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    Cell Division

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    candice swanepoel
    The document summarizes the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It begins by defining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described as having prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate. Meiosis is introduced as having two rounds of division to produce haploid gametes, with homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis I and sister chromatids in meiosis II. Key terms like diploid, haploid, chromatids are also defined in the summary.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    candice swanepoel
    295 views70 pages
    The document summarizes the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It begins by defining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described as having prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate. Meiosis is introduced as having two rounds of division to produce haploid gametes, with homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis I and sister chromatids in meiosis II. Key terms like diploid, haploid, chromatids are also defined in the summary.

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    Cell Division

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    The document summarizes the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It begins by defining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described as having prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate. Meiosis is introduced as having two rounds of division to produce haploid gametes, with homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis I and sister chromatids in meiosis II. Key terms like diploid, haploid, chromatids are also defined in the summary.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    295 views70 pages

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    candice swanepoel
    The document summarizes the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. It begins by defining the key phases of the cell cycle - interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is then described as having prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate. Meiosis is introduced as having two rounds of division to produce haploid gametes, with homologous chromosomes separating in meiosis I and sister chromatids in meiosis II. Key terms like diploid, haploid, chromatids are also defined in the summary.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 70

    Cell Cycle

    G410 (Life Sciences for Middle School Educators)


    Senior – Portland State University
    February 2009
    Learner’s Objectives
    1. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle
    and their control points
    2. Describe the stages of mitosis and
    meiosis
    3. Explain the significance or applications of
    mitosis and meiosis
    4. Identify disorders and diseases resulting
    form malfunction of the cell cycle
    How do little elephants grow up to
    be BIG elephants?
    Why do animals shed their skin?
    Why do cells divide?
    

    For growth, repair, and
    reproduction

    Terminologies
    ■ Chromatin
    = thin fibrous form of DNA and
    proteins
    ■ Sister chromatids
    = identical structures that result
    from chromosome replication,
    formed during S phase
    2 Main Parts:
    1. Chromatids
    = two identical
    parts of a
    chromosome

    2. Centromere
    = joins chromatids
    together
    Anatomy of a Chromosome
    ■ Centromere = point
    P-arm
    where sister
    chromatids are
    joined together
    ■ P = short arm;
    Centromere
    upward
    ■ Q = long arm;
    Q-arm downward
    ■ Telomere = tips of
    chromosome

    Chromatids Telomere
    ■ Picture of an individuals
    Female chromosomes
    ■ Identify sex & chromosome
    defects
    ■ Final pair identifies sex
    ■ Same size: XX = female
    ■ Different size: XY = male
    ■ Normal human will have
    46 chromosomes
    Male
    Chromosome
    segregation in
    prokaryotes

    Quick Review
    ■ Chromosomes are tightly coiled
    strands of DNA
    ■ Diploid (somatic) cells contain the
    entire set of chromosomes
    ■ Haploid (gametes) cells contain only
    ½ the total number of chromosomes
    Cell Cycle
    = sequence of phases in the life cycle
    of the cell
    Two parts of the Cell Cycle:

    1. Growth and preparation


    (Interphase)
    2. Cell division
    a) mitosis (nuclear division)
    b) cytokinesis (cytoplasm
    division)
    I. GROWTH AND PREPARATION
    Interphase
    ■ Occurs between divisions
    ■ Longest part of cycle
    ■ 3 stages
    Interphase
    1. G1 or Gap 1
    ■ The cell just finished dividing so in Gap
    1 the cell is recovering from mitosis
    2. S or Synthesis Stage
    ■ DNA replicates
    3. G2 or Gap 2
    ■ This is preparation for mitosis
    ■ Organelles are replicated.
    ■ More growth occurs.
    Interphase occurs just before
    Mitosis begins:

    DNA is replicated
    along with
    organelles and
    other cellular
    components and
    the cell prepares
    for division.

    http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
    Animal cell Plant cell

    Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm


    II. Cell Division

    (Mitosis and Meiosis)
    ■ Mitosis:
    -division of somatic (body) cells

    ■ Meiosis
    -division of gametes (sex cells)
    Mitosis
    Prophase
    ■ Chromosome
    condense
    ■ Microtubles form
    ■ The nuclear envelope
    breaks down
    Mitosis Prophase
    Animal cell Plant cell

    Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm


    Metaphase
    ■ Chromosomes
    are pulled to
    center of cell
    ■ Line up along
    “metaphase
    plate”
    Mitosis Metaphase
    Animal cell Plant cell

    Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm


    Anaphase
    ■ Centromeres divide
    ■ Spindle fibers pull
    one set of
    chromosomes to
    each pole
    ■ Precise alignment is
    critical to division
    Mitosis Anaphase
    Animal cell Plant cell

    Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm


    Telophase
    ■ Nuclear envelope form
    around chromosomes
    ■ Chromosomes uncoil
    ■ Cytokinesis
    ■ animals - pinching of
    plasma membrane
    ■ plants- elongates and the
    cell plate forms( future
    cellwall and cell
    membrane)
    Mitosis Telophase
    Animal cell Plant cell

    Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm


    After Mitosis:

    Cytokinesis
    Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:
    The actual splitting of
    the daughter cells
    into two separate
    cells is called
    cytokinesis and
    occurs differently in Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:

    both plant and animal


    cells.

    http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
    Video on Mitosis
    https://www.youtube.com/
    watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ
    IDENTIFY THE
    PHASES OF
    MITOSIS
    Metaphase
    Prophase
    Telophase
    Prophase
    Anaphase
    Meiosis
    What is Meiosis?
    A division of the nucleus
    that reduces chromosome
    number by half.
    *Important in sexual
    reproduction
    What is Meiosis?
    Involves combining the
    genetic information of one
    parent with that of the the
    other parent to produce a
    genetically distinct individual.
    Terminologies
    ■ Diploid - two sets of
    chromosomes (2n), in
    humans 23 pairs or 46 total
    ■ Haploid - one set of
    chromosomes (n) - gametes
    or sex cells, in humans 23
    chromosomes
    DIPLOID CELLS
    ■ Cells with the full set of
    chromosomes
    ■ Paired chromosomes

    ■ Half of our
    chromosomes come
    from each parent (23
    from each parent)
    ■ Somatic (non-sex) cells
    are diploid
    ■ Created by mitosis
    ■ Ex: Skin, Muscle, Nerve,
    Blood Cells
    HAPLOID CELLS
    ■ Cells with ½ the total number
    of chromosomes
    ■ Gametes (sex cells) are the
    only haploid cells
    ■ Ex: Sperm, Egg, Pollen
    ■ Chromosome number is
    reduced by meiosis
    ■ How do humans get 46
    chromosomes?
    Haploid sperm cell (23) + Haploid egg cell (23) = Diploid zygote (46)
    What is the human diploid chromosome
    number?

    Answer = 46
    What is the human somatic chromosome
    number?

    Answer = 46
    How many chromosomes are in brain
    cells?

    Answer = 46
    What is the human haploid chromosome
    number?

    Answer = 23 chromosomes
    What is the human gamete chromosome
    number?

    Answer = 23
    How many chromosomes are in female
    egg cells?

    Answer = 23
    Chromosome Pairing
    ■ Homologous pair
    ■ each chromosome in pair are
    identical to the other ( carry
    genes for same trait)
    ■ only one pair differs - sex
    chromosomes X or Y
    Phases of Meiosis
    ■ A diploid cell replicates its
    chromosomes
    ■ Two stages of meiosis
    ■ Meiosis I and Meiosis II
    Terminologies
    ■ Synapsis - pairing of
    homologous chromosomes
    forming a tetrad.
    ■ Crossing over - chromatids of
    tetrad exchange parts.
    Meiosis I
    Meiosis Interphase
    Meiosis is
    preceded by
    interphase. The
    chromosomes
    have not yet
    condensed.

    http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
    Meiosis Interphase
    The chromosomes
    have replicated,
    and the chromatin
    begins to
    condense.

    http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
    Prophase I
    ■ Chromosomes
    condense
    ■ Homologous
    chromosomes pair
    w/ each other
    ■ Each pair contains
    four sister
    chromatids - tetrad
    Metaphase I
    ■ Tetrads or
    homologous
    chromosomes
    move to center
    of cell
    Anaphase I
    ■ Homologous
    chromosomes
    pulled to
    opposite poles
    Telophase I
    ■ Daughter
    nuclei formed
    ■ These are
    haploid (1n)
    Meiosis II
    ■ Daughter cells undergo a
    second division; much like
    mitosis
    ■ NO ADDITIONAL
    REPLICATION OCCURS
    Prophase II
    ■ Spindle fibers
    form again in
    the two
    daughter cells
    Metaphase II
    ■ Sister
    chromatids
    move to the
    center
    Anaphase II
    ■ Centromeres split
    ■ Individual
    chromosomes are
    pulled to poles
    Telophase II & Cytokinesis

    ■ Four haploid
    daughter cells
    results from one
    original diploid
    cell
    Video on Meiosis

    https://www.youtube.com/
    watch?v=A-mFPZLLbHI
    Mitosis Meiosis
    Spermatogenesis and
    Meiosis Oogenesis

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