1. What is global warming?

Global Warming is defined as gradual increase in the temperature of the planet earth. Measurements
indicate the increase in earth temperature by one degree Fahrenheit over the past century. This
increase in temperature is because of human activities which lead to increase in CO2 level and other
green house gases.

All the scientists believe that this rise in global temperature will further lead to global warming, but
uncertainties prevail about the time and severity of the climate change. On the other hand, many are
now convinced that human activities are majorly responsible for long term warming of the earth by
emitting green house gases.

Scientist believes that there is enough evidence to justify a sensible approach towards minimizing
potential consequences of global warming.

“The intergovernmental panel on climate change, a panel of 2000 scientist convened by United Nations
Environmental program and the World Meteorical Organization determined that even if we take steps
to reduce our Green House gases, the planet could warm up to a rate faster than it has in the past
10,000 years.”

1.1 Mechanism of Global Warming:

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The Sun rays in the form of Infrared rays fall on earth’s surface, a part of which is absorbed by the
atmosphere and the major part is reflected back to the space. Due to the presence of green house
gases like Carbon dioxide and Methane this rays are absorbed in the Stratosphere which are again
reflected back to the earth’s surface. This will lead to increase in temperature on the earth’s surface.
This process goes on repeatedly as the infrared rays are absorbed more and more ultimately leading to
increase in the temperature of the Planet in whole.

Green House Effect:

The Sun which is in its Red Giant Phase emits heat from its surface in the form of radiation with
temperature as high as 5800 K (Kelvin). The majority of the radiation is in the visible wavelength region,
0.4-1.0 um, where the earth’s atmospheric gases absorb only weakly. On the other hand, the low
temperature earth emits radiation at infrared wavelengths for which the atmosphere is highly
absorbing. In simple terms, the atmosphere lets shorter wavelength radiation in, but does not lead

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longer wavelength radiation out. This behavior is similar to the panes of the glass; the effect is called as
green house effect.

In the strongly absorbing infrared region, different molecular species are responsible for the
opaqueness of the atmosphere at various wavelengths. Water molecules are major absorbers over
much of the region at which the earth radiates, 5-30um. The 12.5-18um region is blocked by the carbon
dioxide now present in the atmosphere. The 8.5-12um interval is relatively transparent to much of the
radiation, to radiate back to the space. However, there is a strong absorption by ozone at 9.6um
wavelength in 8.5-12um wavelength “window”. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone
thus reduces the transparency of the window leading to increase in the temperature. In addition to
this clouds and particulate matter (aerosols) also contribute to this trapping.

Calculating the combined radiation trapping-effect of these substances is a bit difficult task because
addition of this trapping cannot be done linearly as this absorption is sometimes overlapping in the
same region. Roughly, carbon dioxide accounts for 12% of the trapped radiation, clouds trap up to 14%
of it. Moreover this absorption will increase three to four times if other gases are removed from the
atmosphere. The complexities of the radiative processes are further underlined by noting that the
upper layers of the atmosphere leak relatively more radiation into space than they trap, so that
additional carbon dioxide leads to atmospheric cooling than warming at layers above 20km.

Over, the last decade it has been found out that variety of species have strong infrared absorption
modes that lie in the window of transparency (Ramanathan, 1975; Chamberlain et al., 1982). Trace
species that are capable of affecting the radiative balance include nitrous oxide, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons as well as ozone. This entire species are increasing because of agriculture and
industrial activity, which in turn increases blanketing capacity of the atmosphere.

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 2. Is the Climate Changing

The Long Term Temperature Record

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Source: IPCC, 2001

The above figure gives us information about the increase in temperature over the period of 1000 years
and in particular over the past 140 years. If we compare the above two graphs, then we can notice that
the increase in temperature in last 140 years is the fastest and this can be seen by the steep increase in
the line from the period between 1850 and 2000.

‘The past 100 years have been the warmest in the past 1000 years.’

Sea ice trends

The above figure gives us information about the volume of sea ice in the year 1955 and what will it be in
the year 2050. Considering 100% volume of sea ice in the year 1955, the volume of sea ice in the year
2000 decreased to 79% of 1955 volume, and the future predictions as shown in the above figure say
that the volume of sea ice will decrease to about 54% of the 1955 volume in the year 2050.

Sea ice is declining and will continue to decline dramatically as per the above prediction.
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Melting sea ice

 It is observed that the volume of sea ice is declining and has become 23% smaller than the
previous minimum and about 39% smaller than the average ice.
 Ice has become 50% thinner than its initial density and is continuing to become thinner and
thinner at a very fast rate.
 Ice has become 50% thinner than its initial density and is continuing to become thinner and
thinner at a very fast rate.

In September 2007 an area the size of Florida (69,000 square miles) melted in 6 days.
day
(Source: NSIDC 2007)

Humpback Whales were spotted in Arctic Ocean for the first time in 2007. This indicates the
catastrophic effect in the Arctic region where initially fishes couldn’t survive or live in this region
because of the sea ice, but as this ice is vanishing at the tremendous pace, it has opened the doors for
these whales to migrate in this region.

According to the report published by U.S Center for Atmospheric Research, 2006, the Arctic Ocean
could become ice free in summer b
by 2040.

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“Our research indicates that society can still minimize the impacts on Arctic ice”.

(Dr. Marika Holland, National Center for Atmospheric Research)

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The above Poster gives idea about the glacier recession around the world. If we compare the posters in
black and the same one in color there is a drastic change in their physical appearance. In some cases
the entire glaciers have disappeared. This clearly signifies the increase in global temperature and its
impact at various places through out the globe.

3. Who Is Responsible?

Human Factors

In the above figure we can see how the graph or the frequency is rising form 0-1 degrees over a
time span of 150 years. If we compare the Model result and the observations then we can easily
interpret that the cause for this is because of Human Factors only.

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Natural factors only

Considering the above figure, if we compare the Model result with that of the Observation then we can
interpret that the Natural Factors are comparatively less responsible than that of Human factors. This
can also be said by comparing the above to figures.

Sources of Emissions

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The above figure gives information about the global source of emissions. We can see that the Emissions
from the Industry and Power stations are the highest, followed by burning of Transportation fuels and
Agricultural byproducts and so on. Considering the Emissions, carbon-dioxide accounts for 72%,
methane for 18% and the remaining 9% is from nitrous oxide.

Major Greenhouse Gas Emitters

The above figure gives information about the Quantity of Green House Gas emitted by different
countries. Major Green House Gas Emissions comes from the developed countries. U.S and Australia
tops the list of such emissions. The U.S, with 6% of the world’s population, contributes 25% of the total
emissions.

Where will future emissions come from?

U.S and Western Europe are the current leaders in the emission chart. Developing countries like
India, China and Eastern Europe will contribute a major share in future.

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 4. WHAT WILL IT DO?
 Climatic changes will alter natural vegetation, wildlife habitats, crop growing seasons, and
distribution of pests and diseases. This phenomenon is often referred to as ECOLOGICAL
BACKLASH.
 Accelerated rise in sea levels, threatening half of the world's most critical coastal wetlands
 Global warming will expose millions of people to new health risks. About 30 new infectious
diseases have emerged in the past 20 years.

 Global sea level has increased by 10 to 25 cm in the last 100 years and will rise faster in the
coming decades.
 Apart from this, world will face stronger tropical storms, floods, heat waves, wildfires and
landslides.

4.1 International Health Impacts

 Increased epidemics of malaria in Africa; new cases in Turkey and elsewhere
 Increased epidemics of malaria in Africa; new cases in Turkey and elsewhere
 Increased heat wave deaths in Europe (52,000 in 2003), typhoid fever, Vibrio Vulnificus,
Ostreopsis Ovata, Congo Crimea hemorrhagic fever
 Dengue Fever in SE Asia
 WHO: 150,000 deaths and 5 million illnesses per year is attributed to global warming;
numbers expected to double by 2030 (Nature, 2005)

4.2 Effect of global warming on Biological Diversity

If the planet warms as projected, natural ecosystem will change by large changes in temperature,
moisture patterns, evaporation rates, and other physical and chemical changes. It is possible to predict
the responses of plants and animals by changes in temperature and moisture patterns. For example, it
can be said, if we know that race of dwarf birch, Betula nana, can grow only in the temperature not
exceeding 22 degrees, then we can predict that this species will disappear from the areas where global
warming leads to temperature more than 22 degrees.

Ecologists can also observe the results of many small climate experiments performed by nature every
year. One can observe what happens to birch trees if unusually warm weather occurs during a
particular year, infact some trees fail to set seeds. Some trees die if there are continuous warm years in
a row. Scientist have looked in past to see how the ranges of plants and animals varied in response to

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past climate change. A palynologist can count the types of plant pollen found at different depths in the
soil, each depth corresponding to the time in which a particular layer of soil was laid down. If birch
pollen is found at a depth corresponding to 10000 years ago, birch trees must have lived during that
time. Similar inference can be drawn form the fossils of the animals which lived long time back in some
specific temperature, which at present have become extinct in the same area because of the change in
the atmospheric temperature.

From such observations, it can be inferred that plants and animals are very sensitive to climate. Their
ranges move when the climate patterns change-species die out in the areas when they were once found
and settle in new areas where the climate becomes more suitable. We also know from the fossil record
that some species have completely vanished because they were unable to find suitable habitat.

5. Countries at Risk

Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Brazil, Cambodia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jordan,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malawi, Maldives, Nepal, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam and many more.

I. Bangladesh

With one of the lowest per capita levels of energy consumption in the world, Bangladesh is a major
point of reference for the injustice of climate change. Although alarmist media projections are typically
based on the rise in sea level well beyond the worst case 2100 scenario outlined by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), nevertheless there is a real risk that significant land
mass will be lost, forcing the migration of large number of people. Also the melting Himalayan glaciers
create great risk in the management of dozens of rivers that flow through Bangladesh into the Bay of
Bengal. Severe monsoons, longer droughts and more violent tropical storms are some of the future
predictions for Bangladesh. Recent cyclone Sidr in year 2007 killed 3,500 people and destroyed over
half a million homes.

Over and above, the loss of productive land by sea and river erosion, and impact on food security is of
major concern. The IPCC has predicted 30% fall in wheat production by 2050 and a small fall in rice
production. This will lead to the challenge of finding new livelihoods to many households.

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 II. Belize

Belize lies in the annual cycle of hurricanes and has experienced 2 category 5 hurricanes in year 2007
only and never before. Belize is home to one of the worlds largest coral reef, is also suffering due to
increase in ocean temperature. Rising sea levels have lead to the increase in the risk of the countries
like Belize which are mostly surrounded by coastal region.

III. Bhutan
Biggest threat to Bhutan is floods caused by glacial lake waters. At present 22 lakes are under high risk
category and are on the verge of bursting and two are under very high risk category. Efforts are been
made by National Environment Commission to access technology needs in order to prevent this effect
of global warming.

IV. Brazil

There are concerns about the use of sugarcane and soya bean for the production of Biofuels, as a part
of Brazil’s high profile support for renewable sources of energy (it is the world’s largest producer and
consumer of ethanol). On the other hand it is the world’s eight largest producer of green house gases
and third largest in the developing world after China and India, depending largely on forestry and
unsustainable land use.

In the year 2005, Amazon was hit by severe drought the worst in 40 years and the reason for this
drought is the rising sea temperature in the North Atlantic region infact there is a highly sensitive
issue regarding the interdependence of Amazon rain forest and climate change. Also,
Deforestation is an issue with Brazil with almost 16% of the national territory at risk particularly in
north and northeast.
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 V. Cambodia

The National Adaption program of Action (NAPA) published in the year 2006 mention unreliable
evidence of increased incidence of flooding from year 2000 but has little scientific evidence of the
nature of potential change and its consequences. However, it is recognized that tropical climate change
in this region is particularly volatile and Cambodia is expected to experience more severe and larger
floods and drought.

Flooding and disablement of irrigation system causes loss in rice production and as a result adaptation
programs are provided to the people who are indeed very less adaptable to change. Water
management has also been a point of concern because of the spread of diseases like Malaria and
Dengue, the later of which had been dangerous in the year 2007.

VI. China
The potential climate change has lead to the concerns about food security in China. Uncertainties about
droughts and floods and the disruption in the fresh water availability caused by melting glaciers have
lead to ringing of alarm bells in government. China overtook US in the year 2007 as the world’s largest
emitter of carbon dioxide years ahead of forecast. This is mainly because of the wide spread coal based
power stations emitting tons and tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

VII. Egypt

No ministry exists in Egypt which addresses the climate change and there is lack of detailed research in
potential areas and very few plans of adaptation are undertaken. Global Studies have shown that much

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of Nile delta lies below sea level and is vulnerable to salt intrusions. One study has shown that one
meter rise in sea level will displace over 10% of Egypt’s population.

VIII. Ethiopia

Ethiopian government has done nothing in order to face future consequences of climate change,
although the country is least adaptable to the change. Uncertainties in the pattern of rainfall have led
to thinking over food securities.

IX. Ghana

Like most African countries Ghana is vulnerable to the impact of climate change and in particular their
poor farmers. Also there is a strong concern over its dependence or link between its primary energy
supply and climate change. In the year 2007 the water level in Volta Lake had gone to very low level, as
a result the hydroelectric power stations build on this lake was shut down affecting 60% of the
electricity supply of the country, resulting in fundamental economic consequences. On the other hand
the Exceptional rainfall had led to severe flood causing short term food shortage and affecting about
400,000 people.

X. Indonesia

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Indonesia is also affected by consequences of climate change with more severe hot and raining
conditions. There is a threat over rice production from two crops a year to one due to less availability of
water for irrigation and household.

Indonesia is also vulnerable to extreme weather conditions because of the phenomena like El Nino. The
rising temperatures have led to increase in frequency of El Nino to once in three years from four years
causing more severe floods and tempests. Damage to the human life and infrastructure is rising over
the years and there is very little room for the Indonesian government to tackle such serious situation.

XI. Jordan

Human development in Jordan has always been intricately linked with the scarcity of water. This
challenge is now aggravated with the uncertainties in rainfall. Jordan is one of the ten poorest
countries in terms of water availability. Having experienced five years of below average rainfall, the
potential impact of climate change on crop yield and water availability has added an alarming new
dimension to Jordan’s intricate natural resource management.

XII. Kenya
The most severe environmental threat to Kenya is caused by increasingly unpredictable rainfall patterns
that are consistent with the predictions of human induced global warming. This results in uncertain
food security, malnutrition and poverty and an increased incidence of violence for land disputes as the
people compete for scare water resources.

XIII. Kyrgyzstan

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The rivers of Kyrgyzstan are the major source of potable and irrigation water for Central Asia region.
The main sources of water for these rivers are thousands of glaciers in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan,
which are very vulnerable to the impact of global warming. As the glaciers begin to disappear, the vital
source of irrigation, hydroelectric power and household consumption is at risk in this region, with
Kyrgyzstan at the epicenter of this potential geo-strategic minefield.

XIV. Maldives

Maldives is one of the countries that are most vulnerable to global warming. 80% of land in Maldives is
less than 1m above sea level and 47% houses have distance of less than 100m from coastline. With high
tides and storms, which usually occur in the month of may will clearly pose and ever increasing threat of
devastation for the country.

XV. Nepal

The crop production in Nepal has been affected by extreme monsoon conditions, the pattern of which
has been unsettled due to climate change. The monsoon floods of 2008 have displaced about 180,000
people and caused widespread destruction of crops.

Climate change, to which Nepal is the least contributor, also threatens to melt Himalayan snow and
glaciers with potential disastrous results. Reports published by UN agencies in 2007 conclude that
Himalayan region is warming at twice the average rate and the glaciers are melting faster than
anywhere in the world. As many as 20 lakes in the mountainous region have been identified as at risk
of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF).

Nepal lacks resources and expertise in identifying and evaluating the risk and is far behind other least
developed countries in preparation of NAPA.

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 XVI. Peru
Water management in Peru is vulnerable to the potential serious impact of climate change. The
country is home to the largest tropical glaciers in the world, a vital source of fresh water during dry
season in largely desert coastal regions. Also, 60% of the electricity is generated by hydroelectric power
and 60% of agricultural land is irrigated. These glaciers are melting and predictions suggest that the
volume of water availability will begin to fall from as early as 2030. Sarcastically, Peru itself controls the
lever of climate change, being home to largest tropical rain forest. The rate of deforestation is less than
0.5% per annum.

XVII. Philippines

In 2007, Bali UN climate change conference, Philippines was the highest placed country in a new Global
Climate Risk Index. This was indentified when in the year 2006 extreme weather events accounted for
3000 deaths and widespread destruction by mudslides and typhoons. Apart from extreme weather,
there is a concern that increasing temperature will affect agricultural yields and food security, and also
rising sea levels threaten over 40 million people who live in coastal regions.

XVIII. Vietnam

A 2007 UNDP case study stated that climate change represents, “a real threat to Vietnams’ socio-
economic development with poorest communities at maximum risk. Vietnam is one of the five
countries most prone to rising sea levels which will impact the low-lying Mekong Delta. A one meter
rise in sea level will lead to displacement of 25% of the population living in coastal areas, destroying
agriculture and fishing livelihoods. A severe typhoon season in 2007 with extensive loss of life, the

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worst flooding in 50 years which led to the damage of $725 million is an example of deadly effects of
global warming on the economy and on the people of the country.

XIX. Zambia
The country like Zambia where there is very little margin for food security is highly prone to climate
change. 2007 report by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) says that climate change will hardly affect
Zambia. The government NAPA published in the year 2007 says that,” droughts and floods have
increased in the frequency, intensity and magnitude over the last two decades and have adversely
impacted on food and water insecurity”-access to safe drinking water in rural areas in only 37%.

6. How does Global Warming affect India?

Defects in India’s food security are very prominent even without the uncertain impact of climate
change. With more than 60% of agricultural crop dependent on rainfall, even very small change in
pattern, intensity and timing of rainfall will lead to a great change in the yield of the crop. Green peace
is trying to raise awareness among 50 million people living in the coastal cities regarding the risk of
rising sea level. Adaption plans are eye-catching by their absence, the chairman of Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Rajendra K Pachauri, himself an Indian, has expressed the view that India is
completely unprepared for the impact of climate change which he considers could lead to social unrest.
There was a great criticism on management of monsoon floods in 2008 which displayed 3 million people
in Bihar alone.

Apart from rainfall patterns, water resources are threatened by melting of Himalayan glaciers which is
the main source of water for 3 main rivers of the country. About 400 million people, one or the other
way are dependent on Ganges. Predictions that glaciers would disappear seriously weakens the
ambitious $200 billion River-linking project which aims to connect the apparently healthy rivers in the
north to those in the south.

We keep on hearing about the rising temperatures due to global warming in countries like UK and USA,
but the country like India is one of the most vulnerable countries when it comes to the effect of global
warming. India has a long coastline and rising sea levels caused by global warming will cause an
ecological disaster. This is as per 1989 United Nations Environmental Program Study. As the article
explains: “In India, the signs already back up a forecast that as the mercury rise over the Indian
Subcontinent, home to one sixth of humanity, will be one of the worst-affected regions.”

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Bengal will suffer:

The Himalayan glaciers have started to melt and the average rate of melting is 34 meters per year as
compared to the 1971 levels of 19 meters. The melting glaciers will cause temperatures and sea levels
to rise and there will be a cascading effect on the crops and the monsoons. The worse part is the whole
island will vanish, infact two have already gone under- the island of Sunder bans which India shares with
Bangladesh. Temperature in this group of island has already increased by 1 degree centigrade.

Rising sea-levels will be a disaster

Some climatologists feel that rising sea-levels will increase by just 4-35 inches from 1990 levels in
another 100 years, while some feel that the range would be some where between 20-55 inches. That’s
a lot and would affect human dwellings in a big way.

In the year far back as 1993 a study to evaluate the impact of rising sea levels on India was carried out
by JNU (Jawaharlal Nehru University). They calculated what would happen if the sea level rises by 1
meter and concluded that as many as 7 million people would be displaced and 5764 sq km of land and
4200 km of land would be lost.

Orissa will also suffer

Orissa is one another state will is hardly hit by global warming. Whole villages in the coastal region are
disappearing.

In September 2002, scientists at the National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research
conducted a people’s perception survey on climate induced natural disasters in the Kendrapara district
of Orissa. The research showed that the frequency and intensity of droughts have increased and so
have the incidents of flooding. Also, the intensity of cyclone has increased and people believed that the
sea-water had become warmer.

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Eastern Coast is more vulnerable than the western coast because the Bay of Bengal is landlocked from
three sides and there is a huge delta of the rivers like Brahmaputra and Ganga. These rivers carry the
water from the melting Himalayan glaciers.

6.1 How Will Global Warming Affect Indian Economy?

India may be a long way from melting polar Ice caps, but its economy will be among the worst affected
on account of climate change. According to a report by Lehman Brothers, India’s GDP will decrease by
5% for every 2 degrees rise in temperature.

In an interview will Economic Times, John Llewellyn, global economist from Lehman Brothers, said,
global warming is likely to make affect India in many ways. Agricultural productivity will be affected as
monsoons will be short with intense burst. Water supply will also be affected because of lesser snowfall
in Himalayas which provides water for about 40% of the world’s population.

The effect on GDP will be non-linear. Initially, with every 2 degree rise in temperature would result in a
3% dip in global GDP. The next 2 degrees would do even more damage to the economy. However, for
India the effect will be much more harmful. For every 2 degrees rise in temperature the effect on GDP
is 5% and for the next 6 degrees it would be 15-16%. According to Mr. Llewellyn, there is both a direct
and indirect effect due to climate changes and this differs from sector to sector and from country to
country.

Incidentally the largest developers of clean development mechanism projects (CDM) are in China, while
India hosts the largest no of these projects. According to Mr. Llewellyn these projects represents
revenue transfers for countries like India. India will continue to reap the benefit for the next 5-10 years.
At present, the carbon emitters in Europe pay up 20 Euros a tonne for their emissions. As per the Kyoto
Protocol on global warming, countries will have to pay for high carbon emissions and can also trade
with deficient countries. While, the developed world, led by USA and Europe are among the high
polluters, India, China, along with most developing countries are among the deficient countries who can
earn revenues from trading this emissions.

7. What Can We Do?

It is we, The People who should do something to reduce such emissions.

How can we reduce such emissions?

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  There are few technological solutions, if any, as such there is no way to reduce carbon fast
enough because if we grow trees or plant crops it takes too long time to grow and also requires
ample amount of water.
 Building nuclear power plants may be helpful, but it takes quit a lot of time to build such plants.
But nevertheless, we should not stop doing such things just because it takes a lot of time to give
results.

 Only realistic solution can be dramatic, like rapid life style changes.
 One should lower the power usage; reduce the usage of fossils fuels for transportation (say
Good Bye to SUV’s and large personal cars).

Conservation

(1) Unplug Appliances

“ABOUT 43 BILLION KWH OF POWER IS LOST PER YEAR IN U.S ALONE.”

(2) Pump up Tyres

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“ABOUT 4 MILLION GALLON OF GAS IS WASTED DAILY IN U.S.”

(3) Lower Thermostat A/C

Lower temperature by 2 degree Celsius or 6 degrees 8 hours/day.

ENERGY EFFECIENCY:

THEY ARE FIVE TO SIX TIMES MORE EFFICIENT THAN NORMAL LAMPS

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Hybrid Cars

Hybrid Cars saves money on fuel and also one gets Tax Credit.

GETTING TO ZERO

Renewable Energy: One should use renewable sources of energy and people to use renewable sources
of energy. Different types of renewable sources of energy are

 Wind Energy: Power can be generated with the help of wind energy by building Wind Mill based
power stations. Government gives huge subsidy on building wind based power stations at
places where the wind energy can be efficiently utilized of exploited.
 Solar Energy: Solar energy can be used in the form of solar water heaters and solar cookers and
many more other innovative ways.
 In Steam hydro power: Hydro Electric Power stations can be built on rivers where water flows
through out the year and where water falls from high altitude.
 Geothermal Energy: This form of energy is the least exploited type of energy that is used for
generation of energy or power.
 Biofuels: Biofuels like Ethanol is blended along with petrol and is used nowadays. It is widely
used in Brazil and other countries like India has started using it.

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Making a Difference as an Individual

 Walk, bike, ride public transit

 Reduce your shower length
 Buy locally produced food
 Unplug appliances not in use
 Turn off lights when leaving a room
 Use recycled paper
 Reuse or recycle as much as you can
 Do not leave appliances on standby
 Cover your pots while cooking
 Reuse your shopping bag
 Plant a tree

DO EVERYTHING, DO SOMETHING, DO ANYTHING

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The above chart gives idea about how directly or indirectly we can reduce emissions and save energy.

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Go Green

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 8. Conclusion

The entire topic can be concluded from the above picture, it gives the idea about the seriousness of
Global Warming. It is high time, we should look forward to the issue of Global warming, work together
and take measures for controlling it, for the betterment of present and future generations, and
Mankind.

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 9. Bibliography

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect

• https://byjus.com/biology/global-warming/

• https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming

• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-causes/

• https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/climate/causes-of-global-warming#gs.hjrekc

 Book on “Challenges of Global warming” from The Natural Resource Defense Council of America,
edited by Dean Edwin Abrahamson
 http://uk.oneworld.net/imagecatalogue/imageview/1667/?RefererURL=/guides/climatechange/
impact
 http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator.cfm?IndicatorID=199
 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Global_warming_may_melt_Indian_economy/articlesho
w/2388238.cms##
 http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL196172.htm
 http://www.terradaily.com/2006/061221015453.078uvrt9.html
 http://infochangeindia.org/200605035763/Environment/Features/Sea-levels-are-rising-People-
s-perceptions-and-scientific-projections.html

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