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Foundations of AI

The document discusses the foundations of artificial intelligence by outlining the various disciplines that contributed ideas, viewpoints and techniques to AI's development. These include philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory and linguistics. Each discipline helped answer questions and lay the groundwork for AI techniques by exploring topics like formal reasoning, knowledge representation, decision making, computation, learning and language. A brief history of milestones in AI is also provided from the 1940s to present day.

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Ankur Gupta
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1K views9 pages

Foundations of AI

The document discusses the foundations of artificial intelligence by outlining the various disciplines that contributed ideas, viewpoints and techniques to AI's development. These include philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory and linguistics. Each discipline helped answer questions and lay the groundwork for AI techniques by exploring topics like formal reasoning, knowledge representation, decision making, computation, learning and language. A brief history of milestones in AI is also provided from the 1940s to present day.

Uploaded by

Ankur Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATIONS

OF
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

Dr. Jasmeet Singh


CSED, TIET
FOUNDATIONS OF AI

Following disciplines contributed their ideas,


viewpoints, and techniques to AI:
Philosophy
Mathematics
Economics
Neuroscience
Psychology
Computer Engineering
Control Theory
Linguistics
Each of the above mentioned discipline, answered a
series of questions and helped in laying the foundation
of AI techniques.
PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy helped in answering the following


questions:
1) Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• Aristole- syllogism approach
• Ramon Lull- reasoning could be done out by a
mechanical artifact in his book “concept wheels”
• Hobbes- reasoning is numerical computation in which we
add/subtract thoughts.
2) Where does the knowledge come from?
• Doctrine of logical positivism- knowledge can be
characterized by logical theories connected to observation
sentences that correspond to sensory input.
• Confirmation theory- knowledge can be acquired from
experience.
PHILOSOPHY CONTD…
3) How does the knowledge lead to action?
• actions are justified by a logical connection between goals
and the knowledge of action’s outcome.
• in case of several actions achieve the goal or no action
achieve the goal completely, different conflict resolution
strategies are proposed.
MATHEMATICS
1) What are the formal rules to draw conclusion?
2) What can be computed?
3) How do we reason with uncertain information?
Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation,
(un)decidability,
(in)tractability,
probability
ECONOMICS
1) How should we make decisions so as to maximize
profit?
decision and utility theory
2) How should we do this when the pay off may be far in
future?
operations research and markov decision process
NEUROSCIENCE, PSYCHOLOGY & COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

Neuroscience
1) How do brains process information?

physical substrate for mental activity


Psychology
1) How do human and animals think and act?

phenomena of perception and motor control,


experimental techniques
Computer Engineering
1) How can we build an efficient fast computers?

supplied operating systems, programming languages,


and tools needed to write modern programs.
CONTROL THEORY & CYBERNETICS, LINGUISTICS

Control Theory
1) How can artifacts operate under their own control?

design systems that maximize an objective function


over time.
Linguistics
1) How does language relate to thought?

knowledge representation, grammar


HISTORY OF AI

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain


1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program,
Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity Neural network
research almost disappears
1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980-- AI becomes an industry
1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
1987-- AI becomes a science
1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents

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