Bronze Age (3000 BC- 1200BC)

Bronze Age started when tools and weapons were already widely made with copper and bronze. This
was achieved through metal extraction from ore and melting and pouring it into a mold for sahping.

Date EVENT
3700 BC The Bronze Age(~3700 BC to ~500 BC)
The Bronze Age started at different areas of the world at different times.
The knowledge of how to mix the copper and tin moved slowly from place to place, many
areas had no tin and/or copper to make the new metal.
3769 BC Near and Middle East(~ 3769~)
Bronze was already in use at this time. No one knows exactly where or how bronze was
frist discoverd. By around 3500 BC, farm tools and weapons were being made of this new
metal in these areas.
3500 BC Bronze Age began Bohemia(3500 BC t0 3001BC)
Bronze was used inthe Meditterean and Eastern European areas. This new metal was
expensive to make, plus a craftsman was needed to make this new alloy.
2500 BC Indus Valley (about 2500 BC)
The Indus Valley civilization in India was a large early trading center. Bronze tools,
weapons, statuary, jewelry, and even toys were discovered from this time period.
2400 BC China(~2400 BC)
The Longshan people of China lived from around 3000 BC to 2400 BC. Toward the end this
period, they used bronze to make tools and weapons.
2300 BC Europe(~2300 BC)
The Bronze Age started about 2300 BC in Europe. Few tools were made in the beginning
but by 1200 BC, bronze replaced all stone tools
1700 BC Yellow River Valley(~1700 BC or so)
The Sahng dynasty of China used bronze regularly. They evenm set up bronze-working
communities. Around 1200 BC, Lady Hao, the wife of Wding, died and was buried with
many items for the afterlife including bronze vessels, armors, bells, tools, knives, and
tigers.
1650 BC Mycenaean civilization (~1650 BC)
The Mycenaean civiliztion, located in present-day Greece, used bronze until about 1100
BC. The southern coastal community of Phylos had 400 laborer in their bronze-working
industry.
1640 BC Egypt(~1640 BC)
The Egyptians did not have bronze until they were invaded by the Hyksos around 1640 BC.
1500 BC Start of the middle Bronze Age(~1500 BC)
Bronze started to be found in Western Europe. The undeveloped areas of Northern
Europe did not use bronze until about 1000 BC.
1250 BC Alps and Central and Eastern Europe(~1250 BC)
Around this time, bronze swords and helmets, were made in these areas.
1122 BC Yellow River Area, China(~1122 BC to 221 BC)
After thedefeat of the shang Dynasty, the Chou Dynasty continued to use bronze-working
techniques until iron was introduced after 770 BC.
1000 BC Korea(~1000 BC)
The Chinese were the ones who eventually introduced bronzed-working to the Koreans
 around 1000 BC.
300 BC Japan (~300 BC)
The Japanese used bronze and iron tools at this time that might have been brought over
from South Korea. The Bronze Age, though it developed slowly, was a tremendous time of
technological advancement that helped early civilization flourish and expand.

Iron Age (1500 BC – 450 BC)

Iron age, as the name implies, included those arcticles made of iron. This began when smelting
pits made sufficient advancement to produce higher temperarues that could smelt iron one.

Middle Age (450 BC – 1450 AD)

This period in history began in 450 A.D. and lasted until 1450. It is subdivided into two smaller
ages, dark (450-1000 AD) and High Middle (1000 – 1450 AD) Ages.

China

Agriculture and Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers.

Economy Large – scale silk production started.
Bronze production became more sophisticated.
Physics
Science 2500 BC Astronomy
Mathematics
Medical Biology
1. Paper
For writing and even clothing, wall decor, art etc.
2. Seimograph
A vibration-sensitive device for earthquake detection.
3. Animal Harness
4. Water-powder
Technology For grinding and metallurgical bellow operations.
5. Mechanical clock
6. Hydraulic engineering works
Include waterways controls, irrigation and tax grain transport.
 7. Wheel Barrow
8. Gun Powder, guns and cannon
As part of explosive weapon development
9. Printing Press
Led to mass production of paper money and Confusian works
10. Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder
Made of loadstons, a naturally occuring magnetic iron.

Europe

Fuedal system fully devloped in Europe and characterized by having hierarchial ranks in
the society:
 Peasant
 Lord
 Lay or Clerical
Economy  Overlords
 Kings and Bishops
 Pope or emperor
The Church provided the Intellectual and administrative expression of the feudal
system.
Cathedral schools, which then became universities, were established to address the
societal need for intellectual advancement.
 Paris(1160)
 Oxford(1167)
 Cambridges(1209)
Education  Padua(1221)
 St. Andrew(1410)
 Napples(1224)
 Salamanca(1227)
 Prague(1347)
 Vienna(1467)
Invention in Europe during the middle ages:
1. Horse-collar
Pulls on the horse’s shoulders which enabled them to be used for ploughing and
for wagon: a Chinese innovation which came to Europe.
Technology
2. Clock/watch
A European development from a chinese clock from which introduced the to-
and-fro motion, ths giving brith to mechanical clock.
 3. Magnetic compass
A piece of magnetic device originating from China that showed direction and
helped European mariners.

4. Water-mill and windmill

A stone Age-invention which was used widely in Europe during the Middle Ages;
used a rotary motion converted to reciprocal motion to generate power.

5. Lenses with spectacles

Helped in optical studies by aiding in focusing light rays and in magnification.

6. Gunpowder and cannon

Originally from china; Aided in various military actitvites.

7. Paper and printing

Originated from China and reached Europe, widely used as writing material and
for book production

Superstition and dogmantism flourished.

Diagnosis was generally limited for urine inspection.
Medicine Medical theraphy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith healing and the use of different
herbs.
There was poor hygiene and sanitation in general.

India

Infromation on diseases and drugs and astrnomical bodies were gathered.

A year was divided into 12 months with a total of 360 days
Knowledge on solving square root and linear equation and the use of zero and decimal
Science place values was practiced.
Medicine was naturally based and not supernatural, in which daignoses were based on
symptoms and appearance.
Metallurgy was developed.
Pre-Columbian America

The Pre-Columbian America was thrived in three groups of people: Mayan, Aztec and Incas.

Mayan (ancient natives of Central America ) Civilization

Pyramids made of limestone were built by the Mayans.

Infrastructure Mayan houses were made of poles and leaves of palms.
Large sculptures served for recording of significant Mayan events.
Economy Cocoa beans were used as a monetary unit.
Mayans used decimal notations with zero representation by an oval shape, while
other numbers with dots and dashes.
Astronomy Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a year,
comprimising 18 months of 20 days.
Position of different heavenly bodies where obeserved and recorded.

Aztec(pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico) Civilization

Infrastructure High temples were built for their deities.

Decimal notations were used, in which zero was similarly represented by an oval
Astronomy shape and other numbers by dots and dashes.
A social calendar was developed with 365 days for a total of 18 months.

Incas (pre-Columbian of Peru) Civilization

Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for irrigation.

Agriculture Chill and avocado were widely cultivated.
Clothes From Iilama and alpaca wools were made.,
Astronomy Decimal system of counting was used.
A calendar of 365 days was developed.
Scientific Revolution (1440-1690 AD)

This refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements that led to radical changes in
scientific inquiries.

1. Universal Model (by Nicholas Copernicus)

This describes the sun as the center of the universe, that the earth and other planets revolve
around it in circles.

2. Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler)

This states that all planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits; and that
closer planet to the sun move faster than the others

3. Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilie)

This involves the discovery of the relations among distance, velocity, acceleration and the law of
inertia using a new a specific approach as follows:

a. Defintion of concepts.

b. Expression of the relationship of concepts

c. Giving precise hypothesis

d. Deduction of consequences from hypothesis

e. Experimentation to test the consequence

f. Analysis in terms of abstract and ideal situation

4. Law of motion (by Isaac Newton)

a. 1st Law of Motion (Law inertia)

It states that an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will remain moving

With the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

b. 2nd Law of Motion

It states that acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.

c. 3rd Law of Motion

This law states that for every action, ther is an equal and opposite reaction.
5. Law of Universal Gravitation (By Isaac Newton)

This law states that a particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force
that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance
between their centers.

Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1895 AD)

Generally covers the complex technological innovations that led to the substition of machines
and inanimate power for human skill and human and animal forces, respectively.

Product INVENTION DESCRIPTION/EFFECT

Classification
Fly-shuttle A spinning machine for increase weaving speed
Water-Frame Strong spun thread for ward
Textile Rude power loom For mechanized weaving operation
Cotton gin For separate of cotton from seeds
Use of coke for iron Non-malleability
smelting
Blast Furnace For cheaper and faster smelting of iron
Coal, iron and Pudding furnace For maintenance of low temperature
steel Manufacturing cylinder For construction of iron bridge and ship
methods
Open-heart process Finer steel
Mile long canals Marked the beginning of canal-building
Steam boat Could travel a 20-mile long distance
Macadamizing More durable model of roads
Transportation Puffing Billy Could travel 8 coal wagons at 5mph
Steam locomotive with Could run at a speed of 29 mph
steam blast
Steam Ship W elelas able to cross the Atlantic
Electric telegraph For sending or recieving messages using electric
transmission over wire
Communication Telephone For long distance communication using wire and radio
signals
Radio For wireless communication using electromagnetic waves
Gas Lighting Light by burning gas
Ligthing Bunsen Burner Uses gas and air for an intensely hot blue flame
Electric light Made use of bulb for lighting
Seed drill For even spacing of seeds in soils
Agriculture Marling practice For increased soil fertility
 Stock breeding Widely adpated by the agricultural sector

18th to 19th Century

During this era, the connection between science and technology was very minimal. This gradually shifted
to developmental stage during the 19th century when science and technology and industry united at a
common ground and cause.

FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTOR

Charles-Augustine de Law on electrostatic interaction and frictional
coloumb electrostatic instrumentation
Alessandro Volta Cell or battery
Hans Christian Idea that electricity generates magnetism
Oersted
Physics Andre-Marie Ampere Ampere’s Law to tell how electric current produces
magnetism
Paul Erman Made first measurement of earth’s magnetism
Michael Faraday Magnetism genertes electricity
James Maxwell Unification theory of electricity and magnetism
Heirich Hertz Discovery detecttion and production of radio waves
Wilhelm Roentgen Discovery of x-rays
Daniel Gabriel First mercury thermometer
Fahrenheit
Benjamin Franklin Distinguished negative and positive charges
Antoine-Laurent de Made chemistry a science; performed combustion
Lavoisier experiments
Henry Cavendish Idea that oxygen combustion produces water
Chemistry John Dalton Atomic theory
Joseph John Discovery of electron
Thomson
Humpry Davy, Jons Discovery of new elements
Jacob Berzeliu and
others
Augustine Laurent Pioneered organic chemistry
and Charles Gerhardt
Robert Hooke Discovery cell
Anton Van Observation and discovery of microoragnisms
Leeuwenhoek
Biology Carolus Linnaeus Introduced binomial nomenclature of classifying species
Mary Anning Discovered first Ichthyosaur fossils
Georges Cuvier Founded comparative anatomy as a science
Wilhem Wundt Introduction of expiremental psychology
 Charles Darwin Theory of evolution; presented in his book of Origin of
species
Louis Pasteur Vaccine against rabies
Daniel Hale Williams Performed the first open heart surgery
Martinus Beijerinck Discovered first known virus

20th Century to Date

During 20th century, science and technology had a structurally and methodically changed. A
number of scientific theories were introduced and had influenced technological works in this century.

FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION

Albert Eistein Theory of Relativity
Physics Ernest Rutherford Discovery of proton
Wolfgang Pauli Principle on arrangement of electrons in an atom
Werner Heisenberg Matrix version of quantum mechanics
Uncertainty Principle
Erwin Schrodinger Wave version of quantum Mechanics
Paul Dirac Relativistic quantum mechanics of electrons
James Chadwick Discovery of neutron
Otto Hahn Discovery of nuclear fission
Biology John Bardeen Theory of explain superconductivity
Murray Gell-Mann Heavy subatomic particle classification
Quark concept
Karl Alexander Muller Discovery of high tempertaure conductor
& Johannes Georg
Beandrz
Edwin Hubble Presgation of starsentation of galaxies as huge aggre
Idea of expansion of universe
Clyde Tombaugh Discovery of Pluto
Karl Guthe Jansky Karl Guthe Jansky
Radio wave discovery from space
Georges Lemaitre Publicationof the original big bang theory
Astronomy George Gamow, Raplh New version of the big bang theory
Alpher & Robert
Herman
Jocelyn Bell-Burnell Discovery of pulsars
Neil Armstrong & Buzz Frist walk of the moon
Aldrin
Alan guth Inflationary universe theory
Fritz Zwicky Detection of possible dark matter evidence
Mikhail Tsvet Paper chromatography
 Chemistry Jaroslav Heyrovsky Polarography
Phoebus Levene Discovery of deoxyribose sugars of DNA
Neil Bartlett Idea that noble gases can make compounds
Hugo de Vries Idea of occurence of mutation
James Watson & DNA Structure
Francis Crick
Stanley Cohen & Beginning of genetic engineering
Herbert Boyer
Martin Clinic Transferring of functional gene between mice
Biology Allan Wilson & Russell Production of the first gene cloned from an extinct
Higuchi species
Ian Wilnut Sheep (Dolly) cloning using somatic nuclear transfer
Hugo Vries,Carl Rediscovery of the law of genetics
Correns & Erich von
Beijerinck
Dmitry Ivanovsky and Discovery sof viruse
Martinus Beijerinck
Rudolf Jaenisch Introduction of DNA into a mouse embryo
Leon Philippe Discovery of stratosphere
Teisserenc de Bort
Andrija Mohorovic Discovery of earth’s crust and mantle
Alfred Wegener Continental drift theory
Earth Science Monotri Matuyama Presentation of the reversal of earth’s magnetic field
every 100 million years
Charles Franncis Earthquake intensity scale
Ritcher
Hary Hess Theory of seafloor spreading
Walter Alvarez Idea that dinosaur extinction was caused by the striking
of large comet on earth.

Some of the important inventions which were based highly on various scientific theories are
listed below

FIELD INVENTION
Biotechnology Biogas; biosensor; DNA fingerprinting; gene cloning
Communnication AM radio; cellular phone; communication satellite; fiber optics
Defense Army tank, atomic bomb; neutron bomb; tear gas
Energy Bio gas; neon light; nuclear fusion; nuclear power plant; nuclear reactor; solar
power
Entertainment Animated cartoon film; compact disc (CD) player; motion picture sound; video
cassette; video disk; video game; video home system(VHS)
Information and Calculator; floppy disk; internet laser printer; micro computer; mini computer;
Computer pocket calculator
Technology
 Medicine Artificial heart; artificial kidney; blood bank; electron microscope; flourenscene
bronchchoscope; hemopump; laser; magnetic resonance imaging; mammography;
Pacemaker; scanning electron microscope; test tube baby; ultrasound or
sonography; X-ray laser
Transportation Airplane; diesel locomotive; helicopter; jet engine; jumbo jetliner; spacecraft;
monoplane and seaplane; space shuttle; supersonic aircraft