MODULE 3

LINEAR LAW
 CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW

Page
Contents
3.0 CONCEPT MAP 2

3.1 UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF

BEST FIT 3

3.1.1 Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data

Exercises 1
3

3.1.2 Write equations for lines of best fit 4

Exercises 2

3.1.3 Determine values of variables from 5

a) lines of best fit
b) equations of lines of best fit
Exercises 3
6

3.2 APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS

7

3.2.1 Reduce non-linear relations to linear form

7
Exercises 4

3.2.2 Determine values of constants of non-lineas relations 8

given
Exercises 5

3.2.3 Steps to plot a straight line 10

Exercises 6

17
3.3 SPM Questions

3.4 Assessment test 27

3.5 Answers 30

1
 CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW

LINEAR LAW

Linear Non Linear

Relation Relation

Reducing non-linear
relation to linear form

Lines of best
fit

Determining
values of
constants

Formation of
equation

Obtaining
information

2
 UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF

BEST FIT
THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT.

The properties of the line of best fit.

 The straight line is drawn such away that it passes
through as many points as possible.
 The number of points that do not lie on the straight line
drawn should be more or less the same both sides of
the straight line.

Example.

Draw the line of best fit for the given graph below.
y

×
× x

EXERCISE 1

1. Draw the line of best fit for the following diagrams.

Exercises 1

(a) y (b) y

×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×

x x

3
 Exercises 2

Example 1 Example 2
y

y x (3, 7)

x (3 , 8) x (1, 3)

2 0x
0 x The equation that can be formed is:
1 Y = mX + c
73
=2Gradient , m =
The equation that can be formed is:
Y = mX + c 3 1
82 The straight line also passes through the
=2Gradient , m = Point (1, 3)
xY
30
Another equation can be formed is,
Y –intercept = 2
3 = 2(1) + c
Linear form
Therefore, y = 2x + 2 .c = 1
Therefore, y = 2x + 1 Linear form

y y
a) b)
x (3, 6)
9

.x (8, 1)
0 x
0 1 x

4
 y
c) d)
x ( 5 , 2) x (8, 8)

x ( 6,4)

0 7 x 0 x

3.1.3 Determine values of variables from:

a) lines of best fit b) Equations of lines of best fit

Example 1 y Example 1 y
X (7, k)
x (3, k)

x (2, 4) y = 3x + 4
2 4
x x
42
Gradient = =1 0
20
k4 The straight line also passes through
Therefore,=1 the point (3, k)
72
.k – 2 = 5 Another equation that can be formed is
.k = 7 .k = 3(3) + 4
.k = 9 + 4 = 13

5
a) lines of best fit b) Equations of lines of best fit

i) y i) y
X (6, k)
X

x (3, 3) .y = 2x - 3
1 x (k, 3)
0 x
0 x

ii) y ii) y

X (k, 6) y= 6 - x

x (3, k)
x (5, 2)
0 x
0 7 x

iii) y iii)
y
X (8, 8)
X (4, k)

x (6, 4)
.y = x + 2
x (k, 2)
0 x
0 x

6
 APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS

3.2.1 Reduce non- linear relations to linear form Y = mX + c

Example 1 Example 1
2
x Non- linear Non- linear
y = ax + b a) y = pxq
yaxx2 Take log of
=+ Divided by x log10 y = log10 (pxq) Both siders
xxxb
y1 log10 y = log10 p + log10 xq
=a+x
Linear form
xb
log10 y = log10 p + qlog10 x Linear form

Y = c + Xm Y = c mX

Exercises 4
Equation Linear form Y X m c

a) y2 = ax + b

b) y = ax2 + bx

ab
c) =+ 1
yx

d) y2 = 5x2 + 3x

5
e) y = 3 x +
x

f) y = abx

4
g) y = (x + b)2
a2

7
 Exercises 5

xy
Example 1
y
X (11, 6) a) x

x (1, 2) 10
x2
The above figure shows part of a .x (4, 2)
straight line graph drawn to represent the
equation
0x
. xy = ax2 + b
The above figure shows part of a straight
Find the value of a and b
line graph drawn to represent the equation
. y = ax2 + bx
Find the value of a and b,
62
Gradient , a = 11  1
2
A=
5
22
Therefore,
x +b xy =
5
Another equation that can be formed is
2
.(1)(2) = (1) 2 + b
5
28
b, = 2 -=
55
2 8
Hence a = 5 , b= 5

8
 y
b) c) x (3, 6)

x (1, 9)

1
0 1 x
1 The above figure shows part of a straight
.lg x line graph drawn to represent the equation
0
The above figure shows part of a straight .of xy = a + bx
line graph drawn to represent the equation Find the value of a and b,

.of y = axb
Find the value of a and b,

9
 STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE

3.3.1. Using a graph paper.

Change the non-linear function with variables x and y

to a linear form Y = mX + c

Construct a table

Choose a suitable scale

Label both axes

Line of best fit

Determine :
gradient – m
Y-intercept c

QUESTIONS

X 2 3 4 5 6 Table
Y 2 9 20 35 54

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx
Non- linear

y
a) Draw the line of best fit for against x
x
b) From your graph, find,
i)the initial velocity
ii)the acceleration

10
 Reduce the non-linear
STEP 1
To the linear form
y = px2 + qx
The equation is divided throughout dy x
2 To create a constant that is free from x
ypx qx On the right-hand side i.e, q
= + x
xx
y Linear form
= px + q Y = mX + c
x

Y = mX + c

construct table
STEP 2

.x 2 3 4 5 6

.y 2 9 20 35 54

y
x 1 3 5 5 9

STEP 3 Using graph paper,

- Choose a suitable scale so that the
graph drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

11
 12

10

x
8

x
6

x
4

x
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 x

-2

-4

From the graph,

STEP 4
find m and c

Construct a right-angled triangle,

9 1 So that two vertices are on the
Gradient , m ==2 line of best fit, calculate the
62 gradient, m

Determine the Y-intercept, c

.from the straight line graph
Y- intercept = c.= -3

12
1. The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y

It is know that x and y are related by an equation in the form

y = ax + bx2 ,1where. a and2 b are constants

.x 3 4 5 6 7
.y 7 16 24 24 16 0 -24
.
y
a) Draw the straight line graphagainst
of x
x
b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b

13
14
.x 0 2 4 6 8 10
1.67 1.9 2.21 2.41 2.65 2.79
y
It is known that x and y are related by an equation in the form
axb
.y =+, where a and b are constants.
yy
a) Draw the straight line graph y2 against x
b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b

15
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1. SPM 2003( paper 1, question no 10)

x and y are related by equation y = px2 + qx , where p and q are constants. A straight
y
against x, as show in Diagram belowline is obtained by plotting
x
y
x

x (2, 9)

x (6, 1)

0 x

Calculate the values af p and q.

17
 y
Diagram below shows a straight line graph of against x
x
y
x

x (2, k)

x (h, 3)

a. x

Gigen that y = 6x – x2 , calculate the value of k and of h

18
 SPM 2005( paper 1, question no 13)

The variable x and y are related by the equation y = kx4 where k is a constant.
a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form
b) Diagram below shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x

log10 y

. x (2, h)

(0, 3) x

log10 y
0
Find the value of i) log10 k
ii) h.

19
 SPM 2003( paper 2, question no 7)

Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. It is
x 2 , where p and k are constants.known that x and y are related by the
equation y = pk
x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 1.59 1.86 2.40 3.17 4.36 6.76

(a) Plot log y against x2.

Hence, draw the line of best fit
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of
(i )p
( ii ) k

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21
 Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.

Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pkx , where p and k are constants.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.16 5.50 9.12 16.22 28.84 46.77

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using scala of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit on the log 10-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit

(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of

(i )p
( ii ) k

22
23
Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.

,The variables x and y are related by the

equation y = px +
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5
y 5.5 4.7 px 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4

(b)where
Plot xyp against
and r arex2constants.
by using scala of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.
Hence, draw the line of best fit

(b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of

(i )p
( ii ) r

24
25
1. xy

(0, h)

.x (8, k)

0 x

The above figure shows part of a straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation
61
-Find the value of h and of ky =
x2

26
.x 1 2 3 4 5

Y - 1.5 9 43.5 114 232.5

It is know that x and y are related by an equation in the from

.y = ax3 - bx , where a and b are constants.

a) Change the equation to the linear form and hence draw the straight line graph
for values of x and y

b) From your graph, I).determine the values of a and b

II).find the value of y when x = 3.5

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 Exercises 2 Exercises 3

a) y = -x+9 a) i) k = 5 b) i) k = 3
b) y = 3x – 3 ii) k = 1 ii) k = 3
c) y = -x+7 iii) k = 5 iii) k = 6
d) y = 2x - 8

Exercises 4 Exercises 5

Y X m c a) a = 1, b = 2
b) a = 11, b = 8
a) .y 2 x a b c) a = 3 , b = 3

b) y x a b
x
1
c) 1 b 1 Exercises 5
y
x a a
1) a = - 1 , b = 10
y2 2) a = 0.5 , b = 2.8
d) x 5 3
x
e) y x x 3 5
f) lg y x lg b lg a

g) x 2 2b
y a a

SPM Questions Assessment test

1) p = -2 , q = 13
2) h = 3 , k = 4 1) h = 6 ,k=2
3) a) lg y = 4lg x + lg k
b) k = 100, h = 11 y
2) a)
4) p = 1.259 , k = 1.109 = ax2 – b
5) p = 1.82, k = 1.307 x
6) P = 1.37, r = 5.48 b) i. a = 2 , b = 3.6
ii. y = 73.5

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