Chemistry Project

File

Topic-TO EXTRACT ESSENTIAL OIL PRESENT In

SOUNF(ANISEED)
AJWAIN(CAROM) AND ELAICHI(CARDAMOM)

SUBMITTED BY
Umesh Uttam Gaikwad
SUBMITTED TO
Sadhana Jha
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Umesh Gaikwad of class 12th

has satisfactorily completed the project in chemistry
on the topic “Extraction of essential oils present in
Saunf( aniseeds),Ajwain(carum)& Ilaichi.” I have
examined the project and hereby accord my approval
of it as a study carried out and presented in the
manner required for its acceptance.

_____________ _____________ _____________

Internal Examiner The Principal External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank trustee Mrs. Shobha Tawde, the

principal Mrs. Anjali Melwanki and chemistry teacher
Mrs. Sadana Jha for their constant guidance
,motivation,moral encouragement and sympathetic
attitude towards the success of this project.

I would like to extend my gratitude towards lab

attendant, my parents and everyone who helped me in
completing the project successfully.

Umesh Uttam Gaikwad

12th Science
Kolhapur Public School
 CONTENTS
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION

2 EXPERIMENT

3 THEORY
4 PROCEDURE AND
REQUIREMENTS

5 OBSERVATION

6 CONCLUSION AND
PRECAUTIONS

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out

from flowers, spices and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants

are due to volatile oils present in them. These smelling volatile oils

present in plants are called essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin,

eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine, peppermint, rose, sandalwood, spearmint,

thyme, wintergreen are a few familiar examples of valuable essential

oils. The term “essential oils” literally means “oils derived from the

essence” of plants. Essential oils are mainly used for their pleasant

odours and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in foods. Some

are used in medicines (e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus) others

as insect repellants (e.g., citronella).

Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures

of ester, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are

essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents

such as petroleum ether, benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in all parts of

the plant, but they are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers.
 They are obtained from the plants by the process of steam distillation and

extraction.

The technique of steam distillation permits the separation of volatile

components from non-volatile materials without raising the temperature of the

distillation above 100° C. Thus steam distillation reduces the risk of

decomposition of essential oils.

 Experiment
To extract essential oil present in
 Saunf (aniseed)

 Ajwain(carom)

 Elaichi(cardamom)
Aniseed Essential oil
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as `Oil of

Aniseed`, which has now replaced the fruits for medicinal and

flavoring purposes. Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid

having the characteristic odour and taste of the fruit. The yield of oil

generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1 per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent

have been reported from Syrian aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior to

distillation gives better yields of oil. The material should be distilled

soon after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to evaporation.

Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which solidifies on

cooling. The congealing point depends much on the anethole content

and is a valuable criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to

air causes polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with the

formation of anisaldehyde and anisic acid. The chief constituent of

aniseed oil is anethole, which is present to the extent of 80 to 90 per

cent and is mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the oil.

The oil also contains methyl chavicol , p-methoxyphenyl acetone,

and small amount of terpenes and sulfur containing compounds of

disagreeable
odour.
USES OF ANISEED OIL:-
Ø In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds and flu.

Ø Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for

both hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract

fish.

Ø Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that

can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be

used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B,

2C-I and DOB.

Ø Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic carminative

to relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of cough lozenges in

combination with liquorice.

Ø Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against

small insects such as head lice, mites and vermin. It also has

fungicidal properties.
Carom essential oil:
Carom seeds are also known as ajwain , Thymol seeds, Onum ,

Ajma , Ajmodika and bishops weed. They are the tiny, cute, delicate and

oval shaped herbs with a penetrating fragrance. Carom seed belongs to

the family of cumin and parsley. These seeds have been used since

years as they consists number of medical properties. Because of their

strong aroma, carom seeds are highly used for the Indian culinary.

Carom seeds are sharp and hot with the burning taste, that’s why

few seeds are enough to bring the flavor in any Indian recipe. Carom

seeds can be whole or powdered one. It is always advisable to buy

whole carom seeds as they can be easily turned into powder form just

by grinding them in a smooth powder.

USES OF CAROM SEEDS:-
These seeds are used for the tempering or tadka’s in the dishes.

Ajwain has strong, dominant and distinctive taste and flavor, that’s

why few seeds are enough to bring exotic fragrance to the vegetarian

and non-veg food.

Ajwain can be used for making pickles as well.

The aroma and unique taste of ajwain is used for making various types

of roti’s, parathas, thepla’s and so on.

They are specially used in different types of meat, snack recipes and dal

recipes to enhance the flavor.

Soups, stocks and stews can be flavored with few seeds of ajwain.

Ajwain are highly incorporated for making various salad dressings

and Indian bakery items.

Cardamom Essential oil:
Cardamom provides a warming and stimulating

tonic .Cardamom is also an excellent choice for the

digestive system. I am sure I don’t have to tell you that

Cardamom is greatly admired and extensively used as a

culinary spice all over the world. You can also try a

gargle with Cardamon if you suffer with halitosis (bad

breath). Why not try 1 drop Cardamon and one drop of

Peppermint in a small amount of water as an effective

way to freshen your breath!

USES FOR CARDAMOM
1 Smoothies
Add some cardamom to fruit smoothies to give them an extra edge. It doesn’t
matter what flavor the basic smoothie is – in fact, the more exotic the better.

2 Fruit loaves
If you want to jazz up your banana bread or add a bit of life to your tired fruit
loaf recipe, then a touch of ground cardamom will make a world of difference.
Just add the spice when you are mixing in the rest of the dry ingredients and
you will get a lovely warm, rich flavor from the finished loaf.

3 Bread
As with fruit loaves, a sprinkling of cardamom will do wonders for your bread
rolls and loaves. Don’t worry about the cardamom turning savory breads into
sweet; the spice will just a hint of warmth to the flavor and you can add as
little or as much as you like, depending on taste.

4 Puddings

Many desserts benefit from the addition of cardamom – rice pudding works
especially well, but you could also try adding a little ground cardamom to ice
cream, set custards, yogurt, and baked fruit.

5 Casseroles

A few pods added to a casserole dish will give a lamb, chicken or vegetable
casserole an extra zing and makes a great entertaining or moving house meal.
REQUIREMENTS:-
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml),

conical flask, condenser, glass tubes, iron stand, sand bath,

separatory funnel, tripod stands, burners, Ajwain(Carum), Petroleum

ether(60- 80°C),Saunf(Aniseed) .
PROCEDURE:-
Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The

apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom

flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a water

condenser through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to

a receiver through an adaptor. Take about 750 ml of water in the steam

generator and start heating to produce steam. In the round bottom

flask take about 75 gm of crushed saunf. A vigorous current of steam

from steam generator is passed through the round bottom flask. A part

of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more and more

steam is passed, the steam volatile components of saunf pass through

the condenser along with steam. These contents on condensation are

collected in the receiver. The contents in the round bottom flask may be

heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive condensation of steam.

The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour.

Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml

portions of petroleum ether 3 times. Combine the petroleum ether

extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it with the help of

anhydrous sodium sulphate. Remove the solvent from the dried

filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath. The essential oil is left

behind in the distillation flask. Find the weight of the extracted

essential oil. Note the colour, odour and weight of the essential oil.
OBSERVATIONS:-

Name of Item Weight Initial Weight Weight Percentage Colour Odour of

of Item Weight of bottle of of essential of the the oil
taken (x) + essential oil oil
essential oil (y/100)*100
oil extracted
(y) (y-x)

1.) SAUNF 100 gm 10gm 11.25

gm
1.25 gm 1.25 % Colour- Saunf
like
(ANISEED):- -less
smell.

2.) AJWAIN 75 gm 10 gm 11 gm 1 gm 1.33% Colour- Ajwain

like
(CAROM):- -less
smell

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Conclusion
“HENCE WE HAVE EXTRACTED ESSENTIAL OILS FROM 75 GM OF SOUNF(ANISEED),

AJWAIN(CAROM) AND ELAICHI(CARDAMOM).”

Precautions
 If you accidentally spill essential oils – Clean any spillage with an

absorbent material such as kitchen roll.

 If you accidentally get essential oils in your eye – Flush with copious

amounts of MILK for at least 15 minutes and seek medical advice if

symptoms persist.

 If you accidentally swallow essential oils – Rinse mouth with MILK and

seek medical attention.

 Handling – Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling. Respect

good personal hygiene.

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

 Always mix with carrier oil before applying to the skin. Never apply

to

 Do not use neat on skin.

 Do not take internally. If pregnant seek medical advice before using.

 Storage – Store in a cool, dry place away from heat and direct sunlight.

Always use original containers. Avoid contact with polished surfaces

and plastic.

 Keep essential oils away from children and pets.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 COMPREHENSIVE CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL CLASS-XII. Ø

 HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/ANISE Ø

 HTTP://WWW.ESSENTIALOILS.CO.ZA/ESSENTIAL-

OILS/ANISEED.HTM