X-Ray Data Booklet Table 5-2. Properties of the elements.

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Z Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (eV) (J/g·K)
1 Hydrogen 1.00794 0.0708 –259.34 –252.87 1s 2S 13.598 14.304
1/2
2 Helium 4.002602 0.122 — –268.93 1s2 1S
0 24.587 5.193
3 Lithium 6.941 0.534 180.50 1342 1s2 2s 2S
1/2 5.392 3.582
4 Beryllium 9.012182 1.848 1287 2471 1s2 2s2 1S
0 9.323 1.825
5 Boron 10.811 2.34 2075 4000 1s2 2s2 2p 2P°
1/2 8.298 1.026
6 Carbon 12.0107 1.9–2.3 (graph) 449210.3 MPa 3825b 1s2 2s2 2p2 3P
0 11.260 0.709
7 Nitrogen 14.00674 0.808 –210.00 –195.79 1s2 2s2 2p3 4S°
3/2 14.534 1.040
8 Oxygen 15.9994 1.14 –218.79 –182.95 1s2 2s2 2p4 3P
2 13.618 0.918
9 Fluorine 18.9984032 1.50 –219.62 –188.12 1s2 2s2 2p5 2P°
3/2 17.423 0.824
10 Neon 20.1797 1.207 –248.59 –246.08 1s2 2s2 2p6 1S
0 21.565 1.030
11 Sodium 22.989770 0.971 97.80 883 [Ne] 3s 2S 5.139 1.228
1/2
12 Magnesium 24.3050 1.738 650 1090 [Ne] 3s2 1S
0 7.646 1.023
13 Aluminum 26.981538 2.6989 660.32 2519 [Ne] 3s2 3p 2P°
1/2 5.986 0.897
14 Silicon 28.0855 2.3325 1414 3265 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 3P
0 8.152 0.705
15 Phosphorus 30.973761 1.82 44.15 280.5 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 4S°
3/2 10.487 0.769
16 Sulfur 32.066 2.07 119.6 444.60 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 3P
2 10.360 0.710
17 Chlorine 35.4527 1.56–33.6 –101.5 –34.04 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 2P°
3/2 12.968 0.479
18 Argon 39.948 1.40 –189.35 –185.85 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 1S
0 15.760 0.520
19 Potassium 39.0983 0.862 63.5 759 [Ar] 4s 2S 4.341 0.757
1/2
20 Calcium 40.078 1.55 842 1484 [Ar] 4s2 1S
0 6.113 0.647
21 Scandium 44.955910 2.98925 1541 2836 [Ar] 3d 4s2 2D
3/2 6.562 0.568
22 Titanium 47.867 4.54 1668 3287 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 3F
2 6.828 0.523
23 Vanadium 50.9415 6.1118.7 1910 3407 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 4F
3/2 6.746 0.489
24 Chromium 51.9961 7.18–7.20 1907 2671 [Ar] 3d5 4s 7S
3 6.766 0.449
25 Manganese 54.938049 7.21–7.44 1246 2061 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 6S
5/2 7.434 0.479
26 Iron 55.845 7.874 1538 2861 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 5D
4 7.902 0.449
 Table 5-2. Properties of the elements (continued).

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Z Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (eV) (J/g·K)
27 Cobalt 58.933200 8.9 1495 2927 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 4F
9/2 7.881 0.421
28 Nickel 58.6934 8.90225 1455 2913 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 3F
4 7.640 0.444
29 Copper 63.546 8.96 1084.62 2562 [Ar] 3d10 4s 2S
1/2 7.726 0.385
30 Zinc 65.39 7.13325 419.53 907 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 1S
0 9.394 0.388
31 Gallium 69.723 5.90429.6 29.76 2204 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p 2P°
1/2 5.999 0.371
32 Germanium 72.61 5.32325 938.25 2833 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 3P
0 7.899 0.320
33 Arsenic 74.92160 5.73 8173.7 MPa 603b [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 4S°
3/2 9.789 0.329
34 Selenium 78.96 4.79 220.5 685 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 3P
2 9.752 0.321
35 Bromine 79.904 3.12 –7.2 58.8 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 2P°
3/2 11.814 0.226
36 Krypton 83.80 2.16 157.3873.2 kPa –153.22 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 1S
0 14.000 0.248
37 Rubidium 85.4678 1.532 39.30 688 [Kr] 5s 2S 4.177 0.363
1/2
38 Strontium 87.62 2.54 777 1382 [Kr] 5s2 1S
0 5.695 0.301
39 Yttrium 88.90585 4.46925 1522 3345 [Kr] 4d 5s2 2D
3/2 6.217 0.298
40 Zirconium 91.224 6.506 1855 4409 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 3F
2 6.634 0.278
41 Niobium 92.90638 8.57 2477 4744 [Kr] 4d4 5s 6D
1/2 6.759 0.265
42 Molybdenum 95.94 10.22 2623 4639 [Kr] 4d5 5s 7S
3 7.092 0.251
43 Technetium (98) 11.50a 2157 4265 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 6S
5/2 7.28 —
44 Ruthenium 101.07 12.41 2334 4150 [Kr] 4d7 5s 5F
5 7.360 0.238
45 Rhodium 102.90550 12.41 1964 3695 [Kr] 4d8 5s 4F
9/2 7.459 0.243
46 Palladium 106.42 12.02 1554.9 2963 [Kr] 4d10 1S
0 8.337 0.246
47 Silver 107.8682 10.50 961.78 2162 [Kr] 4d10 5s 2S
1/2 7.576 0.235
48 Cadmium 112.411 8.65 321.07 767 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 1S
0 8.994 0.232
49 Indium 114.818 7.31 156.60 2072 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p 2P°
1/2 5.786 0.233
50 Tin 118.710 7.31 231.93 2602 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 3P
0 7.344 0.228
51 Antimony 121.760 6.691 630.73 1587 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 4S°
3/2 8.608 0.207
52 Tellurium 127.60 6.24 449.51 988 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 3P
2 9.010 0.202
53 Iodine 126.90447 4.93 113.7 184.4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 2P°
3/2 10.451 0.145
54 Xenon 131.29 3.52 –111.7981.6 kPa –108.12 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 1S
0 12.130 0.158
 Table 5-2. Properties of the elements (continued).

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Z Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (eV) (J/g·K)
55 Cesium 132.90545 1.873 28.5 671 [Xe] 6s 2S 3.894 0.242
1/2
56 Barium 137.327 3.5 727 1897 [Xe] 6s2 1S
0 5.212 0.204
57 Lanthanum 138.9055 6.14525 918 3464 [Xe] 5d 6s2 2D
3/2 5.577 0.195
58 Cerium 140.116 6.77025 798 3443 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 1G°
4 5.539 0.192
59 Praseodymium 140.90765 6.773 931 3520 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 4I°
9/2 5.473 0.193
60 Neodymium 144.24 7.00825 1021 3074 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 5I
4 5.525 0.190
61 Promethium (145) 7.26425 1042 3000 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 6H°
5/2 5.582 —
62 Samarium 150.36 7.52025 1074 1794 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 7F
0 5.644 0.197
63 Europium 151.964 5.24425 822 1529 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 8S°
7/2 5.670 0.182
64 Gadolinium 157.25 7.90125 1313 3273 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 9D°
2 6.150 0.236
65 Terbium 158.92534 8.230 1356 3230 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 6H°
15/2 5.864 0.182
66 Dysprosium 162.50 8.55125 1412 2567 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 5I
8 5.939 0.170
67 Holmium 164.93032 8.79525 1474 2700 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 4I°
15/2 6.022 0.165
68 Erbium 167.26 9.06625 1529 2868 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 3H
6 6.108 0.168
69 Thulium 168.93421 9.32125 1545 1950 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 2F°
7/2 6.184 0.160
70 Ytterbium 173.04 6.966 819 1196 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 1S
0 6.254 0.155
71 Lutetium 174.967 9.84125 1663 3402 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 2D
3/2 5.426 0.154
72 Hafnium 178.49 13.31 2233 4603 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 3F
2 6.825 0.144
73 Tantalum 180.9479 16.654 3017 5458 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 4F
3/2 7.550 0.140
74 Tungsten 183.84 19.3 3422 5555 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 5D
0 7.864 0.132
75 Rhenium 186.207 21.02 3186 5596 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 6S
5/2 7.834 0.137
76 Osmium 190.23 22.57 3033 5012 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 5D
4 8.438 0.130
77 Iridium 192.217 22.4217 2446 4428 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 4F
9/2 8.967 0.131
78 Platinum 195.078 21.45 1768.4 3825 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s 3D
3 8.959 0.133
79 Gold 196.96655 ~19.3 1064.18 2856 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s 2S
1/2 9.226 0.129
80 Mercury 200.59 13.546 –38.83 356.73 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 1S
0 10.438 0.140
81 Thallium 204.3833 11.85 304 1473 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p 2P°
1/2 6.108 0.129
82 Lead 207.2 11.35 327.46 1749 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 3P
0 7.417 0.129
 Table 5-2. Properties of the elements (continued).

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Z Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (eV) (J/g·K)
83 Bismuth 208.98038 9.747 271.40 1564 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 4S°
3/2 7.286 0.122
84 Polonium (209) 9.32 254 962 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 3P
2 8.417 ? —
85 Astatine (210) — 302 — [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 2P°
3/2 — —
86 Radon (222) — –71 –61.7 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 1S
0 10.748 0.094
87 Francium (223) — 27 — [Rn] 7s 2S 4.073 —
1/2
88 Radium (226) — 700 — [Rn] 7s2 1S
0 5.278 —
89 Actinium (227) — 1051 3198 [Rn] 6d 7s2 2D
3/2 5.17 0.120
90 Thorium 232.0381 11.72 1750 4788 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 3F
2 6.307 0.113
91 Protactinium 231.03588 15.37a 1572 — [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 (4,3/2)11/2 5.89 —
92 Uranium 238.0289 ~18.95 1135 4131 [Rn] 5f3(4I°9/2) 6d 7s2 (9/2,3/2)°6 6.194 0.116
93 Neptunium (237) 20.25 644 — [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 (4,3/2)11/2 6.266 —
94 Plutonium (244) 19.8425 640 3228 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 7F
0 6.026 —
95 Americium (243) 13.67 1176 2011 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 8S°
7/2 5.974 —
96 Curium (247) 13.51a 1345 3100 [Rn] 5f 6d 7s2
7 9D°
2 5.992 —
97 Berkelium (247) 14 (est.) 1050 — [Rn] 5f9 7s2 6H°
15/2 6.198 —
98 Californium (251) — 900 — [Rn] 5f10 7s2 5I 6.282 —
8
99 Einsteinium (252) — 860 — [Rn] 5f11 7s2 4I°
15/2 6.42 —
100 Fermium (257) — 1527 — [Rn] 5f12 7s2 3H 6.50 —
6
101 Mendelevium (258) — 827 — [Rn] 5f13 7s2 2F°
7/2 6.58 —
102 Nobelium (259) — 827 — [Rn] 5f14 7s2 1S 6.65 —
0
103 Lawrencium (262) — 1627 — [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p ? 2P°
1/2 ? 4.9 ? —
104 Rutherfordium (261) — — — [Rn] 5f 6d 7s2 ?
14 2 3F ?
2 6.0 ? —
105 Dubnium (262) — — — — — — —
106 Seaborgium (266) — — — — — — —
107 Bohrium (264) — — — — — — —
108 Hassium (269) — — — — — — —
109 Meitnerium (268) — — — — — — —
aCalculated bSublimes