A PROJECT REPORT

ON

ASSISTIVE SMART HOME SYSTEM

Submitted by

Siddharth Upadhyaya 10/FET/EC(s)/2075

Manish Singh 10/FET/EC(s)/2114
Mamta Rani 10/FET/EC(s)/2201

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Ravi Goel

Assistant Professor

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad
April, 2014
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide “Mr. Ravi Goel” for giving
us the opportunity to work on this topic. It would never be possible for us to take this project to
this level without his innovative ideas and his relentless support and encouragement.

1. Siddharth Upadhyaya, 10/FET/EC(s)/2075

2. Manish Singh 10/FET/EC(s)/2114
3. Mamta Rani, 10/FET/EC(s)/2201

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 Declaration

We hereby declare that this project report entitled “Assistive Smart Home System” by Siddharth
Upadhyaya (10/FET/EC(s)/2075), Manish Singh (10/FET/EC(s)2114) and Mamta Rani
(10/FET/EC(s)/2201) being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication under Faculty of Engineering &
Technology of Manav Rachna International University Faridabad, during the academic year 2014,
is a bonafide record of our original work carried out under guidance and supervision of Mr. Ravi
Goel, Assistant Professor , Electronics & Communication and has not been presented
elsewhere.

1. Siddharth Upadhyaya, 10/FET/EC(s)/2075

2. Manish Singh, 10/FET/EC(s)/2114
3. Mamta Rani, 10/FET/EC(s)/2201

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 Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electronics & Communication

April, 2014

Certificate

This is to certify that this project report entitled “Assistive Smart Home System” by Siddharth
Upadhyaya (10/FET/EC(s)/2075) , Manish Singh ( 10/FET/EC(s)2114) and Mamta Rani
(10/FET/EC(s)/2201) submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication under Faculty of Engineering &
Technology of Manav Rachna International University Faridabad, during the academic year 2014,
is a bonafide record of work carried out under my guidance and supervision.

Mr. Ravi Goel

Assistant Professor, Department of ECE
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad

(Signature of HoD)
Mrs. Deepali Bansal
Official Seal

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i

Declaration ii

Certificate iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Figures v

Abstract vi

Index vii

Chapters 1-16

References 17

Appendix 18-23

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page No.

Figure 4.1 Circuit diagram of Assistive Smart Home System 10

Figure 4.2 Crystal oscillator circuit 13

Figure 4.3 16*2 LCD diagram 14

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 ABSTRACT

This project is designed to make home automation easy to control when a user is not at home.

The project is designed to allow easy use of a mobile phone to control appliances in the home.

Using a mobile phone the development of the control system will be carried out using SMS. This

will communicate with another mobile phone OR GSM MODEM, which in turn controls the

devices attached to microcontroller modules. The project is aimed at developing and testing the

use of mobile phones to remotely control an appliance control system. The microcontroller

would then control a device based on the information given to it. The proposed solution will

need to be easy to use, simple, secure, and robust and be useful on most mobile phones. To

achieve this testing will need to be carried out to create a useful system. The report consists of a

background into the area of 8051 microcontroller and mobile communication, how they are

interfaced to each other and AT (Attention) commands set used in communication.

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 Index

List of Chapters Pages

I. Introduction Page 1,2

1.1 Goals and Objectives: What are to be achieved?

1.2 Overview of the technical area i.e. background technical context
1.3 Overview of the report: what material will you be covering and how it is arranged in
the report

II. Literature Review Page 3,4

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Survey
2.3 Conclusion

III. Problem Definition and Requirement Analysis Pages 5 to 8

3.1 Problem Definition

3.2 Requirements
3.3 System Specifications

IV. Design and Implementation Pages 9 to 14

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Functional Decompositions
4.3 Different Design Options
4.4 Proposed Flow Model
4.5 Circuit Design
4.6 Simulation Platform (wherever required)
4.7 PCB Design (wherever required)
4.8 Assembly of Hardware and Components

V. Testing and Deployment Page 15

5.1 Verification
5.2 Validation
5.3 Evaluation

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VI. Conclusion and Future Enhancements Page 16

6.1 Summary of work done

6.2 Critical appraisal of work done
6.3 Proposal/scope of future enhancement

References/Bibliography Page 17

Appendices Page 18-23

 Project Code Concise

 Datasheets

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Chapter -1

Introduction

Assistive Smart Home System as the title of our project is related to the development of a dream
home where user(s) can control home appliances or environment according to their respective
convenience. Assistive Smart Home System is the term suitable for our project as user(s) can
control home applications very easily. In other words ASHS also known as assistive domotics
focuses on making it possible for the elderly and disabled to remain at home, safe and
comfortable. This kind of home automation is becoming a viable option for the elderly and
disabled who would prefer to stay in the comfort of their homes rather than move to a healthcare
facility. This field uses much of the same technology and equipment as home automation for
security, entertainment, and energy conservation but tailors it towards the elderly and disabled.
Assistive Smart Home System is the residential extension of building automation. It is
automation of the home, housework or household activity. Home automation may include
centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances,
security locks of gates and doors and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort,
energy efficiency and security. Home automation for the elderly and disabled can provide
increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care.

1.1 Goals and Objectives: What are to be achieved?

The aim of the project is to utilize home automation tool in a different and developmental side.
We all know that automation is used in each and every industrial and manufacturing field. Our
major focus is to utilize this tool towards the residents and commercial users especially the old
and disabled ones. This form of automation is called assistive domotics which focuses on making
it possible for the elderly and disabled to remain at home, safe and comfortable. Home
automation is becoming a viable option for the elderly and disabled who would prefer to stay in
the comfort of their homes rather than move to a healthcare facility. These smart homes allow
the elderly and disabled to stay in their homes where they feel comfortable, instead of moving to
a costly health care facility. The transition to a health care facility can cause a lot of anxiety and
home automation can either prevent or delay this anxiety.Smart Home System is using
technology to have housework or household activities completed automatically, with little to no
intervention from the user. It allows an individual to have remote control of the technology
performing the activities. The goal of home automation is to help create a home that is easier,
more enjoyable and safe to live in. Home automation for the elderly or disabled has the same
goal, but also adds making a senior’s home more safe, allowing them to stay in their home
longer. Home automation for aging in place can help improve a person’s quality of life,
especially when combined with other types of technology. However, the technology that
supports these activities is rapidly changing. Smart Home System can help accomplish many
tasks and will improve in the years to come.

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1.2 Overview of the technical area i.e. background technical context

We are expressing this development tool as an example to illustrate how this smart home thing
can be invested for future. We are going to show this large scale automation on small scale via
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) manufacturing respectively. On PCB we will attach components
that are required to provide an example of automation. These components soldered onto PCB
will function in such a way to illustrate smart home system. Over and above this is the
fundamental or basic step to illustrate smart home system to our viewers.

1.3 Overview of the report: what material will we be covering and how it is arranged in the
report

As mentioned above that we are providing an example to display one kind of automation.
Throughout this report will cover the complete package towards the introduction to smart home
system, example to display home automation system on PCB(s), components required to build
the same system, components declaration, definition and explanation. Over and above we are
covering all the technical topics which are associated with this major project. We hope that after
reading this project report readers will be benefited and will build smart home system for better
future. This project report comprises simple English and therefore non technical background or
people who are unaware of assistive smart home system will be benefited of the boons of this
technology that is touching lives everywhere. This project report will be beneficial to not only
the technical pupil but also to non technical friends. The report will cover firstly the introduction
of student particulars like certificate, declaration etc. After that introduction section is present in
which we have laid our best efforts to make you understand what assistive smart home system is.
Aftermath consists of goals and objectives, motivation, overview of technical area and report.
Then literature review is available in which elaboration of assistive smart home system is
written. The next sections are problem solving and design implementation. After design
implementation testing & deployment, conclusion and future enhancements will be covered.
References and Bibliography will be available on the later part of the project report. Special
section of appendix is also there in the report in order to gain extra and trivial knowledge
regarding the project. We hope that this content will be sufficient enough to make you
understand and have better ideas towards assistive smart home system. At last of the overview
we hope that after these coverage readers who knew earlier regarding the same will be more
technical and unaware will become aware of the assistive smart home system. This is a small
seed that we have sown into the ground to illustrate you how small things will become and count
big in the long term. After all PCB implementation will motivate you to control your home,
office, and living environment very easily and accordingly. At last thanks for your attention till
kindly follow the literature part now.

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Chapter-II

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Assistive Smart Home System is the demand of the hour. Have you ever walked into an
empty house where the temperature was at a comfortable level, your dinner was hot and
waiting for you, and the TV was on your favorite channel? If this feels like a homely
welcome to you then you probably know that this dream is expensive and unrealistic for the
common middle class. Current available technology allows this to be done with timers and
expensive computers with messy cable connections. This is currently done on a very limited
basis, for the rich and disabled. We would like to present our scope on home automation,
which is cheaper, wireless and convenient to use. Home automation is being implemented
into more and more homes of the elderly and disabled in order to maintain their
independence and safety. These smart homes allow the elderly and disabled to stay in their
homes where they feel comfortable, instead of moving to a costly health care facility. The
transition to a health care facility can cause a lot of anxiety and home automation can either
prevent or delay this anxiety. For the disabled smart homes give them opportunity for
independence, which will help them gain confidence and determination. Smart homes can
provide both the elderly and disabled with many different types of emergency assistance
systems, security features, fall prevention, automated timers, and alerts. These systems
allow for the individual to feel secure in their homes knowing that help is only minutes
away. Smart home systems will make it possible for family members to monitor their loved
ones from anywhere with an internet connection. This monitoring via internet connection is
the higher form of automation with advanced security which comes under the future scope
of assistive smart home system.

2.2 Survey

As we all know that assistive smart home system is the demand of the hour and is used in
hotels, hospitals, office environments, homes, workshops, campuses, universities etc. The
project we are building is the miniature from of automation used nowadays. The
components utilized and soldered on PCB are of sufficient parameters compared to large
scale automation. This same smart home project that we have build by our own knowledge
and experience on purchasing from a manufacturing shop or Engineering project selling
shop will cost you Rs 7000 to 8000 /- INR excluding their additional charges. These shops
vendors can plant electronic components on the PCB of low cost but on the paper they will
show you a terrific cost. We searched on Internet, roamed into the markets in our quest to
have an acknowledgment of the required components and PCB(s). We build the same
project on our own which one can purchase after paying an unreasonable cost to the vendor.

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2.3 Conclusion

The conclusion is that assistive smart home system is not as complex as it sounds. It is much
easier, friendly and fun to implement. Any individual can purchase the electronic
components listed in the later section of report and can solder it on a PCB to view the
example of automation. Assistive Smart Home System aims at making our lives automatic
rather than manual. After reading this we request to build a same project as we did to
demonstrate smart home system. The first step is to purchase all the required components
from a component selling shop and then solder it to burn a program into the microcontroller.
After burning the program into the microcontroller the project will work automatically.
The output will be displayed by yellow colored LEDs. The 4 LEDs will correspond to the
particular extension port of the power strip attached. User can plug in any electrical
appliance like mobile phone charger, table fan, or any other circuit like Digital Visitor
Counter also. User can plug out any electrical appliance corresponding its indicating LED
also. These operations can simultaneously take place through transferring SMS to the 89S52
Microcontroller respectively.

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Chapter-III

Problem Definition and Requirement Analysis

3.1 Problem Definition

As 3.1 starts the real problem is now what we have to build on our PCB. What are the
electronic components required, what is the software used to build and how to burn the
program into our brain i.e. microcontroller such that our problem gets solved. First of all the
need is to memorize the definition of assistive smart home system back again one more time
i.e. to build one room having appliances controlled automatically rather than manually. The
components, PCB(s), burner, software etc need to be assembled in such a way that our goal
to achieve smart hone built on a PCB is done.

3.2 Requirements

The requirements include both hardware and software parts respectively. Down under are
the components specified:-

1) AT command supporting GSM mobile phone

2) 89S52 microcontroller
3) Max 232 IC
4) Relays
5) Relays driver circuit
6) Voltage regulator 7805
7) Diode IN4007
8) GSM Modem
9) Electrolytic capacitors
10) Ceramic capacitors
11) Resistors
12) Crystal Oscillator
13) Pull Up resistor
14) Transistors
15) Step Down Transformer
16) Power strip
17) LCD and LEDs
18) Connecting Wires

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Software required to burn program into the 89S52 microcontroller is Keil u-Vision 3.0.

3.3 System Specifications

System specifications include the elaboration of hardware and software components used in
the project.

1) AT commands supporting GSM mobile phone

AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for Attention.

These commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart
modems. The Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the
MODEM. The dial up and wireless modems (devices that involve machine to machine
communication) need AT commands to interact with a computer. These include the
Hayes Command set as a subset, along with other extended AT commands.

2) 89S52 microcontroller
AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. AT89C52 has
8KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 256 bytes of
RAM. AT89C52 has an endurance of 1000 Write/Erase cycles which means that it can
be erased and programmed to a maximum of 1000 times. Though very slight difference
between the features of AT89C51 and AT89C52, they are very similar in their pin
configurations* and operations.

3) Max 232 IC

The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts
signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital
logic circuits.

4) Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet switch to
mechanically operate a switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit
by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
5) Relay driver circuit

Two transistors with a common collector configuration and connected in a cascaded

form constitute a Darlington Pair. While Darlington pairs can be made on a breadboard
using a few electronic components, there are IC available that work as them and thus aid
in making a circuit simple and easy to be operated. A Darlington pair is used to amplify
weak signals.
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6) Voltage regulator 7805
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed
linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and
would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output
voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is
designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable
values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage
levels.

7) Diode IN4007
This is a simple, very common rectifier diode. Often used for reverse voltage protection,
the 1N4007 is a staple for many powers, DC to DC step up, and breadboard projects.
1N4007 is rated for up to 1A/1000V.

8) GSM Modem
This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a
mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will
be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications.
Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be
developed easily.
9) Electrolytic capacitors
An electrolytic capacitor is a capacitor that uses an electrolyte (an ionic conducting
liquid) as one of its plates to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other
types. The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable
for passing or bypassing low-frequency signals and storing large amounts of energy.
They are widely used in power supplies, and interconnecting stages of amplifiers at
audio frequencies.
10) Ceramic Capacitors
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as
the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and
a metal layer acting as the electrodes.
11) Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same
time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. Resistors are common elements
of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.

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12) Crystal Oscillator
A Crystal Oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance
of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very
precise frequency.
13) Pull Up Resistor
Pull up Resistor are used in electronic logic gates to ensure that inputs to logic systems
settle at expected logic levels if external devices are disconnected or high impendence is
introduced. Pull up resistor are used to solve the dilemma for the microcontroller by
pulling the value to logic high state Pull up resistors are resistors which are used to
ensure that a wire is pulled to a high logical level in absence of an input signal.
14) Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electric power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to external circuit. If base is of N-type and emitter and collector are of P-type
then transistor is called P-N-P transistor and vice versa transistor is called N-P-N
transistor.
15) Step Down Transformer
Step Down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.
It is designed to reduce the voltage from primary winding to the secondary winding.
This kind of transformer “steps down” the voltage applied to it.
16) Power strip
A Power strip is a block on the end of a power cable with a number of sockets usually 3
or more often arranged in a line.
17) LCD & LEDs
LCD is the most common device attached to a microcontroller. Some of the most
common LCDs connected are 16*2 and 20*2 displays. This means 16 characters per line
by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines. LED is basically a P-N junction diode
particularly designed to emit visible light. The LEDs are available in red, green and
yellow colors.
18) Connecting wires
Connecting wires are required for assembling these components on the PCB.

Specification of Software used in this project

Keil Microvision software is used developing and compiling program in this project.
Program is first compiled in Keil and then burned into microcontroller.

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Chapter - IV
Design and Implementation

4.1 Introduction

As discussed in the previous section all the components required will be assembled right
now to design and implement our project. A Solder, soldering wire and solder holder will
be required to assemble these components according to the circuit diagram listed below. In
addition Keil Microvision software, a burner kit should be made available to achieve
designing and implementation. Many times we wonder if all the devices can be
automatically switched on or off at a particular time.

4.2 Functional Decompositions

In our major project on Assistive Smart Home System we divided the workload into 3
major categories. I, Siddharth Upadhyaya was responsible for innovating new ideas into the
project and planning & implementation of project. Mamta Rani was implementing
microcontroller applications. Manish Singh played the role of monetary and meeting
financial needs.

4.3 Different Design Options

Assistive Smart Home System can be developed accordingly using variety of technologies.
It can be developed using Bluetooth technology, GSM technology, RTC model which also
can be used, Home automation protocol (HAP) etc. There are different design options
available in the world to develop ASHS. However we are using ASHS towards old people
we selected RTC method as it is convenient to them.

4.4 Circuit design

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammar. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and
cost-effective solution to many, embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the
following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.

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In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU
while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt.

Figure-4.1 Circuit diagram of Assistive Smart Home System

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In this particular project we use 89s52controller to interface all input and output devices. With
the help of this project we can on/off up to 4 different appliances with the help of different sms
format. We use 5 volt regulated supply for the LCD display and max 232 ic. For this purpose we
use 7805 regulator with filter capacitor to provide a ripple free regulated voltage to controller
and LCD display. We use MAX232 driver IC to provide a interface between GSM modem and
controller. MAX 232 IC converts the rs232 logic to TTL logic. Output of the max 232 is directly
connected to the RX pin of the controller. Pin no 18 and 19 of the microcontroller is connected to
external crystal oscillator to provide a external clock to microcontroller by which we set the
machine cycle of the controller.

4.5 Essential project circuits

Power Supply

In this project we use one 5 volt regulated power supply to convert the 220 volt ac in to 5 volt
dc with the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit. First OF all we step down the 220 volt ac into 6
volt ac with the help of step down transformer. Step down transformer step down the voltage
from 220 volt ac to 9 volt ac. This ac is further converted into the dc voltage with the help of the
full wave rectifier circuit. Output of the diode is pulsating dc. So to convert the pulsating dc into
smooth dc we use electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitor converts the pulsating dc into
smooth dc. This Dc is further regulated by the IC 7805 regulator. IC 7805 regulator provide a
regulated 5 volt dc to the microcontroller circuit and LCD circuit. Pin no 40 of the controller is
connected to the positive supply. Pin no 20 is connected to the ground. Pin no 9 is connected to
external resistor capacitor to provide an automatic reset option when power is on.

Reset Circuit

Pin no 9 of the controller is connected to the reset circuit. On the circuit we connect one resistor
and capacitor circuit to provide a reset option when power is on. As soon as you give the power
supply the 8051 doesn’t start. You need to restart for the microcontroller to start. Restarting the
microcontroller is nothing but giving a Logic 1 to the reset pin at least for the 2 clock pulses. So
it is good to go for a small circuit which can provide the 2 clock pulses as soon as the
microcontroller is powered. This is not a big circuit we are just using a capacitor to charge the
microcontroller and again discharging via resistor. In general, at the input of the power supply,
there is a power transformer. It is followed by a diode circuit called Rectifier. The output of the
rectifier goes to a smoothing filter, and then to a voltage regulator circuit. The rectifier circuit is
the heart of a power supply.

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Rectification circuit

Rectification is a process of rendering an alternating current or voltage into a unidirectional one.

The component used for rectification is called ‘Rectifier’. A rectifier permits current to flow only
during the positive half cycles of the applied AC voltage by eliminating the negative half cycles
or alternations of the applied AC voltage. Thus pulsating DC is obtained. To obtain smooth DC
power, additional filter circuits are required. A diode can be used as rectifier. There are various
types of diodes. But, semiconductor diodes are very popularly used as rectifiers. A
semiconductor diode is a solid-state device consisting of two elements is being an electron
emitter or cathode, the other an electron collector or anode. Since electrons in a semiconductor
diode can flow in one direction only-from emitter to collector- the diode provides the unilateral
conduction necessary for rectification. Out of the semiconductor diodes, copper oxide and
selenium rectifier are also commonly used.

Bridge Rectifier

A more widely used full-wave rectifier circuit is the bridge rectifier. It requires four diodes
instead of two, but avoids the need for a centre-tapped transformer. During the positive half-
cycle of the secondary voltage, diodes D2 and D4 are conducting and diodes D1 and D3 are non-
conducting. Therefore, current flows through the secondary winding, diode D2, load resistor RL
and diode D4. During negative half-cycles of the secondary voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
and the diodes D2 and D4 do not conduct. The current therefore flows through the secondary
winding, diode D1, load resistor RL and diode D3. In both cases, the current passes through the
load resistor in the same direction. Therefore, a fluctuating, unidirectional voltage is developed
across the load.

Filter Circuit

The rectifier circuits we have discussed above deliver an output voltage that always has the same
polarity: but however, this output is not suitable as DC power supply for solid-state circuits. This
is due to the pulsation or ripples of the output voltage. This should be removed out before the
output voltage can be supplied to any circuit. This smoothing is done by incorporating filter
networks. The filter network consists of inductors and capacitors. The inductors or choke coils
are generally connected in series with the rectifier output and the load. The inductors oppose any
change in the magnitude of a current flowing through them by storing up energy in a magnetic
field. An inductor offers very low resistance for DC whereas; it offers very high resistance to
AC. Thus, a series connected choke coil in a rectifier circuit helps to reduce the pulsations or
ripples to a great extent in the output voltage. The fitter capacitors are usually connected in
parallel with the rectifier output and the load.

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As AC current passes through a capacitor but DC cannot, the ripples are thus limited and the
output becomes smoothed. When the voltage across its plates tends to rise, it stores up energy
back into voltage and current. Thus, the fluctuations in the output voltage are reduced
considerable. Filter network circuits may be of two types in general. If a choke coil or an
inductor is used as the ‘first- components’ in the filter network, the filter is called ‘choke input
filter’. The D.C. along with AC pulsation from the rectifier circuit at first passes through the
choke (L). It opposes the AC pulsations but allows the DC to pass through it freely. Thus AC
pulsations are largely reduced. The further ripples are by passed through the parallel capacitor C.
But, however, a little nipple remains unaffected, which are considered negligible. This little
ripple may be reduced by incorporating a series a choke input filters. If a capacitor is placed
before the inductors of a choke-input filter network, the filter is called capacitor input filter. The
D.C. along with AC ripples from the rectifier circuit starts charging the capacitor C. to about
peak value. The AC ripples are then diminished slightly. Now the capacitor C discharges through
the inductor or choke coil, which opposes the AC ripples, except the DC. The second capacitor C
by passes the further AC ripples. A small ripple is still present in the output of DC, which may
be reduced by adding additional filter network in series.

Crystals Oscillator circuit

Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to external crystal oscillator to provide a clock to the circuit.
Crystals provide the synchronization of the internal function and to the peripherals. Whenever
ever we are using crystals we need to put the capacitor behind it to make it free from noises. It is
good to go for a 33pf capacitor.

Figure 4.2 – Crystal Oscillator Circuit

We can also resonators instead of costly crystal which are low cost and external capacitor can be
avoided. But the frequency of the resonators varies a lot. And it is strictly not advised when used
for communications projects.

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Time Calculation through Crystal Oscillator
The speed with which a microcontroller executes instructions is determined by what is known as
the crystal speed. A crystal is a component connected externally to the microcontroller. The
crystal has different values, and some of the used values are 6MHZ, 10MHZ, and 11.059 MHz
etc. Thus a 10MHZ crystal would pulse at the rate of 10,000,000 times per second.
The time is calculated using the formula -No of cycles per second = Crystal frequency in HZ /
12. For a 10MHZ crystal the number of cycles would be, 10,000,000/12=833333.33333 cycles.
This means that in one second, the microcontroller would execute 833333.33333 cycles. Pin no 1
to pin no 8 is PORT 1 and Pin no 10 to 17 is PORT 3. Pin no 18 and 19 of the IC is connected to
the external crystal to provide an external clock to run the internal CPU of controller. Pin no 20
is ground pin. Pin no 21 to 28 is PORT 2 pins. Pin no 29, 30, 31 is not use in this project. We use
these pin when we require a extra memory for the project. If we internal memory of the 89s51
(which is 4k ROM) then we connect pin no 31 to the positive supply.

Interfacing LCD

Frequently, an 89s52 program must interact with the outside world using input and output
devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices
attached to an 8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051
are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively.

Figure 4.3 – Circuit Diagram of 16*2 LCD

The main application of LCD in this project is to display the status of MODEM, status of sensor
etc. for example if the microcontroller is initializing the MODEM, if any case MODEM failed to
initialize the user don’t know what is happening in the system, so we are using the LCD to
display the status.

14
Chapter -V

Testing and Deployment

5.1 Verification

The project has been fully verified and checked. The program burned into the 8952
microcontroller when plugged into the PCB is interactive with the other components already
placed in the circuit.

5.2 Validation

What we wanted in the project is to have control over the extension board. At last we were
finally able to control the extension board via GSM modem, MAX232 and 8952
microcontroller. Further we will be able to connect whatever appliance we want to control by
simply cabling it to extension board. The validity of the electronic components deployed in
the respective circuit is reasonable and genuine to our knowledge.

5.3 Evaluation

Simple evaluation can take place via what we wanted out of Assistive Smart Home System
and what we illustrate you are the same thing. We showed how simple automation can be
introduced from a small scale to large industries, manufacturing sectors, technical areas etc.
Via using modern communication standard i.e. GSM we are able to control the electronic
areas. Our project has the mixture of electronics & communication and this blend is useful to
achieve automation in a developmental manner. Evaluation and judgment is only possible
when you will seek the working model having communication standards like GSM and
electronic components like Relays, LCDs, GSM modem, smart phone, Transistors, Diodes,
and LEDs etc. The SMS send through smart phone is transreceived by GSM modem
containing a SIM card. The GSM modem is connected to 8952 Microcontroller via MAX232
IC. LCDs and LEDs are working properly for indication purposes. LCD shows regular
messages time to time based on given input respectively. In this project in future we can add a
multimedia camera to see what is going inside the home by sitting in office or somewhere.
With Home Automation, the consumer can select and watch cameras live from an Internet
source to their home or business. Security cameras can be controlled, allowing the user to
observe activity around a house or business right from a Monitor or touch panel. Security
systems can include motion sensors that will detect any kind of unauthorized movement and
notify the user through the security system or via cell phone. This category also includes
control and distribution of security cameras (see surveillance).

15
Chapter-VI

Conclusion and Future Enhancements

6.1 Summary of the work done

The summary and moral of the story is that we bought a PCB. Connections are made
according to the blueprint i.e. circuit diagram. GSM modem, Relays, Relay driver circuit,
smart phone, SIM card, Transformer, LCD, Max232 etc were soldered onto the PCB in such
a way to attain full communication between the smart phone user and the extension board
respectively. We fabricated in such a way to achieve automation on the small scale.

6.2 Proposal and scope of Future enhancement

Our proposal was to achieve automation in an example form. We succeeded in our goals of
doing it. We are able to transmit messages via smart phone to GSM modem and SIM Card.
At the receiver side the entire circuit is build in such a way that our messages are received to
power on / off the extension board. Scope of Assistive smart home system is that it can be
used at homes to regulate electricity, home appliances, to monitor and provide security of the
office, industry etc. The possibilities are endless in assistive smart home system. We tried to
enhance the extension board by simply adding a digital visitor counter to our extension
board. Assistive Smart home system can be build with the help of Bluetooth, GSM, or
providing RTC and DTMF. As we said the possibilities are endless. Different technologies
can be used to achieve automation but each technology has its own mark of presence. Like
ways we used GSM modem because it is related to communication and is used throughout
the country. Bluetooth and DTMF are simpler to implement that is why we employed GSM
modem in our model. Automation is a household term nowadays and can be used in homes,
hospitals, office environments, industries, high security zones, malls, restaurants, hotels,
universities, campuses, schools, workshops, manufacturing sectors, roadway regulation etc.
Assistive smart home system is the demand of the hour. We have built a prototype. A lot
more can be seen in the future if we utilize automation towards automation protocol. Great
interest will be seen when mechanical, civil, IT, computers, electronics etc will merge
towards building HAP i.e. Home Automation Protocol. From our cell phones we will be
able to view our house or office environment on the screen, additional security will be
provided via HAP. The evolution of HAP is near and brighter than ever.

16
 REFERENCES

[1] Muhammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly
and C, 2/E, Pearson Publications.

[2] Shefali Chopra & Chitra Gaba, Microprocessor and Interfacing, Manav Rachna Publishing
House Private Limited.

17
Appendices

Concise Project Code

#include (reg51xa.INC)

LCD_DATA equ P0

lcd_rs bit P2.7

lcd_rw bit P2.6

lcd_en bit P2.5

out3 bit p1.5

out4 bit p1.6

out5 bit p1.7

ok3 bit p2.4

org 0000h

ljmp main

org 0003h

reti

org 000bh lcall DELAY

clr lcd_en

lcall DELAY

ret

DELAY:

mov r6,#10d

18
DEL:

djnz r6,DEL

ret

DELAY1:

mov r6,#0d

mov r7,#20d

DELAY10:

djnz r6,DELAY10

djnz r7,DELAY10

ret

DELAY41:

mov r6,#0d mov r7,#6d

DLP410:

djnz r6,DLP410

djnz r7,DLP410

ret

DELAY11:

mov r6,#0d

mov r7,#0d

mov r5,#2d

DLP11:

djnz r6,DLP11

djnz r7,DLP11

djnz r5,DLP11 ret

MSG1: db ' SMS CONTROL '

MSG2: db ' NEW MASSAGE '

MSG3: db ' DATA RECEIVED ‘ ; end ;

19
Datasheet of MAX232cpe

20
Datasheet of 89S52 Microcontroller

21
22
Transistor data sheet

23