4/13/18

Meet Dr. Kate Kinsella

• Kate Kinsella, Ed.D. is the
author of English 3D and
pedagogical architect of the
ReaL Book, the teacher-
mediated instructional
component of READ 180
Universal. Dr. Kinsella’s
publications and trainings
are informed by research
and time working directly
with K-12 students, coaching
teachers, and mentoring
district leadership.

3 4

What is Academic Language?

Building a High-Utility • Academic English language is

advanced English vocabulary,
Vocabulary Toolkit for grammar and syntax characteristic
Academic Success of academic register used to
communicate in formal interactions,
Kate Kinsella, Ed.D. Author: English 3D presentations and writing across
Teacher Educator and K-12 Consultant, academic subject areas.
Academic Language and Literacy

5 6
Components of Academic English Learner Sentences
English Language Development Applying Newly-Taught Words
Grade 3 Homework Sentences
• Vocabulary: concepts, technical, topic-specific
and high-utility words used across subject areas
• Syntax: the way words are arranged in order to
form sentences or phrases
• Grammar: the rules according to which the
words of a langue change form and are
combined into sentences
• Register: the style of language use or degree of
formality reflected in word choice and grammar

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An Academic English Learner Title 1 and the Vocabulary Gap
Describes Literacy Challenges
• U.S. preschoolers vocabulary exposure:
“most of my classes
that I have I havn’t • College educated, professional families: 2,250
learned anything • Not college educated, working class families:
because my teacher 1,250
donn’t explain good • Welfare families: 620
what is the meaning
of the words” Flynn, James R. (2008). Where Have All the Liberals
Gone?: Race, Class, and Ideals in America.
Miguel (Grade 8, 6 years in U.S. schools) Cambridge University Press: 102

9 10
Effective Vocabulary Instruction Vocabulary Knowledge Rating:
Improves Reading & Test Scores collocation, polysemous
. . . Highly targeted, effective and ①I’ve never seen or heard the word __.
persistent vocabulary instruction can
greatly improve reading ability, test ②I recognize the word __ but need to
scores and content attainment for both learn how to use it.
native English speakers and English ③I can use the word __ in a sentence.
language learners. For example, __.
④I can define the word__ for the class
(Beck et al, 2002; Carlo et al, 2004; August & Shanahan, 2006)
and effectively use it in a sentence.
9

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Word Knowledge Does Not Operate Word Knowledge Operates
Like a Conventional Light Switch Like a Dimmer Switch
Word knowledge exists
The lexical light is on a continuum, ranging
either on or off; from remote familiarity,
You know a word to basic understanding,
or you don’t. to lexical dexterity –
complex understanding
and agile application in
both speech and writing.

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Word Analysis: polysemous A suffix provides information about p.7

the part of speech of a word.
• Examine the suffix –ous. What words do •read verb
you know with a similar ending?
•reader noun
• What part of speech is polysemous?
•reading noun
• Examine the prefix poly-. What words do
you know with a similar beginning? •reads verb
• Examine the root word sem. What words •readable adjective
do you know that share this root? •readability noun
14

15 16
A prefix provides information about p.7 Receptive Word Knowledge
the meaning of a word.
• Words we recognize or understand when
•read verb we see or hear them.
•preread verb • Words we associate with some meaning
•reread verb even if we don’t know the full range of
definitions, connotations, or ever use them
•misread verb when we speak and write.
•pseudoread verb • Typically much larger than productive
•postread verb vocabulary knowledge.

15

17 18

Productive Word Knowledge Productive Word Knowledge:

polysemous
• Words we understand and use comfortably part of speech: adjective
and competently in spoken and written
communication; pronunciation: pä-lē-ˈsē-məs, pə-ˈli-sə-məs

• Smaller than receptive word knowledge; definition: having many meanings

• When limited, it can be stigmatizing during

example: Academic English learners can be easily
confused by polysemous words they encounter in
advanced academic and social interactions
academic material and are apt to apply a common
and written discourse.
meaning (e.g., table: a piece of furniture) to a technical
context (a graphic aid including organized figures).

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What does it mean to “know” the What does it mean to “know” the
high-utility academic word accurate? high-utility academic word accurate?
(1 of 3) (2 of 3)

• Pronunciation: ák•kyu•rit • Frequency: It is commonly used in formal

academic and professional contexts.
• Meaning(s): correct or exact in every detail
• Register: It is primarily used in relatively
• Spelling: a-c-c-u-r-a-t-e
formal writing and speaking for academic or
• Part of speech: adjective (describing word) professional purposes.
• Grammar: It modifies and precedes an noun: • Collocations (Word Partners): The adjective
The school board anticipates an accurate accurate is used with the nouns: information,
report from the superintendent. data, measurements, description.

21 22
What does it mean to “know” the High-Utility Academic Word p.11
high-utility academic word accurate? Notetaking Guide: accurate
Name Date
(3 of 3)
1 Word Meaning Examples Images
• Connotations: accurate (positive); accurate synonym: You can get an accurate
inaccurate (negative). ac•cu•rate correct measurement of your height and
adjective ____________________ at the

• Synonyms: precise, exact, correct right or 100%

_____________
doctor’s office.

_________
in every detail It is important to include

• Antonym: inaccurate _________

antonym:
accurate information when you
are writing a _______________.
inaccurate
• Word Family: (adjective) accurate, inaccurate;
! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):
(adverb) accurately, inaccurately; Students can check to see if their spelling is accurate with a

(noun) accuracy, inaccuracy ! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):

In my opinion, the (book, television show, movie )
presents an description of the life of like me.

2 Word Meaning Examples Images

factor one of many Texting while driving is a major

fac•tor things that factor in many teen car
noun ____________ or ________________________.
affect a situation
A good night’s sleep and a

________ nutritious breakfast are key

factors in a student’s
________ performance on ___________.

! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):

23 One of the most important factors when I purchase a gift for a friend is the 24

Vocabulary Teaching Strategy Vocabulary Instructional Routine

! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):

• A research-informed, classroom-tested,
Several influence my interest in a book, especially

• A technique that a teacher uses to

and

step-by-step sequence of teacher and

© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2018 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

accomplish a specific lesson task. student actions that are regularly followed to
Sample Vocabulary Teaching Strategies address a specific instructional goal.
• “Guessing” Meaning from Context Sample Vocabulary Instructional Routines
• Words Sorts • Teaching Major Lesson Concepts
• Vocabulary Bingo • Teaching Topic-Focused Words
• Four-Square • Teaching High-Utility Academic Words
• Crossword Puzzles • Context Analysis to Determine Word Meaning
• Original Sentences & Pictures • Quick Teach Routine for Low-Incidence Words

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Vocabulary Teaching Routine: Vocabulary Teaching Routine:
High-Utility Academic Words (1 of 2) High-Utility Academic Words (2 of 2)
• Guide students in reading and pronouncing the • Structure a framed verbal task with an engaging
word a few times. context to create some “vocabulary Velcro”.
• Have students clap/tap out the syllables. Name
• Model an appropriate response with the frame.
Date

• Direct students to copy the word correctly.

• Lead students in chorally rehearsing your response.
• Optional: Cue students to rate and discuss 1 Word Meaning Examples Images
their vocabulary knowledge with a partner. • Partner students to share before eliciting responses.
accurate a framed
• Assign synonym: You can get an accurate
writing task that requires the
• Explain the meaning using familiar language. measurement of your height and
ac•cu•rate correct
• Provide two relevant, accessible examples. correct form of the word and appropriate content.
adjective ____________________ at the
right or 100% doctor’s office.
_____________
_________
in every detail It is important to include
accurate information when you
_________
antonym: are writing a _______________.
inaccurate

! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):

Students can check to see if their spelling is accurate with a
27 ! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share): 28
High-Utility Word Routine p.9 High-Utility Academic Word
In my opinion, the (book, television show, movie )
p.12
Instructional Reference
Dr. Kinsella’s High-Utility Vocabulary Instructional Routine ~ Step by Step Notetaking
presents an Guide:
description of thefactor
life of like me.

Introduce the High-Utility Academic Word

1. Establish purpose: learning a high-utility academic word 2 Word Meaning Examples Images
2. Pronounce the word
Phase 1: Introducing Word

3. Students repeat
Name factor one of many Texting while driving is Date
a major
4. Provide part of speech
5. Syllabify
fac•tor things that factor in many teen car
6. Students repeat noun ____________ or ________________________.
7. Provide a student-friendly definition 1 Word affectMeaning
a situation Examples Images
8. Students repeat definition and fill in blank(s) A good night’s sleep and a
9. Model example #1 visibly displayed nutritious breakfast are key
accurate
________ synonym: You can get an accurate
10. Students repeat example and fill in blank(s)
factors in a student’s
11. Model example #1 visibly displayed ac•cu•rate correct measurement of your height and
________ performance on ___________.
12. Students repeat meaning and fill in blank(s) adjective ____________________ at the
right or 100% doctor’s office.
Transition to Verbal Practice
! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):
_____________
1. Introduce frame for verbal practice visibly displayed, include model response One _________
of the most important
in everyfactors
detail whenIt Iispurchase
importanta togiftinclude
for a friend is the
Phase 2: Verbal Practice

2. Students repeat model response

3. Direct attention to grammatical target(s) (underline, highlight) accurate information when you
_________
4. Prompt students to consider a response antonym:
! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):
are writing a _______________.
5. Cue partner (A/B, 1/2) to share response with partner (twice) inaccurate
6. Circulate listening, providing feedback, and preselect initial reporters Several influence my interest in a book, especially
Transition to Reporting and
7. Elicit reporting with frame, visibly displayed ! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):
8. Cue preselected students to report Students canKinsella,
© Kate checkEd.toD.see if ~their
2018 spelling
All rights is Do
reserved. accurate
not modifywith a electronically without permission.
or distribute
9. Direct students to write the word and selected response in the frame
29 ! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share): 30
!
!
(own, partner’s or strong response)
High-Utility Academic Word
In my opinion, the (book, television show, movie )
Transition to Writing Practice
1. Introduce frame for writing practice visibly displayed, include model response
Notetaking
presents an Guide:
description of thefactor
life of like me.

2. Students repeat model response (silently, phrase-cued, chorally)

Phase 3: Writing Practice

3. Direct attention to grammatical target(s) (underline, highlight) 2 Word Meaning Examples Images
4. Prompt students to consider a response, allowing adequate think time
5. Direct students to write appropriate word form and content in the frame factor one of many Texting while driving is a major
6. Cue partner (A/B, 1/2) to read response to partner (twice)
fac•tor things that factor in many teen car
7. Circulate listening, providing feedback
8. Cue partners to switch and read each other’s sentence (continue circulating) noun cause
____________ or accidents
________________________.
Transition to reporting affect a situation 1
A good night’s sleep and a
9. Elicit reporting with frame, visibly displayed 2
10. Cue preselected students to report factor
________ nutritious breakfast are key
11. Elicit additional responses factors in a student’s
! factor
________ exams
performance on ___________.
© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2013 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.!
! Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):
One of the most important factors when I purchase a gift for a friend is the

! Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):

Several influence my interest in a book, especially
and

© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2018 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

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Verbal Practice Task Precise Word Bank to Scaffold

Independent Responses
factor (noun) • the friend’s favorite __
factors
One of the most important ________ • the person’s taste in __
when I purchase a gift for a friend is
• the amount of __ I have
the ______ (noun: person’s gender).
• the cost of __
• the person’s favorite author
• the amount of time I have to shop
31

33 34

Partner Interaction Language to Select Reporters

•I select __.
•I choose __.
•I nominate __.
•I would like to hear from __.
•I’m interested in __’s response.

Visibly Displayed Responses 35 36

to Support Auditory Processing Attentive Listening Frames

Everyday English Academic English
•the friend’s favorite color
• What did you put? • What example did
•the friend’s taste in books • I put __.
you select?
•the person’s hobbies • I selected __.

•the cost of the item • What example did

you add?
• I added __.

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Writing Practice with High-Utility Academic Word p.11

Embedded Grammar Targets Notetaking Guide: similar

Name Date

1 Word Meaning Examples Images

factor (noun) similar

sim•i•lar
adjective
synonym:
alike
An ____________ is similar to
a tangerine because they have
the same _______________
almost the and color, and they are both

factors
Several _________ influence my _________
_____________

antonym:
sweet-tasting citrus fruits.

My cousin and her dog look

interest in a book, especially _________

different similar because they both have
________ eyes, big _________,

the author’s background

_____________________ and  Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):
and blonde hair.

the genre / type of book

________________________. On the first day of school, many students arrive with similar

 Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):

It’s great to have friends with interests in and
that are to mine.

2 Word Meaning Examples Images

benefit synonym: One benefit of living near

ben•e•fit advantage school is that you can _______

and get some exercise instead
noun
something of drive in rush hour traffic.
good or
___________ An important benefit of being
________
you get from bilingual is being able to listen
________ something and dance to music in two
different _________________.

39 40

Verbal Practice Task Teaching Tips:

 Verbal Practice (Think-Pair-Share-Write):

Writing Effective Practice Tasks

One benefit of owning a pet is that you can

 Writing Practice (Think-Write-Pair-Share):

when you are

similar (adjective)
Two of using a laptop or tablet to write in class are being able to

• Choose a familiar context.

and more easily.
© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2014 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

• Write a sentence frame that doesn’t require overly

On the first day of school, complex grammar.

many students arrive with • Write a sentence frame that can be completed in
many ways using students’ background knowledge.
similar ___ (plural noun). • Prepare a model response that you anticipate
students will not come up with on their own.
• haircuts • Embed a grammatical target.
• eyeglasses

41 42
Embed Grammatical Targets in Writing Prompt Expectations p.13

Sentence Frames for New Words (appropriate word use and content)
Target Word: portion (noun)
• I wish the cafeteria served two __ of __.
PROMPT: What are key factors
• A healthy diet includes several __ of __. a parent must consider before
• For dinner we usually eat one __ of __. leaving a child at home alone?
Target Word: respond (verb) Construct a thoughtful response in
• A kind teacher always __ to students’ questions academic register that includes
in a __ manner.
• When the bell rang, I __ by immediately __.
relevant examples.

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Constructed Response Frame p.13 Informational Text Analysis p.3-4
(with highlighted grammatical targets) Academic Vocabulary Types
(Source: Adolescent Sleep Research (Gable & Kinsella, 2013).

• A parent must _________ several _______ Topic-Focused & Technical (Tier 3) High-Utility Academic (Tier 2)
• adolescent • assume
before leaving a child at home alone. For • puberty • conclude
• Circadian Clock • factor
example, one key ___________ a parent • forbidden zones • sufficient/insufficient
• binge sleeping • influence
should __________ is the child’s _______. • mood swings • lead to
• depression • variety
Another important ___________ is how
• sleep deprivation • regulate
____________ the child usually is at home. • melatonin • content

Adolescent Sleep Research - Findings for Secondary Schools

Larry Gable & Kate Kinsella, Ed.D January, 2013

(boldface: high-utility academic vocabulary; capitalized: topic-specific & technical terms)

(1) In recent years researchers have long time, they naturally get sleepy and fall
concluded that the average ADOLESCENT asleep. Now they realize that circadian
45 46
Informational Text:
in America does not get enough sleep during
the week. Many factors can influence an
adolescent’s ability to get a good night’s
clocks set our sleeping patterns. Many teens
experience something similar to the jet lag of
long distance travelers. Even though teens
p.3-4
Priority Academic Competencies
Highlighted Vocabulary Analysis
sleep before tackling a challenging school may have experienced a physically active
day. However, no matter what the specific and intellectually demanding day, falling
reasons are, it is clear that insufficient sleep
can lead to a variety of physical, emotional
Upper Case = Topic-Focused & Technical
and academic problems.
asleep can be challenging. The circadian
clock keeps them alert just when other people
Lower Case = High-Utility
get sleepy.
for High-Utility Word Instruction
(2) Sleep researchers began studying teen (5) The National Sleep Foundation
sleep patterns in the 1980s. They found that contends that American teenagers actually

•Describe • Analyze Text

many adolescents actually require more need more than nine hours of sleep every
than nine hours of sleep. That is as much as night, not just on weekends. However,
infants and young children require, and much surveys indicate that only 15% of teens
more than adults do. Adolescents just get sleep 8.5 hours or more on a regular basis.

•Sequence • Cause/Effect
sleepy considerably later than others, so Moreover, more than 25% of adolescents
going to bed earlier hardly makes a sleep 6.5 hours or fewer on school nights.
difference.
(6) Going to bed earlier does not
(3) People need different amounts of sleep necessarily assure that a teenager will get
in different stages of life. Babies and
children require many hours of deep sleep.
Until age ten most children wake up fresh and
additional sleep. The circadian clock
creates "FORBIDDEN ZONES" when falling
asleep is almost impossible. For many teens
•Compare • Create
energetic. At PUBERTY, however, the the forbidden zone is in the evening hours.
body’s clock which regulates sleeping and
waking hours changes. This delay in the
body’s “CIRCADIAN CLOCK” causes teens
Therefore, even if teens go to their rooms
relatively early, they do not usually go to
sleep promptly. Instead, they tend to read,
play games, listen to music or send text
•Argue • Infer
to be wide awake at 9 or 10 p.m. when
people of other ages are typically getting messages to friends until they start to get
tired. The hormone melatonin, which tired at 11 p.m. or later.
regulates sleep in humans, does not enter
teens’ bodies until around 11 p.m. As a (7) Surprisingly, sleeping for a long time
result, adolescents tend to become drowsy on weekends does not remedy the problem.
and fall asleep later much than children or Researchers refer to that as "BINGE
adults. The hormone melatonin remains in SLEEPING." Teens catch up on sleep, but
their systems until around 8 a.m. If teens get they do not establish a healthy sleeping
up early for zero period classes such as jazz pattern. If a teen sleeps until noon or 2:00
band and AP chemistry starting as early as p.m., the brain recognizes that as a time for
7:00 a.m., they arrive to school semi-awake. sleep. When Monday morning comes again,
More seriously, they are losing critical hours the brain is still on the wrong schedule. Thus,
of sleep night after school night. schools may begin bright and early, but
teenage brains do not wake up until
(4) For many years scientists have considerably later in the day.
assumed that after people are awake for a
© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2013 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

47 48
Academic Word Family Chart: p.8 Academic Word Family Chart: p.8

Sample Words: Compare Sample Words: Cause-Effect

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

comparison compare comparable comparatively cause (of) cause
contrast contrast effect (on) affect
similarity similar similarly lead (to)
difference differ different differently result (of) result (in)
alike consequence consequently
identical impact (on) impact

48

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49 50
High-Utility Academic Vocabulary p.5-6
Well-Organized Word Wall Coxhead’s Academic Word List
Group 1/10 (Highest Incidence):
analyze assume benefit concept
consist context economy environment
establish estimate factor finance
formula function income indicate
individual interpret involve issue labor
legal major method occur percent
principle section significant similar
source specific structure . . .
word family: assume, v. assumption, n.
• Source: (Averil Coxhead, 2000)
49 •

51 52
Build Receptive Word Knowledge: Build Receptive Word Knowledge:
Replace Everyday Direction Words Replace Everyday Direction Words
Everyday Terms Academic Terms Everyday Terms Academic Terms
• Answer • Respond, Elaborate • Answer • Contribution, Response
• Finish • Complete, Develop • Idea/Thought • Opinion, Perspective
• Repeat • Restate, Review • Information • Evidence, Data, Facts
• Talk about • Discuss, Interact • Guess • Prediction, Hypothesis
• Share • Report, Contribute • Reason • Justification, Conclusion
•Questions
Think to Plan Vocabulary Instruction
about to Support Text
• Consider, Comprehension,
Contemplate
Academic Discussion, and Constructed Written Responses • Steps • Solution, Process, Sequence
• Thinking • Analysis, Interpretation
Domain-Specific Vocabulary: (Conceptual, Technical, Topic-Centric)
51 52

1. Which words are most vital to understanding the central lesson concepts
and key ideas/messages in the text?

2. Is the concept significant and does it therefore require pre-teaching?

3. Are there words that can be grouped together to enhance understanding

of a central concept?

4. How much prior knowledge will students have about this word or its 53 54
Questions
related concepts?
to Prioritize Words for p.2
Vocabulary Development Priorities
Robust, Intentional
5. Is the word encountered Instruction
frequently in academic contexts?
• Pre-teach lesson concepts and topic words.
High-Utility Vocabulary: (Widely-Used Across Academic Disciplines)
• Explicitly teach high-utility vocabulary using a
1. What high-utility academic words are included in this literary text passage consistent, interactive routine.
or informational text section that are synonyms for more commonplace
words students will no doubt already know (e.g., insufficient, not enough; • Prioritize words for more robust instruction.
issue, problem; essential, necessary; perspective, idea/opinion)?
• Teach words beyond text-based selections.
2. What high-utility academic words are included in text analysis and
discussion questions or related writing prompts that will be necessary for • Design verbal and written application tasks
students to respond competently on lesson tasks or assessments? to promote productive word knowledge.
3. Is it sufficient for students to simply recognize and understand this word • Teach words aligned with critical academic
(receptive vocabulary) or will they need to competently use this word
(productive vocabulary) at this stage of 1st or 2nd language development?
speaking and writing competencies.
4. Does the word have another high-frequency meaning that I should
address (is the word polysemous - e.g., critical (judgmental vs. crucial)?

5. Does the word have high-frequency word family members that I should
point out (e.g., analyze, verb; analysis, noun; analytical, adjective)

6. Which words can easily be figured out from the context/text resources
during either independent or teacher-mediated reading?
© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2013 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

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Lesson Planning and Support Tool - Explicit Vocabulary Instruction

st nd rd
Teacher ______________ Period ___ Observation Cycle: 1 , 2 , 3 ___ Observer _____________ Date ____

The teacher: The students:

Preparation to Teach Vocabulary Preparation to Learn 55 56

p.1
High-Utility Word Instruction:
Signals that vocabulary instruction will take place
Specifies students’ active role (taking notes, responding, etc.)
Listen attentively
Focus on instructional visuals
A Teaching Mantra for Building
Lesson Planning & Coaching Tool
Appears to have analyzed the lesson vocabulary demands and Get ready to take notes

Vocabulary Knowledge
prepared to teach new words
Provides note-taking support (a guide, a graphic organizer, etc.)

Explicit Instruction of Target Vocabulary Engagement in Learning

Uses a consistent, familiar teaching routine Listen attentively

•Expose
Directs students’ attention to the word (on board, in text, etc.) Focus on instructional
visuals (handout, board)
Supports verbal instruction with visuals (handout, board, etc.)
v Repeat when prompted
Pronounces the new word clearly a few times
v Write when prompted
Breaks a polysyllabic word into syllables (on board, clapping, etc.)

•Enrich
Focus on task, not idle or
Guides students in reading and pronouncing the word a few times doing something else
Points out the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb)
Provides the Spanish cognate (if appropriate for the students)
Explains the meaning succinctly using familiar language
Provides student-friendly accessible examples

•Equip
Structured Student Use of Target Words Application of Target Words
Structures word use with a verbal task and sentence frame v Share sentence(s) with partner
Models (spoken and written models) using the sentence frame v Respond appropriately
Partners students to share sentences using the new word Appear to understand the
word meaning
Monitors students’ verbal and written responses
v Listen actively to shared
Calls on a number of students to share responses with class responses

Instructional practices that supported vocabulary comprehension and competent use:

! ________________________________________________________________
! ________________________________________________________________
! ________________________________________________________________

Ways to enhance vocabulary instruction to support comprehension and competent use:

! ________________________________________________________________
! ________________________________________________________________

© Kate Kinsella, Ed. D. 2017 ~ All rights reserved. Do not modify or distribute electronically without permission.

57

Kate Kinsella, Ed.D.

katek@sfsu.edu (707) 473-9030

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