The document provides details about Lab Experiment 6 on determining the coefficient of discharge using a Venturimeter. It includes the objective, theory, description of the apparatus, formulas used, sample calculations and results. The Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, throat and diverging cone, and uses the principle of Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference measured to the flow rate. The students recorded readings from the experiment and calculated the theoretical and actual discharge as well as the coefficient of discharge. Sources of error in the experiment and precautions taken are also outlined.
The document provides details about Lab Experiment 6 on determining the coefficient of discharge using a Venturimeter. It includes the objective, theory, description of the apparatus, formulas used, sample calculations and results. The Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, throat and diverging cone, and uses the principle of Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference measured to the flow rate. The students recorded readings from the experiment and calculated the theoretical and actual discharge as well as the coefficient of discharge. Sources of error in the experiment and precautions taken are also outlined.
Original Description:
finding the co-efficient of discharge using Venturimeter.
The document provides details about Lab Experiment 6 on determining the coefficient of discharge using a Venturimeter. It includes the objective, theory, description of the apparatus, formulas used, sample calculations and results. The Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, throat and diverging cone, and uses the principle of Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference measured to the flow rate. The students recorded readings from the experiment and calculated the theoretical and actual discharge as well as the coefficient of discharge. Sources of error in the experiment and precautions taken are also outlined.
The document provides details about Lab Experiment 6 on determining the coefficient of discharge using a Venturimeter. It includes the objective, theory, description of the apparatus, formulas used, sample calculations and results. The Venturimeter consists of a converging cone, throat and diverging cone, and uses the principle of Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference measured to the flow rate. The students recorded readings from the experiment and calculated the theoretical and actual discharge as well as the coefficient of discharge. Sources of error in the experiment and precautions taken are also outlined.
Krishan Kumar | 16110081 Utkarsh Gangwal | 17110163 Utsav Racca | 17110164 Objective To find the co-efficient of discharge using Venturimeter.
Theory A Venturi Meter is a device used for measuring the rate of a flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It consists of three parts: ● A short converging part ● Throat ● Diverging part
A Venturi Meter apparatus is based on the Principle of Bernoulli’s equations.
P v2 ⋎ + 2g + h = constant
The principle of apparatus is that, by reducing the cross-section area of flow passes, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of pressure difference enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe.
By knowing the pressure difference across the inlet section and the throat, discharge can be calculated by the formula:
a1 a2 √2gh Qa = Cd × 2 2 √a −a 1 2
Consider a venturi meter fitted in a horizontal pipe through which water is flowing and, d1 = diameter at inlet p1 = pressure at inlet v1 = velocity of fluid at inlet 2 a1 = area at inlet section= π×d1 /4 And d2, p2, v2, a2 are corresponding values at section-2. Applying Bernoulli’s equation at both the inlet and throat section, and considering the pipe to be horizontal, The theoretical discharge Q is, a1 a2 √2gh Qt = 2 2 √a −a 1 2
Qact = Cd×Qt
Where Cd = Co-efficient of venturimeter and its value is less than 1.
Description The apparatus consists of both orifice meter & venturimeter made up of Clear Acrylic. A control valve is fitted at the discharge of the pipeline to vary the flow through the Venturimeter. Out of the two i.e Venturimeter or Orifice meter only one can be operated at once. The setup is connected to Hydraulic Bench with a flexible pipeline.
Observation & calculations
Data g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 d1 = upstream section diameter = 0.028 m d2 = downstream section diameter = 0.014 m a1 = area of upstream orifice section= 0.000616 m2 a2 = area of downstream section = 0.000154 m2 = Density of manometer fluid = 13600 kg / m3
= Density of water = 1000 kg / m3
Observation Table
FORMULAE Rise of water level (in meters), R = (R1 - R2)/100
In this graph, the slope is equal to the (Cd) value.The average value Comments
Harsh Shah (17110057)
The Venturimeter is used to measure the actual flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe, here it has been used to calculate the Cd using the Bernoulli’s principle
The venturi meter consists of a tube with a converging, diverging, and throat and the values of the heads are measured before the converging part and the throat the flow rate is a function of the a1 a2 √2gh pressure heads developed and the cross-sectional areas of the venturi meter Qt = 2 2 . Thus √a −a 1 2
the theoretical flow rate is calculated but the above-mentioned formula and the actual flow rate is calculated by calculating the volume of the water flowing in 30s. The ratio of the flow rates gives the Cd for the pipe Sources of Errors and Precautions:
● The tube to measure the head should be clear and straight, The minor errors developed in the readings will lead to large errors as it is multiplied by the relative density of mercury ● The ideal setup is for the nonturbulent flows but a little turbulence is developed at the mouth of the convergence area which might cause errors ● Ideally, the setup should run in a steady state but due to the nonrotating control valve, the setup had to be disturbed again and again.
A venturimeter is a device that is used to measure the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It can also be used to increase or decrease the velocity of any fluid in a pipe.
The venturimeter consists of an inlet section followed by a convergent cone, a cylindrical throat, and a gradually divergent cone. The divergent cone of the venturimeter gradually diverges with its cross-sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. The pressure difference between the upstream and the downstream flow can be found as a function of the flow rate by applying Bernoulli’s equation at the two points of the venturimeter and relating the pressure difference to the flow rate.
Sources of Errors and Precautions:
● The readings of the manometer are not accurate as the scale which was used was a 30 cm scale and the least division was 1 mm. ● The minor losses that are developed during near the venturi meter are neglected while calculating the theoretical flow rate. ● The readings should not be taken as soon as the pump is turned on. Water should be allowed to reach a steady flow to get accurate readings. ● Allow some water to be in the sump tank. It is can be dangerous if there is no water in it. ● The human error while keeping a note of the time taken and measuring the height to which the water is filled in the tank leads to inaccuracy. Utsav Racca(17110164)
Venturimeter is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid through a pipe by calculating the discharge coefficient. The venturi meter consists of a converging cone, a cylinder, and a diverging cone. Using Bernoulli’s equation, we can calculate the pressure difference between the two points, one in the pipe and the other in the cylindrical part. As we change the discharge it is seen that the pressure difference also changes. Thus, we can conclude that the pressure difference is a function of the discharge.
1. The minor losses which take place when the water falls from the venturi meter into the tank. 2. The manometer readings are not accurate as the scale of the manometer was too big in comparison to the change in the pressure. 3. To calculate discharge, we were recording the amount of water falling the tank at a particular time(30 sec). Human error while measuring the height of water. Also, let the water reach a steady-state and then take the readings. 4. Allow some water in the sump tank if the pump is on. Krishan Kumar (16110081) A venturimeter is a device used to measure the fluid flow through pipes. This flow measurement device is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation. Inside the pipe , pressure difference is created by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow.The difference in pressure is measured with the help of manometer and helps in determining the rate of fluid flow. As the main inlet area is more as compared to throat , velocity of fluid at throat increases therefore pressure decreases . By this, a pressure difference is created between the inlet and the throat of the venturimeter. Hence, by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow, a pressure difference is created and we measure that difference in pressure by using Bernoulli equation and discharge formula.Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter can measured using the actual discharge and theoretical discharge.
Fig- Venturi meter
Sources of error and precautions: 1. Major and minor losses in pipe flow (at the edges, expansions and contractions of area, and valves). 2. Presence of bubble at the joining location of piezometer tubes and pipeline. Due to it, the piezometer will measure air pressure head instead of water pressure. 3. For head measuring piezometer,we had a big scale for the reading as compared to the minor changes in the pressure so it was hard to measure the exact head. 4. Measuring head tube must be straight and easily visible. 5. While calculating the discharge we were unable to take the exact reading because valve was not rotating. 6. After turning on the mortar we should wait till flow reaches close to steady state. 7. A little turbulence was observed at the entrance of converge area.
Learning and Discussion:
1. Integration of Euler’s equation of motion along a streamline under steady incompressible condition gives the Bernoulli’s Equation. 2. The constant in Bernoulli equation is same along a streamline, but if the flow is irrotational, then the value of constant is the same along all the streamlines. Thus, the Bernoulli’ equation is applicable between all points of flow. 3. Bernoulli Equation can not be applied in these cases a. Near the Solid Boundary Viscosity predominates near the solid boundary, therefore, we can’t neglect the frictional losses. b. Temperature Changes The flow sections at which temperature is changing, because the temperature changes the density of water. c. Diverging Flow Section Flow section at which flow separation is occuring, that results in wake formation. d. Long Narrow Flow Passage In this case, friction become significant.
