IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

FOREWORD ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬

The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the ‫( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and ‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
are intended for use in the oil and gas production
،‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫و ﮔﺎز‬
facilities, oil refineries, chemical and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and processing ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮاورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
installations and other such facilities. .‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
IPS is based on internationally acceptable ‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are ‫ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﺪهﻫﺎﺋﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
also supplemented by additional requirements ‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر‬.‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
and/or modifications based on the experience
‫ ﻣﻮاردي‬،‫و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻻ از ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which .‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
are not specified in the text of the standards are ‫ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه‬
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can
select his appropriate preferences therein. ‫اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt ‫ ﺑﺎ‬.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
these standards to their requirements. However, ‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS ‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص آﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
Standard shall be prepared by the user which ‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬.‫را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
elaborates the particular requirements of the user.
This addendum together with the relevant IPS
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺧﺎص را‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
shall form the job specification for the specific .‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
project or work. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately ‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روزآﻣﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable .‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send ‫ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
their views and comments, including any
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد ﺧﺎص‬
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and ‫ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬
technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the .‫در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
standard. ‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
Standards and Research department 19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851 1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055 66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
Fax: 88810462 88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Email: Standards@nioc.org
Standards@nioc.org :‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
General Definitions: : ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
Throughout this Standard the following .‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
definitions shall apply.

Company : : ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum ‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
Iranian Gas Company, and National
Petrochemical Company etc.

Purchaser : :‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
Means the “Company" Where this standard is ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”, ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬
of contract documents.

Vendor And Supplier: :‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي‬
fabricate the equipment or material. . ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Contractor: :‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose ‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ وﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش‬، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
tender has been accepted by the company. .‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ وﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Executor : : ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
Executor is the party which carries out all or part ‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از‬
of construction and/or commissioning for the .‫ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬
project.

Inspector : :‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a ‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
installation work

Shall: :‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
Is used where a provision is mandatory. .‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬

Should: :‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
Is used where a provision is advisory only. .‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬

Will: :‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
Is normally used in connection with the action ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor, .‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
supplier or vendor.

May: : ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬

Is used where a provision is completely . ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
discretionary.
 IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE
AND BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS

FIRST REVISION
DECEMBER 2009

‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺮاي‬

‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬

1388 ‫آذر‬

This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of

0

‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق آن‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬

Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner. Neither
whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ آن ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ‬
any third party, reproduced, stored in any retrieval ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
system or transmitted in any form or by any means ‫ ﻳﺎ روش دﻳﮕﺮي در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬،‫ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
without the prior written consent of the Iranian Ministry
of Petroleum. .‫اﻓﺮاد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

CONTENTS: Page :‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

No.
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 3
3..............................................................‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
1. SCOPE................................................................ 4
4......................................................‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
2. REFERENCES .................................................. 4
4............................................................. ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY .............. 5
5................................................‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3.1 Atmospheric Discharge .............................. 5
5.............................................. ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3
3.2 Autorefrigeration........................................ 5
5.................................... ‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3
3.3 Back Pressure ............................................. 5
5............................................‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3
3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve..................... 6
6.......................... ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure .............................. 6
6............................ ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
3.6 Closed Disposal System.............................. 6
6...................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3
3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve.............. 6
6................... ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3
3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio ..................... 6
6.......................... ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3
3.9 Flare............................................................. 6
6...................................................... ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up.................. 6
6.................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
3.11 Flare Blow Out.......................................... 7
7.................................. ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3
3.12 Mach Number ........................................... 7
7..................................................‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3
3.13 Open Disposal System .............................. 7
7.......................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3
3.14 Quenching ................................................. 7
7......................................... ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3
3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure................. 7
7................................... ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3
3.16 Vent Stack ................................................. 7
7................................. ‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............. 7

7..........................................‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4
5. UNITS................................................................. 10
10............................................................ ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS . 10
10................................... ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6
6.1 General ........................................................ 10
10...................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief
Stream.......................................................... 11
11.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief
Stream.......................................................... 13
13.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
7. DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS ................................................ 14
14............................. ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7
7.1 Piping........................................................... 14
14.................................................. ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7
7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum .......................... 22
22........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7
7.3 Quench Drum ............................................. 22
22................................. ‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7
7.4 Sizing a Seal Drum ..................................... 27
27........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7
7.5 Flares ........................................................... 27
27.................................................. ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7
7.6 Burning Pits ................................................ 38
38..................................... ‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
APPENDICES:
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE
PIPE SIZING ............................... 42
47.........‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
APPENDIX B SIZING A KNOCK-OUT
DRUM........................................... 44
44...................... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
APPENDIX C DETERMINATION OF LIQUID
LEVEL IN A HORIZONTAL
VESSEL........................................ 50
50.................. ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
APPENDIX D SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR
SIZING A FLARE STACK ......... 51
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬
51.....................................‫دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

0. INTRODUCTION ‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
"Process Design of Safeguarding Systems for Oil, ،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) Processes" are
broad and contain variable subjects of paramount
‫ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
importance. Therefore, groups of process ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬.‫و ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
engineering standards are prepared to cover the :‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
subject.

This group includes the following Standards: :‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬

STANDARD CODE STANDARD TITLE ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻛﺪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

IPS-E-PR-450 "Engineering Standard for ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-450

Process Design of Pressure ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
Relieving Systems
Inclusive Safety Relief "‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
Valves"

IPS-E-PR-460 "Engineering Standard for ‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-460

Process Design of Flare " ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
and Blowdown Systems"

IPS-E-PR-470 "Engineering Standard for ‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-470

Process Design of "‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري‬
Emergency Measures"

This Standard covers: :‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد زﻳﺮ را در ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬

"PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE AND "‫"ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬

BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS"

In designing safeguarding systems for process ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
plants, facilities should be provided for handling, ‫ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم دﻓﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
directing and ultimately disposal of voluntary and
involuntary gases and liquids. There are several .‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
options available to the process design engineer -‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاح اﻧﺘﺨﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
as to the selection of disposal systems. Once a
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺧﺎص اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬.‫ﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
specific disposal system is selected detail design
is then undertaken. .‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

1. SCOPE ‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1

This Standard covers process design and ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
evaluation and selection of relief systems for Oil,
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) process plants.
‫ ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫( را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬OGP)

It includes network and related ancillary ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط و‬
installations which are to handle and direct fluids ‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
discharged due to overpressure and/or operational
requirements to a safe disposal system. .‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

This Standard is primarily concerned with ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺻﻮﻻً در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
selection of disposal system, sizing of relief ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
headers, sizing of flare systems and burning pits.
.‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

Note 1: :1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
This standard specification is reviewed and ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ‬1378 ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
updated by the relevant technical committee on 1 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
June 1999, as amendment No. 1 by circular
.‫ اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬82 ‫ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
No.82.

Note 2: :2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
standard specification by the relevant technical ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و‬1388 ‫ﻛﻪ در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
committee on Dec 2009, which is issued as
(0) ‫ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
revision (1). Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is withdrawn. .‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

Note 3: :3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
In case of conflict between Farsi and English ‫ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
languages, English language shall govern. .‫ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
2. REFERENCES ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
Throughout this Standard the following dated and ‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و‬
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
specified herein, form a part of this standard. For ‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
dated references, the edition cited applies. The ‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در‬
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For ‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫آﻧﻬﺎ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced documents (including any ‫ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
supplements and amendments) applies. .‫اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS) (‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS

IPS-E-GN-100 "Engineering Standard for "‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-GN-100

Units"

IPS-E-PR-440 "Engineering Standard for ‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ IPS-E-PR-440

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Process Design of Piping Systems (Process ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ )ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Piping and Pipeline Sizing)",Parts 1-4". ‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻂ‬
"4 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي‬

IPS-E-PR-725 "Engineering Standard for ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬IPS-E-PR-725

Process Design of Plant ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
Waste Water Sewer
Systems". "‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE) (‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬API

API RP 520 "Sizing, Selection and ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫" ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬ API RP 520
Installation of Pressure- -‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
Relieving Devices in
Refineries" "‫ﻫﺎ‬

Part I -Sizing and Selection ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه واﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬-I ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬

Part II - Installation ‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬-II ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬

API RP 521 "Guide for Pressure- ‫ " راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و‬API RP 521
Relieving and Depressuring "‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Systems"

API Publication 931 API Publication 931

"API Manual on Disposal of ‫ در ﻣﻮرد دﻓﻊ‬API ‫"دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Refinery Wastes, Volume on ‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه – ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در‬
Atmospheric Emissions".
"‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬

ASME(AMERICAN SOCIETY OF (‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASME

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS)

ASME B 31.3 "Process Piping" ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬ASME B 31.3

"‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬

3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY ‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3

For extensive description reference can be made ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬API RP 521 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ‬
to API RP 521.
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬

3.1 Atmospheric Discharge ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3

Is the release of vapors and gases from pressure- ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺨﺎرات و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
relieving and depressuring devices to the
atmosphere.
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

3.2 Autorefrigeration ‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3

Is the reduction in temperature as a result of ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎ در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
pressure drop and subsequent flashing of light
hydrocarbon liquids.
.‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺒﻚ را ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬

3.3 Back Pressure ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3

Is the pressure that exists at the outlet of a ‫ﻓﺸﺎري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬

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pressure relief device as a result of pressure in the .‫ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
discharge system .

3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3

Is a safety/relief valve that incorporates means for ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
minimizing the effect of back pressure on the ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
performance characteristics- opening pressure,
‫ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪن و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آزادﺳﺎزي‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
closing pressure, lift, and relieving capacity.
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
Is the pressure in the discharge header, which ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ‬
develops as result of flow after the safety-relief
valve opens.
.‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬

3.6 Closed Disposal System ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3

Is a disposal system that is capable of containing ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬
pressures different from atmospheric pressure
without leakage.
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺤﻴﻂ را ﺑﺪون اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺸﺘﻲ دارد‬

3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3

Is a closed-bonnet pressure relief valve whose ‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ درﭘﻮش ﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درﭘﻮش آن ﺑﻪ‬
bonnet is vented to the discharge side of the
valve. The valves performance characteristics-
‫ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
opening pressure, closing pressure, lift, and ‫ ﺑﺎﻻرﻓﺘﻦ و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آن‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
relieving capacity are directly affected by .‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ روي ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
changes of the back pressure on the valve.

3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3

Is the result of the following equation: :‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
k /( k 1)
PCF  2 
(Eq.1)   (1 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
P0 k  1

3.9 Flare ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3

Is a means of safe disposal of waste gases by ‫وﺳﻴﻠـﻪاي ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
combustion. With an elevated flare, the ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
combustion is carried out at the top of a pipe or ‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ دودﻛﺶ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن ﻗﺮار‬
stack where the burner and igniter are located. A ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬
ground flare is similarly equipped, except
‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ و ﻳﺎ روي‬
combustion is carried out at or near ground level.
‫ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
A burn pit differs from a flare in that it is
‫ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
primarily designed to handle liquids.
.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
Is the lifting of flame front from the flare tip. .‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬

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3.11 Flare Blow Out ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3

Is the extinguishing of flare flame. .‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

3.12 Mach Number ‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3

Is the ratio of vapor velocity to sonic velocity in ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت اﺳﺖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
that vapor at flowing conditions.
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬

3.13 Open Disposal System ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3

Is a disposal system that discharges directly from ‫ ﺑﺪون ﻫﻴﭻ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
the relieving device to the atmosphere with no
containment other than a short tail pipe.
.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺟﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬

3.14 Quenching ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3

Is the cooling of a hot vapor by mixing it with ‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺎر داغ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﺮدن آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎل‬
another fluid or by partially vaporizing another
liquid.
.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3

Is the static pressure that exists at the outlet of a ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در زﻣﺎن‬
pressure relief device at the time the device is
required to operate. It is the result of pressure in
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر در اﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد دﺳﺘﮕﺎه وﺟﻮد دارد‬
the discharge system coming from other sources ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد و‬
and may be constant or variable. .‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

3.16 Vent Stack ‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3

Is the elevated vertical termination of a disposal ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﻠﻨﺪي در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرات‬
system that discharges vapors into the atmosphere
without combustion or conversion of the relieved
.‫را ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
fluid.

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4

A = Cross-sectional area, in (m2). ‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ؛‬A

AL1 = Vessel segment area occupied by ‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب‬AL1
slops and drain, in (m2). ‫اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬

AL2 = Vessel segment area occupied by ‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل‬AL2
condensed liquid, in (m2). ‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
Ap = Pit area required to vaporize and ‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن‬Ap
burn liquid, in (m2). ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬

At = Total vessel cross-sectional area, in ‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺰن )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬At
(m2).
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬AV
AV = Vessel cross-section area available
for vapor flow, in (m2). ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬

C = Drag coefficient. ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺶ؛‬C

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D = Flare tip diameter (m) ‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬D

f = Moody Friction Factor, f=fD=4fF, f=fD=4fF ،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬f

fF=Fanning Friction Factor, ،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻓﺎﻧﻴﻨﮓ‬:fF
f D=Darcy Friction Factor. ‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك دارﺳﻲ؛‬:fD

F = Fraction of heat radiated. ‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ؛‬F

g = Acceleration due to gravity,9.8 in ‫ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺬور ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬9/8 ،‫ = ﺷﺘﺎب ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬g

(m/s2).
G = Design mass flow, in (kg/s. m2). ‫ = ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬

Gci = Critical mass flux, in (kg/s.m2). ‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬Gci
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬

h = Depth (maximum distance, that the ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﻏﻮﻃﻪور‬h
inlet pipe is submerged), in (m). ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد( ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬

H = Flare stack height, in (m). ‫ = ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬H

hL1 = Vessel depth occupied by slops ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه‬hL1
and drain, in (m). ‫اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

hL2 = Vessel depth occupied by ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬hL2
condensed liquid, in (m). ‫)ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

hv = Vertical space for vapor flow, in ‫ = ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬hv
(cm). ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

k = Ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv for the ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه؛‬CP/CV ،‫ = ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋه‬k
vapor being relieved.

K1 = Dimensional constant equal to ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ؛‬0/076 ‫ = ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺑﻌﺎدي ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K1

0.076 mm/min.

K = Maximum allowable radiation ‫ = ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬K

(kilowatts per square meter ).

K2 = Unit conversion factor equal to ‫؛‬60000 ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K2

60,000.

L = Flame length, in (m). ‫ = ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬L

Lmin = Flare knockout drum minimum ‫ = ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬Lmin
length required, in (m). ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ؛‬
LH = Level high ‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LH
LHA = Level high alarm ‫ = ﻫﺸﺪار ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LHA

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

M = Molecular mass (weight) of the ‫ = ﺟﺮم )وزن( ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز؛‬M

vapor or gas.
Mw = Average molecular weight of the ‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر؛‬Mw
vapour

N = Line resistance factor, ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﺑﺪون اﺑﻌﺎد(؛‬N

(dimensionless).
n = Polytrophic exponent. ‫ = ﺗﻮان ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺮوﭘﻴﻚ‬n

P1 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P1

absolute).
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P0
P0 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa absolute)

P2 = Pressure in the pipe at the exit or at ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ‬P2
any point or distance L downstream ‫ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬،‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬L ‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
from the source, in (kPa absolute).
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬

P3 =Pressure in reservoir into which pipe ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬P3
discharges, in [101 kPa (absolute) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬101)
with atmospheric discharge].
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(؛‬

PCF = Critical flow pressure, in (kPa ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬PCF
absolute)

ql = Rate of vaporization and burning of ‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ql
liquid, in (kg/s) (selected as equal to ‫)ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬
the rate of flashed liquid entering the
pit). ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(؛‬

Q = Heat liberated ( kilowatts ). ‫ = ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات(؛‬Q

Qv = Heat required to vaporize liquid, in ‫ = ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬Qv
(kJ/kg). ‫ﮔﺮم(؛‬

W = Flow rate (kg/hour) ‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬W

‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر آب )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬ws
ws = Steam flow rate, in (kg/s).

wHC = Vapor relief rate, in (kg/s). ‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬wHC

R = Surface distance from the center of ‫ = ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮرد‬R
flare stack to the object under ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
consideration, in (m).

Re = Reynolds number. ‫ = ﻋﺪد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز؛‬Re

r = Relative humidity, in (percent). ‫ = رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ درﺻﺪ‬r

SR = Linear regression rate of liquid ( mm/min)‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ؛‬SR
surface, in (mm/min).

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

T = Flowing temperature (K) ‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T

T1 = Upstream temperature, in (K). ‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T1
Uc = Particle dropout velocity, in (m/s).
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذره )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uc

Uj = Exit gas velocity, in (m/s). ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uj

Uv = Vapor velocity, in (m/s). ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uv

U  = Lateral wind velocity, in (m/s); ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( در ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﻘﻲ؛‬U 
z = Compressibility factor. .‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z

Greek Letters ‫ﺣﺮوف ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬

δ (Gama) = Fraction of heat intensity ‫ = ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺷﺪت ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬δ (Gama)

transmitted through the
atmosphere. .‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬

 (theta) = Liquid particle dropout time, ‫ = زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬ (theta)
in (s).

µ (mu) = Viscosity of gas, in (cP=1m ‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﻚ‬µ (mu)
Pa. s); ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

 (pi) = Constant figure equal to 3/1416 ‫ = ﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ (pi)

3.1416.

 L (rho) = Density of liquid at operating ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ L (rho)
3
conditions, in (kg/m ) .‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

 V (rho) = Density of vapor at operating ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ v (rho)
3
conditions , in (kg/m ). .‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

 (tau) = Fraction of heat intensity ‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬ (tau)
transmitted

5. UNITS ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
This standard is based on International System of ،(SI) ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
Units, (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where ‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ در‬IPS-E-GN-100 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
otherwise specified.
.‫ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6

6.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
While the various systems for the disposal of ‫ذﻳﻼً ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري‬
voluntary or involuntary vapor or liquid are
mentioned below, the actual selection of a ‫ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب واﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
disposal system shall be conducted in accordance ‫ ﻣﺪت‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
with the expected frequency, duration of
operation, required capacity and fluid properties. .‫ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬،‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز و ﺧﻮاص ﺳﻴﺎل‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief Stream ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
Systems for the disposal for voluntary and ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺑﺨﺎر‬
involuntary vapor discharges are:
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬

1) To atmosphere ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1

2) To lower pressure process vessel or ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬2
system

3) To closed pressure relief system and ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3
flare

4) Acid gas flare ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4

6.2.1 Vapor discharge to atmosphere ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1-2-6

Vapor relief streams shall be vented directly to ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ‬
atmosphere if all of the following conditions are
satisfied (for a complete discussion on the subject
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺑﺮاي‬
see API RP 521): :(‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬API RP 521 ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ‬

1) Such disposal is not in conflict with the ‫( ﭼﻨﻴﻦ دﻓﻌﻲ در ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬1
present regulations concerning pollution and .‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﺻﺪا ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
noise.

2) The vapor is effectively non-toxic and non- .‫( ﺑﺨﺎر دﻓﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻤﻲ و ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬2
corrosive.

3) Vapor which is lighter than air or vapor of ‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬3
any molecular mass that is non-flammable, .‫ ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
non-hazardous and non-condensable.

4) There is no risk of condensation of ‫( ﺧﻄﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد‬4
flammable or corrosive materials. .‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

5) There is no chance of simultaneous release ‫ وﺟﻮد‬،‫( اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از آب‬5
of liquid, apart from water. .‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6) Relief of flammable hydrocarbons direct to ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ‬6
the atmosphere should be restricted to cases ‫ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺣﺪ‬
where it can be assured that they will be
diluted with air to below the lower flammable .‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
limit. This should occur well before they can ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬
come in contact with any source of ignition.
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
The above condition can most easily be met if the
vapors to be released have a density less than that ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا‬
of air. However, with proper design of the relief ‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
vent adequate dilution with air can be obtained in ‫ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
certain cases with higher density vapors. Methods
of calculation are given in API RP 521 section ‫ روشﻫــﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒــﻪ در‬.‫ﻛﺎﻓــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﻮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
4.3. .‫ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-4 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API RP 521

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1) Vapor from depressuring valves shall be ‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬1
discharged to a closed pressure relief system. .‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬

2) Vapor which contains 1% H2S or more by ‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬H2S ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز‬1 ‫( ﺑﺨﺎري ﻛﻪ داراي‬2
volume, shall be discharged to a closed ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎر‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
pressure relief system.
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

6.2.2 Vapor discharge to lower pressure ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺎ‬2-2-6
process vessel or system
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
Individual safety/relief valves may discharge to a ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد)ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
lower pressure process system or vessel capable ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮش‬
of handling the discharge.
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه را دارﻧﺪ‬

Although this type is rarely used, it is effective ‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
for discharges that contain materials which must .‫ ﻛﺎرآ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
be recovered.

6.2.3 Vapor discharge to closed pressure relief ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬3-2-6
system and flare
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
In all cases where the atmospheric discharge or ‫در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
release of vapor to a lower pressure system is not ‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
permissible or practicable, vapor shall be
collected in a closed pressure relief system which -‫ ﺟﻤﻊ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
terminates in a flare, namely flare system. Where ‫ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬H2S ‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬.‫آوري ﮔﺮدد‬
the concentration of H2S is such that
condensation of acid gas is probable, provision
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬،‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺮود‬
for a separate line, heat traced, shall be .‫ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
considered.

In all cases, the installation of a closed pressure ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬، ‫در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
relief system shall result in a minimum of air .‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮔﺮدد‬
pollution and the release of combustion products.

6.2.4 Acid gas flare ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4-2-6

In process plants where H2S free and H2S ‫ و‬H2S ‫در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﮔﺎز‬
containing streams are to be flared, consideration
should be given to the installation of a separate
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون اﻳﻦ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
header and flare stack assembly for the H2S ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز‬
containing streams. The following provisions ‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬H2S
should be studied for the acid gas flare assembly:
:‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬

1) Automatic injection of fuel gas down H2S ‫( ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن‬1
stream of H2S pot in order to make the .‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
combustion stable.
2) Steam injection for smokeless operation ‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،H2S ‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2
shall not be considered for H2S flare tip. .‫ﺑﺪون دود در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬

3) A common pilot igniter may be used to ‫( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻤﺎم‬3

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ignite all flare stacks including the acid flare. .‫دودﻛﺶﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
4) The H2S flare header and subheaders may ‫ و اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬H2S ‫( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ‬4
be heat traced in order to prevent the .‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
condensation acid gas.

6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
Stream
Systems for the disposal of voluntary and ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
involuntary liquid discharges are: :‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬

1) To onsite liquid blowdown drum. .‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1
2) To lower pressure process vessel or .‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬2
system.

3) To oily water sewers only if the ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﭘﺴﺎب روﻏﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ‬3
material will not cause hazardous .‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻄﺮزا اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﮕﺮدد‬
conditions.
4) To pump suction if pump will not ‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﮔﺮم‬4
overheat or can withstand the
expected temperature rise.
.‫ﻧﺸﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

5) To burning pit. .‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5

6) To vaporizer. .‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6

Thermal expansion relief valves may discharge ‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
small quantities of volatile liquid or vapor into ‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط‬،‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻓﺮار ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
the atmosphere, provided the valve outlet is in a
.‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
safe location.

6.3.1 Liquid discharge to onsite liquid blow ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دور رﻳﺰ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1-3-6
down drum
The liquid shall be discharged to an onsite liquid ‫در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬
blow down drum which is capable of retaining ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد‬
the liquid discharged at the required liquid relief
rate for a period of 20 minutes. This drum shall ،‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪاي را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
have a vapor discharge line to the closed pressure ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
relief system.
.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6.3.2 Liquid discharge to lower pressure ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬2-3-6
process vessel or system ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
The liquid shall be discharged to a lower pressure ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
process vessel or system which is capable of
handling the required liquid relief rate plus any ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ‬
flashed vapor. ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

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6.3.3 Liquid discharge to oily water sewer ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ‬3-3-6
Liquid discharge to an oily water sewer shall be ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار و‬
nonvolatile and nontoxic. The required liquid
relief rate shall be within the oil removal
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
capability of the oily water treating system. .‫روﻏﻦزداﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب روﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6.3.4 Liquid discharge to pump suction ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ‬4-3-6

Required liquid relief shall discharge to an ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
upstream liquid reservoir from which the pump ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
takes suction. The liquid relief may discharge
directly to the pump suction line if sufficient
‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
cooling is provided to prevent a temperature rise ‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ وارد ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ از‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
of the liquid recycled through the pump when the /‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
safety/relief valve opens or when a constant
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
displacement pump is used.
.‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬

6.3.5 Liquid discharge to burning pit ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5-3-6

Liquid relief or voluntary liquid blow down ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
which need not be returned to the process or
discharged to an oily water sewer, shall be
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
discharged to a burning pit, if environmentally .‫ﻋﺪم ﻣﻨﻊ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
accepted.

6.3.6 Liquid discharge to vaporizer ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6-3-6

The liquid shall be discharged to a vaporizer ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اي ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
which is capable of vaporizing a liquid relief of
no more than 5,000 kg/h.
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬5000 ‫ﺷﺪه آن از‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

7. DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7

COMPONENTS
Depending on the process plant under ‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬
consideration, a disposal system could consists of
،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
a combination of the following items: piping,
knock-out drum, quench drum, seal drum, flare ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
stack, ignition system, flare tip, and burning pit. . ‫ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬

7.1 Piping ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7

7.1.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-1-7
In general, the design of disposal piping should ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
conform to the requirements of ASME B31.3 ‫ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮارد‬ASME B31-3 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Installation details should conform to those
specified in API Recommended Practice 520, .‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API 520 ،II ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺨﺶ‬
Part II.

7.1.2 Inlet piping ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي‬2-1-7

The design of inlet piping should be in ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬

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accordance with API-RP-521, Section 5.4.1.2 . .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API-RP-521 ‫ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬5.4.1.2

7.1.3 Discharge piping ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬3-1-7

The sizing should be in accordance with API-RP- ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
521, Section 5.4.1.3 in conjunction with
‫ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬5.4.1.3 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API-RP-521
Appendix A as a supplement to the above.
.‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

TABLE 1- TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS

‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬K ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
FITTING ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ FITTING ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
K K

GLOBE VALVE, OPEN 90-DEGREE DOUBLE-MITER ELBOW

9.7 0.59
‫ ﺑﺎز‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
TYPICAL DEPRESSURING VALVE, OPEN
SCREWED TEE THROUGH RUN
8.5 ‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬ 0.50
‫ﺑﺎز‬، ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
ANGLE VALVE, OPEN FABRICATED TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ﺷﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪاي – ﺑﺎز‬ 4.6 ‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ 0.50

SWING CHECK VALVE, OPEN LATERAL THROUGH RUN

‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪه – ﺑﺎز‬ 2.3 ‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 0.50

180 DEGREE CLOSE-SCREWED RETURN

90-DEGREE TRIPLE-MITER ELBOW
1.95 ‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬ 0.46
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
SCREWED OR FABRICATED TEE
45-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
THROUGH BRANCH 1.72 0.46
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
90-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW 180-DEGREE WELDING RETURN
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬ 1.72 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.43

WELDING TEE THROUGH BRANCH WELDING TEE THROUGH RUN

‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺗﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 1.37 ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.38

90-DEGREE STANDARD-SCREWED ELBOW 90-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW

‫ درﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬ 0.93 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.32

60-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW 45-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW

‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬60 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬ 0.93 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.21

45-DEGREE LATERAL THROUGH BRANCH

GATE VALVE, OPEN
0.76 ‫ ﺑﺎز‬- ‫ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬ 0.21
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬45 ‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب‬
90-DEGREE LONG-SWEEP ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 0.59

RATIO OF DIAMETERS
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
CONTRACTION or ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ __________________________________
ENLARGEMENT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

CONTRACTION (ANSI)
--- --- 0.21 0.135 0.039
(ANSI) ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
CONTRACTION (SUDDEN)
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ 0.5 0.46 0.38 0.29 0.12

ENLARGEMENT (ANSI)
(ANSI)‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ --- --- 0.9 0.5 0.11

ENLARGEMENT (SUDDEN)
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ 1.0 0.95 0.74 0.41 0.11

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TABLE 2 - TYPICAL FRICTION FACTORS AND CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CLEAN

STEEL PIPE (BASED ON EQUIVALENT ROUGHNESS OF 0.046 mm)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/046 ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ )ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس زﺑﺮي ﻣﻌﺎدل‬-2 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
CONVERSION FACTOR FOR EQUIVALENT
LENGTH PER UNIT OF K
K ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدل در واﺣﺪ‬
DIAMETER NOMINAL MOODY FRICITION
METERS
PIPE SIZE (mm) FACTOR (f)
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻗﻄﺮ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ (f) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬

DN 50 SCHEDULE 40 0.0195 2.7

DN 80 " " 0.0178 4.36
DN 100 " " 0.0165 6.25
DN 150 " " 0.0150 10.2
DN 200-6 mm WALL 0.0140 14.7
DN 250 " " 0.0135 19.2
DN 300 " " 0.0129 24.0
DN 350 " " 0.0126 27.3
DN 400 " " 0.0123 31.88
DN 500 " " 0.0119 41.45
DN 600 " " 0.0115 56.67
DN 750 0.0110 67.85
DN 900 " " 0.0107 83.33

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The above friction factors and conversion factors ‫ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي‬
apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely, above ‫ ﺑﺮاي‬1 ×10 6‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻋﺪاد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
1 × 106 for DN 600 and larger, scaling down to 2 5
DN 50‫ ﺑﺮاي‬2 ×10 ‫ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ‬DN600
× 105 for DN 50.
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬

7.1.4 Liquid blow down header ‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬4-1-7

In order to reduce relief header loads and prevent

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎر روي ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺎ‬
surges due to two-phase gas/liquid flow as much ‫ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ دو ﻓﺎزي‬
as possible, it is advisable to direct all disposable ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،(‫ﺷﺪن ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻣﺎﻳﻊ – ﮔﺎز‬
liquids into a separate blow down network.
.‫دور رﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

Once maximum load and back pressure in each ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
segment have been established, standard pipe ‫ از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
sizing procedures are used (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440). .(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

In determination of back pressure the following :‫ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬
shall be taken into consideration:

1) Flashing of liquid at relief/safety valve ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
discharge or along the network due to pressure ‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
drop and/or warm-up to ambient temperatures
should be analyzed. .‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

2) Solids formation due to auto refrigeration ‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و وﺟﻮد‬2
and presence of high melting point liquids .‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ذوب ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
should be determined.

3) If flashing and auto refrigeration is ‫( اﮔﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ و ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي وﺟﻮد‬3
possible, a temperature profile along the ‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬،‫دارد‬
network should be established so that proper
piping material selection and construction ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ‬
practices is undertaken. .‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد‬
4) The network should be self-draining and
should not include pockets. ‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده و در آن‬4
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

5) The network should be continuously purged ‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬5
by natural gas controlled through an orifice. ،‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار )ارﻳﻔـﻴﺲ( ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد‬
.‫ﮔﺎززداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
6) High liquid velocities should be watched ‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻮد‬6
for within the network (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440). .(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

7.1.5 Stress ‫ ﺗﻨﺶ‬5-1-7

The design should be in accordance with ASME ‫ﻃــﺮاﺣــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻳﺴﺘــﻲ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ اﺳﺘــﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬
B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2,302.3.5. .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2.302.3.5

7.1.6 Anchors, guides, and supports ‫و‬ ،(guides)‫ﻏﻼفﻫﺎ‬ ،(Anchor)‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎه‬ 6-1-7

. (supports)‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬

The design should be in accordance with API- ‫ و‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻃــﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑـــــــــﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
RP-521; and ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 5.321.2
Part 5, 321.2.

7.1.7 Drainage ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7-1-7

Disposal system piping should be self-draining ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ زﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛـﺎر‬
toward the discharge end. Pocketing of discharge ‫ از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( در‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
lines should be avoided. Where pressure relief
‫ در ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ از ﺷـﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
valves handle viscous materials or materials that
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻮادي ﻛـﻪ در دﻣـﺎي‬
can solidify as they cool to ambient temperature,
the discharge line should be heat traced. A small ‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪن ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
drain pot or drip leg may be necessary at low ‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
points in lines that can not be sloped continuously ‫ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴـﺮ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬
to the knockout or blow down drum. The use of ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻇـﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
traps or other devices with operating mechanisms
‫ از ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدن ﺗﻠـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬.‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
should be avoided.
.‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ داراي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬

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7.1.8 Details ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬8-1-7

1) Safety/relief valve connection to the .‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
header
Normally, the laterals from individual ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
relieving devices should enter a header from .‫از ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
above.

2) Safety/relief valves connection when ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ زﻳﺮ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬2
installed below the relief header
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
Laterals leading from individual valves ‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي‬
located at an elevation above the header ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
should drain to the header. Locating a safety
valve below the header elevation in closed ‫ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
systems should be avoided. Laterals from .‫در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ از ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
individual valves that must be located below ‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
the header should be arranged to rise
continuously to the top of the header entry ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﺎً ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻞ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
point. However, means should be provided to ‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫آورده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
prevent liquid accumulation on the discharge
‫ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
side of these valves.
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

In this regard the following should be taken :‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
into consideration:

a) For the branch header which must be ‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
connected to the main header from a lower ‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
level than the main header, e.g., sleeper flare
piping, a drain pot must be installed. This is ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫در روي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
shown in Fig. 1. .‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1 ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
b) If a safety/relief valve must be installed ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در زﻳﺮ‬/‫ب( اﮔﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
below the flare header, the outlet line leading
to the flare header shall be heat-traced from ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬،‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
the safety/relief valve to their highest point. ‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
But the arrangement of safety/relief valve ‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬/‫ اﻣﺎ آراﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
must be reviewed, as such, an arrangement is
not permitted for safety/ relief valves which ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻧﻲ از‬
discharge a medium which can leave a ‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد آن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
residue. .‫ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
The heat-tracing can be omitted if the ‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در‬
safety/relief valve in question handles only ‫ از‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
products which vaporize completely, or do not
condense at all, at the lowest ambient ‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان از ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
temperature. .‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

‫اﺗﺼﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدد‬

‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬

Fig. 1-DRAIN POT

‫ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Diameter the larger between twice the ،DN250 ‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
cross-sectional area of the branch
header and pipe of DN 250.
.‫ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

Height minimum 800 mm. .‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬800 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬

3) Purge point of gas for dry seal ‫( ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺸﻚ‬3
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬
a) A continuous fuel gas purge shall be
installed at the end of the main header and the ‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬
end of any major sub header. The fuel gas ‫ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪه ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
purge shall be controlled by means of a
restriction orifice. .‫ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار)ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ( ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد‬

b) Purge gas volume shall be determined such ‫ب( ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري‬
that a positive pressure is maintained and air ‫ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ورود‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺪه‬
ingress is prevented.
.‫ﻫﻮا ﮔﺮدد‬

4) Insulation of flare line ‫( ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬4

Normally insulation of flare line (including ‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
outlet line of safety/relief valve) is not ‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن( ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬/‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
required except for personnel protection.
.‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮدي‬
But to avoid hydrate formation or ice ‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺦ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
accumulation, etc., within the flare line the use
of insulation or heat tracing shall be ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎدﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

considered. .‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬

5) Location of safety/relief valve ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬5

More than one piece of equipment may be

‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
protected by a common safety/relief valve, ‫ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ را ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ آن ﻛﻪ آن‬
provided they are connected by a line of ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
sufficient size and that no block valve exists
on the connecting lines. ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي در اﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6) Valves on inlet/outlet line of safety/relief ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ‬/‫( ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي روي ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي‬6
valve
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
Unless otherwise specified by the company all ‫ ﻫﻤﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺰ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه‬
safety relief valves must have block valves on ،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
the inlet and outlet to facilitate maintenance. ‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
The block valves must be full bore and locked
‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎز و‬.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
open. Safety valves discharging to the
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻗﻔﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
atmosphere shall not have block valves on the
outlet. A bypass line with a valve shall be ‫ ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
provided for each safety valve. ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺎرﮔﺬر ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬

7) Provision for installation of drain holes ‫( ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7
Where individual valves are vented to the ،‫درﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
atmosphere, an adequate drain hole [a nominal
pipe size of DN 15 is usually considered
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ)ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه‬
suitable] should be provided at the low point ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬DN15 ‫اﺳﻤﻲ‬
to ensure that no liquid collects downstream of ‫ ﺗﺎ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
the valve. The vapor flow that occurs through
this hole during venting is not generally ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ‬..‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
considered significant, but each case should be ‫ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺧﺮوج از اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮراخ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
checked to see if the drain connection should
be piped to a safe location. Vapors escaping ‫ اﻣﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
from the drain hole must not be allowed to ‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﻤﻦ‬
impinge against the vessel shell, since ‫ دﻳﻮاره ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺨﺎرات‬.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
accidental ignition of such vent streams can
seriously weaken the shell. ‫ زﻳﺮا ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬،‫ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔﺮدد‬

8) Angle entry into the relief header ‫( ورودي زاوﻳﻪدار ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬8
The use of angle entry an-entry at 45 degrees ‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ‬0/79)‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زاوﻳﻪ ورودي‬
(0.79 radian) or even 30 degrees (0.52 radian) ‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺳﺮ‬0/52)‫ درﺟﻪ‬30
to the header axis for laterals is much more ‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ‬
common in relieving systems than in most .‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
process piping systems.

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

9) Installation of valves and blinds in relief ‫( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬9
headers
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬

Means (valve and blind) must be provided to ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ‬
isolate each unit from the flare system for ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ادواﺗﻲ) ﺷﻴﺮ و ﻣﺴﺪود‬
safety and maintenance.
.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬

Extreme caution must be exercised in their use ‫در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد ﺗﺎ‬
to ensure that equipment which is operating is ‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت از‬
not isolated from its relieving system. Valves
in the header system, if used should be ‫ اﮔﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
mounted so that they cannot fail in the closed ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
position (for example, a gate falling into its
‫ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬.‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ‬
closed position).
.(‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻛﻨﺪ‬

10) Slope of flare header ‫( ﺷﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10

A slope of 1 m in 500 m is suggested for the ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬500 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ در‬1 ‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
flare header.
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬

11) Absorption of thermal expansion in ‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬11

headers by looped pipes
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
a) As a rule, headers shall be designed so that
thermal expansion generated in headers can ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه در‬
be absorbed by the bent parts of the headers. ‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
In other words, the piping route of headers
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺟﺬب ﮔﺮدد‬
shall incorporate several bends.
.‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

b) If thermal expansion cannot be absorbed ‫ب( اﮔﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺎﻻ وﺟﻮد‬
by the above method, absorption by looped ‫ ﺟﺬب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
pipes shall be considered. Looped parts shall
have no drain pocket. ‫ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

12) Absorption of thermal expansion by ‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ‬12
expansion joints
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
a) As a rule, no expansion joints shall be
used. The use of expansion joints is limited ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
to the case in which thermal expansion ،‫ﻣﻮاردي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
cannot be absorbed by pipes alone because of
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
a short route, e.g., the route between the seal
drum ( or knock out drum) and the flare ‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن آب ﺑﻨﺪ )ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪور ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
stack. .‫ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ( و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

b) Drain pipes shall be installed at bellows or ‫ب( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
other concave parts where drain is likely to ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت وﺟﻮد‬
remain.
.‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫دارد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

c) The conditions for selecting bellows (‫ ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ج( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ )ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
(design condition, materials) shall be .‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
specified clearly.

13) Solids formation ‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬13

The possibility of solids forming within the ‫در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات و ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬
disposal system must be studied considering
all related aspects, such as hydrate formation,
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
water or heavy hydrocarbon presence, auto- ‫ ﺣﻀﻮر آب ﻳـﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات‬
refrigeration, etc. Consideration should be ‫ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و ﻏﻴﺮه اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
given to separate disposal system so that the
possibility of solids formation is eliminated. ‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد ﺗﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات از آن ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد‬

7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7

See Appendix B and Figs. 2 & 3. and Table 3 in (‫ را در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب‬3 ‫ و ﺟﺪول‬3 ‫ و‬2 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( و ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي‬
Appendix B.
.‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬

7.3 Quench Drum ‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7

7.3.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-3-7
A quench drum is provided as a means of ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
preventing liquid hydrocarbon condensation in
the flare system, to reduce flare capacity ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
requirements, or to prevent discharge of ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳــﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
condensable hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. In
some cases, it serves the additional purpose of ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن‬،‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
reducing the maximum temperature of flare gases ‫ﺑﺮاي اﻫﺪاف دﻳﮕﺮي ﭼﻮن ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
and hence minimizing thermal expansion
‫و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬
problems in the mechanical design of flare
headers. The quench drum functions by means of .‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
a direct contact water spray arrangement which ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آب ﻛﺎر‬
condenses entering heavy hydrocarbon vapors.
Condensed hydrocarbons and effluent water are ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
discharged through a seal to the sewer or pump ‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪه و آب ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
out to slop tankage. On the other hand,
،‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮاد زاﻳﺪ‬، ‫ﻳﻚ آب ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﭘﺴﺎب‬
uncondensed hydrocarbon vapors are vented to
the flare or to the atmosphere. Fig. 4 presents a ‫ از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
typical quench drum. ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از‬4 ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

C (Re) 2
Fig. 2-DETERMINATION OF DRAG COEFFICIENT
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

µ = Viscosity of gas, in (cp=1 m pa.s) ‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬µ
PV =Density of vapor (gas) at operating ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر)ﮔﺎز( در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PV
conditions, in (Kg/m3)
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
PL =Density of liquid at operating conditions, in ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PL
(Kg/m3) ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
D =Particle diameter, in (m) ‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ذره ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D

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‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‪/‬اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ‪ 30-20‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬

‫و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺿﻄﺮاري‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ و دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪Fig. 3-FLARE KNOCK-OUT DRUM‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -3‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

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‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ ‫‪0/3‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ 0/1‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫‪Fig. 4-QUENCH DRUM‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -4‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬

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Notes: :‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
1) It is suggested that the sewer seal be ‫( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ آب ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮاي‬1
designed for a minimum of 175 percent of the
drum’s maximum operating pressure. ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

2) Proper destination of liquid effluent ‫( ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮزا‬2
should be investigated in case it contains toxic .‫ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
or hazardous materials.

3) Criteria for venting to atmosphere should .‫( ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬3
be considered.

7.3.2 Details ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-3-7

a) The quench drum shall have a design ‫اﻟﻒ( ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
pressure capable of withstanding the
maximum back pressure. Minimum design ‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
pressure is 350 kPa gage. ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي‬350 ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

b) Water requirements are normally based on ‫ب( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﺎدي ﻣﻘﺪار آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
reducing gas and liquid outlet temperatures to ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﮔﺎز و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
about 50°C. Selection of the optimum
temperature is based on considerations of ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻣﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ و‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
temperature and composition of entering ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ورودي و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺑﻌﺪي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
streams, and the extents to which subsequent
condensation of effluent vapors downstream .‫ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎرات ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
of the drum can be tolerated.

It is generally assumed that no more than 40- ‫ درﺻﺪ‬50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬40 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
50 percent of the liquid fed will be vaporized. ‫ آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬.‫از ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
The water supply should be taken from a
reliable water system. If a recirculation ‫ اﮔﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد‬
cooling water system is used, then the ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
circulating pumps and cooling water basin
‫ﮔﺮدش آب و ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ آب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ آب ﻣﻮرد‬
must have adequate capacity to supply the
maximum quench drum requirements for 20 ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎن‬
minutes. .‫ﺷﻮد‬

The seal height in the liquid effluent line 100 ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع آب ﺑﻨﺪ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض‬
(assuming 100% water) is sized for 175% of 3 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ‬175 ‫درﺻﺪ آب( ﺑﺮاي‬
the maximum operating pressure, or 3 meters,
whichever is greater. .‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬

c) Should the quenched hydrocarbons be of a ‫ج( ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﺳﻴﺪي‬
sour nature; Provisions shall be made for ‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
proper disposal system and due consideration
be given to material specification. .‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

7.4 Sizing a seal drum ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
Sizing a seal drum and design details should be in
accordance with API-RP-521, Sections 5.4.2.2 ‫ و‬2-2-4-5 ‫ ﺑﺨﺶﻫــﺎي‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـــﺎ‬
and 5.4.2.4 . .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4-2-4-5

For treating sour water discharge from seal drums ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
refer to IPS-E-PR-725. .‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬IPS-E-PR-725 ‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

7.5 Flares ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7

7.5.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-7
Flare systems provide for the safe disposal of ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﮔﺎزي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
gaseous refinery wastes. Depending on local ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
environmental constraints, these systems can be
:‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
used for:

1) Extensive venting during startup or .‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ در ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳــﺎد در زﻣﺎن راهاﻧﺪازي ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬1
shutdown.
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ واﺣﺪ‬2
2) Venting of excess Process Plant gas.
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺿﻄﺮاري از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬3
3) Handling emergency releases from safety ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرج‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
valves, blow down, and depressurizing .‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
systems.

Designs will vary considerably, depending upon ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
the type of connected equipment and the ‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
complexity of the overall system. A flare system
generally consists of an elevated stack, means to ‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
maintain burning conditions at the top of stack ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
and means to prevent flashback within the
.‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
system.

7.5.2 Sizing ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2-5-7

The sizing of flares requires determination of the ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﻮرد‬
required stack diameter and the required stack
height.
.‫ﻧﻴﺎز را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮد‬

Since the flare tip is open to the atmosphere, high ،‫از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
gas velocities are expected at this point. Very ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
high tip velocities cause a phenomenon known as ‫زﻳﺎد ﮔﺎز در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﭘﺪﻳﺪهاي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﭘﺮش‬
blow-off where the flame front is lifted and could ً‫ ﻧﻮك ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ آﻣﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ‬،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در آن ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
eventually turn into a blow-out. Very low
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
velocities could damage the flare tip due to high
heat intensities and smoking. In this case ingress ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮارت‬
of air in the system and creation of a flammable ‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ورود ﻫﻮا‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و دود ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد‬
mixture is possible. Therefore, determination of ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﻲرود‬
the right flare diameter is important as far as ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
operation of the system is concerned.
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

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The location and height of flare stacks should be ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه از‬
based upon the heat release potential of a flare, ‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
the possibility of personnel exposure during
flaring, and the exposure of surrounding plant ‫ ﺣﺪود ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
equipment. There are exposure limitations set ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و اﺷﻴﺎء را‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
forth which must be taken into consideration.
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
This in effect fixes the distance between the
flame and the object. Now if there are limitations ‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻜﺎن)ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
on the location (distance), then the stack height ‫اﻳﻨﺼﻮرت ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
can be calculated, otherwise an optimum trade off
between height and distance should be applied. .‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬

Wind velocity, by tilting the flame in effect ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺞ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و‬
changes the flame distance and heat intensity. ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن را ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Therefore, its effect should be considered in
determining the stack height. .‫ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻤﻮد‬

If the flare is blown-out (extinguished), or if there ‫اﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
are environmental hazards associated with the ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
flare output, the possibility of a hazardous
situation down wind should be analyzed. .‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬

a) Diameter ‫اﻟﻒ( ﻗﻄﺮ‬

Flare stack diameter is generally sized on a ‫ﻗﻄﺮ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
velocity basis, although pressure drop should .‫ اﻣﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
be checked. Depending on the volume ratio of
maximum conceivable flare flow to ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
anticipated average flare flow, the probable ،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار‬،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
timing, frequency, and duration of those flows,
and the design criteria established for the
‫دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق و ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
project to stabilize flare burning, it may be 0/5 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮوژه ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
desirable to permit a velocity of up to 0.5 ‫ ﻣﺎخ ﺑﺮاي‬0/2 ‫ﻣﺎخ در زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻢ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
Mach for a peak, short-term, infrequent flow,
with 0.2 Mach maintained for the more normal ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي ﻣﺠﺎز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
and possibly more frequent conditions. ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
Smokeless flares should be sized for the
conditions under which they are to operate
.‫اﻧﺪازه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
smokelessly.

The formula relating velocity (as Mach ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬
number) to flare tip diameter can be expressed :‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
as follows:

W T .z
(Eq. 2) Mach = (3.23) (10-5) (2 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
P2 D 2 KM w

Where P2 is flowing pressure at the flare tip in ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬P2 ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
kPa absolute and D is flare tip diameter in ‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و‬
meter.
.‫اﺳﺖ‬

Pressure drops as large as 14 kilopascals have ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬14 ‫اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
been satisfactorily used at the flare tip. Too ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
low a tip velocity can cause heat and corrosion
damage. The burning of the gases becomes .‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن و آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬

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quite slow, and the flame is greatly influenced ‫در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آرام اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
by the wind. The low-pressure area on the
downwind side of the stack may cause the
‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑــﺎد ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
burning gases to be drawn down along the ‫ﻛﻢ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن‬
stack for 3 meters or more. Under these ‫ در‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮدد‬3 ‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪزه‬
conditions, corrosive materials in the stack
gases may attack the stack metal at an ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي دودﻛﺶ‬
accelerated rate, even though the top 2.4-3 .‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪن دودﻛﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
meters of the flare is usually made of
corrosion-resistant material.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از ﻣﻮاد‬3 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2/4 ‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

b) Height ‫ب ( ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
The flare height is generally based on the ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
radiant heat intensity generated by the flame.
.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

The following equation may be used to ‫ ﺑﺮ‬D ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
determine D in (meter) the minimum distance ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬
from the midpoint of the flare to an object
whose exposure to thermal radiation must be .‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي آن وﺟﻮد دارد‬
limited.

FQ
(Eq. 3) D (3 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
4K

The factor F allows for the fact that not all the ‫ اﻣﻜﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬F ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
heat released in a flame can be released as ‫ را ﻧﺸﺎن‬،‫در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﮔﺮدد‬
radiation. Measurement of radiation from flames
indicate that the fraction of heat radiated (radiant ‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
energy per total heat of combustion) increases (‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻲ )اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
toward a limit, similar to the increase in the
burning rate with increasing flame diameter. Data ‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪي )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
from the U.S Bureau of Mines for radiation from ‫ دادهﻫﺎي داﻳﺮه ﻣﻌﺎدن آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬.،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
gaseous-supported diffusion flames are given in
‫ آورده‬4 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي در ﺟﺪول‬
Table 4.
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

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TABLE 4 - RADIATION FROM GASEOUS DIFFUSION FLAMES

‫ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي‬-4 ‫ﺟﺪول‬

BURNER  RADIATIVE OUTPUT 

GAS DIAMETER    100
 THERMAL OUTPUT 
‫ﮔﺎز‬ (CENTIMETERS)
(‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ (‫)ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
100 ×
HYDROGEN ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬ 0.51 9.5
0.91 9.1
1.90 9.7
4.10 11.1
8.40 15.6
20.30 15.4
40.60 16.9

BUTANE ‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎن‬ 0.51 21.5

0.91 25.3
1.90 28.6
4.10 28.5
8.40 29.1
20.30 28.0
40.60

METHANE
0.51 10.3
‫ﻣﺘﺎن‬
0.91 11.6
1.90 16.0
4.10 16.1
8.40 14.7

NATURAL GAS (95 20.30 19.2

PERCENT CH4)
(‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﺘﺎن‬95) ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ 40.60 23.2

These data apply only to the radiation from a gas. ‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫اﻳﻦ دادهﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
If liquid droplets of hydrocarbon larger than 150 ‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬
micrometers in size are present in the flame, the
values in Table 4 should be somewhat increased. ‫ ﻣﻘﺪاري‬4 ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول‬،‫وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬

The fraction of heat intensity transmitted, τ is ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬τ ،‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
used to correct the radiation impact. It can be :‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
calculated from the following relationship:

(Eq.4)   0.79( 100

r
)1 / 16 ( 30D.5 )1 / 16 (4 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬

Where D is distance from flame to illuminated ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
area, in meters. .‫اﺳﺖ‬

This equation is strictly applicable under the :‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
following conditions. Luminous hydrocarbon ،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1227 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ در‬
flame radiating at 1227°C, 27°C dry bulb ambient
temperature, relative humidity more than 10%, ‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬27 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
distance from the flame between 30 and 150 m, ‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬30 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
but it can be used to estimate the order of
‫ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬τ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

magnitude of τ under a wide range of conditions. ‫ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This equation should prove adequate for
most flare gases, except H2 and H2S which burn
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮر ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻮر‬H2S ‫ و‬H2 ‫ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺰ‬
with little or no luminous radiation. .‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد‬

The allowable radiation level, K is given in Table .‫ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬5 ‫ در ﺟﺪول‬K ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
5.

TABLE 5 - RECOMMENDED DESIGN FLARE RADIATION LEVELS EXCLUDING SOLAR

RADIATION
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺴﺎب ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬-5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PERMISSIBLE DESIGN LEVEL K
K ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺠﺎز ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ CONDITIONS
KILOWATTS PER ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
SQUARE METER
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
HEAT INTENSITY ON STRUCTURES AND IN AREAS WHERE
OPERATORS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE PERFORMING DUTIES
AND WHERE SHELTER FROM RADIANT HEAT IS AVAILABLE,
15.77 FOR EXAMPLE, BEHIND EQUIPMENT
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت روي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ و ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم وﻇﺎﻳﻔﺸﺎن در آﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫و ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ‬
VALUE OF AT DESIGN FLARE RELEASE AT ANY LOCATION
TO WHICH PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS, FOR EXAMPLE, AT
GRADE BELOW THE FLARE OR ON A SERVICE PLATFORM OF
NEARBY TOWER. EXPOSURE MUST BE LIMITED TO A FEW
9.46 SECONDS, SUFFICIENT FOR ESCAPE ONLY.
‫ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬:‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪار آزاد ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻓﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮار‬.‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳﺎ روي ﺳﻜﻮي ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺮج‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS

LASTING UP TO 1 MINUTE MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
6.31 CLOTHING
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬1 ‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﺣﻔﺎظ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬

4.73 HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS

LASTING SEVERAL MINUTES MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
CLOTHING.
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري در ﭼﻨﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬

1.58 VALUE OF K AT ANY LOCATION WHERE PERSONNEL WITH

APPROPRIATE CLOTHING MAY BE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED.
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم در‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
On towers or other elevated structures where ‫در ﺑﺮجﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮار ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
rapid escape is not possible, ladders must be
‫ ﻧﺮدﺑﺎنﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﻼف ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
provided on the side away from the flare, so the
structure can provide some shielding when K K ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
radiation intensity is greater than 6.31 kilowatts ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬6/31 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
per square meter.
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬

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As for the effect of radiation level on humans it ‫در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
should be noted that the allowable radiation level ‫داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
is a function of length of exposure. Table 6 gives
exposure times necessary to reach the pain ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ‬6 ‫ ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
threshold. .‫رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬

TABLE 6 - EXPOSURE TIMES NECESSARY TO REACH THE PAIN THRESHOLD

‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬-6 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
RADIATION INTENSITY TIME TO PAIN THRESHOLD
‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬
KILOWATTS PER SQUARE METER (SECONDS)
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ (‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
1.74 60
2.33 40
2.90 30
4.73 16
6.94 9
9.46 6
11.67 4
19.87 2

The correction for the location of the flame center ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ زﻣﺎن در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
will be quite significant when radiation levels are .‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
examined.

Information on this subject is limited and is ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
usually based on visual observations in .‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﻴﻨﻲ در ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
connection with emergency discharges to flares.
Fig. 5 gives flame length versus heat release. -‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ‬5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫دﻫﺪ‬

c) Wind effect ‫ج( ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد‬

Another factor to be considered is the effect of ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
wind in tilting the flame, thus varying the
distance from the center of the flame, which is
‫واژﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
considered to be the origin of the total radiant ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
heat release, with respect to the plant location ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
under consideration. A generalized curve for
approximating the effect of wind is given in .‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 6.
d) Dispersion ‫د( ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
Where there is concern about the resulting ‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز درﺟﻮ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن‬
atmospheric dispersion if the flare were to be
API ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
extinguished, reference should be made to the
API Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, ‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي‬،‫درﺑﺎره دﻓﻊ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
Volume on Atmospheric Emissions for ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
calculating the probable concentration at the
point in question. .‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬

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A sample calculation has been presented in .‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )د( ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Appendix D.
Flame length including any lift off, Meters
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬، ‫ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬

HEAT RELEASE, WATTS

‫ وات‬،‫ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬

● Fuel gas (508 mm stack) (‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬508 ‫●ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﮔﺎزي )دود ﻛﺶ‬

○ Algerian gas well ‫○ ﭼﺎه ﮔﺎز اﻟﺠﺰاﻳﺮي‬
∆ Catalytic reformer recycle gas (610 mm stack) (‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬610 ‫∆ ﮔﺎز ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
□ Catalytic reformer reactor effluent gas (610 mm ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬610 ‫□ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ راﻛﺘﻮر رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
stack)
(‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
◊ Dehydrogenation unit (305 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬305 ‫◊ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن زداﻳﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
× Hydrogen (787 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬787 ‫× ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬
 Hydrogen (762 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬762 ‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬

Fig. 5- FLAME LENGTH VERSUS HEAT RELEASE:

INDUSTRIAL SIZES AND RELEASES
:‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬-5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Multiple points indicate separate observations or ‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺠﺰا ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﻮرد‬
different assumptions of heat content.
.‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬

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Notes: :‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬

U  =LATERAL WIND VELOCITY ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬U 

Uj = EXIT GAS VELOCITY FROM STACK ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ‬Uj

Fig. 6-APPROXIMATE FLAME DISTORTION DUE TO LATERAL WIND ON JET

VELOCITY FROM FLARE STACKS
‫ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ روي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-6 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

7.5.3 Design details ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬3-5-7

1) Smokeless flares ‫( ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬1
Smoke-free operation of flares can be ‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ‬
achieved by various methods, including steam ‫ دﻣﺶ‬،‫ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
injection, injection of high pressure waste gas,
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫ﻫﻮا‬
forced draft air, operation of flares as a
premixed burner, or distribution of the flow ‫اﺧﺘﻼط ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
through many small burners. .‫دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
The most common type of smokeless flare ‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺪون دود‬
involves steam injection. .‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

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The assist medium mass requirements are low ‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز‬
for steam and fuel gas because of their high ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار وزﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎده واﺳﻄﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
velocity relative to the flare gas. Typical
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
values for steam or fuel gas are from 0.20 to
0.50 kilograms of assist gas per kilograms of ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬0/50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/20 ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ از‬
hydrocarbon flow. .‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The following equation predicts steam use for ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
a given hydrocarbon molecular mass (weight) ‫ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ وزن)ﺟﺮم( ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
gas to be burned in a smokeless flare.
.‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد را ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
(Eq. 5) W steam = W HC [0.68 - (10.8/M)] (5 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
2) Flashback protection ‫( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬2
The most common method of preventing ‫ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬
propagation of flame into the flare system due ‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ورود ﻫﻮا‬
to entry of air is the installation of a seal drum
‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬7 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
as depicted in Fig. 7. Flame arresters are
occasionally used for flashback protection; ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑـﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠــﻪ‬
however, they are subject to plugging, and ‫ اﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
their application is limited.
.‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
Alternatively, continuous introduction of ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺪاوم از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬
purge gas can be used to prevent flash back. A ‫ در‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
safe condition exists in situations involving
‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا اﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ از‬
hydrocarbon air mixtures if a positive flow of
oxygen free gas is maintained, allowing the ‫ ﻛﻪ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
oxygen concentration to be no greater than 6 ‫ درﺻﺪ‬6 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬7/6 ‫در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
percent at a point 7.6 meters from the flare tip.
The injection rate should be controlled by a ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﻤﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
fixed orifice to ensure that supply remains ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ روزﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
constant and is not subject to instrument
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ از ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
malfunction or maladjustment.
.‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
Molecular seals can be used to minimize purge ‫ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان‬
gas rates. .‫ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

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To flare
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

Flare header
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

Try cocks for checking

hydrocarbon
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﺎوري ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
Vent
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬

Water level
‫ﺳﻄﺢ آب‬

Submerged weir welded

Water supply on end of flare line
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ آب‬ ‫آبﺑﻨﺪ ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

‫ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
See note
Baffle
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

Drain
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

Fig. 7-FLARE STACK SEAL DRUM

‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
It is suggested that the sewer seal be designed for ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
a minimum of 175 percent of the drum’s
maximum operating pressure.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

3) Ignition ‫( ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ‬3

To ensure ignition of flare gases, continuous ‫ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
pilot with a means of remote ignition are
recommended for all flares. The most
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ از دور ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
commonly used type of igniter is the flame- ‫ ﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
front propagation type, which uses a spark ،‫ﺟﻠﻮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻗﻪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن از دور‬
from a remote location to ignite a flammable
mixture. .‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﺗﺶ ﮔﻴﺮ را ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬

Pilot igniter controls are located at a safe ‫ادوات ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
distance from the base of elevated flares and at ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي‬30 ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
least 30 meters from ground flares.
.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬

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It is recommended that a low pressure alarm ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎز‬
for the pilot gas be provided so that the ‫ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﺪي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در اﺗﺎق‬
operator in the control room becomes aware of
pilot blow out. .‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل از ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬

Reliable pilot operation under all wind and ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ وزش ﺑﺎد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب‬
weather conditions is essential. Flaring ‫ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ‬.‫ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
operations are for the most part intermittent
and non-scheduled. The flare must be instantly ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰي ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
available for full emergency duty to prevent ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
any possibility of a hazardous or
‫ﺧﻄﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
environmentally offensive discharge to the
atmosphere. Wind-shields and flame retention ‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬
devices may be used to ensure continuous ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ﻣﺪاوم ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
piloting under the most adverse conditions.
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎد و ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬

4) Fuel system ‫( ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬4

Fuel gas supply to the pilots and ignitors must ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻫﺎ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
be highly reliable. Since normal plant fuel ‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
sources may be upset or lost, it is desirable to ‫ ﻻزم‬،‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ دﭼﺎر اﺷﻜﺎل ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
provide a backup system connected to the ‫اﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦﺗﺮي ﻛﻪ در‬
most reliable alternative fuel source, with ‫ﺻﻮرت اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﻓﺸﺎر را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
provision for automatic cut-in on low pressure.
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬
Use of waste gas with low energy content or
‫زاﺋﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
with unusual burning characteristic should be
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ادوات اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺮاي‬.‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
avoided. Parallel instrumentation for pressure
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر اﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
reduction is frequently justifiable. The flare
fuel system should be carefully checked to
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﺪراتﻫﺎ‬
ensure that hydrates cannot present a problem. ‫ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺸﻜﻞ در آن ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
Because of small lines long exposed runs, ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﻃﻮل‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
large vertical rises up the stack, and pressure ‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫زﻳﺎد‬
reductions, use of a liquid knockout pot or ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎز‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬
scrubber after the last pressure reduction is .‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
frequently warranted. If at all feasible in terms ‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬،‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
of distance, relative location, and cost, it is ‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ روي ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
considered good practice to install a low- ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ رﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
pressure alarm on the fuel supply after the last ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن از ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬
regulator or control valve so that operators .‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
will be warned of any loss of fuel to the pilots.

5) Fired or endothermic flares ‫(ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬5

When low heating value gases are to be sent to

‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ‬
a flare stack, fired or endothermic flare are ‫ از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
used (Sulfur plant tail gas presents an ‫ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ واﺣﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮدﺳﺎزي( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫)ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
example).
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

37
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Generally, if the heating value of the gas to be ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﮔﺮ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﮔﺎز ارﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
flared is less than 4280 kJ/m3 a fired flare with ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4280 ‫از‬
a high heating value assist gas may be
required for complete combustion. ‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
6) Location ‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬6
The location of flares in the vicinity of tall ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
refinery equipment should be examined. ‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت داغ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
Flames or hot combustion products can be
carried by the wind, which could cause
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
problems and create hazards to personnel ‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﺎر‬
working on these elevated structures at the ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ را در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
time of a flare release. As discussed in the
،‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
section on sizing, flare height and distance are
dependent on radiation intensity. When either ‫ ﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
the height or the distance from the plant of a ‫از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و دﻳﮕﺮي‬
flare is fixed the other can be determined. ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
Usually there are constraints on the distance,
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از واﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آن ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ‬
therefore stack height is calculated.
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
If there are no constraints on the distance and ‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد‬
flare height is to be determined, the following .‫ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
guideline is recommended.
For stack heights less than 23 meters a ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي و‬91 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
distance of 91 meters, and for stack heights ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از‬61 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
greater than 23 meters a distance of 61 meters
from the plant is considered. .‫واﺣﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
7) Due consideration should be given to ‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار‬7
installation of flow measuring equipment on ‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن روي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
the flare system. Specifically sub-headers
handling continuous relief loads from ‫ﺧﺼﻮص در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬
individual units shall be provided with proper ‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ارﺳﺎل ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
flow elements.
.‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
7.6 Burning Pits ‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
Burning pit flares can handle flammable liquids ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬
or gases or mixtures of the two. A typical design ‫ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮح‬8 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﻧﻬﺎ را دارﻧﺪ‬
is shown in Fig. 8. In this figure a circular pit is
illustrated, but any convenient shape may be
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﺪور‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
used. ‫ اﻣﺎ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
The burning pit is simply a shallow earth or ‫ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ در واﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
concrete surfaced pool area enclosed by a dike ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﻳﻮاري اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ‬
wall, a liquid/vapor inlet pipe through the wall,
and provided with pilot and ignitor. While the .‫ﺑﺨﺎر از ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﻮار ﺑﻮده و ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
design basis flow is adequate for handling ‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
emergency releases, a more conservative ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ روش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎراﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
approach is recommended for continuous flaring
services, incorporating up to twice the calculated ‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮدال‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺪاوم‬
pit area. .‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
38
 ‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬ ‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬

‫‪0.65 m min‬‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب )ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻻﻳﻲ = ‪ 5‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 0/6‬ﻣﺘﺮ – ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬

‫)ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬

‫دﻳﻮارﺣﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ ‪ 30‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﻓﻖ‬
‫‪45 m3/h‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ آب ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‪45-‬‬ ‫‪0/45‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي آزاد‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫ردﻳﻔﻬﺎي ﺳﻮراخﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﻄﺮ ‪38‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮروي ﮔﺎم ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ‪75‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع روﻏﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ آب‬

‫‪Base distributor diameter on pressure drop along its length of 0.17 kPa‬‬ ‫ﻛﻒ ﮔﻮدال‬
‫‪at maximum flow. Base distributor length and number of holes on‬‬
‫‪pressure drop of 1.72 kPa across the holes at maximum flow‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 0/17‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 1/72‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل از ﻋﺮض‬
‫ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺑﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﻮز‬ ‫ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‪ 38 ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮل آب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬

‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ دﻳﻮار ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﭘﺮ ازﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ازﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ روﻏﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺠﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب‬
‫ورودي آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ و ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ‬

‫‪Fig. 8-TYPICAL BURNING PIT‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪-8‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

7.6.1 Burning pit flare sizing ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬1-6-7
The burning pit area is sized to provide sufficient ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
surface to vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal
to the maximum incoming liquid rate. The
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
calculation procedure is as follows: ‫ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬.‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

1) Determine the linear regression rate of the ‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان‬.‫( ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬1
liquid surface (i.e. the rate at which the liquid ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮارت‬
level would fall as a result of vaporization by
radiant heat from the burning vapor above it, ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي آن– ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض ﻛﻪ‬
assuming no addition of incoming liquid): :(‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدد‬

Q
(Eq. 6) SR=K1 (6 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
QV .q1
2) Determine the pit area necessary to ‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬،‫( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال‬2
vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal to the .‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
liquid input rate:

l
(Eq.7) AP=K2 (7 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
S R . l
3) The dike wall height above the water level ‫( ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬3
is selected to provide hollow capacity for the 30 ‫ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ آزاد ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل‬
largest liquid release resulting from a single
contingency during 30 minutes, plus 460 mm ‫ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻻزم‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع آزاد‬460 ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و ﺑﻌﻼوه‬
free board. The liquid rate is based on the ‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
actual flashed liquid entering the pit, assuming
no burning or further vaporization in the pit. ‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻋﺪم ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ‬
The height of the dike wall above the water ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
level should not however, be less than 1.20 .‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/2 ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
meters.

7.6.2 Spacing of burning pit flares ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ‬2-6-7

Spacing is based upon radiant heat consideration

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺰان ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
at maximum heat release, using a simplified ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺳﺎده‬
calculation procedure, as follows: :‫ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬

FQ
(Eq. 8) D= (8 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
4K
This equation has been described in the section .‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
on flare sizing.
Note that in this equation absorption of radiation ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ از ﺟﺬب اﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮاي‬
by surrounding air is neglected. .‫اﻃﺮاف ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

Also the fraction of heat radiated, as shown in ‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬،4 ‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
Table 4 refers to light gases, but in burning pits ‫ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،‫ اﻣﺎ در ﮔﻮدالﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﻚ اﺳﺖ‬
combustion of liquid is under consideration;

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

therefore, good engineering judgment should be ‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
exercised in evaluating the effect of this factor
when determining the distance.
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
.‫رود‬

The center of the flame is assumed to be 1.5 pool ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮔﻮدال از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬1/5 ‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
diameters from the center of the pool, in the ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض‬.‫ﮔﻮدال در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
direction of the point where radiant heat density
is being considered. This assumption is used to .‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد‬
allow for flame deflection by wind.

Although permissible radiant heat densities are 5 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز در ﺟﺪول‬
given in Table 5, note that its value at the ‫ ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
property line must not exceed 1.60 kilowatts per
square meter. .‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬1/60 ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬

In addition, the following minimum spacings ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
apply to burning pits: :‫ﻣﻲ رود‬
150 meters from property lines, roadways, or any
‫ ﺟﺎدهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬، ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬150
process or storage facilities.
.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬

60 Meters from any source of ignitable ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬60
hydrocarbons, such as separators, or floating roof .‫ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻨﺎور‬
tanks.

Valves in the inlet, seal water and pilot gas lines ‫ آب ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي‬
should be located according to permissible ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
radiant heat densities for personnel. Piping to the
burning pit should be suitably protected against ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
flame impingement (e.g., by installation below ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
grade).
.‫)ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺼﺐ زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬

In designing the burning pit all personnel and ‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و‬
equipment safety precautions should be observed. .‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

APPENDICES ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

APPENDIX A ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE PIPE
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
SIZING

P3/P1 (P2/P1-Above Dashed Line Only)

(‫ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺧﻂ ﭼﻴﻦ‬P2/P1) P3/P1
G/Gci

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت‬

Isothermal Flow of Compressible Fluid through Pipes at High Pressure Drops

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻢ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر زﻳﺎد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

1) Calculate N (Number Of Velocity Heads) .‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬N (1
fL
(Eq.A.1) N K (1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
D
Where: :‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
f = Moody Factor (Dimensionless). .(‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮدي )ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ‬f
L = Length of Equivalent Pipe, in Meters. .(‫ = ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل )ﻣﺘﺮ‬L

D = Internal Diameter Of Pipe, in Meters. .(‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﻣﺘﺮ‬D

K = Factor Representing Friction Resistance ،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬K
To Flow, Dimensionless. (From Table
1)
(1 ‫ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ )از ﺟﺪول‬

2) Calculate P3/P1 or P2/P1 .‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬P2/P1 ‫ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 (2

Where: :‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
P3 = Pressure in Reservoir into Which Pipe
.‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬P3
Discharges.101 KPa absolute with atmosphere
discharge. (‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ‬101)

P1 = Pressure at Upstream low velocity ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬P1

Source, In Kilopascals Absolute. .(‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

P2 = Pressure In the Pipe at the Exit or At ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬P2
Any Point Distance L downstream From .‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ دارد‬L ‫دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
the Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
.(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬

3) Calculate Gci .‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬Gci (3

MW 0.5
(Eq.A.2) Gci  6.7 P1 ( ) (2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
zT1
Where: :‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
Gci = Critical Mass Flux, In Kilograms per
Second per Square Meter. (‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Gci
MW = Molecular Weight Of the Vapor. .‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬MW
T1 = Temperature at upstream low velocity .(‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬T1
source, in Kelvin.
z = Compresibility factor .‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z
4) From P3/P1 or P2/P1 and N, Read G/ .‫ را ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ‬G/ Gci ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬N ‫ و‬P2/P1 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 ‫( از‬4
Gci.
5) Calculate G in (Kilograms per Second per ‫ را ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬G (5
Square Meter). .‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
6) Calculate w (Actual Flow in Kilograms ‫ )ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( را‬w (6
per Second).
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
Where: :‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
w = G  (Cross-Sectional Area of Pipe, In (‫ ﺿﺮب در )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G= w
Square Meters).

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APPENDIX B ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬
SIZING A KNOCK-OUT DRUM ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬

Sizing a knock-out drum is generally a trial-and- ‫اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻌﻲ و ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
error process. First, the drum size required for ‫ در اﺑﺘﺪا اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬.‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
liquid entrainment separation is determined. ‫ ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪا‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ از ذرات ورودي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Liquid particles will separate (a) when the ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ )اﻟﻒ( زﻣﺎن اﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﺎ‬
residence time of the vapor or gas is equal to or
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از زﻣﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻲ ﻛﺮدن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
greater than the time required to travel the
available vertical height at the dropout velocity of ‫ )ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
the liquid particles and (b) when the vertical gas ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط‬
velocity is sufficiently low to permit the liquid ‫ اﻳﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
droplet to fall. This vertical height is usually ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز و‬.‫از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
taken as the distance from the liquid surface. The
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺨﺘﻪ و ورود‬
vertical velocity of the vapor and gas must be low
enough to prevent large slugs of liquid from
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدد‬
entering the flare. Since the flare can handle ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺠﺎز در‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را دارد‬
small-sized liquid droplets, the allowable vertical ‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑــﺎ‬
velocity in the drum may be based on that ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬600 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬300 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
necessary to separate droplets from 300 to 600
:‫ﻳﻚ ذره در ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
micrometers in diameter. The dropout velocity of
a particle in a stream is calculated as follows:

g.D(  L  V )
(Eq.B.1) U c = 1.15 (1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
V (C )

Where D is particle diameter in meters. .‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ذرات ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬

This basic equation is widely accepted for all ‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزيﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
forms of entrainment separation. .‫ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

The second step in sizing a knock-out drum is to ‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دوم در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
consider the effect any liquid contained in the ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
drum may have on reducing the volume available ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
for vapor/liquid disengagement. This liquid may
result from (1) condensate that separates during a (1) :‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
vapor release or (2) liquid streams that (2) .‫ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ آزادﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
accompany a vapor release. It is suggested that ‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛــﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
the volume occupied by the liquid be based on a
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار‬
release lasting 20-30 minutes. Any accumulation
of liquid retained from a prior release (pressure ‫ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬.‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫آزادﺳﺎزي در ﻃﻮل‬
relief valves or other sources) must be added to ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ )ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
the liquid indicated in Items 1 and 2 above to ‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در‬،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
determine the available vapor disengaging space.
‫ ﺑﺎﻻ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻀﺎي در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي‬2 ‫ و‬1 ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
However, for situations where the knock-out
drum is used to contain large liquid dumps from ‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬

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pressure relief valves on other sources where ‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻛﻪ از‬
there is not significant flashing and the liquid can ‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ روي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
be removed promptly, it would not usually be
necessary to consider these volumes relative to
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺪا‬،‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ‬
vapor disengaging. ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

The economics of vessel design should be ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
considered when selecting a drum size and may .‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻳﺎ اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن‬
influence the choice between a horizontal and a
vertical drum. When large liquid storage is ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺎرش ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
desired and the vapor flow is high, a horizontal ‫ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺮاي‬.‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ‬
drum is often more economical. Split entry of exit
.‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن را در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
decreases the size of the drum for large flows.

As a rule drum diameters over 3.3 meters should ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬3/3 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
apply split flow arrangements for best economics. ‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬.‫از ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
Horizontal and vertical knock-out drums are
available in many designs, the main differences ‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دﺳﺘﺮس‬
consisting in how the path of the vapor is ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
directed. The various designs include the
:‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
following:

1) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ آن و‬1
one end of the vessel and exiting at the top of ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ)ﺑﺪون ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
the opposite end (no internal baffling).
.(‫ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داﺧﻠﻲ‬

2) A Vertical drum with the vapor inlet nozzle ‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر روي‬2
on a diameter of the vessel and the outlet ‫ﻗﻄﺮ)ﺟﺪاره( از ﻣﺨﺰن و ﻧﺎزل ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻮر‬
nozzle at the top of the vessel’s vertical axis.
The inlet stream should be baffled to direct the ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ورودي ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺨﺰن‬
flow downward. .‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬

3) A vertical vessel with a tangential nozzle. .‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬3

4) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر‬4
at each end on the horizontal axis and a center .‫اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
outlet.

5) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در‬5
in the center and exiting at each end on the .‫ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ‬
horizontal axis.

6) A combination of a vertical drum in the ‫( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دودﻛﺶ‬6

base of the flare stack and a horizontal drum ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺬف ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
upstream to remove the bulk of the liquid
entrained in the vapor. This combination ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر‬
permits the use of larger values for the .‫ﻋﺪدي در ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ را اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬
numerical constant in the velocity equation.

The following sample calculations have been ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدهﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮارد‬
limited to the simplest of the designs, items 1 and
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬5 ‫ و‬4 ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬2 ‫ و‬1
2. The calculations for Items 4 and 5 would be

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similar, with one half the flow rate determining ‫ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺼﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
one half the vessel length.
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The normal calculations would be used for Item 3 ‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ‬3 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮرد‬
and will not be duplicated here. .‫ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

Assume the following conditions: A single 25/2 ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار‬:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ را ﻓﺮض ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬
contingency results in the flow of 25.2 kilograms ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬496/6 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
per second of a fluid with a liquid density of
496.6 kilograms per cubic meter and a vapor ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬2/9 ‫و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
density of 2.9 kilograms per cubic meter, both at ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و دﻣﺎ‬13/8 ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
flowing conditions. The pressure is 13.8
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﭘﻮآز‬0/01 ‫ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑﺨﺎر‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬149
kilopascals gage, and the temperature is 149°C.
The viscosity of the vapor 0.01 centipoise. .‫اﺳﺖ‬

Also the fluid equilibrium results in 3.9 kilograms ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ‬3/9 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻓﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎل ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
per second of liquid and 21.3 kilograms per .‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬21/3 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و‬
second of vapor.

In addition, 1.89 cubic meters of storage for ‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ از ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎي‬1/89 ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺠﻢ‬
miscellaneous drainings from the units is desired. 3 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
The schematic in Fig. 3 applies. The droplet size ‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺠﺎز ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬.‫ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
selected as allowable is 300 micrometers in
diameter. .‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬300
The vapor rate is determined as follows: :‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

21.3 kilograms per second 21.3 kilograms per second

Vapor rate = = ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر‬
2.9 kilograms per cubic meter 2.9 kilograms per cubic meter
= 7.34 cubic meters per second ‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬7/34=

The drag coefficient, C, is determined from Fig. 2 ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬2 ‫ از ﺷﻜﻞ‬،C ،(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ)درگ‬
as follows: :‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

0.13  10 8 (2.9)(300  10  6 ) 3 (496.6  2.9)

C(R e )2   5025
(0.01) 2

From Fig. 2, C=1.3 C=1. 3 : 2‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬

The dropout velocity, ud is calculated as follows: :‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
0.5
 (9.8)( 300  10 6 )(496.6  2.9) 
U c  1.15   0.71
 ( 2.9)(1.3) 
 
Assume a horizontal vessel with an inside ‫ را ﻓﺮض‬L ‫ و ﻃﻮل اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ‬Di ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
diameter, Di and a cylindrical length, L. This :‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
gives the following total crosssectional area:


(Eq.B.2) At= ( Di) 2 (2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
4

46
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Liquid holdup for 30 minutes release from the ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻳﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻪ‬30 ‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
single contingency, in addition to the slops and .‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
drain volume, is desired.

The volume in the heads is neglected for ‫ از ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
simplicity. The liquid holdup required AL1 in ‫ )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬ALI ‫ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻻزم ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
square meters is therefore calculated as follows:
:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

1) The slops and drain volume of 1.89 cubic ‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬1/89 ‫( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬1
meters will occupy a bottom segment as ‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل‬
follows:
:‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
AL1 ( square meters)= (1.89 cubic meters)/L
2) A total of 3.9 kilograms per second of ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎ‬3/9 ‫( ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﻲ‬2
condensed liquids with a density of 496.6 ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬30 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬496/6 ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
kilograms per cubic meter accumulated for 30
minutes will occupy a cross-sectional segment :‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
(see above) as follows:

(3.9kg / s) 60 sec ond  1 

A L2  ( )(30 min utes) 
(496.6kg / m3 ) min ute  L meter 

square meters
The cross-sectional area remaining for the ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬
vapor flow is as follows: :‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

(Eq. B.3) Av = At – (AL1 +AL2 ) (3-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬

The vertical depths of the liquid and vapor spaces ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
are determined using standard geometry, (see ‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ‬hL1 :‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ( ﻛﻪ‬
Appendix C), where hL1 = depth of slops and
drains, hL1+hL2 = depth of all liquid accumulation, hv ‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه و‬hL1+hL2 ،‫و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
and hv = remaining vertical space for the vapor .‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
flow.

The total drum diameter is calculated as follows: :‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺼﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv

The adequacy of the vapor space is verified as :‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
follows: The vertical drop available for liquid .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬hv ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻘﻮط ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
dropout is equal to hv. The liquid dropout time is
determined as follows: .‫زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

 1  hV 
(Eq. B.4) θ =     (4-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
 c meters per second   100centimeters per meter 
U

The velocity of vapor , based on one vapor pass, ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻋﺒﻮر ﻳﻚ راﻫﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
is determined as follows: :‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

 7.34cubic meter sper sec oned 

Uv   
 N vapor passes 
 

 1 
  m/sec
 Av square meters 
 
The drum length required is determined as :‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
follows:

Lmin = (Uv meters per second)(  seconds) × (N (‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد راﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر‬N)(  ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ()ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Uv)= Lmin
vapor passes) meters ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬

Lmin must be less than or equal to the above ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﻔﺮوض‬Lmin
assumed cylindrical drum length, L; otherwise ‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮل‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬L ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
the calculation must be repeated with a newly
assumed cylindrical drum length. .‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺗﻜﺮار ﮔﺮدد‬

Table 3 summarizes, the calculations above for ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻮق را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي‬3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
horizontal drums with various inside diameters to ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺎن‬
determine the most economical drum size. Drum
diameters in 15 centimeter increments are ‫ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻠﮕﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
assumed, in accordance with standard head sizes. .‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬15 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬

TABLE 3 - OPTIMIZING THE SIZE OF HORIZONTAL KNOCK-OUT DRUM (SI UNITS)

( SI‫ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ )واﺣﺪ‬-3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬

Trial Assumed Assumed Cross-Sectional Area Vertical Depth Of Liquid And Liquid Vapor Required
No. Drum Drum (Square Meters) Vapor Spaces (Centimeters) Dropout Velocity, Drum
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ Inside Cylindrical Time, θ Uv Length h.
Diameter Length, L (seconds) (Meters)
‫ردﻳﻒ‬ Di (Meters)
(‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ)ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬ per L min
‫زﻣﺎن‬ (Meters)
(Meters) ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻔﺮوض‬ (Second)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬ A1 AL1 AL2 AV hL1 hL1+hL2 hv ht ‫ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮوض‬ (‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
(‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

1 22.4 5.79 4.67 0.33 2.45 190 30 140 104 224 1.45 3.9 5.6

2 2.29 6.25 4.10 0.30 227 1.53 29 137 91 229 1.28 4.8 6.2

3 2.13 6.86 3.57 0.28 207 1.23 28 133 81 213 1.13 6.0 6.7

4 1.98 7.62 3.08 0.25 186 0.98 27 128 70 198 0.98 7.0 7.4

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The data in this table are in accordance with the .‫دادهﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
example given in text.

48
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

The following conclusions can be drawn from :‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
this table:

1) All of the drum size above would fulfill the ‫( ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن در ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬1
design requirements. .‫را ﺑﺮآورده ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬

2) The most suitable drum size should be ‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬2
selected according to the design pressure, ،‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز‬،‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
material requirements, the corrosion
allowance, and layout, transportation, and .‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
other considerations.

3) The choice of two-pass flow, as shown in ‫ ﻧﺸﺎن‬3 ‫( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دو راﻫﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬3
Figure 3, is optional. .‫ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
Now consider a vertical vessel. The vapor ‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻻ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
velocity is equal to the dropout velocity which is
0.71 meters per second. The required Cross- ‫ ﺳﻄﺢ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/71 ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻗﻄﺮات‬
sectional area of the drum is determined as :‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
follows:
7.34 cubic meters per second
Cross – sectional area = = 10.3 m2
0.71 meters per second
The drum diameter is determined as follows: :‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

(4)
D= 10.3 m 2  3.6meters


Thus, a vertical drum is not a logical choice for ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل داده‬
the example given, unless layout considerations ‫ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي را‬
dictate differently.
.‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬

B.2 Details ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-‫ب‬

1) If the knock-out drum would become

‫( اﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ‬1
disproportionally large, adoption of the vane ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻴﻐﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
type knock-out drum shall be considered. .‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

2) The 20-30 minutes residence time is based ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي آزادﺳﺎزي‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫( زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬2
on the release of maximum liquid quantity for ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
the liquid space in the knock-out drum
between high level alarm and minimum pump- ‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺸﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
out level. .‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ‬

3) The pump installed to empty the drum shall ‫( ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬3
be sized to do so in two hours. .‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬2 ‫ﻛﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ را در‬

4) The header leading to the knock-out drum ‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬4
should be sloped towards it. The header from ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ ﺷﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
the drum to the flare stack should slope
continuously back to the drum. ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﻣﺪاوﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

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APPENDIX C ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج‬
DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LEVEL IN ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
A HORIZONTAL VESSEL

One way the liquid depth in a horizontal ‫ﻳﻚ روش ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را در ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
cylindrical vessel can be calculated is the ‫ روش زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي از ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
following (volume due to heads is neglected for
simplicity): :(‫ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

Liquid volume = (Segment area) (Vessel length) (‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ = )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ( )ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬

The segment area is given by: :‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

r h
(Eq. C.1) A  r 2 . cos 1    (r  h) 2rh  h
2
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج‬
 r 
r and h must have similar units. Obviously the arc ‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬h ‫ و‬R
cosine term must be calculated in radians. ‫آرك ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮس ﻛﻤﺎن داﻳﺮه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در واﺣﺪ رادﻳﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
It is worthwhile to note that this equation is r ‫ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬h ‫ ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
applicable even if h is greater than r, i.e., the
vessel is more than half full. ‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﭘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫دارد‬

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APPENDIX D ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR SIZING A ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
FLARE STACK

D.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-‫د‬

This Appendix presents an example for sizing a ‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
flare stack based on the effect of radiation.
.‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
The effect of dispersion if the flame is
extinguished is not analyzed. ‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬

D.2 Basic Data: :‫ دادهﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ‬2-‫د‬

Hydrocarbon vapor flow rate : 45445 kg/s ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬45445 :‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

Average molecular mass of vapor : 46.1 46/1 :‫ﺟﺮم ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Flowing temperature: 422 K ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬422 :‫دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬

Heat of combustion : 50,000 kJ/kg ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬50000 :‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاق‬

Ratio of specific heats : 1.1 1/1 :‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه‬

Flowing pressure at flare tip:101.3 kPa (absolute) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬101/3 :‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
Design wind velocity : 8.9 m/s ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬8/9 :‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎد‬

D.3 Calculation of Flare Diameter ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3-‫د‬

For Mach= 0.2 the flare diameter is calculated as ‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬،0/2 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺪد ﻣــﺎخ‬
follows:
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
W
Mach = (3.23)(10 5 ) zT / k .M w
P2 D 2

45445
0. 2 = (3.23)(10 5 ) 422 /(1.1)(46.1)
101.3D 2

d = 0.46m

D.4 Calculation of Flame Length ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬4-‫د‬

The heat liberated Q in kilowatts, is calculated as ‫ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑـﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬Q ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
follows:
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Q = (12.6)(50000) = 6.3 × 105 kW
From Fig. 5, the flame length, Lf, is 52 meters. .‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬52 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،Lf ،‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،5 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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D.5 Calculation of Flame Distortion Caused by ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬5-‫د‬
Wind Velocity
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The vapor flow rate is dertemined as follows:

Flow = (12.6) (22.4/46.1) (422/273) = Q =(12.6)(22.4/46.1)(422/273) =9.46‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ واﻗﻌﻲ‬

3
9.46 actual m /s
:‫اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The flame distortion caused by wind velocity is
calculated as follows: ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬ U
U  /Uj = Wind velocity/Flare tip velocity ‫ـــــــ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬ Uj

The flare tip exit velocity, Uj, may be determined ‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬،Uj ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮوج از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
as follows: :‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
Uj = Flow / (  d2/4)
Uj = ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬/ (  d2/4)

9.46
Uj = = 56.9 m/s
 (0.46) / 4
2

U  / Uj = 8.9 / 56.9 = 0.156

From Fig. 6: :6 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ∆Y/L = (0.35) = 18.2m  ∆Y/L = (0.35) = 18.2m
 ∆X/L = (0.85) = 44.2m  ∆X/L = (0.85) = 44.2m

D.6 Calculation of required flare stack height (for ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺑﺮاي اﺑﻌﺎد‬6-‫د‬
dimensional references see Fig. 9). (‫ دﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد‬9 ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
The design basis is as follows: :‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬

Fraction of heat radiated, F, is 0.3. .‫ اﺳﺖ‬0/3 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،F ،‫ﺟﺰء ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
Maximum allowable radiation, K, at 45.7 meters ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬45/7 ‫ در‬،K ،‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
from the flare stack is 6.3 kW/m2.
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﺖ‬6/3 ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬

Assume  = 1.0, then: :‫ ﺳﭙﺲ‬ = 1.0 :‫ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬

(0.3)(6.3  105  FQ
=48.9m = D
4(3.14)(6.3) 4 K

H   H  ( 1 )(  )
2
R   R  ( 1 )( X )
2
R' = 45.7 - ½ (44.2) = 23.7 m

D2 = R' 2 + H' 2
48.92 = 23.72 + H' 2

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H' = 42.8 m
H = 42.8 - ½(18.2)
H= 33.7 m

‫ﺑﺎد‬

xc

D
H′

Fig. 9-DIMENSINONAL REFERENCES FOR SIZING A FLARE STACK

‫ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-9 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

53