Mutation
- is a sudden discontinuous change in
genes or chromosomes.
-individual showing these changes are known
as mutants.
-An individual showing an altered phenotype
due to mutation are known as variant.
-Factor or agents causing mutation are
known as mutagens .
Types of Mutation
• Substitution:
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges
one base for another (i.e., a change in a
single "chemical letter" such as switching an
A to a G).
• Insertion:
Insertions aremutations in which extra
base pairs are inserted into a new place in
the DNA.
•Inversion:
a DNA sequence of nucleotides is
reversed.Inversions can occur among afew
bases within a gene or among longer DNA
sequences that contain several genes.
•Deletion:
Deletions are mutations in which a
section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
•Frameshift:
Since protein-coding DNA is divided
into codons three bases long, insertions
and deletions can alter a gene so that its
message is no longer correctly parsed.
Gene Mutation
is a permanent change in the DNAsequence
that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size
from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a
large segment of a chromosome.
TYPES:
•Inherited: •Acquired:
This type of mutation occur in the DNA of
is present throughout a individual cells at some
person’s life in virtually time during a person’s
every cell in the body. life. It cannot be passed on
to the next generation.
What Causes Mutation To Occur?
Natural Cause:
• DNA fails to copy accurately :
–when a cell divides, it makes a copy of its DNA and
sometimes the copy is not quite perfect.
•External Influences/Mutagens:
-In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent
that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an
organism and thus increases the frequency of
mutations above the natural background level.
HISTORY
• English farmer Seth Wright recorded case of
mutation first time in 1791 in male lamb with
unusual short legs.
• The term mutation is coined by Hugo de Vries
in 1900 by his observation in Oenothera.
• Systematic study of mutation was started in
1910 when Morgan genetically analyzed white
eye mutant of Drosophila.
• H. J. Muller induced mutation in Drosophila by
using X- rays in 1927 ; he was awarded with Nobel
prize in 1946.
