THERMAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE

ABSTRACT
The motive of undertaking this project of Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake is to study and
evaluate the performance under severe braking conditions and there by assist in disc design
and analysis. This study is of disc brake used for cars and motorcycles. ANSYS package is a
dedicated finite element package used for determining the temperature distribution,
variation of stresses and deformation across the disc brake profile. In this present work, an
attempt has been made to investigate the effect of stiffness, strength and variations in disc
brake rotor design on the predicted stress and temperature distributions. By identifying the
true design features, the extended service life and long term stability is assured. A transient
thermal analysis has been carried out to investigate the temperature variation across the disc
using axisymmetric elements. Further structural analysis is also carried out by coupling
thermal analysis.
An attempt is also made to suggest a best combination of material and flange width used for
disc brake rotor, which yields a low temperature variation across the rotor, less deformation,
and minimum stress possible. A disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel
by the friction caused by pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of callipers.
Steady state Thermal Analysis of the Rotor Disc of Disk Brake is aimed at evaluating the
performance of disc brake rotor of a car under severe braking conditions and there by assist
in disc rotor design and analysis. Disc brake model is done in Solid Edge V19 and analysis is
done using ANSYS workbench 16.0. The main purpose of this study is to analysis the
thermomechanical behaviour of the dry contact of the brake disc during the braking phase.
The coupled thermal-structural analysis is used to determine the deformation and the Von
Mises stress established in the disc for the both solid and ventilated disc with two different
materials to enhance performance of the rotor disc. A comparison between analytical and
results obtained from FEM is done and all the values obtained from the analysis are less than
their allowable values. Hence best suitable design, material and rotor disc is suggested based
on the performance, strength and rigidity criteria.
Each single system has been studied and developed in order to meet safety requirement.
Instead of having air bag, good suspension systems, good handling and safe cornering, there
is one most critical system in the vehicle which is brake systems. Without brake system in the
vehicle will put a passenger in unsafe position. Therefore, it is must for all vehicles to have
proper brake system. In this paper Aluminium disc brake material use for calculating normal
force, shear force and piston force. And also calculating the brake distance of disc brake. The
standard disc brake two wheelers model using in Ansys and done the Thermal analysis and
Modal analysis also calculate the deflection and Heat flux, Temperature of disc brake model.
This is important to understand action force and friction force on the disc brake new material,
how disc brake works more efficiently, which can help to reduce the accident that may
happen in each day.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction:
A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to moving
machine member, in order to stop the motion of a machine. In the process of performing this
function, the brakes absorb either kinetic energy of the moving member or the potential
energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc. The energy absorbed by
brakes is dissipated in the form of heat. This heat is dissipated in to the surrounding
atmosphere.

Fig 1 Disc Brake

The disc brake is a wheel brake which slows rotation of the wheel by the friction caused by
pushing brake pads against a brake disc with a set of callipers. The brake disc is usually made
of cast iron, but may in some cases be made of composites such as reinforced carbon–carbon
or ceramic matrix composites. This is connected to the wheel and the axle. To stop the wheel,
friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on a device called a brake calliper, is
forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically or electromagnetically against both sides of
the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop. Brakes convert motion
to heat, and if the brakes get too hot, they become less effective, a phenomenon known as
brake fade.
Disc-style brakes development and use began in England in the 1890s. The first calliper-type
automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham, UK
factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars. Compared to drum brakes, disc
brakes offer better stopping performance, because the disc is more readily cooled. A disc
brake consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub and a stationary housing called
calliper. The calliper is connected to some stationary part of the vehicle like the axle casing or
the stub axle as is cast in two parts each part containing a piston. In between each piston and
the disc there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins, spring plates etc. passages
are drilled in the calliper for the fluid to enter or leave each housing.

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1.2. Braking requirements:

1. The brakes must be strong enough to stop the vehicle with in a minimum Distance in an
emergency.
2. The driver must have proper control over the vehicle during braking and the vehicle must
not skid.
3. The brakes must have good antifade characteristics i.e. their effectiveness should not
decrease with constant prolonged application.
4. The brakes should have good anti wear properties.
5. Cooling of the brakes must be very efficient
6. The brake torque depends upon effective axle height and braking force between road
surface and tyre. Hence anchor pin supporting brake shoes must have enough strength to
withstand high braking load.
- Priority 1: Vehicle Deceleration: In any failure mode, appropriate deceleration must be
achieved. The basic rule being that the higher the autonomous vehicle manoeuvre speed, the
higher the deceleration in degraded mode should be.
- Priority 2: Vehicle Stability: During braking manoeuvre in any first failure mode, the locking
of the rear wheels must be avoided.
- Priority 3: Vehicle Steerability: During braking manoeuvre in any first failure mode, the
locking of the front wheels must be avoided.
- Priority 4: Secure Standstill: A vehicle that has been brought to a standstill in any first failure
mode must be secured independently in that standstill for an infinite time period - typically
solved with an independent actuator park brake or gear lock.

1.3. Classification of brakes:

1. Hydraulic brakes
2. Electric brakes.
3. Mechanical brakes.
The mechanical brakes according to the direction of acting force may be sub divided into the
following two groups:
1. Radial brakes
2. Axial brakes.
Radial brakes: In these brakes the force acting on the brake drum is in radial direction. The
radial brake may be subdivided into external brakes and internal brakes.
Axial brakes: In these brakes the force acting on the brake drum is only in the axial direction.
e.g. Disc brakes, Cone brakes.

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1.4. Principle:
The principle used is the applied force (pressure) acts on the brake pads, which comes into
contact with the moving disc. At this point of time due to friction the relative motion is
constrained.

Fig 2 : working principle of disc brake

1.5. Working:
When the brakes are applied, hydraulically actuated pistons move the friction pads in to
contact with the disc, applying equal and opposite forces on the later. On releasing the brakes
the rubber-sealing ring acts as return spring and retracts the pistons and the friction pads
away from the disc.
The main components of the disc brake are:
1. The Brake pads.
2. The calliper, which contains the piston.
3. The Rotor, which is mounted to the hub.

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2. METHODOLOGY

SOLID EDGE

BUILDING A MODEL ANSYS

MODEL MAKING

MESHING
MESHING

OBTAINING SOLUTION

PRE-PROCESSOR
APPLYING BOUNDARY
MESHING CONDITIONS AND LOADING

SOLUTION
MESHING THERMAL ANALYSIS

POST-PROCESSOR
MESHING
RESULT

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3. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

3.1. Introduction to finite Element Method:
The finite element method is a powerful tool to obtain the numerical solution of wide range
of engineering problem. The method is general enough to handle any complex shape or
geometry, for any material under different boundary and loading conditions. The generality
of the finite element method fits the analysis requirement of today’s complex engineering
systems and designs where closed form solutions of governing equilibrium equations are
usually not available. In addition, it is an efficient design tool by which designers can perform
parametric design studies by considering various design cases and analyse them to choose
the optimum design.
The method originated in the aerospace industry as a tool to study stress in a complex
airframe structures. It grows out of what was called the matrix analysis method used in
aircraft design. The method has gained increased popularity among both researchers and
practitioners. The basic concept of finite element method is that a body or structure may be
divided into small elements of finite dimensions called finite elements. The original body or
the structure is then considered, as an assemblage of these elements connected at a finite
number of joints called nodes or nodal points.

3.2. History of Finite Element Method:

The concept of finite element method has been used several centuries back, although it has
named recently. Basic ideas of the finite element method originated from the aircraft
structural analysis, the concept of finite element method was first used by courant in 1943.
He used the principle of stationary potential energy and piece-wise polynomial interpolation
over triangular sub regions, to study the torsion problems. In 1956 Turner and Clough derived
stiffness matrices for truss, beam and other elements in their presentation. The term finite
element was first coined and used by Clough in 1960. Paper presented by the Clough and
Turner presents the application of simple finite elements for the analysis of aircraft structure
and is considered as one of the key contribution in the development of the finite element
method. The digital computer provided performs many calculations rapidly involved in the
finite element analysis and make the method practical viable. Along with development of
high-speed digital computers, the application of the finite element method also progressed
at a very impressive rate. Large general-purpose finite element computer program emerged
during the late 1960s and early1970s.
In the early 1960s, engineers used the method for approximate solution of problems in stress
analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer and other areas. The book by Prezemieniecki presented the
finite element method as applied to the solution of stress analysis problems. Zienkiewicz and
Cheung presented the broad interpretation of the method and its applicability to any general
field problem. In the late 1960s and early 1970s finite element analysis was applied to non-
linear problems and large deformations. In 1963, the finite element method gained
popularity, when it was recognized as having a sound mathematical foundation.

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3.3. General procedure of Finite Element Method:

The finite element method is a method of piecewise approximation in which the structure or
body is divided into small elements of finite dimensions called finite elements and then the
original body or the structure is considered as an assemblage of these elements connected at
finite number of joints called nodal points or nodes. Since the actual variation of field variables
like displacement, stress, temperature, pressure or velocity inside the continuum are not
known, the variation of the field variable inside a finite element can be approximated by a
simple function. These approximation functions called interpolation models are defined in
terms of the values of the field variables of the nodes. The nodal values of the field variable
are obtained by solving the field equations, which are generally in the form of matrix
equations. Once the nodal values are known, the approximating functions define the field
variable throughout the assemblage of elements.
The solutions of general continuum problems by the finite element method always follow an
orderly step-by-step process.
The step-by-step procedure for static structural problem can be stated as follows:
Step 1:- Description of Structure. The first step in the finite element method is to divide the
structure of solution region in to sub divisions or elements.
Step 2:- Selection of proper interpolation model. Since the displacement solution of a
complex structure under any specified load conditions cannot be predicted exactly, we
assume some suitable solution, within an element to approximate the unknown solution. The
assumed solution must be simple and it should satisfy certain convergence requirements.
Step 3:- Derivation of element stiffness matrices and load vectors. From the assumed
displacement model the stiffness matrix and the load vector of element are to be derived by
using either equilibrium conditions or a suitable Variation principle.
Step 4:- Assemblage of element equations to obtain the equilibrium equations. Since the
structure is composed of several finite elements, the individual element stiffness matrices
and load vectors are to be assembled in a suitable manner and the overall equilibrium
equation has to be formulated as [K]φ = P Where [K] is called assembled stiffness matrix, Φ is
called the vector of nodal displacement and P is the vector or nodal force for the complete
structure.
Step 5:- Solution of system equation to find nodal values of displacement. The overall
equilibrium equations have to be modified to account for the boundary conditions of the
problem. After the incorporation of the boundary conditions, the equilibrium equations can
be expressed as, [K]φ = P For linear problems, the vector can be solved very easily. But for
non-linear problems, the solution has to be obtained in a sequence of steps, each step
involving the modification of the stiffness matrix [K] or the load vector P.

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Step 6:- Computation of element strains and stresses. From the known nodal displacements,
if required, the element strains and stresses can be computed by using the necessary
equations of solid or structural mechanics. In the above steps, the words indicated in brackets
implement the general FEM step-by-step procedure.

3.4. Advantages of FEM:

The properties of each element are evaluated separately, so an obvious advantage is that we
can incorporate different material properties for each element. Thus almost any degree of
non-homogeneity can be included. There is no restriction on to the shape of medium; hence
arbitrary and irregular shapes cause no difficulty like all numerical approximations FEM is
based on the concept of description. Nevertheless as either the variations or residual
approach, the technology recognizes the multidimensional continuous but also requires no
separate interpolation process to extend the approximate solution to every point with the
continuum.
One of the important advantages of FEM is that it makes use of boundary conditions in the
form of assembled equations. This is relatively an easy process and requires no special
technology. Rather than requiring every trial solution to satisfy boundary conditions, one
prescribes the conditions after obtaining the algebraic equations for individual’s finite
elements.

3.5. Limitations of FEM:

FEM reached high level of development as solution technology; however the method yields
realistic results only if coefficient or material parameters that describe basic phenomena are
available.
The most tedious aspects of use of FEM are basic process of sub-dividing the continuum of
generating error free input data for computer.

3.6. Applications of FEM:

The finite element method was developed originally for the analysis of aircraft structures.
However, the general nature of its theory makes it applicable to wide variety of boundary
value problem in engineering. A boundary value problem is one in which a solution is sought
in domain or region of a body subject to the satisfaction of prescribed boundary conditions.
Finite element method is the best tool in investigation of aircraft structures involving static
analysis of wings, structures of rockets and missiles, dynamic analysis, response to random
loads and periodic loads. In mechanical design, stress concentration problems, stress analysis
of pressure vessels, dynamic analysis of mechanical linkages can be effectively dealt using
finite element method.
The specific application of the finite element method in the three major categories of
boundary value problems, namely equilibrium of steady state or time independent problems,
Eigen value problems, and propagation or transient problems. In the equilibrium problems
steady state displacement or stress distribution is found for a solid mechanics problem,

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temperature or heat flux distribution in the case of heat transfer problem. Referring to Eigen
value problems in solid mechanics or structural problem, natural frequencies, buckling loads
and mode shapes are found, stability of laminar flows is found if it is a fluid mechanics
problem and resonance characteristics are obtained if it is an electrical circuit problem, while
for the propagation or transient problem, the response of the body under time varying force
is found in the area of solid mechanics.
Finite element method finds its application in the field of civil engineering in carrying out the
static analysis of trusses, frames and bridges. The dynamic analysis of the structure is to
obtain natural frequencies, modes and response of the structures to periodic loads. Nuclear
engineering also uses finite element method concept in the static and dynamic
characterization of its systems such as nuclear pressure vessels, containment structure and
dynamic response of reactor component containment structures. Even the Biomedical
engineering applies finite element method, for impact analysis of skulls. Finite element
method can be applied to analysis of excavation, underground openings and dynamic analysis
of dam reservoir systems, which come under Geomechanics.

4. FEA Software – ANSYS

4.1. Introduction to ANSYS programme:
Dr. John Swanson founded ANSYS. Inc in 1970 with a vision to commercialize the concept of
computer simulated engineering, establishing himself as one of the pioneers of Finite Element
Analysis (FEA). ANSYS Inc. supports the ongoing development of innovative technology and
delivers flexible, enterprise wide engineering systems that enable companies to solve the full
range of analysis problem, maximizing their existing investments in software and hardware.
ANSYS Inc. continues its role as a technical innovator. It also supports a process-centric
approach to design and manufacturing, allowing the users to avoid expensive and time-
consuming “built and break” cycles. ANSYS analysis and simulation tools give customers ease-
of use, data compatibility, multi-platform support and coupled field multi-physics capabilities.

4.2. Evolution of the programme:

ANSYS has evolved into multipurpose design analysis software program, recognized around
the world for its many capabilities. Today the program is extremely powerful and easy to use.
Each release hosts new and enhanced capabilities that make the program more flexible, more
usable and faster. In this way ANSYS helps engineers meet the pressures and demands
modern product development environment.

4.3. Overview of the programme:

The ANSYS program is flexible, robust design analysis and optimization package. The software
operates on major computers and operating systems, from PCs to workstations and to super
computers. ANSYS features file compatibility throughout the family of products and across
all platforms. ANSYS design data access enables user to import computer aided design models

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in to ANSYS, eliminating repeated work. This ensures enterprise wide, flexible engineering
solution for all ANSYS user.
User Interface: Although the ANSYS program has extensive and complex capabilities, its
organization and user-friendly graphical user interface makes it easy to learn and use.
There are four graphical methods to instruct the ANSYS program:
1. Menus
2. Dialog Boxes
3. Tool bar.
4. Direct input of commands.
Menus: Menus are groupings of related functions or operating the analysis program located
in individual windows.
These include:
1. Utility menu.
2. Main menu.
3. Input window.
4. Graphics window.
5. Tool bar.
6. Dialog boxes.
Dialog boxes: Windows that present the users with choices for completing the operations or
specifying settings. These boxes prompt the user to input data or make decisions for a
particular function.
Tool bar: The tool bar represents a very efficient means for executing commands for the
ANSYS program because of its wide range of configurability. Regardless of how they are
specified, commands are ultimately used to supply all the data and control all program
functions.
Output window: Records the ANSYS response to commands and functions.
Graphics window: Represents the area for graphic displays such as model or graphically
represented results of an analysis. The user can adjust the size of the graphics window,
reducing or enlarging it to fit to personal preferences.
Input window: Provides an input area for typing ANSYS commands and displays program
prompt messages.
Main menu: Comprise the primary ANSYS functions, which are organized in pop-up side
menus, based on the progression of the program.
Utility menu: Contains ANSYS utility functions that are mapped here for access at any time
during an ANSYS session. These functions are executed through smooth, cascading pull down
menus that lead directly to an action or dialog box.

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Processors: ANSYS functions are organized into two groups called processors. The ANSYS
program has one pre-processor, one solution processor; two post processors and several
auxiliary processors such as the design optimizer. The ANSYS pre-processor allows the user
to create a finite element model to specify options needed for a subsequent solution. The
solution processor is used to apply the loads and the boundary conditions and then determine
the response of the model to them. With the ANSYS post processors, the user retrieves and
examines the solutions results to evaluate how the model responded and to perform
additional calculations of interest.
Database: The ANSYS program uses a single, centralized database for all model data and
solution results. Model data are written to the database using the processor. Loads and
solution results data are written using the solutions processor. Post processing results data
are written using the post processors. Data written to the database while using one processor
are therefore available as necessary in the other processors.
File format: Files are used, when necessary, to pass the data from part of the program to
another, to store the program to the database, and to store the program output. These files
include database files, the results file, and the graphics file and so on.

4.4. Procedure for ANSYS analysis:

Static analysis is used to determine the displacements, stresses, strains and forces in
structures or components due to loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping
effects. Steady loading in response conditions are assumed. The kinds of loading that can be
applied in a static analysis include externally applied forces and pressures, steady state inertial
forces such as gravity or rotational velocity imposed displacements, temperatures. A static
analysis can be either linear or non-linear. In our present work we consider linear static
analysis.
The procedure for static analysis consists of these main steps:
1. Building the model.
2. Obtaining the solution.
3. Reviewing the results.

4.4.1 Build the model:

In this step we specify the job name and analysis title use PREP7 to define the element types,
element real constants, material properties and model geometry element types both linear
and non-linear structural elements are allowed. The ANSYS element library contains over 80
different element types. A unique number and prefix identify each element type. E.g. BEAM
3, PLANE 55, SOLID 45 and PIPE 16.

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4.4.2 Obtain the solution:

In this step we define the analysis type and options, apply loads and initiate the finite element
solution. This involves three phases:
1. Pre – processor phase.
2. Solution phase.
3. Post-processor phase.

4.4.2.1. Pre – processor:

Pre-processor has been developed so that the same program is available on micro, mini,
super-mini and mainframe computer system. This slows easy transfer of models one system
to other. Pre-processor is an interactive model builder to prepare the finite element model
and input data. The solution phase utilizes the input data developed by the pre-processor,
and prepares the solution according to the problem definition. It creates input files to the
temperature etc, on the screen in the form of contours.

4.4.2.2. Solution:
The solution phase deals with the solution of the problem according to the problem
definitions. All the tedious work of formulating and assembling of matrices are done by the
computer and finally displacements and stress values are given as output. Some of the
capabilities of the ANSYS are linear static analysis, non-linear static analysis, transient dynamic
analysis, etc.

4.4.2.3 Post – processor:

It is a powerful user-friendly post-processing program using interactive colour graphics. It has
extensive plotting features for displaying the results obtained from the finite element
analysis. The engineer may also see the important aspects of the results that could be easily
missed in a stack of numerical data. Employing state of art image enhancement techniques,
facilities viewing of:
1. Contours of stresses, displacements, temperatures, etc.
2. Deform geometric plots
3. Animated deformed shapes
4. Time-history plots
5. Solid secioning
6. Hidden line plot
7. Light source shaded plot
8. Boundary line plot etc.

4.5. Material properties:

Young’s modulus(EX) must be defined for a static analysis .If we plan to apply inertia loads we
define mass properties such as density(DENS).Similarly if we plan to apply thermal loads
(temperatures) we define coefficient of thermal expansion(ALPX).

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4.5.1. Aluminium disc :

Thermal Conductivity 0.140 watt / mK

Specific Heat 880 Joules / K

Density 2.6898 g / m3

Boiling point 2480 ` C

Melting point 660.2 ` c

Modulus of Elasticity 68.3 G pa

Table 1 : Properties of Aluminium.

4.5.2. Cast Iron disc :

Thermal Conductivity 48.0 watt / mK

Specific Heat 460.548 Joules / K

Density 7.874 g / m3

Tensile Strength 150 N / mm2

Melting point 1250 ` C

Modulus of Elasticity 10.2 G pa

Table 2 : Properties of Cast Iron.

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4.6. Dimensions of disc – Aluminium and cast iron

Outer diameter 144 mm

Inner diameter 81 mm

Hole Diameter 6.35

Thickness of disc 7 mm

Thickness of the hub 10 mm

Table 3 : Dimensions of the Disc.

4.7. CAD model of the disc:

Fig 1 : CAD model using Solid Edge.

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4.8. Meshing:
In the finite element analysis the basic concept is to analyse the structure, which is an
assemblage of discrete pieces called elements, which are connected, together at a finite
number of points called Nodes. Loading boundary conditions are then applied to these
elements and nodes. A network of these elements is known as Mesh.
Before building the model, it is important to think about whether a free mesh or a mapped
mesh is appropriate for the analysis. A free mesh has no restrictions in terms of element
shapes and has no specified pattern applied to it.

Fig 2 : Meshing
Compared to the free mesh, a mapped mesh is restricted in terms of the element shape it
contains and pattern of the mesh. A mapped mesh contains either only quadrilateral or only
triangular element, while a mapped volume mesh contains only hexahedral elements. In
addition, a mapped mesh typically has a regular pattern, with obvious rows of elements.
For mapped mesh, we must build the geometry as a series of fairly regular volumes and or
areas that can accept a mapped mesh. The type of mesh generation considered here is a
mapped mesh.

4.9. Finite element generation:

The maximum amount of time in a finite element analysis is spent on generating elements
and nodal data. Pre-processor allows the user to generate nodes and elements automatically
at the same time allowing control over size and number of elements. There are various types
of elements that can be mapped or generated on various geometric entities.
The elements developed by various automatic element generation capabilities of pre-
processor can be checked element characteristics that may need to be verified before the

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finite element analysis for connectivity, distortion-index, etc. Generally, automatic mesh
generating capabilities of pre-processor are used rather than defining the nodes individually.
If required, nodes can be defined easily by defining the allocations or by translating the
existing nodes. Also one can plot, delete, or search nodes.

4.10. Boundary condition’s and loading:

After completion of the finite element model it has to constrain and load has to be applied to
the model. User can define constraints and loads in various ways. All constraints and loads
are assigned set 1D. This helps the user to keep track of load cases.

Fig 3: Applying Boundary Condition’s and Loading.

5. THERMAL ANALYSIS
5.1. Introduction:
A Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution and related thermal quantities in
a system or component. Simultaneous thermal analysis generally refers to the simultaneous
application of thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry to one and the same
sample in a single instrument. The test conditions are perfectly identical for the
thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry signals The information
gathered can even be enhanced by coupling the simultaneous thermal analysis instrument to
an Evolved Gas Analyzer like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or mass spectrometry.
It is usual to control the temperature in a predetermined way - either by a continuous increase
or decrease in temperature at a constant rate by carrying out a series of determinations at
different temperatures.
More advanced temperature profiles have been developed which use an oscillating heating
rate or modify the heating rate in response to changes in the system's properties. In addition
to controlling the temperature of the sample, it is also important to control its environment.

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Measurements may be carried out in air or under an inert gas Reducing or reactive
atmospheres have also been used and measurements are even carried out with the sample
surrounded by water or other liquids. Inverse gas chromatography is a technique which
studies the interaction of gases and vapours with a surface measurements are often made at
different temperatures so that these experiments can be considered to come under the
auspices of Thermal Analysis.

5.2. Types of Thermal analysis:

1. A Steady State Thermal Analysis determines the temperature distribution and other
thermal quantities under steady state loading conditions. A steady state loading condition is
a situation where heat storage effects varying over a period of time can be ignored.
2. A Transient thermal analysis determines the temperature distribution and other thermal
quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time.

6. Result and Analysis:

6.1. Thermal analysis of Aluminium Disc:

Fig 4 : On applying Temperature.

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Fig 5 : Thermal analysis vector sum.

Fig 6 : Final Solution.

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6.2. Thermal analysis of Cast iron disc

Fig 7 : Meshing of Cast iron disc.

Fig 8 : Applying Convection.

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Fig 9 : Solution of Convection.

Fig 10 : Thermal analysis vector sum of cast iron disc.

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Fig 11 : Final solution of cast iron disc.

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