=> 5.6 meq/liter). If water quality analysis indicates these levels, sulfuric acid and/or
gypsum should be injected to acidify the water to lower the pH to prevent the emitters from clogging with precipitates. A pH of 6.5 is favorable
for injecting fertilizers or other agricultural chemicals into the system.

References:

NRCS Conservation Practice Standard: Irrigation System, Maintenance of Microirrigation Systems. Larry Schwanki,
Microirrigation (code 441) Irrigation Specialist, UC-Davis, NMSU Circular 573, Seasonal or
Minimum Tillage, Drip Irrigation for Row Crops, Aug. 2001.
Water Management: The New Mexico Irrigator’s Pocket Guide

Assessing Water Quality Before Installing a Chemical Injection

System. Robert Flynn, Extension Agronomist, NMSU Circular
573, Drip Irrigation for Row Crops, Aug. 2001.

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Acequia Community Ditch Design Irrigation System

Achieving Irrigation Water Management on Acequia Systems

Overview: Acequias in New Mexico are usually historical

community ditches that carry snow runoff, spring flows, or
river water to distant fields. Most acequias irrigation systems
convey irrigation water through earthen ditches, concrete
lined ditches, pipes, or aqueducts. Some are of modern
fabrication and others are decades or centuries old.
The acequia organization is administered by a governing
board (i.e. ditch riders, majordomo or ditch commissioners),
who regulate the water right holders and release water on a
rotational or demand basis.
Water Rights: In New Mexico the right to use water from a
stream belongs to the first user of the water, whether the user
owns the land next to the water or not. Senior water right
holders are typically Native Americans, acequias, and other
agricultural water users. Junior water right holders are
typically municipalities, industrial, residential, and
recreational water users. Water is given to senior water right
holders first due to a “grandfather clause” which gives
preference to those who used water before the passing of new
laws.

Basic Requirements:
Suggested Irrigation Practices for Most Acequias:
• Source of Irrigation Water: Acequia or Canal, Well
• Usual Flow Available: Measured in CFS or AC Ft.
Surface Irrigation
• Is Irrigation Water Available on Demand or Rotation?
Sprinkler Irrigation
• Conductivity of Irrigation Water:
Drip, Micro Irrigation
• SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio):
• Obtain Soil Inventory

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Community Ditch Assistance from NRCS

1. The Community Ditch group requests assistance from the NRCS Field Office (FO).
• The group must be an organized Community Ditch as defined by state statutes. The CD must have its by-laws current and on file with
Interstate Stream Commission (ISC).
• The group submits an Assistance Request Form to the District Conservationist (DC) with appropriate signatures from the 3
commissioners.

2. Once the FO receives the request form, they can request assistance from the Acequia Engineer or start the project themselves.
• The planning form (NM-E-251) needs to be completed and signed by AC, DC, AE, and the group.
• The DC submits the planning forms to the NRCS Acequia Liaison (AL). The AL will send a copy of the forms to ISC and request an
approval to start the design. The AL will assign a tracking number and request a drawing and file number from the State Office (SO). The
AL informs the designer that the design can be started.

3. The design is completed and sent to the NRCS State Conservation Engineer (SCE) for approval. The SCE forwards the design to ISC for acceptance.
• After the SCE receives the accepted design from the ISC, it is sent to the NRCS FO for distribution to the group.
• The group is responsible for bid advertising and obtaining funding. NRCS can assist with the site showing, pre-construction meeting,
and construction inspection (upon groups request) pending available personnel.

3
 IS-5: Achieving Irrigation Water Management (IWM)
with Pivot Sprinkler System

Basic Requirements:
•Water Source
•Pumping Plant
•Power Source
•Mainline
•Laterals
•Sprinklers
•Chemigation Valves
•Pressure Gauge
•Water Meters

LEPA System LESA System MESA System

Low Energy Precision Spray Low Elevation Spray Mid Elevation Spray
 Page 2 Title Purpose
Page 1 Achieving Irrigation Water Management (IWM) with To describe the basic requirements of pivot sprinkler systems
Pivot Sprinkler Systems

Page 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents

Page 3 Pictures of basic sprinkler system hardware To demonstrate the components that are required for a sprinkler system
Page 4 Pictures of basic LEPA system characteristics To demonstrate agronomic characteristics of a lepa system

Page 5 Characteristics of Pivot sprinkler systems Criteria: Design Capacity, Design App. Rate, Distribution Patterns,
Nozzle Spacing, Heights, Slopes.
Page 6 System Planning and Design Planning, Design and System Performance Requirements

Page 7 Crop and Soil Characteristics Needed for planning & design and used for IWM documentation of
irrigation efficiencies achieved
Page 8 Detailed Evaluation for Center Pivot Lateral Worksheet Catch Can Data Worksheet

Page 9 System Evaluation and Potential Water Savings Evaluates system performance

Page 10 Pictures of a basic sideroll irrigation system To demonstrate basic characteristics of a sideroll system

NOTE: The above information and documentation is intended to serve as a simple-to-use GUIDE by producers, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
planners and others involved in Irrigation Water Management. For further assistance on the use of this GUIDE, contact your local NRCS.
 Chemigation Valve

Flow meter

Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge (End)

(Start)
Furrow Diking Soft Middles
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PIVOT SYSTEMS

Center Pivot or
Criteria LEPA LESA LPIC & MESA
Linear Move

Either: Capacity to meet the peak water demands of all irrigated crops in the design area,
Design Capacity Or: Capacity adequate to meet requirements of selected irrigations during critical crop
growth periods when planning less than full irrigation

Design
Application Runoff, translocation and unplanned deep perculation shall be minimized
Rate
CU ≥ 90% for
CU ≥ 85% or DU ≥ nozzles ≤ 7 ft. high,
Distribution 76%, Nozzles ≤ 7 ft. CU ≥ 85% for
CU ≥ 94% CU ≥ 94%
Patterns high shall have a MESA for nozzles
CU ≥ 90% greater than 7 ft.
high
Spray Nozzles shall
Not to exceed every
be ≤ 25% of wetted
other row when
diameter, and Not to exceed twice the row spacing of the
Nozzle Spacing Impact Nozzles crop or 80 inches
operated in canopy
for 50% or more of
shall be ≤ 50%
the growing season
wetted diameter

Heights Varies 8 - 18 inches 12 – 24 inches 5 – 10 feet

Not to exceed 3%
on more than 50%
of the field for fine
Not to exceed 1% Not to exceed 3%
textured soils, and
Slope Not to exceed 20% on more than 50% on more than 50%
not to exceed 5% on
of the field of the field
more than 50% of
the field for coarse
textured soils
 SYSTEM PLANNING & DESIGN
PLANNING
Calculate the required system capacity
Determine water availability
Estimate your irrigated area
Physical considerations- H20 quality, Soil variations
DESIGN
Pivot- labor savings, operating costs
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
System checks
System Capacity
System Uniformity
System Average Application Rate
System Field Application Efficiency

PLANNING DESIGN SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Calculate the Q= 453 Ad Area (ac) 120
Pivot Labor System Checks The supplier should provide this service
required fT Depth of water applied (in) 2 Operating Cost 1. System Capacity
system Irrigation period (days/interval) 3 Sprinkler Package 2. Distribution Uniformity
Operating time (hrs/day) 24 3. Energy Consumption
capacity
Flow rate (gpm) 1510

Determine This is done through well testing System Capacity Q= 453 Ad A=Irrigated area (acres)
water f T d=Gross depth of water applied (in.)
availability f= Irrigation period (#days in #day
interval)
T=hrs./day (operating system)

Estimate A= Q f T Flow rate (gpm) 1000 System Catch Can

453 d Depth of water applied (in) 2 Uniformity
your Irrigation period (days/interval) 2
irrigated Operating time (hrs/day) 24
area Area (ac) 53

Physical H20 quality, Soil variations System Average Ratio of nozzle flow rate to its wetted area
considerations Application Rate
Where AAR exceeds the infiltration rate runoff results

System Field App. Eff. = Irr. Water available to crop x 100

Application Volume of water supplied
Efficiency

NOTE:.
Soil (Series, Texture, and Map Unit) Select the soil to manage for:
Critical soil to manage: Zia SL; 91 Intake Family (in/hr): 0.75
Soil Interpretations for Irrigaiton
Mgt Tim e
Moisture Water Net Water
Allow ed Needed to
Crop Name Rooting Depth Replacem ent Holding to Replace
Depletion Infiltrate
Depth (ft) Capacity (in) (in)
(MAD) (%) (hrs)
Alfalfa, hay, northern; Albuquerque Deep 4.0 5.0 50% 2.5 2.0

Crop Consumptive Use (CU) Information (inches/month needed)

Alfalfa, hay, northern; Total Irrigation
Crop: 41.5 ac in/ac
Albuquerque Needed:
Est. Frequency Est. Frequency
Month In/Mo Month In/Mo
(days between irr.) (days between irr.)
Jan 0.0 Jul 8 9.7
Feb 0.0 Aug 10 7.8
Mar 0.0 Sep 14 5.3
Apr >1 Mo. 1.4 Oct >1 Mo. 2.2
May 12 6.1 Nov 0.0
Jun 8 9.0 Dec 0.0
 Detailed Evaluation Center Pivot Lateral Worksheet

Catch Can Spacing ft Low 1/4 Summation

Factor Catch Catch x Catch Factor Catch Catch x Catch
Can No. Can No.
No. (cc) Factor (in.) No. (cc) Factor (in.)
1 0 0.00 44 44 35 1540 0.18
2 0 0.00 0 0.00
3 0 0.00 0 0.00
4 4 60 240 0.30 0 0.00
5 0 0.00 36 36 55 1980 0.28
6 0 0.00 28 28 55 1540 0.28
7 0 0.00 0 0.00
8 8 70 560 0.35 0 0.00
9 0 0.00
10 0 0.00
11 0 0.00
12 12 75 900 0.38
13 0 0.00
14 0 0.00
15 0 0.00
16 16 70 1120 0.35 108 5060
17 0 0.00
18 0 0.00 Max application rate Catch Time
19 0 0.00 data for 5 min
20 20 80 1600 0.40 1 15
21 0 0.00 2 25
22 0 0.00 3 35
23 0 0.00 4 25
24 24 60 1440 0.30 5 20
25 0 0.00 35
SYSTEM EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL WATER SAVINGS
Existing System Data
Annual Net Hours
Stage of Hours per Speed Revolutions
Crop application operated per
growth revolution setting per season
(in) day
alfalfa 16" 26 50% 14.9 24 80

Distance from/to End tower speed System Flow Rate

pivot point pivot point Distance Flow rate Method of measuring
Time (min)
end tower wetted edge (ft) (gpm) flow
1205 1345 50 10.8 850 flow meter

System Evalutation
Area Gross app.
Circumference of end End tower Hours per
irrigated per irrigation
tower (ft) speed (ft/hr) revolution
(ac) (in)
7571 278 27.3 130.5 0.39

Catch Can Evalutation

Weighted
Weighted Low 1/4
system Average
low 1/4 ave. Average
ave. Application DU CU
application Application
application (in)
(in) (in)
(cc)
58.94 0.29 46.85 0.23 79.49 87.08
Annual
Max ave. Pivot
Application Gross
Re Eq app. Rate revolutions
(in) application
(in/day) required
(in)
0.752 59.760219 0.21 2.10 64 24.9

Potential Water Savings

Potential Potential
Total Water
Application annual
Conserved
Efficiency gross
(ac-ft)
% applied (in)
80 18.6 68.6
Sideroll Irrigation
 (IS-6) Achieving Irrigation Water Management (IWM) With
Irrigation Water Conveyance – Pipeline

Basic requirements: Benefits:

Irrigation pipelines come in a variety of diameters (4” to Increases efficiency of water delivery from well
24” are the most common) and a variety of materials to point of irrigation.
(Poly Vinyl Chloride, Steel, Non-reinforced concrete, and Maintenance is minimal compared to an earthen
Aluminum). ditch or concrete lined ditch.
Irrigation pipelines are used with sprinklers, drip systems, Will work on any field, regardless of shape.
and flood applications on a variety of crops.

Photo From Ft. Sumner FO

24” PVC Pipe

IS-6
Page 2 Table Of Contents

Page # Title Purpose

1 Achieving Irrigation Water Management (IWM) with To describe the basic requirements and benefits obtained
Irrigation Pipelines with irrigation pipelines
2 Table of Contents Table of Contents

3 Friction Loss Table Example of friction loss table to assist in sizing irrigation
pipeline
4 Pump Discharge Assembly To show valves on a typical pump discharge assembly

5 Typical Pump Discharge Assembly To show typical set up of valves for a pressurized irrigation
pipeline at the well assembly
6 Pump Dogleg Assembly To show typical pump dogleg assembly

7 Typical Gravity Discharge Assembly To show typical gravity discharge assembly

8 Pipe Markings To provide explanation of typical pipe markings

9 Tee & Elbows To show tees and elbows in an irrigation pipeline system

10 Thrust Blocks To show typical types of thrust blocks

11 Minimum Depth of Cover To show minimum depth of cover for different sizes

12 Documentation of Depth of Cover Photo verification of depth

IS-6
Page 3 Friction Loss In Plastic Pipe (Ft / 100 Ft)
(example)

Diameter In Inches

8 8 10 10 12 12 15 15 18 18

Flow Flow Vel Hf Vel Hf Vel Hf Vel Hf Vel Hf

GPM CFS Ft/sec Ft/sec Ft/sec Ft/sec Ft/sec

450 1.00 2.865 0.330 1.833 0.101 1.273 0.038

600 1.33 3.820 0.588 2.445 0.179 1.698 0.068

900 2.00 5.730 1.322 3.667 0.402 2.546 0.152

1500 3.33 9.549 3.672 6.112 1.118 4.244 0.423 2.716 0.129 1.886 0.049

2000 4.44 8.149 1.987 5.659 0.752 3.622 0.229 2.515 0.087

2500 5.56 7.074 1.175 4.527 0.358 3.144 0.135

3000 6.76 5.432 0.515 3.773 0.195

4000 8.89 7.243 0.916 5.030 0.346

To properly size the pipeline diameter, choose a velocity less than 5.0 Ft/sec and a friction loss (Hf) equal to,
or less than, 1.0 Ft/100 Ft. Friction loss will vary based on pipe material, pipe diameter, change in elevation,
and flow rate.

Note: Cubic Feet Per Second (CFS) x 450 = Gallons Per Minute (GPM)

IS-6
Page 4
Pump Discharge Assembly

Pressure Relief Valve

Air Vent & Vacuum

Relief Valve

Chemigation Valve

Injection Hose IS-6 Photos From Alamogordo FO

Page 5 Typical Pump Discharge Assembly

VRV = Vacuum Relief Valve

PRV = Pressure Relief Valve
A-VRV = Air and Vacuum Relief
Valve

IS-6
Page 6 Typical Pump Dogleg Assembly

Pressure
Gauge

Chemigation
Valve

Flow Meter

Pressure Relief
Air Vent & Vacuum Valve
Relief Valve

Photo From Alamogordo FO

IS-6
Page 7 Typical Gravity Discharge Assembly

IS-6
Page 8 Plastic Irrigation Pipe Markings
Example

Manufacturer’s
Name Material
Pressure Designation
Rating

NRCS Practice
Description
Pipe Diameter

Pipe Description -
i.e. Plastic Irrigation
Pipe (PIP)

IS-6 Photo From Clayton FO

Page 9 Irrigation Pipeline
Tee and Elbow

Photo From Alamogordo FO

Elbow

Tee
Coupler

IS-6
Page 10 Typical Types Of Thrust Blocks

IS-6
Page 11 MINIMUM DEPTH OF COVER

Pipe shall be installed at sufficient depth below the ground surface to provide protection from hazards
imposed by traffic crossings, farming operations, freezing temperatures, or soil cracking. The
minimum depth of cover for pipe susceptible to any of these hazards shall be:

Pipe Diameter (in.) Depth of Cover (in.)

½ through 2 ½ 18
3 through 5 24
6 or more 30

In areas where the pipe will not be susceptible to freezing and vehicular or cultivation
hazards, and the soils do not crack appreciably when dry, the minimum depth of cover may
be reduced to:

Pipe Diameter (in.) Depth of Cover (in.)

½ through 1 ½ 6
2 through 3 12
4 through 6 18
6 or more 24

IS-6
Page 12 Documentation of Depth of Cover

Photo from Estancia FO

IS-6
 IS - 7 – Concrete–Lined Ditch Irrigation System

Achieving Irrigation Water Management (IWM) with Concrete Lined Ditches

1
Why replace earthen ditches with Concrete Lined Ditches?
The ditch in this picture is subject to friction losses, erosion,
seepage and irrigation water is difficult to quantify.
Efficiency will be greatly improved by concrete lining.
Irrigation water management will be achievable.

• Current (2007) average cost of a concrete lined ditch is approximately $26/linear

foot (cost can vary greatly according to construction methods)

• This structure requires enough water (gallons per minute or cfs) in order to work
effectively

• Used primarily for irrigation water delivery on surface flood irrigation systems

• Fields should be graded border systems and/or level basins

• Works well with all cropping systems

2
IWM works with Surface Irrigation

• Concrete Lined Ditches are capable of delivering high flows to a field, enabling a high irrigation efficiency.

2 Types of Concrete Lined Ditches

Slip-Form Ditch Hand Placed Ditch

3
 Slip-Form Ditch

Can be used with High Flow Turnouts or pull gates

4
Slip form ditch under construction

When finished, this lined ditch will allow for the

efficient conveyance of water.

5
 This hand-
placed ditch acts as weir flow, which minimizes irrigation-induced erosion and distributes water evenly
6
7
 This ditch is undercut and
soil erosion is uncontrolled

An apron reduces the

undercutting and erosion

8
 Division Boxes are
used with both types
of CLD

Constructing a division box.

9
Replogle flumes are used to measure
irrigation water – note rule at right

Replogle flumes are also known

as broad crested weirs

10
Benefits of Lining a Ditch
Conserves water (e.g. reduces friction loss and
seepage loss from earthen ditches)
Minimizes irrigation-induced erosion and
invasive weed growth
Works well with a gravity system; No pumping
is required.
Maintenance is minimal compared to a dirt ditch
and works well in conjunction with irrigation
pipeline; less labor intensive
Will work on any field, regardless of shape and
can be tailored to site-specific conditions
Increased irrigation uniformity means increased
yields and uniform crop quality

11
 Considerations
• Cost of construction
Varies according to
thickness of lining, 2500
psi concrete required by
NRCS standards and
specifications
• Water availability
Must be designed to
carry adequate flow for
crop
• Field size
Size of ditch depends on
Setting a check gate
width and length of area
to be irrigated

12
 Considerations • Weather
conditions and
temperature
Must be installed
in dry conditions
and when
temperatures are
between 50 and
90 degrees for a
period of not less
than 7 days
• Crop
requirements
Consumptive use
Irrigation water is flowing evenly (CU) varies with
to the left different crops
and according to
climate conditions

13
 Operation &
Maintenance
• Practice life of a CLD is approximately 25
years
• Need to address sediment and debris removal
• Exclusion of livestock helps to protect ditch
• Embankment integrity must be maintained
• Ongoing repair necessary - replace cracked
or broken canal sections

14
IS-8
Irrigation Water Management (IWM) with Hiflow Irrigation Turnouts and Laser Land Leveling
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
1. FIELDS MUST BE LASER LEVELED – High precision leveling eliminates “pockets” of standing water that reduce efficiency
due to deep percolation. Slopes can be as flat as 0.0001 ft/ft.
2. HIGH FLOW RATE and SMOOTH FILEDS - This is important in order to get water across the field as quickly as possible –
Directly related to time of opportunity.
3. DESIGN GUIDELINES – The width at the outlet should be about 1 foot wide for each 1 cfs of capacity. The floor should be about
8 inches below the level of the field. The outside blocks on the last row should be joined to the side of the “wall” to prevent water
from concentrating at the outside of the structure. The outlet should have a 1 inch high x 4 inches wide lip.
BENEFITS
1. SAVES WATER – Conventional surface systems use 6-9 inches of water per irrigation. Some Hiflow systems have the ability to
apply less than 2 inches per irrigation.
2. REDUCES IRRIGATION TIME – Conventional surface systems routinely cover an acre an hour. Hiflow systems have increased
that to over 9 acres an hour.
3. PROTECTS GROUND WATER QUALITY – Reduced leaching due to improved distribution of water.
4. MISCELLANEOUS – Works in any field shape. Especially suited to large (20 acres or more) fields and “permanent” applications
such as orchards and long-term pastures and hay fields.
COST
1. COST – Current costs vary from a few hundred dollars for smaller structures (10 feet wide outlet) to $1,500 for large structures
(20 feet wide outlet). Ability to directly use canal gates often eliminates the need for ditches. RDFischer March 08
IS-9
Canal and Ditch Turnouts Capacity in CFS
Pipe Diameter in Inches
HEAD - FT 8" 10" 12" 15" 18" 21" 24"
1.0 1.3 1.8 The flow rate for this shaded area is indeterminate.
1.5 1.8 2.7 3.6 5.0
2.0 2.2 3.3 4.5 6.6 8.8 11.0
2.5 2.5 3.8 5.3 7.9 10.8 13.9 17.0
3.0 2.8 4.3 6.0 9.0 12.5 16.3 20.3
3.5 3.1 4.7 6.6 10.0 14.0 18.4 23.1
4.0 3.3 5.1 7.2 10.9 15.3 20.3 25.7

NOTES:
1. HEAD - Distance from the invert (bottom) of the entrance of the pipe to the water
surface in the canal or ditch
2. The pipe is assumed to be 10 feet long, level, and have an "n" value of 0.017
3. The centerline of the outlet of the pipe is assumed to be at the level of the field.
4. The yellow zone of the chart represents a velocity of 7 fps or greater. This is
important for considerations to reduce erosion.
Example: A 12" diameter turnout with 3.0 feet of head will flow about 6.0 cfs. The
velocity of the water is in the yellow zone and erosion protection measures should be
considered.
Reference: USDA-NRCS Hydraulic Formula - Culverts RDFISCHER March08
IS-10

Water Measuring Methods

Irrigation Best Management Practices depend upon conservation of water and the key to conservation is accurate water measurement. (NEH 9,
Chapter 1)
Water is measured in a variety of ways. Measuring equipment commonly used include, weirs, flumes, submerged orifices, current meters, acoustic
meters, and various other open channel and closed conduit devices. Generally water measurement is reported in different units, mainly depending
upon type of irrigation and local custom. In the United States, it is commonly reported, in gallons per minute (gpm), millions of gallons per day
(mgd), cubic feet per second (cfs), acre inches (ac-in), and acre feet (af).

QT=DA
Q – Flow rate in cubic feet per
second
T – Time in hours
D – Depth in inches
A – Area in acres
E.G. – 10 cubic feet per second
flowing for 12 hours will cover 40
acres to a depth of 3 inches.

Flow Meter (Propeller) mounted on steel pipe. (Mike Standefer, Portales, NM)

Without measurement, there can be no management.

IS-10
IS-10

March 08
IS-11
Energy Use in Irrigation Water Management

One of the primary reasons to utilize irrigation water management (IWM) is the proper use of water; i.e. - conservation.
The primary use of energy in irrigation is for pumping water. By logical extension, IWM is critical in the conservation of
energy.

Energy sources for irrigation are primarily derived directly from fossil fuels, such as natural gas and diesel, and
from electricity, which is generated from a variety of sources. Some water sources provide sufficient energy for
irrigation due to the elevation difference between the source and the field.
When discussing alternative energy sources for irrigation, a primary focus is on solar energy producing electricity
from photovoltaic cells. The current initial cost of these systems, which is about $10,000 per kilowatt (equals about
$7,500 per horsepower), preclude their use for production irrigated agriculture.
The greatest return on investment for energy could easily be the proper operation and maintenance of the irrigation
system.
Power = (Flow rate x Pressure)/Efficiency

Energy Use Example #1 – A farmer has a well-maintained electrically powered pumping plant that has an overall
efficiency of 60%. Electricity cost $0.10 per kilowatt hour. The required total pressure is 100 psi and 30 inches of water are
applied during the season on a 100 acre field. IWM determines that 25 inches could be applied and still provide for the
crop needs (A savings of 5 inches). How much money for energy can be saved by applying IWM?

Result: (5 inches x 100 acres x (3,630 cf / ac-in) x (62.4 # / cf) x (100 psi) x (2.31 ft / psi) x (1 HP/ 33,000 ft # / min) x (0.746
kwh / HP-hr) x (1hr / 60 min) x ($0.10 / kwh))/(Eff = 0.60)) = $1,642.84 saved by reducing the water applied from 30 inches
to 25 inches.

Energy Use Example #1A – How much more money could be saved in the above example, if the overall pumping plant
efficiency could be increased from 60% to 70%?
Result: ($1,642.84) x ((70/60) - 1) = an additional $273.80 saved by increasing pumping plant efficiency from 60% to 70%.
Movement takes energy RDFISCHER
IS-12
Economics and Irrigation Water Management
ECONOMICS: The study and method that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities.
In other words, a farmer needs to be concerned about what is being produced and what is being used to produce it.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Decisions by a producer ultimately come down to one basic question: “Is, what I’m about to do, worth it?”
Worth can certainly be measured in terms of money, but worth can also be measured in terms of time, effort, quality of
life, and quality of the environment. The worth of a change can be determined by answering the following three
questions:
1. Why do this at all?
This begs an answer to the question – Can the present method sustain itself indefinitely? If the present method can
sustain itself, then change is optional. If the present method cannot sustain itself, then there is no option but to change.
2. Why do it now?
Compelling reasons to change at this time can be manifold, such as:
a. A change can produce higher profit,
b. A change can reduce effort, or
c. If I don’t change, I’m out of business.
3. Why do it this way?
There are generally many ways to accomplish a particular task. How do we know if the best option is being used?
Specifically, the inputs and the results of those inputs need to be evaluated.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE: A farmer has a conventional center pivot system (60 psi) covering 125 acres, with water supplied from a
500 GPM well with a drawdown to 400 feet below the surface. Electricity cost $0.12 per KWH. Well water quality is
1000 ppm TDS (WQ-6). Of the 18 inches of annual precipitation, 1/2 is effective and evenly spaced from May through
August. Potential(1) crop consumptive use (CU) averages 0.25 “/day in May, 0.30 “/day in June, 0.35 “/day in July, and
0.30 “/day in August (IWM-19 and Irrigation Guide) (Assume production is directly related to the actual CU and is
worth $25 per acre inch of CU.). The farmer is considering converting to a LEPA system which will cost $10,000.
Make the necessary assumptions and evaluate options.
IS-12
Items Common to All Systems:
Well Capacity = 500 GPM (26.52 Ac-Inches / Day) Effective Rainfall during season = 9 inches (0.073 “/day)
Well Drawdown = 400 Feet Crop Potential CU for season = 36.9 inches divided as follows:
Pumping Plant Efficiency, Overall = 60% = 0.25”/Day in May,
Electricity cost = $0.12 / KwH = 0.30”/Day in June,
Well Water Salinity = 1,000 ppm = 0.35”/Day in July, and
Crop Value = $25 per inch of effective rain and irrigation water = 0.30”/Day in August
SYSTEM COMPARISONS
ITEM Existing LEPA ALTERNATIVE LEPA
Area 125 Acres 125 Acres 100 Acres(3)
System Pressure 60 PSI 30 PSI 30 PSI
Irrigation Application Efficiency 65 % 90% 90%
(2)
Water to apply per day , inches
- May (0.25) 0.272 0.197 0.197
- June (0.30) 0.349 0.252 0.252
- July (0.35) 0.426 0.308 0.308
-August (0.30) 0.349 0.252 0.252
Pump Operation Time, Hours (4)
- May (744) 954* 691 553
- June (720) 1,191* 860* 688
- July (744) 1,494* 1,080* 864*
-August (744) 1,224* 884* 707
Water Pumped During Season, Ac-Ft 271.82 266.96 247.89

EXPENSES
Pump Electricity Cost – $9.10/hr $7.93/hr $7.93/hr
- May (744) $6,770* $5,480 $4,385
- June (720) $6,552* $5,710* $5,456
- July (744) $6,770* $5,900* $5,900
-August (744) $6,770* $5,900* $5,607
Annual Pumping Cost $26,862 $22,990 $21,348

Capital Cost for the new LEPA system ( $10,000, -0- $1,424 $1,424
7%, & 10 year life - CRF =0.1424)
IS-12

Crop Establishment(5) $12,500 $12,500 $10,000

Fertilizer(6) $21,293 $15,833 $12,667

Per-Acre Annual Cost $485.25 $421.98 $454.39

PRODUCTION AND INCOME (7)

Irrigation Water Applied / Acre 26.10 inches 25.63 inches 29.75 inches

Effective Irrigation and Rain, aka CU. 25.97 inches 32.07 inches 35.78 inches

Based on $25 / Inch of CU (8) $649.25 / acre $801.75 / acre $894.50 / acre

Yield loss due to salinity 20% = ($129.85) / 10% = ($80.18) / 0%

acre acre
Net income / acre $34.15 $299.59 $440.11

Net Annual Income for Farm $4,268.75 $37,448.75 $44, 011.00

NOTES for this example:

(1) Actual Consumptive Use is less than potential Consumptive Use because of growing conditions such as water limitations and
salinity. This principle is readily apparent in high frequency, low salinity environments, such as with some drip irrigation
systems.
(2) To determine the amount of “water to apply per day”, subtract the effective rainfall from the potential CU and divide by the
application efficiency – E.g. Existing system for May: (0.25” – 0.073”) / 0.65 = 0.272” equals the amount of water that has to be
applied per day in order to meet the potential CU.
(3) To determine the area for the Alternative LEPA system, the daily well capacity is divided by the average water to apply per
day for the growing system as follows: (26.52 Ac-Inches / Day) / ((0.197 + 0.252 + 0.308 + 0.252) / 4 ) = 105 Acres.
(4) The asterisk (*) indicates that there are not enough hours in a month to meet the water requirement and thus the pumping
cost is capped at the number of hours in a month.
(5) Crop establishment includes all cultivation practices, to include planting and seed cost, needed to establish a crop.
IS-12
(6) Fertilizer – Assume the crop needs 150 units of N per acre and it is applied through the system. Also assume that the amount
of nutrients that is used by the crop is dependant upon the efficiency of the irrigation system. Assume that more N will be applied
to compensate for the irrigation application efficiency and that N is from Urea at $700 per ton – or $0.76 per unit of N.
(7) Production is assumed to be based upon the amount of water applied minus corrections for salinity. Production in some crops
is more affected by salt than others.
(8) Production is very responsive to water quantity, up to the potential CU. This is very evident in Alfalfa.
DISCLAIMER:
The above example is simplified for purposes of instruction. Some of the assumptions that would be verified for actual conditions
are as follows:
A. Pump and motor efficiency, flow rate, pressure, and power consumption would be determined and matched to the irrigation
system,
B. Crop CU would be determined for the crop and location, and
C. All expenses and projected income would be verified for the specific time and location.

NOTES on Capitol Recovery Factor (CRF): This factor can be very useful to help determine the cost of an investment or
purchase versus expected income. The following is an abbreviated table, a short explanation of CRF, and a simple example:

Capitol Recovery Factors

Lifespan Interest Rate - %
Years 4 5 6 7 8 10 The CRF x Present Debt = the uniform end-of-year
1 1.0400 1.0500 1.0600 1.0700 1.0800 1.1000 payment necessary to repay the debt in a given number
2 of years at a given interest rate.
0.5302 0.5378 0.5454 0.5531 0.5608 0.5762
5 0.2246 0.2310 0.2374 0.2439 0.2505 0.2638
10 0.1233 0.1295 0.1359 0.1424 0.1490 0.1628 Example: A farmer buys an irrigation system
15 0.0899 0.0963 0.1030 0.1098 0.1168 0.1315 for $20,000. It is financed for 10 years at 7%
interest rate (Hint: From the chart, the CRF =
20 0.0736 0.0802 0.0872 0.0944 0.1019 0.1175
0.1424).
25 0.0640 0.0710 0.0782 0.0858 0.0937 0.1102 Question: What is the Annual Payment?
50 0.0466 0.0548 0.0634 0.0725 0.0817 0.1009 Answer: Annual Payment = 0.1424 x $20,000
100 0.0408 0.0504 0.0602 0.0701 0.0800 0.10001 = $2,848 / year

RDFISCHER – APRIL 2008