e-commerce web development project report (Bookz report)

. 1. 1 A REPORT On WEB DEVEOPMENT Submitted In partial fulfilment For the

award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Department of Computer
Science Engineering Submitted By: Submitted To: Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
(14tec2cs007) Mr. Sitaram Gupta Rashmi Kumari Karn (14tec2cs009) H.O.D
Computer Science Department Department of Computer Science and Engineering
VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR
. 2. 2 Candidate’s Declaration I hereby declare that the work, which is being
presented in the Project Report, entitled “Web Development with PHP” in partial
fulfilment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Deptt. Of
Computer Science and Engineering and submitted to the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Vivekananda Global University, is a record of my own
investigations carried under the Guidance of Mr./ Dushyant Singh Department of
Computer Science and Engineering, Vivekananda Global University I have not
submitted the matter presented in this Project Report anywhere for the award of
any other Degree. (Name and Signature of Candidate) Mudasir Ahmad Bhat
Enrolment No.: 14tec2cs007 Rashmi Kumari Karn Enrolment No.: 14tec2cs009
Vivekananda Global University Counter Signed by Mr. Mandeep Singh
. 3. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people,
who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who
influenced our thinking, behavior and acts during the course of study. We express
our sincere gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Baldev Singh (Dean of Engg.) for providing us an
opportunity to undergo this Project as the part of the curriculum. We are thankful to
Mr. Anil Kumar for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to us during
the training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings. We would also like to
thank our H.O.D Mr. Sitaram Gupta for her valuable suggestions which helps us lot
in completion of this project. We also extend our sincere appreciation to Mr.
Dushyant Singh who provided his valuable suggestions and precious time in
accomplishing our Project report. Lastly, we would like to thank the almighty and
our parents for their moral support and friends with whom we shared our
day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved our quality
of work. Rashmi Kumari Karn Mudasir Ahmad Bhat Enrol No: 14TEC2CS009 Enrol
No: 14TEC2CS007 H.O.D Computer Science Department
. 4. 4 ABSTRACT Our project is Bookz Kart. This is a website which helps students
to find and buy all type of books on internet. It is useful in the way that it makes an
easier way to buy and sell books online. Bookz kart is an interactive e-commerce
solution providing users with an opportunity to buy and sell books. Bookz Kart is
the first online platform which deals with new and old books of all fields. In this
website we have basically 2 modules. The first module includes the customer
module and second module includes admin module. The customer have to register
for any enquiry related to books. The registered customer can view details of books
and he/she can buy or sell the books of his/her need. He/she has to pay and will get
home delivery. The admin module contains the access of admin page on the
website. The admin can change everything in the website. He have the ability to
add, delete, and update any information regarding the books.
. 5. 5 Table of Content Title Page No. List of
Tables…………………………………………………….. List of Figures 1.
Introduction……………………………………………………… 1.1 Objectives 8 2.
Web Development……………………………………………….. 9-10 2.1 Web Site
2.2 Web Page 3. The Steps to Create a Web site……………………………………
11-22 3.1 UI development 3.1.1 HTML 3.1.2 CSS 3.1.3 Bootstrap 3.2 Scripting
3.2.1 Server side scripting 3.2.2 Server side scripting languages 3.2.3 Client side
scripting 3.3 Database 3.4 SQL 3.5 Queries 4. Scripting
Languages…………………………………………………………………… 23-27 4.1
PHP 4.2 Installing PHP 4.3 Java Script 4.4 JQuery 4.5 AJAX 4.6 JSON 4.7 XAMPP
 4.8 Features 4.9 Uses 5. Software Requirement Specification
(SRS)………………….… 28 5.1 Hardware Requirement 5.2 Software
Requirement 6. Data Flow Diagram………………………………………………
29-32
. 6. 6 6.1 DFD-1 6.2 DFD-2 6.3 DFD-3 7.
Project……………………………………………………………. 33 7.1
Project(Advanced Technologies) 7.2 Technologies Used 7.3 Technical details 8.
Screenshots………………………………………………………. 34-38 9.
Maintenance……………………………………………………… 39 10. Future scope
and future enhancement…………………………… 40 11.
Conclusion………………………………………………………. 41 Bibliography List of
Figures Figure 3.1 Steps to create a website…… ……………………………. Figure
3.2 Login form without CSS ………………………………... Figure 3.3 Login form
without CSS. ...………………………………. Figure 3.2.1 Programming language
popularity. …………………….… Figure 3.2.2
Scripting ……………… …………………………………. Figure 4.1.1 PHP &
XAMPP… ………………………………………… Figure 6.1
DFD. ..……………………………………………………… Figure 6.1.1
DFD-1……...…………………………………………….… Figure 6.2.1
DFD-2………………………………………………………. Figure 6.2.2
DFD-2 …………………………………………………….…. Figure 6.3.1
DFD-3 ……………………………………………………….. Figure 8.1.1 Front
Page……………….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.2 Front Page
products …….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.3 Single
Product..………….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.4 Login
Page...…………….……………………………..….
. 7. 7 Figure 8.1.5 Sign up Page…………….……………………………..…. Figure
8.1.6 Check out…..…………….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.7 Sell
Request..…………….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.8 Admin
Panel.…………….……………………………..…. Figure 8.1.9 Contact Us and
about us...……………………………..….
. 8. 8 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Education, An integral part of our Indian
Society and it is important for every individual to succeed in his life and help bring
change to our world. In a country with more than 1.3 billion people living, for
everyone individual education is essential. To keep learning and developing
themselves and helping our environment, economy, social life be sustainable.
Bookz kart is an interactive e-commerce solution providing users with an
opportunity to buy and sell books. Bookz Kart is the first online platform which
deals with new and old books of all fields, we deliver a constructive service to each
and every person of Jammu & Kashmir to furnish their needs in terms of learning,
education and technology by providing them with an online platform where they
can Buy and sell books for affordable price and even they can sell their used books
on our website and also get books on rent. Bookz kart provides users with wide
range of pre-owned books which get a check based on their condition and fixed to
its best and delivered to consumer’s doorsteps. 1.1 OBJECTIVES Online
Shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods and services
without any intermediary service over the internet. The goal of this website is to
develop a web based interface for students of Jammu and Kashmir, the website
would be easy to use and hence the shopping experience pleasant for the users.
The main goal of this website is: I. To develop an easy to use web based interface
where students can search for products (books), view a complete description of the
product and order the product. II. A student can buy and sell books from home. III.
A student can get books on rent.
. 9. 9 CHAPTER-2 WEB-DEVELOPMENT: Web development is a broad term for
the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an
intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing the
simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet
 applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more
comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may
include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison,
client-side/side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and
e-commerce development. Among web professionals, "web development" usually
refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sites: writing markup and
coding. Most recently Web development has come to mean the creation of content
management systems or CMS. These CMS can be made from scratch, proprietary
or open source. In broad terms the CMS acts as middleware between the database
and the user through the browser. A principle benefit of a CMS is that it allows
non-technical people to make changes to their web site without having technical
knowledge. For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can
consist of hundreds of people (web developers) and follow standard methods like
Agile methodologies while developing websites. Smaller organizations may only
require a single permanent or contracting developer, or secondary assignment to
related job positions such as a graphic designer or information systems technician.
Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than
the domain of a designated department. There are three kind of web developer
specialization: front-end developer, back-end developer, and full-stack developer.
2.1 WEB-SITE A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia
content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least
one web server. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP)
network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing
a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site. Websites have many
functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website,
a commercial website for a company, a government website or a non-profit
organization website. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or
purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news and
education. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide
Web, while private websites, such as a company's website for its employees, and
are typically a part of an intranet. Web pages, which are the building blocks of
websites, are documents, typically composed in plain text interspersed with
formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). They may
incorporate elements from other websites with
. 10. 10 suitable markup anchors. Web pages are accessed and transported with
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption
(HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user. The user's
application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML
markup instructions onto a display terminal. Hyperlinking between web pages
conveys to the reader the site structure and guides the navigation of the site, which
often starts with a home page containing a directory of the site web content. Some
websites require user registration or subscription to access content. Examples of
subscription websites include many business sites, news websites, academic
journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards,
web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock
market data, as well as sites providing various other services. As of 2016 end users
can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop
computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. A web site consists of
web pages which are interconnected to each other and contain various data and
functionalities. 2.2 WEB-PAGE A web page, or webpage, is a document that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and web browsers. A web browser displays a web
page on a monitor or mobile device. The web page is what displays, but the term
also refers to a computer file, usually written in HTML or comparable markup
language. Web browsers coordinate the various web resource elements for the
written web page, such as style sheets, scripts, and images, to present the web
page. Typical web pages provide hypertext that includes a navigation bar or a
sidebar menu to other web pages via hyperlinks, often referred to as links. On a
 network, a web browser can retrieve a web page from a remote web server. On a
higher level, the web server may restrict access to only a private network such as a
corporate intranet or it provides access to the World Wide Web. On a lower level,
the web browser uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to make such
requests. A static web page is delivered exactly as stored, as web content in the
web server's file system, while a dynamic web page is generated by a web
application that is driven by server- side software or client-side scripting. Dynamic
website pages help the browser (the client) to enhance the web page through user
input to the server.
. 11. 11 CHAPTER-3 THE STEPS TO CREATE A WEB SITE Creating a web site
requires multiple steps which includes the following: Creating a UI(User interface)
Scripting(Both at server end and client end) Creating a backend or the
database Fig 3.1 Web Site UI Data Base
. 12. 12 3.1 UI DEVELOPMENT Technologies that are mostly used to develop a
User Interface are: HTML CSS Bootstrap. 3.1.1 HTML Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and
web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a
triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive
HTML documents from a webserver or from local storage and render them into
multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically
and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. HTML elements
are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other
objects, such as interactive forms, may be embedded into the rendered page. It
provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics
for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML
elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img
/> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Others such as <p>...</p>
surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags
as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to interpret
the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language
such as JavaScript which affect the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion
of CSS defines the look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the
use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997. HTML markup consists
of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes),
character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML
tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>, although some represent
empty elements and so are unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in such a
pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening
tags and closing tags). Another important component is the HTML document type
declaration, which triggers standards mode rendering.
. 13. 13 The following is an example of the classic Hello world program, a common
test employed for comparing programming languages, scripting languages and
markup languages. This example is made using 9 lines of code: General Syntax of
HTML <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>This is a title</title> </head>
<body> <p>Hello world!</p> </body> </html> (The text between <html> and
</html> describes the web page, and the text between <body> and </body> is the
visible page content. The markup text "<title>This is a title</title>" defines the
browser page title.) The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html> is for
HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to "quirks
mode" for rendering. 3.1.2 CSS Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet
language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup
language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user
interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML
document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in
speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone
technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user
 interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.
CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of presentation and content,
including aspects such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can
improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the
specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple HTML pages to share
formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, and reduce
complexity and repetition in the structural content. Separation of formatting and
content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for
different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via
speech-based browser or screen reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. It
can also display
. 14. 14 the web page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device.
Readers can also specify a different style sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their
own computer, to override the one the author specified. Changes to the graphic
design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be applied quickly and
easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by changing
markup in the documents. The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to
determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a
particular element. In this so-called cascade, priorities (or weights) are calculated
and assigned to rules, so that the results are predictable. The CSS specifications
are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Internet media type
(MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998).
The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents. Types of
CSS: Inline CSS: In this CSS is applied in between the tags Eg: <tag
style=”styling”>Hello World</tag> Internal CSS: In this Thecss code is defined
inside the style tag in the head section of the HTML page. General Syntax: <html>
<head> <style> <! -- CSS STYLING -- > </style> </head> </html>
. 15. 15 External CSS: In this the CSS code is written on another page and is
linked to the HTML page. It is advantageous to use this type of styling as we can
use the same file to style various HTML pages. External CSS uses the
extension .css and is applied using the following syntax <html> <head> <link
relation=”stylesheet” type=”css” href=”url to the page”> </head> </html> All the
CSS style types are important but can be used in different situations. Inline CSS
is used when only small changes are to be done to the HTML tag and the changes
are to be reflected only to that specific tag Internal CSS is used when the
individual HTML pages have to be designed differently. This also slows the page
load system if the internal styling is long. External CSS files are maintained to
design multiple pages and use common styles over various pages. It is useful as it
helps in managing the resources in an easy manner. Both HTML and CSS are
used to create a UI but CSS behaves like a makeup on the face of an actress which
makes her look even more beautiful than she is in reality. And here is the difference:
Before using CSS in HTML page: Fig 3.2
. 16. 16 After using CSS in HTML Page: Fig 3.3 3.1.3 BOOTSTRAP Bootstrap is a
free and open-source front-end web framework for designing websites and web
applications. It contains HTML- and CSS-based design templates for typography,
forms, buttons, navigation and other interface components, as well as optional
JavaScript extensions. Unlike many web frameworks, it concerns itself with
front-end development only. Bootstrap is the second most-starred project on
GitHub, with more than 107,000 stars and 48,000 forks. Bootstrap, originally
named Twitter Blueprint, was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at
Twitter as a framework to encourage consistency across internal tools. Before
Bootstrap, various libraries were used for interface development, which led to
inconsistencies and a high maintenance burden. According to twitter developer
Mark Otto: “A super small group of developers and I got together to design and
build a new internal tool and saw an opportunity to do something more. Through
that process, we saw ourselves build something much more substantial than
another internal tool. Months later, we ended up with an early version of Bootstrap
 as a way to document and share common design patterns and assets within the
company.” After a few months of development by a small group, many developers
at Twitter began to contribute to the project as a part of Hack Week, a
hackathon-style week for the Twitter development team. It was renamed from
Twitter Blueprint to Bootstrap, and released as an
. 17. 17 open source project on August 19, 2011. It has continued to be maintained
by Mark Otto, Jacob Thornton, and a small group of core developers, as well as a
large community of contributors. On January 31, 2012, Bootstrap 2 was released,
which added a twelve-column responsive grid layout system, inbuilt support for
Glyphicons, several new components, as well as changes to many of the existing
components. On August 19, 2013, Bootstrap 3 was released, which redesigned
components to use flat design, and a mobile first approach. On October 29, 2014,
Mark Otto announced that Bootstrap 4 was in development. The first alpha version
of Bootstrap 4 was released on August 19, 2015. Bootstrap 3 supports the latest
versions of the Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari
(except on Windows). It additionally supports back to IE8 and the latest Firefox
Extended Support Release (ESR). Since 2.0, Bootstrap supports responsive web
design. This means the layout of web pages adjusts dynamically, taking into
account the characteristics of the device used (desktop, tablet, mobile phone).
Starting with version 3.0, Bootstrap adopted a mobile-first design philosophy,
emphasizing responsive design by default. The version 4.0 alpha release added
Sass and flexbox support. Installing and linking bootstrap to the HTML page:
Install bootstrap from https://getbootstrap.com/ Copy the bootstrap.min.css file
to your CSS folder and link it to the HTML page in the similar manner to how any
other CSS file is linked. Link the bootstrap.min.js file which is present in the JS
folder of the bootstrap. It can be linked using script tag. Eg: <script src=”url to
bootstrap.min.js”></script> Now use bootstrap classes to reduce the work of
designing which was earlier done through CSS. 3.2 SCRIPTING There are two
scripting methodologies. 1. Server side scripting: This scripting is done at the
server end 2. Client side scripting: This scripting is done at the client end or the
browser.
. 18. 18 3.2.1 SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING Server-side scripting is a technique used
in web development which involves employing scripts on a web server which
produce a response customized for each user’s (client’s) request to the website.
The alternative is for the web server itself to deliver a static web page. Scripts can
be written in any of a number of server-side scripting languages that are available
(see below). Server-side scripting is distinguished from client-side scripting where
embedded scripts, such as JavaScript, are run client-side in a web browser, but
both techniques are often used together. Server-side scripting is often used to
provide a customized interface for the user. These scripts may assemble client
characteristics for use in customizing the response based on those characteristics,
the user’s requirements, access rights, etc. Server-side scripting also enables the
website owner to hide the source code that generates the interface, whereas with
client-side scripting, the user has access to all the code received by the client. A
down-side to the use of server-side scripting is that the client needs to make further
requests over the network to the server in order to show new information to the
user via the web browser. These requests can slow down the experience for the
user, place more load on the server, and prevent use of the application when the
user is disconnected from the server. When the server serves data in a commonly
used manner, for example according to the HTTP or FTP protocols, users may
have their choice of a number of client programs (most modern web browsers can
request and receive data using both of those protocols). In the case of more
specialized applications, programmers may write their own server, client, and
communications protocol that can only be used with one another. Programs that
run on a user’s local computer without ever sending or receiving data over a
network are not considered clients, and so the operations of such programs would
not be considered client-side operations. 3.2.2 Server Side scripting Languages
 There are several languages that can be used for server-side programming:
PHP ASP.NET (C# OR Visual Basic) C++ Java and JSP Python Ruby
on Rails and so on.
. 19. 19 Fig 3.2.1 3.2.3 CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING Client-side scripting is changing
interface behaviors within a specific web page in response to mouse or keyboard
actions, or at specified timing events. In this case, the dynamic behavior occurs
within the presentation. The client-side content is generated on the user's local
computer system. Such web pages use presentation technology called rich
interfaced pages. Client-side scripting languages like JavaScript or ActionScript,
used for Dynamic HTML (DHTML) and Flash technologies respectively, are
frequently used to orchestrate media types (sound, animations, changing text, etc.)
of the presentation. Client-side scripting also allows the use of
. 20. 20 remote scripting, a technique by which the DHTML page requests
additional information from a server, using a hidden frame, XML Http Requests, or
a Web service. The first widespread use of JavaScript was in 1997, when the
language was standardized as ECMAScript and implemented in Netscape 3.
Example: The client-side content is generated on the client's computer. The web
browser retrieves a page from the server, then processes the code embedded in
the page (typically written in JavaScript) and displays the retrieved page's content
to the user. The most popularly used client side scripting languages is Java Script.
Flow of request from browser to server: Fig 3.2.2 4.3 DATABASE A database is an
organized collection of data. It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports,
views, and other objects. The data are typically organized to model aspects of
reality in a way that supports processes requiring information, such as modelling
the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with
vacancies. A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software
application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself
to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the
definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known
DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, MariaDB, Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, MemSQL and IBM DB2. A
. 21. 21 database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different
DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to
allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database
management systems are often classified according to the database model that
they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all
supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language. Sometimes a
DBMS is loosely referred to as a "database". 3.4 SQL Originally based upon
relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition
language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of
SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and
modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a
great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.
SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd'srelational
model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for
Large Shared Data Banks." Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as
described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language. SQL
became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986,
and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then,
the standard has been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the
existence of such standards, most SQL code is not completely portable among
different database systems without adjustments. 3.5 QUERIES The most common
operation in SQL, the query, makes use of the declarative SELECT statement.
SELECT retrieves data from one or more tables, or expressions. Standard
SELECT statements have no persistent effects on the database. Some
non-standard implementations of SELECT can have persistent effects, such as the
SELECT INTO syntax provided in some databases. Queries allow the user to
 describe desired data, leaving the database management system (DBMS) to carry
out planning, optimizing, and performing the physical operations necessary to
produce that result as it chooses. A query includes a list of columns to include in
the final result, normally immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk
("*") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of the queried
tables. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and
clauses that include: The FROM clause, which indicates the table(s) to retrieve
data from. The FROM clause can include optional JOINsubclauses to specify the
rules for joining tables.
. 22. 22 The WHERE clause includes a comparison predicate, which restricts the
rows returned by the query. The WHERE clause eliminates all rows from the result
set where the comparison predicate does not evaluate to True. The GROUP BY
clause projects rows having common values into a smaller set of rows. GROUP BY
is often used in conjunction with SQL aggregation functions or to eliminate
duplicate rows from a result set. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP
BY clause. The HAVING clause includes a predicate used to filter rows resulting
from the GROUP BY clause. Because it acts on the results of the GROUP BY
clause, aggregation functions can be used in the HAVING clause predicate. The
ORDER BY clause identifies which column[s] to use to sort the resulting data, and
in which direction to sort them (ascending or descending). Without an ORDER BY
clause, the order of rows returned by an SQL query is undefined. The DISTINCT
keyword eliminates duplicate data.
. 23. 23 CHAPTER-4 SCRIPTING LANGUAGES 4.1 PHP Paradigm Imperative,
functional, object-oriented, procedural, reflective Designed by RasmusLerdorf
Developer The PHP Development Team, Zend Technologies First appeared June
8, 1995; 21 years ago[1] Stable release 7.1.5 / May 11, 2017; 16 days ago Typing
discipline Dynamic, weak, gradual (as of PHP 7.0.0) Implementation language C
(primarily; some components C++) OS Unix-like, Windows License PHP License
(most of Zend Engine under Zend Engine License& The TSRM License) Filename
extensions .php, .phtml, .php3, .php4, .php5, .php7, .phps Website php.net Major
implementations Zend Engine, HHVM, Phalanger, Quercus, Project Zero, Parrot
Influenced by C, C++, Java, Perl, Tcl[1] Influenced Falcon, Hack PHP is a
server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also
used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by
RasmusLerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by
The PHP Development Team. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it
now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP code
may be embedded into HTML or HTML5 markup, or it can be used in combination
with various web template systems, web content management systems and web
frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as
a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable.
The web server software combines the results of the interpreted and executed
PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the generated
web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface (CLI)
and can be used to implement standalonegraphical applications. The standard
PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the
PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web
servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.
. 24. 24 The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or
standard until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard.
Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification. 4.2 Installing
PHP I. Step 1: download the files. Download the latest PHP 5 ZIP package from
www.php.net/downloads.php. ... II. Step 2: extract the files. ... III. Step 3: configure
php.ini. ... IV. Step 4: add C: php to the path environment variable. ... V. Step 5:
configure PHP as an Apache module. ... VI. Step 6: test a PHP file. VII. Or we can
install Xampp which have inbuilt php,mysql,apache server We have used xampp to
run the php files. Fig 4.1.1 4.3 JAVA SCRIPT JavaScript, often abbreviated as "JS",
 is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted run-time language. It has been
standardized in the ECMAScript language specification. Alongside HTML and CSS,
JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content
production; the majority of websites employ it, and all modern Web browsers
support it without the need for plug-ins. JavaScript is prototype-based with
first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting
object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. It has an API for
working with text, arrays, dates and regular expressions, but does not include any
I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities, relying for these upon the
host environment in which it is embedded. Although there are strong outward
similarities between JavaScript and Java, including language name, syntax, and
respective standard libraries, the two are distinct languages and
. 25. 25 differ greatly in their design. JavaScript was influenced by programming
languages such as self and Scheme. JavaScript is also used in environments that
are not Web-based, such as PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop
widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript virtual machines (VMs) and platforms built
upon them have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side Web
applications. On the client side, developers have traditionally implemented
JavaScript as an interpreted language, but more recent browsers perform
just-in-time compilation. Programmers also use JavaScript in video-game
development, in crafting desktop and mobile applications, and in server-side
network programming with run-time environments such as Node.js. 4.4 JQUERY
JQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side
scripting of HTML. It is free, open-source software using the permissive MIT
license. Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript
library by a large margin. jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate
a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop
Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create
plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create
abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and
high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows
the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications. The set of
jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and
manipulation—enabled by its selector engine (named "Sizzle" from v1.3), created
a new "programming style", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style
influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo,
later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API. Microsoft and Nokia
bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use
within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has
integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform. 4.5 AJAX Ajax
(also AJAX short for "asynchronous JavaScript and XML") is a set of Web
development techniques using many Web technologies on the client side to create
asynchronous Web applications. With Ajax, Web applications can send data to and
retrieve from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with
the display and behavior of the existing page. By decoupling the data interchange
layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows for Web pages, and by extension
Web applications, to change content
. 26. 26 dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern
implementations commonly substitute JSON for XML due to the advantages of
being native to JavaScript. Ajax is not a single technology, but rather a group of
technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style
information. The DOM is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically display – and
allow the user to interact with – the information presented. JavaScript and the
XMLHttpRequest object provide a method for exchanging data asynchronously
between browser and server to avoid full page reloads. 4.6 JSON In computing,
JavaScript Object Notation or JSON (/ˈdʒeɪsən/JAY-sən), is an open- standardfile
format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of
 attribute–value pairs and array data types (or any other serializable value). It is a
very common data format used for asynchronous browser/server communication,
including as a replacement for XML in some AJAX-style systems. JSON is a
language-independent data format. It was derived from JavaScript, but as of 2017
many programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format
data. The official Internet media type for JSON is application/json. JSON filenames
use the extension .json. Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in
the early 2000s; two competing standards, RFC 7159 and ECMA-404, defined it in
2013. The ECMA standard describes only the allowed syntax, whereas the RFC
covers some security and interoperability considerations.[3] A restricted profile of
JSON, known as I-JSON (short for "Internet JSON"), seeks to overcome some of
the interoperability problems with JSON. It is defined in RFC 7493. 4.7 XAMPP
Xampp is a free and open source cross platform web server solution stack package
developed by Apache Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server,
MariaDB database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl
programming languages. XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A),
MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P). It is a
. 27. 27 simple, lightweight Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for
developers to create a local web server for testing and deployment purposes.
Everything needed to set up a web server – server application (Apache), database
(MariaDB), and scripting language (PHP) – is included in an extractable file.
XAMPP is also cross-platform, which means it works equally well on Linux, Mac
and Windows. Since most actual web server deployments use the same
components as XAMPP, it makes transitioning from a local test server to a live
server extremely easy as well. 4.8 FEATURES XAMPP is regularly updated to the
latest releases of Apache, MariaDB, PHP and Perl. It also comes with a number of
other modules including OpenSSL, phpMyAdmin, MediaWiki, Joomla, WordPress
and more. Self-contained, multiple instances of XAMPP can exist on a single
computer, and any given instance can be copied from one computer to another.
XAMPP is offered in both a full and a standard version (Smaller version). 4.9
USAGE Officially, XAMPP's designers intended it for use only as a development
tool, to allow website designers and programmers to test their work on their own
computers without any access to the Internet. To make this as easy as possible,
many important security features are disabled by default. XAMPP has the ability to
serve web pages on the World Wide Web. A special tool is provided to
password-protect the most important parts of the package. XAMPP also provides
support for creating and manipulating databases in MariaDB and SQLite among
others. Once XAMPP is installed, it is possible to treat a localhost like a remote
host by connecting using an FTP client. Using a program like FileZilla has many
advantages when installing a content management system (CMS) like Joomla or
WordPress. It is also possible to connect to localhost via FTP with an HTML editor.
. 28. 28 CHAPTER-5 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 5.1
Hardware Requirements The selection of hardware is very important in the
existence and proper working of any software. When selecting hardware, the size
and requirements are also important. Processor Intel CORE i5 RAM 4.0 GB Hard
Disk Drive 500 GB 7.2 Software Requirements Number Description 1 Windows
7,8,10 2 HTML/Css/Ajax/JavaScript/ Bootstrap. 3 Apache server/ XAMPSERVER
4 PHP 5.5.38 4 MySQL 5 Compiler: MSVC11 (Visual C++ 2012) 6 Apache version:
Apache/2.4.23 (Win32) OpenSSL/1.0.2h PHP/5.5.38
. 29. 29 CHAPTER-6 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagrams show the flow
of data from external entities into the system, and from one process to another
within the system. There are four symbols for drawing a DFD: I. Rectangles
representing external entities, which are sources or destinations of data. II. Ellipses
representing processes, which take data as input, validate and process it and
output it. III. Arrows representing the data flows, which can either, be electronic
data or physical items. IV. Open-ended rectangles or a Disk symbol representing
data stores, including electronic stores such as databases or XML files and
 physical stores such as filing cabinets or stacks of paper. Figures below are the
Data Flow Diagrams for the current system. Each process within the system is first
shown as a Context Level DFD and later as a Detailed DFD. The Context Level
DFD provides a conceptual view of the process and its surrounding input, output
and data stores. The Detailed DFD provides a more detailed and comprehensive
view of the interaction among the sub-processes within the system. Fig 6.1
. 30. 30 6.1 DFD-1 Fig 6.1.1 6.2 DFD-2 Fig 6.2.1
. 31. 31 Fig 6.2.2
. 32. 32 6.3 DFD-3 Fig 6.3.1
. 33. 33 CHAPTER-7 PROJECT 7.1 PROJECT (Advanced Technologies): Name:
Bookz Kart 7.2 Technologies Used: HTML CSS Bootstrap Core PHP
Java Script Jquery AJAX Server: Apache (XAMPP) Database: MySql
Operating System: Windows7/8/8.1/10 Wire framing tool: Balasmiq Team Size: 3
7.3 TECHNICAL DETAILS: Front end is designed using HTML, CSS and
Bootstrap. Ajax used to perform behind the screen requests and JavaScript used
to perform client side scripting Backend is based on PHP + MySql based
RDB(Relational Data Base) model. The SQL queries are run using the CI SQL
library functions Backend online host includes a centralized database resident
on the server, the script which is built in PHP used to SQL query the database on
user’s request for transaction of data The forms are made using the HTML,
Bootstrap for designing and Php, sql for back-end JavaScript, AJAX and JQuery
used for client side scripting and PHP for the server side development
CHAPTER-8
. 34. 34 SCREENSHOTS Fig 8.1.1 Fig 8.1.2
. 35. 35 Fig 8.1.3 Fig 8.1.4
. 36. 36 Fig 8.1.5 Fig 8.1.6
. 37. 37 Fig 8.1.7 Fig 8.1.8
. 38. 38 Fig 8.1.9
. 39. 39 CHAPTER-9 MAINTENANCE The maintenance phase involves making
changes to hardware, software, and documentation to support its operational
effectiveness. It includes making changes to improve a system’s performance,
correct problems, enhance security, or address user requirements. To ensure
modifications do not disrupt operations or degrade a system’s performance or
security, organizations should establish appropriate change management
standards and procedures. Routine changes are not as complex as major
modifications and can usually be implemented in the normal course of business.
Routine change controls should include procedures for requesting, evaluating,
approving, testing, installing, and documenting website modifications. Maintaining
accurate, up-to-date hardware and software inventories is a critical part of all
change management processes. Management should carefully document all
modifications to ensure accurate system inventories. Management should
coordinate all technology related changes through an oversight committee and
assign an appropriate party responsibility for administering software patch
management programs. Quality assurance, security, audit, regulatory compliance,
network, and end-user personnel should be appropriately included in change
management processes. Risk and security review should be done whenever a
system modification is implemented to ensure controls remain in place. For
maintenance of the website: 1. The database has to be updated regularly
according to new available information. 2. Redundant and false information must
be removed from the database. 3. Newer version of PHP and MYSQL can be used
for up gradation of website and to improve the overall performance of the system.
. 40. 40 CHAPTER-10 FUTURE SCOPE & FUTURE ENHANCEMENT PROJECT
NAME: Bookz Kart 1. Bookz Kart would help each and every person to find any
book via our website and get it at home it will save their time. 2. It would provide
huge collection of books of all fields. 3. Students will also get audio/video series of
 courses, i.e. they can learn online/offline. 4. We will be providing some special
courses both online and offline.
. 41. 41 CHAPTER-11 CONCLUSION We have successfully implemented the site
‘Bookz Kart’. With the help of various links and tools, we have been able to provide
a site which will be live soon and running on the web. We have been successful in
our attempt to take care of the needs of both the user as well as the administrator.
Finally we hope that this will go a long way in popularizing. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.
www.javatutpoint.com 2. www.w3schools.com 3. www.getbootstrap.com 4.
www.codeigniter.com 5. www.stackoverflow.com 6. www.fontawesome.io 7.
www.php.net 8. Head first with PHP(Lynn Beighley and Michael Morrison) 9. Learn
HTML and CSS faster(Mark Myers) 10. Wikipedia