Introduction to Anatomy and

Physiology:
Tissues and Integumentary
System
Biology 105
Lecture 7
Chapter 4
 Outline
I. Tissues
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous tissues
II. Cell-to-cell contact
III. Body cavities
IV. Membranes
V. Homeostasis
VI. Integumentary System
 Includes: skin, hair, nails
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Organization of the Human Body

 Multicellular organisms require specialized

cells to perform specific tasks.

 These cells then organize into tissues, organs,

and organ systems.

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 Tissues

 A tissue is a group of cells that work together

to accomplish a common function.
 There are four primary tissue types:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

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 Tissues

 Epithelial tissue covers the body surfaces,

lines cavities and organs, and forms glands.
 Connective tissue binds and supports the
body, provides protection for our organs,
serves as a storage site for fat, and
participates in immunity.
 Muscle tissue is responsible for movement.
 Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts
nerve impulses.

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 Epithelial Tissue

 Epithelial tissues (epithelium) cover surfaces

such as the outside of the body (our skin), as
well as line internal cavities and tubes and the
inside surface of the stomach and the lungs.

 Serves for protection, secretion and absorption,

and may contain glands.

 Cells are tightly packed together.

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 Epithelial Tissue

 All epithelial tissues share two characteristics:

1. A free surface that may be specialized for

protection, secretion, or absorption

2. A basement membrane, which binds the

epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

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 Epithelial Tissue - Shapes

 The three basic shapes of epithelial cells:

1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium
3. Columnar epithelium

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 Types of Epithelial Tissue

 Simple epithelial – a single layer of cells

classified according to cell type.
 Stratified epithelial – two or more layers of
cells, with one on top of the other.
 Pseudostratified epithelial – looks like it has
more than one layer, but really does not.
 Glandular epithelial – secretes products like
mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones.

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 Simple Squamous Epithelium

 Simple squamous epithelium – one

layer of flattened cells

 Forms the lining of blood vessels and

air sacs in lungs (= alveoli).

 Functions: exchange of nutrients, waste

and gases, and protection

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 Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Squamous
• One layer of flattened cells
• Located in air sacs of lungs, and forms the
lining of the heart and blood vessels
• Allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (1 of 6)

 Stratified Squamous Epithelium

 Several layers of flattened cells

 Located on surface of skin, and lining of

mouth, esophagus, and vagina

 Functions: provides protection against

abrasion, infection, and drying out

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 Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Squamous
• Several layers of flattened cells
• Located on surface of skin, and lining of mouth, esophagus,
and vagina
• Provides protection against abrasion, infection,
and drying out

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (4 of 6)

 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

 Simple cuboidal epithelium – one layer

of cube-shaped cells

 Lines the kidney tubules, ovaries, and

glands

 Functions: secretion and absorption

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 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal
• One layer of cube-shaped cells
• Located in linings of kidney tubules and glands
• Functions in absorption and secretion

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (2 of 6)

 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

 Stratified cuboidal epithelium – more

than one layer of cube-shaped cells

 Located in ducts of mammary glands,

sweat glands, and salivary glands

 Functions: protection

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 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

Stratified Cuboidal
• Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells
• Located in ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands,
and salivary glands
• Functions in protection
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (5 of 6)
 Simple Columnar Epithelium

 Simple columnar epithelium – one layer

of rectangular cells

 Lines the digestive tract, respiratory

tract, and the uterus

 Functions: absorption and secretion

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 Simple Columnar Epithelium

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

Simple Columnar
• One layer of tall, slender cells
• Located in lining of gut and respiratory tract
• Functions in absorption and secretion
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (3 of 6)
 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium – looks like it has more than
one layer, but it does not

 Lines respiratory tract.

 Function: removes debris from the lungs

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 Stratified Columnar Epithelium

 Stratifed columnar epithelium – more

than one layer of rectangular cells

 Location (rare!): urethra, and junction of

esophagus and stomach

 Functions: protection and secretion

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 Stratified Columnar Epithelium
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

Stratified Columnar
• Several layers of tall, slender cells
• Rare: located in urethra (tube through which urine
leaves the body)
• Functions in protection and secretion
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 (6 of 6)
 Tissue Specialization Location
Simple Diffusion Alveoli and blood vessels
squamous

Simple Absorption and Kidney tubules, ovaries,

cuboidal secretion and glands

Simple Absorption and Digestive tract, respiratory

columnar secretion tract, and uterus

Pseudo- Removing Respiratory tract

stratified debris

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 Tissue Specialization Location
Stratified Protection Skin, mouth, esophagus,
squamous vagina

Stratified Protection Ducts of mammary, sweat,

cuboidal and salivary glands

Stratified Protection and Urethra, junction of

columnar secretion esophagus and stomach

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 Table 4.1 Epithelial Tissues

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.1

 Glands

 Glands are composed of epithelial tissue.

 Exocrine glands secrete their products into

ducts.

 Endocrine glands secrete their products

directly into blood.

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 Which of the following is a location where
you would find simple cuboidal epithelium?

1. Blood vessels 25% 25% 25% 25%

2. Uterus
3. Kidneys
4. Digestive tract

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 Connective Tissue

 Connective tissues stabilize, bind, and support

other tissues.

 Cells in connective tissue are usually

separated from each other by extracellular
material (examples: fibers, carbohydrates).

 The connective tissue cells secrete this

extracellular material.

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 Connective Tissue

 Many different types of connective tissue:

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Dense (tendons and ligaments)
4. Cartilage
5. Bone
6. Blood

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 1. Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

 Cells: fibroblasts

 Fibroblasts secrete protein fibers

 Functions – bind and support

 Locations – under skin, around organs,

between muscles

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 Cells = fibroblasts

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 2. Loose Adipose Connective Tissue

 Cells: adipose cells

 Stores triglycerides

 Functions – energy storage, insulation,

cushioning for organs

 Locations – under skin, and around kidneys

and heart

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 Loose Adipose Tissue

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

• Found under skin, around kidneys
and heart
• Functions in energy storage and insulation;
provides cushioning for organs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (2 of 6)
 3. Dense Connective Tissue

 Cells: fibroblasts

 Functions: attaches bone to bone (ligaments),

and attaches muscle to bone (tendons)

 Locations – tendons and ligaments

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 Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Connective Tissue

• Found in tendons and ligaments
• Forms strong bands that attach
bone to muscle or bone to bone
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (3 of 6)
 4. Cartilage (Specialized Connective Tissue)

 Cells: chondrocytes
 Cells are located in chambers = lacunae
 Lacunae are surrounded by a matrix:
 This type of tissue is strong but flexible.
 Functions: support and protection (cushioning)
 Locations: nose, ends of long bones, ribs, in
joints, outer ear, and between the vertebrae in
the backbone
 There is not a direct blood supply, so this type
of tissue heals slowly.

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 5. Bone (Specialized Connective Tissue)

 Bone cells: osteocytes

 Cells are found in lacunae.
 Rigid connective tissue.
 Made of hard matrix (provides strength), and
protein fibers including collagen (provide
strength and flexibility)
 Functions:
1. Protects and supports internal structures
2. Facilitates movement along with the muscles
3. Stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus
4. Produces blood cells
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Bone
SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone
• Found in the skeleton
• Functions in support, protection
(by enclosing organs), and movement
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (5 of 6)
 6. Blood (Specialized Connective Tissue)

 Blood consists of liquid (plasma) and formed

elements including:
 Red Blood Cells (RBC) – transport
oxygen to body cells

 White Blood Cells (WBC) – fight infection

 Platelets – cell fragments necessary for

blood clotting.

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 Blood

Blood
• Found within blood vessels
• Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes;
fights infections
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.2 (6 of 6)
 Connective Tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.2

 Which cells are found in dense connective tissue?

1. Chondrocytes 25% 25% 25% 25%

2. Osteocytes
3. Fibroblasts
4. Osteoblasts

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 Muscle Tissue

 Muscle tissue can contract and shorten

 There are three types of muscle tissue that

vary in structure, location, and control
mechanisms:

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

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 Skeletal Muscle Tissue

 Location: attached to bones

 Type of Control: under voluntary control

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 Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Striation
Nucleus Width of one
muscle cell

Skeletal Muscle
• Long cylindrical striated
cells with many nuclei
• Voluntary contraction
• Most are found attached
to the skeleton
• Responsible for
voluntary movement

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3 (1 of 3)

 Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 Location: walls of the heart

 Type of Control: under involuntary

control

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 Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Striation
Specialized
Nucleus junction

Cardiac Muscle
• Branching striated cells
with one nucleus
• Involuntary contraction
• Found in wall of heart
• Pumps blood through
the body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3 (2 of 3)

 Smooth Muscle Tissue

 Locations: surrounds other organs and

structures (examples: blood vessels,
digestive system, lungs)

 Type of Control: under involuntary control

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 Smooth Muscle Tissue

Nucleus Smooth
muscle cell
Smooth Muscle
• Cells tapered at each end
with one nucleus
• Involuntary contraction
• Found in walls of hollow
internal organs such as
the intestines, and tubes
such as blood vessels
• Contractions in digestive
system move food along
• When arranged in circle,
controls diameter of tube

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.3 (6 of 6)

 Muscle Tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4.3

 This type of muscle is under voluntary control:

1. Skeletal
33% 33% 33%
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

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 Nervous Tissue

 Nervous tissue:
 Consists of neurons and neuroglia
 Neurons – nerve cells that conduct the
message
 Neuroglia – cells that support neurons

 Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

 Functions – conducts messages throughout

the body

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 Nervous Tissue

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

Neuron

Neuroglia

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.4

 Cell Junctions

 The cells that make up tissues are held

together by three types of junctions:

1. Tight junctions
2. Adhesion junctions
3. Gap junctions

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 Tight Junctions

 Function – prevent substances from

leaking across tissues

 Locations – urinary and digestive tracts

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 Tight Junctions
• Creates an impermeable junction that prevents the
exchange of materials between cells
• Found between epithelial cells of the digestive tract,
where they prevent digestive enzymes and
microorganisms from entering the blood

Plasma
membrane
Intercellular
space
Tight junction
protein

Basement Connective
membrane tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5a

 Adhesion Junctions

 Function – holds adjacent cells together

and allows tissues to be flexible

 Locations – skin, and opening of the

uterus

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 Adhesion Junctions

• Holds cells together despite stretching

• Found in tissues that are often stretched, such
as the skin and the opening of the uterus

Intercellular
space

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5b

 Gap Junctions

 Function – open channels between cells

allowing rapid communication due to
quick transfer of ions and small
molecules between neighboring cells

 Locations – heart and smooth muscle

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 Gap Junctions
• Allows cells to communicate by allowing small molecules
and ions to pass from cell to cell
• Found in epithelia where the movement of ions
coordinates functions, such as the beating of cilia
• Found in excitable tissue, such as heart and smooth
muscle

Protein
channels

Intercellular
space

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.5c

 Which junction allows rapid communication
between neighboring cells?

1. Tight
2. Adhering 33% 33% 33%

3. Gap

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 Which junction prevent substances from leaking
across tissues?

1. Tight
2. Adhering 33% 33% 33%

3. Gap

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 Body Cavities

 We have two main body cavities:

 Dorsal cavity (posterior)

 Ventral cavity (anterior)

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 Body Cavities
Dorsal
cavity
Cranial cavity
contains brain

Spinal cavity
Rib
Ventral contains
spinal cord
cavity
Thoracic
cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominal
Vertebra
cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6 (2 of 2)

 Ventral Body Cavity

 The ventral cavity is divided into two cavities:

 Thoracic cavity
 The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into:
 Pleural cavities – contains lungs
 Pericardial cavity – contains heart
 Abdominal cavity
 The abdominal cavity contains the digestive
system, the urinary system, and the
reproductive system.
 The diaphragm is a broad sheet of muscle
that divides the two cavities.
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 Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity

Pleural Ventral
cavity cavity
contains Thoracic
a lung cavity

Pericardial Diaphragm
cavity
contains
heart Abdominal
cavity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6 (1 of 6)

 Dorsal Cavity

 The dorsal cavity is divided into two cavities:

 Cranial – contains brain

 Spinal – contains spinal cord

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 Body Cavities
Dorsal
cavity
Cranial cavity
contains brain

Spinal cavity
contains
spinal cord

Vertebra

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.6 (2 of 2)

 The arrow is pointing to the:

1. Cranial
2. Thoracic 33% 33% 33%
3. Abdominopelvic

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 The arrow is pointing to the:

1. Cranial
2. Thoracic 33% 33% 33%
3. Abdominopelvic

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 The arrow is pointing to the:

1. Pleural 50% 50%

2. Pericardial

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 Membranes

 Body cavities and surfaces of organs are

covered with membranes.

 Membranes are sheets of epithelium

supported by connective tissues.

 Membranes protect tissues and organs.

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 Membranes

 There are four types of membranes:

1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Synovial
4. Cutaneous

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 Mucous Membranes

 Mucous – line passages to the exterior

world, including those of the respiratory,
digestive, reproductive, and urinary
systems in the body

 Secrete mucus

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 Serous Membranes

 Serous – line thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavities and the organs
contained in them

 Secrete lubricating fluid

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 Synovial Membranes

 Synovial – line cavities of freely movable

joints

 Secrete a lubricating fluid

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 Cutaneous Membranes

 Cutaneous – skin, lines the outside of the

body (thick and dry)

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 Organs and Organ System

 An organ is a group of tissues that work

together to perform a specific function.

 In turn, organs work together to form an

organ system.

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 Example Organ: Stomach

1. Epithelium lines the stomach and secretes

acid to digest the food.

2. Nervous tissue stimulates cells to release the

acid.

3. Muscles contract to push food through the

stomach.

4. Connective tissue supports these other

tissues.

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 Remember Homeostasis?!?

 Homeostasis – the ability to maintain a

relatively stable environment in the body

 How does the body accomplish this daunting

task?!?

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 Feedback

 The body uses the nervous system and the

endocrine systems to maintain homeostasis.

 Controlled by negative or positive feedback

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 Feedback

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.12

 Feedback Mechanism

 A sensor/receptor detects a change (= stimulus)

in the internal or external environment.

 A control center, such as a part of the brain,

integrates the information coming from all
receptors and sends out an appropriate
response.

 The effector carries out the response, returning

the system to homeostasis again.

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 Hormones

 Hormone – a substance released into the

blood that carries a message to other parts of
the body.

 When hormones are released from one part

of the body, they cause another part of the
body to react.

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 Feedback

 In general, Negative Feedback is used to

keep the body in balance, and it maintains
the “status quo”.

 Positive Feedback is used to change the

situation.

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 Negative Feedback Example: Calcium

 Example: calcium regulation

 Calcium is stored in the bones and circulates in

the blood stream.

 Cells in the bones, osteoclasts, release calcium

from bone.

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 Negative Feedback Example: Calcium

 Stimulus: calcium levels drop too low in the

blood stream

 Sensor/receptor: parathyroid glands

 Control center: the parathyroid gland releases

parathyroid hormone

 Effectors: osteoclast cells in bone release

calcium and the kidneys reabsorb more
calcium
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 Negative Feedback Example: Calcium

 Stimulus: calcium levels increase too high in

the blood stream

 Sensor/receptor: parathyroid glands

 Control center: the parathyroid gland stops

releasing parathyroid hormone

 Effectors: osteoclast cells in bone stop

releasing calcium and the kidneys reabsorb
less calcium
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 Negative Feedback Example: Temperature

 Read pages 79-81: temperature regulation in

the body

 Hyperthermia: abnormally elevated body

temperature

 Hypothermia: abnormally low body

temperature

 The thermostat for the body is located in the

hypothalamus.

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 Positive Feedback Example: Childbirth

 Stimulus: when the baby leaves the uterus, the

muscles in the cervix stretch.
 Nerves in the cervix send a message to the
hypothalamus gland.

 Sensor/receptor: stretch receptors in the cervix

 Control Center: hypothalamus gland causes

the pituitary gland to release oxytocin

 Effector : muscles of uterus contract

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 Positive Feedback Example: Childbirth

 More pressure stimulates the stretch receptors,

which signal the hypothalamus to tell the
pituitary gland to release more oxytocin.

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 Integumentary System

 Components of the integumentary system:

 Skin
 Nails
 Hair
 Exocrine glands (sweat and oil glands)

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 Integumentary System Functions

1. Provides protection from bacteria, UV

radiation, chemicals, physical injury

2. Reduces water loss

3. Temperature regulation

4. Vitamin D production

5. Contains sensors that detect pain,

temperature, and pressure
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 Skin Layers

 The skin has two layers:

1. Epidermis – thin outer layer of stratified

squamous epithelial tissue

2. Dermis – thick underlying layer of

mainly connective tissue

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 Hair shaft

Sweat pore

Area of rapidly Arrector

dividing cells pili muscle

Sensory
receptor Epidermis

Oil
(sebaceous)
gland
Dermis

Sensory
nerve fiber

Adipose
tissue Hypodermis

Sweat gland
Hair follicle

Pressure receptor Vein Artery Hair root

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8

 Epidermis

 Epidermis consists of several layers of

squamous epithelial cells (stratified).

 Deepest layer contains rapidly dividing

cells.

 Outer surface is made up of dead skin cells.

 Protective properties come from keratin.

 Melanocytes produce melanin.

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 Dermis
 The dermis consists primarily of connective
tissue.

 Also contains vascular tissue, hair follicles,

sweat glands, nerves, and sensory receptors

 Collagen and elastic fibers are found in the

lower layer, which allows the skin to stretch
and return to its original shape.

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 Hypodermis

 The hypodermis is a layer of loose

connective tissue beneath the dermis and
epidermis, connecting them to other tissues.

 The hypodermis is not a part of the skin – it

lays underneath the skin.

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 Accessory Organs of the Skin
 Nails - sheets of hard keratinized cells forming
a protective covering for the fingers and toes.

 Hair follicles - found in the dermis and where

sebum is released to lubricate the hair.

 Sweat glands - play a role in modifying body

temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore
at the surface of the skin.

 Sebaceous glands - secrete sebum, an oily

substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
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 Skin Cancer

 Melanin protects against UV radiation.

 Three types of skin cancer:

1. Basal cell carcinoma – from rapidly dividing
cells deep in the epidermis

2. Squamous cell carcinoma – from newly formed

cells as they flatten

3. Melanoma – from melanocytes; far more

dangerous than other skin cancers and more
likely to spread to other body parts
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 Figure 4.A Three skin cancers

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 Melanoma in the United States – 2005 Estimates
Ref: the American Cancer Society

New Cases 59,600

Deaths Per Year 7,800

5-Year Overall Survival Rate 91%

5-Year Localized Survival Rate 98%

5-Year regional Survival Rate 60%

14%
5-Year distant Survival Rate
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 These cells found in skin produce pigments:

25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Chondrocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Fibroblasts
4. Osteocytes

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 Important Concepts

 Read chapter 4
 What are the four tissue types, their functions,
and examples of each type?

 What are examples, functions, and locations of

each of the types of connective tissue?

 Why does it take longer for cartilage to heal?

 What cell types are found in each type of

connective tissue?

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 Important Concepts

 What are the functions of red blood cells, white

blood cells, and platelets?

 What are the three types of muscle? What are

their functions, and where they are found? Are
they under voluntary or involuntary control?

 What are the two types of nervous tissue cells

and their functions?

 What are the types of epithelial tissue, where

are they found, and what are their functions?

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 Important Concepts
 What are the two types of glands?

 How do negative and positive feedback

mechanisms work?
 Be able to describe the examples of negative and
positive feedback given in class and in the
textbook (e.g. identify the sensor, control center,
and effector for each example).

 What are the three cell-to-cell junctions and

their functions?

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 Important Concepts
 Identify the body cavities: what are their
locations and what is contained in each of the
cavities?

 What are the four types of membranes, their

functions and locations?

 What are the functions of the integumentary

system?

 Components of the integumentary system and

their functions
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 Important Concepts
 What are the two layers of the skin? Which
type of tissues comprise each layer, and where
are the layers located?

 What layer is found underneath the skin, and

which tissue type comprises this layer?

 What are the three types of skin cancer, where

do they originate, and which is more likely to
spread to other parts of the body?

 What are melanocytes, and what is their

function?
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 Definitions

 Tissue, organ, organ system, tight junctions,

adhesion junctions, gap junctions, exocrine
glands, endocrine glands, homeostasis,
hormone, hypodermis, diaphragm, sebum,
sebaceous glands, keratin, basement
membrane, lacunae, voluntary control,
involuntary control, hyperthermia, hypothermia,
melanin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.