UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

May 18, 2007

Date:___________________

Kyle Thomas Glandon

I, _________________________________________________________,
hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of:
Master of Architecture
in:
College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning
It is entitled:
Exploiting Ephemerality: Temporary Architecture and Placemaking

This work and its defense approved by:

Michael McInturf
Chair: _______________________________
Tom Bible
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
EXPLOITING EPHEMERALITY:
Temporary Architecture and Placemaking

A Thesis Submitted to:

The Division of Research and Advanced Studies of
The University of Cincinnati

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of:

Master of Architecture
School of Architecture and Interior Design
College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning

kyle t glandon
May 18, 2007

Committee chairs:
Michael McInturf
Tom Bible
0.1 Abstract

The pressures of cultural and economic

forces on architecture have created a cycle
of construction and demolition that leads to
a generic placeless environment. This thesis
questions the affect of this accelerating
cycle on placemaking and architectures
ability to contribute to a continuity of place.
Architecture must continue to improve
durability and longevity as well as find
methods for accepting and exploiting
ephemerality. To address this topic, I have
proposed a design for a seasonal boathouse
on DuSable Park, a highly valued urban site
at the mouth of the Chicago River.
Specifically, I propose the hybridization of
strategies for temporal spaces found in both
artistic installations and adaptive
architecture to perpetuate a sense of place.
As a result of this thesis, an argument will be
made for the design of site-specific
temporary architecture as a tool for
placemaking.

iii
Exploiting Ephemerality: Table of Contents

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii.iv
Illustration Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

1.0 Introduction: Temporary Architecture and Placemaking . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3

2.0 Placemaking and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Case Study: Fountain Square – Cincinnati, OH
Case Study: Worlds Columbian Exposition – Chicago, IL
Essay: Time-Based Architecture
3.0 Temporal Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11
Case Study: The Snow Show – Tod Williams & Billie Tsien
Case Study: Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates – Powell Temporary Library
Case Study: Renzo Piano Building Workshop – Promoteo
Case Study: Next 21, Osaka, Japan
4.0 Closing: Exploiting Ephemerality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21

5.0 Works Cited / Influential Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

22

6.0 Appendix: Project Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

25
Program: An Urban Boathouse
Case Study: Vincent James Architects Associates – Porter Boathouse
Case Study: Vincent James Architects Associates – Minneapolis Rowing Club
Case Study: Turner Brooks Architect – Gilder Boathouse
Site Analysis: DuSable Park, Chicago
1
0.2 Illustration Credits

(1.01) The Convergence on the Generic – Kyle Glandon

(1.02) Haymarket Square - www.chicagohistory.org/
(1.03) Home Depot, Chicago, IL – Kyle Glandon
(1.04) W McMillan Street – Kyle Glandon
(1.05) W Calhoun Street – Kyle Glandon
(1.06) Tyler Davidson Fountain – Kyle Glandon
(2.01) Fountain Square Rendering 1945 – Greater Cincinnati Memory Project
(2.02) Fountain Square Image 1971 - Cincinnati Gas and Electric News 10/11/1972
(2.03) Fountain Square Design Concept - http://www.myfountainsquare.com/design
(2.04) Field Museum, Chicago, IL - http://www.flickr.com/
(2.05) Columbus Convention Center - http://www.flickr.com/
(2.06) Columbus Convention Center - Davidson, 209.
(3.01) Diagramming Temporal Space – Kyle Glandon
(3.02) Diagram of “The Gates” – Kyle Glandon
(3.03) Central Park during “The Gates” - www.christojeanneclaude.net/tg.html
(3.04) Toronto Project - www.mercerunion.org/archive95/277.htm
(3.05) Kawamata Diagramm – Kyle Glandon
(3.06) “Slide Meeting” Image - Jeffrey Debany
(3.07) “Slide Meeting” in Section – www.thesnowshow.com
(3.08) “Shearing Layers of Change” - Brand, 13.
(3.09) Powell Library detail - www.hplusf.com/1-arch-tow/tow.html
(3.10) Diagramming Powell Library – Kyle Glandon
(3.11) Next 21 image - http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/
(3.12) Next 21 sections - http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/
(3.13) Prometeo section – Buchanaan, 86.
(3.14) Powell Library Diagramm – Kyle Glandon
(3.15) Powell Library Aerial - www.hplusf.com/1-arch-tow/tow.html
(3.16) Next 21 section - http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/
(3.17) Next 21 image - http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/
(3.18) Crown Hall, Chicago, IL – Kyle Glandon
(6.01) Urban Kayaking - http://www.flickr.com/
(6.02) Minneapolis Rowing Club – James, 62
(6.03) Porter Boathouse – James, 87
(6.04) Gilder Boathouse - www.turnerbrooksarchitect.com/
(6.05) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL – Kyle Glandon
(6.06) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL – Google Earth
(6.07) Chicago Rail Lines 1929 – Sanborn Insurance Map, Chicago Historical Society
(6.08) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL – Sanborn Insurance Maps, Chicago Historical Society
(6.09) Lake Point Tower – Kyle Glandon

2
1.0 Introduction: Temporary Architecture becom
and Placemaking experi
demo
The premise of this thesis is that everything is authen
temporary. Our built environment is being
demolished at such a rapid rate, by the year Additio
2030, an estimated 27% of existing buildings will office
have been replaced. Of these demolitions 30% develo
are less than 50 years old.1 Change is not of con
necessarily detrimental to our cities. Renovating less m
public spaces and streetscapes, restoring decisi
historical structures and reusing industrial this
structures have been successful strategies for undou
updating urban identity. The concern, which this of our
thesis will address, is how we can continue to
maintain a meaningful environment when our With
urban environments are in such a state of flux consu
and change occurs at an increasing rate. busine
region
New construction, under the pressure of several mean
cultural and economic forces, is being stripped of archit
character and meaning, leaving us with a develo
placeless environment. After the Industrial becom
Revolution, our culture embraced an attitude of existe
mass consumption that is now impacting option
architecture. Buildings, especially commercial for bu
projects, now resemble consumable goods more buildin
closely than the monumental structures of the strate
antiquities. In the residential market, homes are tempo
actually produced like consumer goods,
prefabricated in factories and simply installed on We c
site. buildin
more
Mass consumption has not just accelerated the cultura
construction-demolition cycle but it has changed of eith
the aesthetic of our built environment. Nearly chang
every experience or space we encounter is challe
branded to strengthen identity, consumer loyalty first s
and encourage sales. The recent emphasis on compo
branding is causing architecture to become even the af
more iconographic and global. Every place and te
durabi

1
Nelson, V.

3
 becomes placeless, with no unique meaning or Longevity
becomes in architecture
placeless, withrelates
no uniquespecifically
meaningto the
or Longevity in architecture relates specifically to the
e 1.0 Introduction: Temporary Architecture
experience. The acceleration of the construction- adaptability of spaces and the timeless
experience. The acceleration of the construction-nature of adaptability of spaces and the timeless nature of
and Placemaking
demolition cycle will result in a total loss of an aesthetic.cycle
demolition Polyvalence, a strategy
will result in a totalof creating
loss of an aesthetic. Polyvalence, a strategy of creating
g is authentic experience. oversized multi-use
authentic experience. spaces attempts to oversized multi-use spaces attempts to
The premise of this thesis is that everything is
eing accommodate changing programs without accommodate changing programs without
temporary. Our built environment is being
ear Additionally the business model of the speculative altering building
Additionally form. Open-building
the business model of theand design-
speculative altering building form. Open-building and design-
demolished at such a rapid rate, by the year
will office and residential markets in which the for-deconstruction allow more adaptability
office and residential markets in which the by for-deconstruction allow more adaptability by
2030, an estimated 27% of existing buildings will
0% developer accumulates profits at the completion isolating building systems (finishes,
developer accumulates profits at the completion partitions, isolating building systems (finishes, partitions,
have been replaced. Of these demolitions 30%
not of construction, has lead to a 1less durable and skin, services, structure,
of construction, has lead site-work) for removal
to a less durable and skin, services, structure, site-work) for removal
are less than 50 years old. Change is not
ting less meaningful product. Where profit drives and replacement over time.
less meaningful product. Where profit drives and replacement over time.
necessarily detrimental to our cities. Renovating
ing decisions, architecture suffers. The prevalence of decisions, architecture suffers. The prevalence of
public spaces and streetscapes, restoring
rial this profit driven development model will Perhaps the more
this profit driven intriguing strategy to
development resist will
model the Perhaps the more intriguing strategy to resist the
historical structures and reusing industrial
for undoubtedly exacerbate the shortening life-cycle convergence on generic environments
undoubtedly exacerbate the shortening life-cycle is to make convergence on generic environments is to make
structures have been successful strategies for
this of our buildings. temporary architecture that is more meaningful
of our buildings. temporary architecture that is more meaningful
updating urban identity. The concern, which this
e to and site-specific. The term “temporary and site-specific. The term “temporary
thesis will address, is how we can continue to
our With these two cultural conditions, mass architecture”
With these typically
two cultural refersconditions,
to demountable mass architecture” typically refers to demountable
maintain a meaningful environment when our
flux consumption and the developers profit driven music
consumption and the developers incorporating
and athletic venues, often profit driven music and athletic venues, often incorporating
urban environments are in such a state of flux
business model contributing to the erosion of advanced
business modelstructural systems
contributing to the and tensile
erosion of advanced structural systems and tensile
and change occurs at an increasing rate.
regional architecture and a perpetual loss in membranes. For this project the term
regional architecture and a perpetual loss in “temporary membranes. For this project the term “temporary
eral meaning of our environment, how can architecture”
meaning ofdoes ournotenvironment,
refer to a specific how method
can architecture” does not refer to a specific method
New construction, under the pressure of several
d of architecture respond? Architecture must either of construction but rather the concept
architecture respond? Architecture must either of temporal of construction but rather the concept of temporal
cultural and economic forces, is being stripped of
h a develop strategies for durability and longevity or spaces
developorstrategies
the exploitation of temporal
for durability qualities to
and longevity or spaces or the exploitation of temporal qualities to
character and meaning, leaving us with a
rial become more meaningful during its ephemeral strengthen experience. Defining the
become more meaningful during its ephemeral expected life strengthen experience. Defining the expected life
placeless environment. After the Industrial
e of existence. To further understand these two of the projectToisn�t
existence. critical,understand
further only that thetheseprojecttwois of the project isn�t critical, only that the project is
Revolution, our culture embraced an attitude of
ting options this study will investigate three strategies designed to acknowledge its uncertain future
options this study will investigate three strategies and designed to acknowledge its uncertain future and
mass consumption that is now impacting
cial for building adaptability (polyvalence, open- benefit from itsadaptability
for building non-permanence. (polyvalence, open- benefit from its non-permanence.
architecture. Buildings, especially commercial
more building, and design-for-deconstruction) and two building, and design-for-deconstruction) and two
projects, now resemble consumable goods more
the strategies for exploiting ephemerality (ritual and strategies for exploiting ephemerality (ritual and
closely than the monumental structures of the
are temporal collage). temporal collage).
antiquities. In the residential market, homes are
ds, actually produced like consumer goods,
on We cannot blame cultural conditions for all We cannot blame cultural conditions for all
prefabricated in factories and simply installed on
building demolitions. In fact, building failure is building demolitions. In fact, building failure is
site.
more directly related to this problem than any more directly related to this problem than any
the cultural condition. Building failures are the result cultural condition. Building failures are the result
Mass consumption has not just accelerated the
ged of either weathering or an inability to adapt to of either weathering or an inability to adapt to
construction-demolition cycle but it has changed
arly changing needs. Weathering has been the changing needs. Weathering has been the
the aesthetic of our built environment. Nearly
r is challenge for builders and architects since the challenge for builders and architects since the
every experience or space we encounter is
alty first shelter was inhabited. Today, engineered first shelter was inhabited. Today, engineered
branded to strengthen identity, consumer loyalty
on composite materials are increasingly resistant to composite materials are increasingly resistant to
and encourage sales. The recent emphasis on
ven the affects of weathering and as material science the affects of weathering and as material science
branding is causing architecture to become even
ace and technologies improve, it is likely that building and technologies improve, it is likely that building
more iconographic and global. Every place (1.1) The Convergence on the Generic. This diagramm repre-
durability will exponentially improve. durability will exponentially improve. sents the evolution of our built environment from one of character
and meaning (top) to one of placelessness (bottom). The middle
1 condition shows a change of 27%, the proportion of buildings being
Nelson, V. replaced each eyar.

4
 Mass Consumption

The Post-Industrial Revolution mentaility of end-

less consumption and the captalist economic
model has spurred a global trend towards brand-
ing. The branding of our built environment is now
an epidemic. Branding by corporations, the devel-
opment of an identity, is detrimental to placemak-
ing because design is focused on protraying an
image unresponsive to the site. Branded spaces
are rarely related to their context and history. The
result is purely iconic and placeless. Branded
spaces are typically packaged and applied wher-
ever it is needed, much like Home Depot’s urban
“big-box” in Chicago that sits not far from the old
(1.2) The Haymarket Square, Chicago, IL 1889 (1.3) N Halsted Street, Chicago, IL 2006
Haymarket Square.

Economic Prosperity

The profit driven business model of developers

leads to a less meaningful architecture. This ex-
ample contrasts the existing character of a neigh-
borhood on the left with its most recent addtion, a
mixed-use monstrosity. This particular neighboor-
hood in Cincinnati, OH is an eclectic collection of
architectural styles. Specifically, the business dis-
trict along Calhoun and McMillan Streets is unique
with several adaptive reuse tenants. This strategy
helps the Clifton Heights, University Heights and
Fairview communities maintain a seperate identity
within greater Cincinnati. The replacement of the
neighboorhoods unque structures with bland char-
acterless and even site-generic structures, erodes
the sense of place the neighbohood built over the
last century.

(1.4) W McMillan Street, Cincinnati, OH (1.5) W Calhoun Street, Cincinnati, OH

5
2.0 Placemaking and Time and stability. As children we expand our and passers-by.” Is there an opportunity to
understanding outward from the closest elements prevent the inevitable obsolescence of aging
“Only when space becomes a system of we know. The base system of objects or nodes architecture?
meaningful places, does it become alive to us.”5 are thought to be stationary and permanent,
Christian Norberg-Schulz, in this statement, providing a reference or spatial origin. We must Historical preservation, as a practice, attempts to
expresses the simple reason this topic is relevant. assume some stagnation to index the built retain the character of a place but often relies on
Architecture needs meaning to truly resonate. environment. theatrics and lacks authenticity in reconstruction.
The synthesis of space and character create the Observers do not always perceive the disconnect
critical understanding of place. The spirit of the Another understanding of place is the creation of between what is portrayed and the actual
place includes all the physical qualities as well as an “inside that is separate from an outside.”6 experience. This phenomenon has lead to the
the memory of the past and the anticipation of the Excluding the obvious delineation of space with creation of places like Disney World.
future, its genus loci. partitions and thresholds, there is an existential
understanding of insidedness and outsidedness. While preservation relies entirely upon historical
The term “place,” used as a noun refers to a Edward Relph, Canadian professor of geography significance for future meaning, this analyses
position (social, physical or psychological) and planning, elaborates on this concept by seeks to find more dynamic methodologies for
location, or setting. These constructs are defining varying levels of inclusion, exclusion, continuity. The key, according to Relph, is
surprisingly complex in the English language, enclosure and exclosure. The delineations exist prevention through ritual and tradition. “Almost
relying heavily on the context in which they are on a continuum that express the level of our any form of repetitive tradition reestablishes place
used. In architectural discourse the connection to a particular place. “To be inside a and expresses its stability and continuity – even
understanding of place is equally complex. It is place is to belong to it and to identify with it, and in times of violent change.”9 This is not to suggest
increasingly difficult to objectify the characteristics the more profoundly inside you are the stronger is that only places of worship can become sacred or
of place because each individual experiences a this identity with the place.”7 This idea helps have a strong essence of place. In fact, according
place differently. Because this topic is so explain why a traditional aesthetic in architecture to David Saile, professor of architecture at
experiential and subjective, this analysis will is so appealing to homeowners. The more University of Cincinnati, places described as
focus on ideas within the concept of placemaking familiar the ornamentation the easier it becomes sacred tend to be spaces of transition. A
related specifically to the passage of time. to identify with it. transitional space by his description could be the
location of a significant event or simply a space
According to Jean Piaget, renowned psychologist The connection to place is both experiential and where change is observed.
and spatial theorist, we must have both an temporal. Relph wrote “The places identified by
emotional relationship to an object and an any individual or culture grow, flourish, and Architecture of relevance is also sustained
understanding of it “in a spatial and temporal decline as the site, activity, or buildings take on through generations by having a powerful
context” to have any cognition. Piaget writes, “An and lose significance.”8 We can assume therefore relationship with community and cultural identity.
object, is a system of perceptual images that all places are constantly being redefined as According to Edward Relph “people are their
endowed with a constant spatial form throughout time passes. In a contemporary urban condition place and a place is its people.”10 Their qualities
its sequential displacements and constituting an where the context is evolving rapidly, maintaining reinforce the identity of each other. To design and
any sense of continuity is unlikely. Relph declares achieve this level of interdependency takes
item which can be isolated in the causal series
unfolding in time.” The passing of time and an that many historically rich places such as considerable time. Fountain Square in Cincinnati
understanding of permanence are fundamental to Stonehenge have died and are simply objects “of has seen three redesigns since it opened in 1871.
our perception of our environment. According to casual and uncommitted observation for tourists The current renovation, nearing completion,
Yi-Fu Tuay, the role of the parent during makes minimal changes beyond moving the Tyler
childhood development is one of permanence Davidson Fountain to the center of the square
6
Relph, 49.
7 9
Relph, 49. Relph, 32
5 8 10
Norberg-Schulz, 24. Relph, 32. Relph, 34.
6
The Snow Show – Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Worlds Columbian Exposition – Chicago, IL Fountain Square – Cincinnati, OH

The Snow Show is a collaborative exhibition that pairs Designed to last a single year, the primarily white plaster Fountain square was redesigned after 60, 40 and 30
architects and artists together to design installations of exposition was more stage set design than architecture. years. Might the next design come in 20 years or less?
snow and ice. As a student volunteer, I assisted in the The “white city” portrayed solidity and strength in a The purpose of this case study is to explore the
construction of the project by Todd Williams, Billie Tsien neoclassical style. Under the leadership of the infamous implications of these changes on our sense of place.
and Carsten Hoeller in the winter of 2006, in Sestriere, Chicago Architect Daniel Burnham, the exhibits were Christian Norberg-Schulz explained that the “lack of
Italy. The Snow Show places emphasis on the temporal designed by different architectural firms and complied roots manifest, a spiritual emptiness.” When Fountain
process of aging, melting, and disintegration through the with strict aesthetic guidelines. Each pavilion housed Square is renovated does it become less fulfilling or is
use of a single unstable medium. unique entertainment and educational exhibits. Such the Tyler Davidson Fountain sufficient to root the place
grandeur had not been matched in a temporary in the past?
Williams, Tsien and Hoeller designed an interactive exhibition prior to the fair in 1893.
snow slide where the public, with the use of plastic The story of Fountain Square begins with the purchase
saucers and head-gear, could really engage the hillside. (2.02) Fountain
ModeledSquare Rendering
after the 1945
1889 Paris Universal Exposition, the of the Tyler Davidson Fountain. Prior to having land or
Most exhibits in the show utilized a conventional gallery exhibits defined American culture. “The Worlds even the city�s approval, Henry Probasco traveled to
attitude that nothing was to be touched. The ritual of Congress Auxiliary presented lectures and discussions Europe in search of a modern fountain to honor his late
walking painstakingly up the hillside to shoot down the by prominent political activists and intellectuals about business partner. The opening ceremony for the square
tunnels and over the snowbank again was important. subjects as wide-ranging and pressing as religion and on October 6th of 1871 was enjoyed by nearly a quarter
Each trip, your experience riding was being played out science, labor and women�s rights.”1 According to the of the city�s population. The alterations of 1930 were
by another person engaged in the cycle. Encyclopedia of Chicago, “whether they saw the fair primarily functional changes. Low walls helped protect
firsthand or experienced it through postcards or pedestrians from increasing traffic and the plaza was
The collective experience of all those at the exhibit accounts in newspapers and magazines, most raised to further isolate space for interaction.
opening, going through this ritual repeatedly established Americans regarded the World�s Columbian Exposition
some tangible character at the slide. Whether it was the as a cultural touchstone and remembered if for the rest In the 1960�s the City Planning Commission was
resonance of screams in the air, the traces of our sleds of their lives.”2 creating a strategy to revitalize a dying city. The plan
in the snow, or the matted path up the hillside, that was to utilize Fountain Square as a critical node,
particular place became unique. The identity became so The exposition was important in establishing Chicago�s expanding the footprint of the square and increasing
strong and the experience so vivid, those who identity as both leading city in the states, winning the bid accessibility from the suburbs. The redesign of Fountain
participated felt a sense of community with each other over New York City, and as an international city. The Square in 1971 attempted to create revitalization by
and connection with the project. affect has been lasting despite the ephemerality of the expanding site and reinforcing the symbolism without
structures. Only the Palace of Fine Arts remains. After addressing larger urban planning issues.
(2.03) Fountiain Square Image 1971
This project created significant meaning within a accommodating some 25 million visitors during the
temporal space. Two notable strategies were used to Columbian exposition, it now serves as the Field Ritual and activity are described by Edward Relph and
strengthen the projects significance: ritual and fostering Museum of natural history. Norberg-Schulz as important elements of meaningful
interaction through shared experience. It is unlikely that environments. Relph in his essay “Essence of Place”
the project continued to inform the sense of place in the Was it really critical to keep one of the structures to writes, “the places identified by any individual or culture
summer after melting but it will inform my experiences continue the legacy of the fair? Could it have been grow, flourish, and decline as the site, activity or
and understanding of landscapes with similar qualities entirely temporary and maintained its significance today? buildings take on and lose significance.” Fountain
i n t o t h e f u t u r e . Let us think of how influential and memorable some Square is certainly exemplary of this statement. “Such
conversations are in defining our character yet they withering away and modification are prevented by ritual
leave no visible trace. We often adjust memories to suit traditions that reinforce the sense of permanence of
our agenda. The erasing of the “White City” may have place.” Relph identifies a perceived permanence as
actually enabled the memory of the event to grow in the being beneficial to placemaking.
collective conscience of the city. By removing all
physical traces of the exposition, the legacy would not Relph discounts the ability of the mobile or highly
have diminished greatly, if at all. In the case of the transitional space to have a meaning. “When the rituals
Columbian Exposition, it was the strength of the and myths lose their significance and the people cease
experience created by the architecture that defined the to participate fully in them the places themselves
place and the associated memories, not its physical become changeable and ephemeral.” Fountain Square
preservation. and the Central Business District have experienced this
as Cincinnatians visit the urban core less frequently. The
connection of the square to the city has weakened over
(2.01) Tyler Davidson Fountain- Cincinnati, OH (2.04) Fountiain
1 Square Design Concept - 2006 time.
Rydell, 901

7
 Italy. The Snow Show places emphasis on the temporal designed by different architectural firms and complied roots manif
process of aging, melting, and disintegration through the with strict aesthetic guidelines. Each pavilion housed Square is r
use of a single unstable medium. unique entertainment and educational exhibits. Such the Tyler D
grandeur had not been matched in a temporary in the past?
and adding trees. The previous design won an difficult to isolate
Williams, theHoeller
Tsien and forces informing
designed each
an interactive exhibition prior to the fair in 1893.
award from the AIA in 1971. decision.
snow slide where the public, with the use of plastic Architects often extract significance from the site The story o
saucers and head-gear, could really engage the hillside. Modeled to
context aftercreate
the 1889 Paris Universal
transitional Exposition,
spaces withthethe of the Tyler
Most exhibits in the show utilized a conventional gallery exhibits defined American culture. “The Worlds even the c
The rationale for making the multi-million dollar For example, Alexander analyzes entries on
attitude that nothing was to be touched. The ritual of
hope of creating a place of profound experience.
Congress Auxiliary presented lectures and discussions Europe in s
alterations has little to do with functional changes. residences, identifyingup the
walking painstakingly importance
the hillside of a
to shoot down the Peter Eisenman
by prominent through
political anand
activists almost archeological
intellectuals about business pa
The commercial investors were responding to the transitional
tunnels andspace.
over theSuccessful
snowbank again entries, he
was important. process
subjects asextrapolates
wide-ranging and historical
pressing asand existing
religion and on October
1
historical pattern that showed, redesigning the Each trip,
concludes, your a
utilize experience
change riding was being
of material, a played
uniqueout science, into
context labor andnewwomen�s
dynamic rights.”
siteAccording
conditions to theand of the city�
by another person engaged in the cycle. Encyclopedia of Chicago, “whether they saw the fair primarily fu
square generates enthusiasm and restores view, or a change in elevation between the when injected with program reveals dynamic
firsthand or experienced it through postcards or pedestrians
significance. The role of rituals and traditions also approach and threshold.
The collective experience The pattern
of all those at work
at the is
exhibit form. Eisenman
accounts uses “traces”
in newspapers to reveal process,
and magazines, most raised to fur
help maintain continuity of place. Fountain the creation
opening, of a transitional
going zone,
through this ritual not theestablished
repeatedly use of typically
Americans through
regarded reliefs and reveals.
the World�s Columbian He describes
Exposition
Square uses an icon (the Tyler Davidson some tangible
a particular formcharacter at the slide.
or material. Whether it was the
A contemporary as a idea
this culturalas touchstone and remembered
“a condition of absence if for the rest[that] In the 196
resonance of screams in the air, the traces of our sleds of their lives.”2 creating a
Fountain) as well as traditions, like the temporary residence may utilize an entirely revolutionary
in the snow, or the matted path up the hillside, that
acknowledges the dynamic reality of the living was to uti
14
ice rink to maintain its depth of meaning into the polymer for place
particular thebecameenclosure
unique. The butidentity
include
becameaso city.” Representation
The exposition was important in and establishingmetaphor Chicago�s as expanding
newest redesign. transitional
strong space
and the at experience
the entry and propagate
so vivid, those thewho expressed
identity as both in leading (2.04)
architecture
city Field
in the Museum,
through
states, Chicago,
symbols
winning the bid IL
and accessibility
The Snow Show – Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Worlds
pattern. Columbian
participated
Alexander�sfelt aExposition
sense
emphasis – Chicago,
of community
on the with IL each other
importance Fountain
over New
“messages,”Square
York–leave
Cincinnati,
City, theasOH
and an international
interpreter with city.
a Thestatic Square in
and connection with the project. affect has been lasting despite the ephemerality of the expanding
Historical
The Snowplaces Showofis asignificance are often
collaborative exhibition that pairs of identifying a aparticular
Designed to last single year,system
the primarilyof white
forces that
plaster meaning,
Fountain allowing
square
structures. Only was the project
theredesigned
Palace of Fineafterto lose
60,
Arts 40 significance
and 30
remains. After addressing
mimicked because
architects their together
and artists culturaltoimportance has of
design installations drives a project
exposition
This pattern
was more helps
stage
created justifythan
set design
significant the use
architecture.
meaning withinof a and
years. sense
Might
accommodatingtheof place
next quickly.
design25
some come His
in 20
million process
years
visitors or less?based
during the
becomesnow so significant,
and ice. As aresulting in a “consumerist
student volunteer, I assisted in the diagramming.
Thetemporal When
“white city”
space. diagramming
portrayed
Two solidity
notable andsite
strategies conditions
strength in a to
were used design
The purpose
Columbian bothofexposition,
extrudes
this case itmeaning
study
now is tofrom
serves as the
explore existing
thethe Field Ritual and
construction
iconography of the projectas
masquerading by culture.”
Todd Williams,
11 Billie Tsien
Kenneth or neoclassical
strengthenstyle.
precedents, thewe Under
canthe
projects leadership
significance:
isolate of theand
ritual
these infamous
fostering
regional implications
Museum of
condition ofnatural
these changes
andhistory.the onformalour sense process of place. of Norberg-Sc
and Carsten Hoeller in the winter of 2006, in Sestriere, Chicago Architect
interaction through Daniel Burnham,
shared experience.the exhibits werethat
It is unlikely Christian Norberg-Schulz explained that the “lack of environmen
Frampton Italy.inThe
hisSnow
essay,
Show“Prospects
places emphasis for on
a the
Critical
temporal patterns.
designed by different
the project continued architectural
to inform the firms
senseandof complied
place in the
manipulations,
roots
Was manifest, maintaining
it reallya critical
spiritual
to emptiness.”
continuity
keep one ofWhen
in a
Fountain to
the structures
more writes, “the
Regionalism,”
process of writes
aging, that theand
melting, central principle
disintegration throughfor the withsummer
strict aesthetic guidelines.
after melting Each
but it will pavilion
inform housed
my experiences sophisticated
Square is renovated
continue manner.
the legacy doesofitthe
become
fair? less
Could fulfilling
it have or been
is grow, flour
“Criticaluse
Regionalism” is themedium.
of a single unstable “commitment to place In unique
contrast to Alexander�s
entertainment
and understanding andlandscapes
of interest
educational with in sharing
exhibits.
similar Such
qualities the entirely
Tyler Davidson
temporaryFountain sufficientitstosignificance
and maintained root the place
today? buildings t
rather than space.” In addition to sensitivity for grandeur
patterns o had time,
i n t over not been t hmatched
Kevin e Lynch, in aformer
temporary
f u t uMIT r e . inEisenman�s
the
Letpast?
us think projects,
of how influential and memorable
as described by Greg some Lynn Square is c
Williams, Tsien and Hoeller designed an interactive exhibition prior to the fair in 1893. conversations are in defining our character yet they withering a
local materials,
snow slide where crafttheandpublic,lighting,
with the useCritical
of plastic Professor of Planning appreciates aesthetic are,
Theleave “unfinished
storyno of visible
Fountain and
Square
trace.
unresolved
begins
We often with memories
adjust
like
the purchase giant
to suit traditions t
15
Regionalism
saucersisand invested in the
head-gear, couldcreative process.
really engage It
the hillside. contrast
Modeledas afterathe
strategy
1889 Parisfor placemaking.
Universal Exposition, the His ofcardboard
the
our Tyler
agenda. models.”
Davidson This
Fountain.
The erasing allows
Prior
of the the land
to having
“White City” projects
may orhave to place.” Re
is the desire for continuity
Most exhibits in the show in utilized
place aasconventional
opposed gallery
to appreciation
exhibits definedfor temporal
Americancollageculture.is rooted
“The Worlds in the retain
even the relevance
actually city�s
enabled thethrough
approval, Henryof
memory time.
ProbascoTheir
the event significance
traveled
to grow to the
in being benef
attitude that
the replication nothing was to be touched. The ritual of
of place. Congress
layering Auxiliary In
of traces. presented
his book, lectures
What and discussions
Time Is This Europe innot
collective
does search of a modern
conscience
diminish fountain
the city.toas
asof quickly honor
By his late all
aremoving
Postmodern
walking painstakingly up the hillside to shoot down the by prominent political activists and intellectuals about business
physical partner.
tracesThe opening
of the ceremony
exposition, the for the square
legacy would not Relph disc
tunnels and over the snowbank again was important. Place,
subjects as wide-ranging and pressing as religionmost
he writes “Ancient things seem and onproject
October reliant
6th of 1871
have diminished
on “messages.”
was enjoyed
greatly, by In
if at all.
As
nearly described
the acase
quarter
of the
by transitional
Christopher Alexander,
Each trip, author
your experience of was
riding Thebeing
Timeless
played out impressive
science, laborin one of two rights.”
and women�s contexts:1 eithertoquite
According the ofLynn,
the messages
city�s
Columbian population. can
Exposition, Thebe as abstract
it alterations
was the of 1930
strengthand ofriddled
were the and myths
Way ofby Building proposes
another person engaged ina the
methodology
cycle. of isolated, in some
Encyclopedia wild and“whether
of Chicago, lonely place,
they saw hidden
the fairor with
primarily contradiction
functional
experience created asthetraces
changes.
by Low but helped
walls
architecture provide a finality
protect
that defined the to particip
observation and isolation of patterns to generate firsthand
high, or experienced
or in intimate contact itwith through postcards life,
contemporary or pedestrians
andplace andfrom
closure the increasing
forassociated traffic
their meaning. andThis
memories, the plaza
notlocks was
its physical
the work become ch
The collective experience of all those at the exhibit accounts in newspapers and 13 magazines, most raised to further isolate space for interaction.
preservation. and the Ce
continuity. “As going
opening, an element of language,
through this a pattern
ritual repeatedly established embedded
Americans at the center.”
regarded By exposing
the World�s Columbian Exposition the into a set context and time for which it is most as Cincinna
is an instruction,
some tangiblewhich
charactershows how Whether
at the slide. this spatial
it was the “accumulation of overlapping
as a cultural touchstone and rememberedtraces” if for the rest the Inlegible and the
the 1960�s relevant. TracesCommission
City Planning are less resolved,
was connection
configuration
resonancecanof be used,
screams over
in the air,and over of
the traces again,
our sleds character of a2 space is incrementally altered. The
of their lives.” maintaining
creating
1 a an
strategy
Rydell, 901 ambiguity
to revitalize ora incompletion.
dying city. The plan time.
in the
to resolve thesnow,
givenor the mattedofpath
system up the
forces, hillside, that
wherever play of transparency, translucency and opacity of was to utilize Fountain Square as a critical node,
particular place became unique. 12 The identity became so The exposition was important in establishing Chicago�s expanding the footprint of the square and increasing
the context
strongmakes
and the it relevant.”
experience so These
vivid,patterns
those who these layers
identity as bothcreates
leading cityanin the
enriched depththetobid a
states, winning A “palimpsest,”
accessibility according
from the suburbs. to the Encarta
The redesign of FountainWorld
exist atparticipated
all scales feltof design
a sense and are with
of community often
each tooother project.
over NewJustYork as City,
history
and ascananbe exploited,
international city.future
The English
Square Dictionary,
in 1971 attempted“is to
a manuscript writtenbyover a
create revitalization
subtle and
to recognize
connection with without directed analysis.
the project. hopes
affectorhasexpectations can the
been lasting despite be ephemerality
incorporated. of theA partly erased
expanding older
site and manuscript
reinforcing in suchwithout
the symbolism a way that
Each problem of design is slightly unique, structures.
typical Only the Palace
example of Fine Arts remains.
of temporal collageAfterin addressing larger urban
the old words canplanning
be read issues.
underneath the new.”
This project created significant meaning within a accommodating some 25 million visitors during the
therefore the space.
temporal resolution is unique,
Two notable strategiesmaking
were used it to contemporary design is
Columbian exposition, the use
it now servesof ascontrasting
the Field In that
Ritual and manner
activity arelayers of by
described traces
Edwardcan beand
Relph read to
strengthen the projects significance: ritual and fostering materials
Museumthat will age
of natural differently over time as well
history. reveal process
Norberg-Schulz and design
as important methodology.
elements of meaningful This
interaction through shared experience. It is unlikely that as the contrast of new forms to old. environments. Relph in his essay “Essence of Place”
11 the project continued to inform the sense of place in the Was it really critical to keep one of the structures to writes,
14 “the places identified by any individual or culture
Frampton,
summer 472after melting but it will inform my experiences continue the legacy of the fair? Could it have been grow,Eisenman,
flourish, and 180.
decline as the site, activity or
12 of landscapes with similar qualities 13 Lynch, 15
Alexander, 246.
and understanding 70.
entirely temporary and maintained its significance today? Lynn, 184. and lose significance.” Fountain
buildings take on
i n t o t h e f u t u r e . Let us think of how influential and memorable some Square is certainly exemplary of this statement. “Such
conversations are in defining our character yet they withering away and modification are prevented by ritual
leave no visible trace. We often adjust memories to suit traditions that reinforce the sense of permanence of 8
our agenda. The erasing of the “White City” may have place.” Relph identifies a perceived permanence as
n an difficult
and addingto isolate
trees. The
the previous
forces informing
design won
each
an difficult to isolate the forces informing each
decision.
award from the AIA in 1971. decision. often extract significance from the site
Architects Architects often extract significance from the site
context to create transitional spaces with the context to create transitional spaces with the
ollar For
The example,
rationale for Alexander
making the analyzes
multi-million
entries dollar
on For example,
hope of creatingAlexander
a place of analyzes entries on
profound experience. hope of creating a place of profound experience.
ges. residences,
alterations hasidentifying
little to do with the functional
importance changes.
of a residences,
Peter Eisenman identifying
through an thealmost
importance of a
archeological Peter Eisenman through an almost archeological
the transitional
The commercial space.
investors Successful
were responding entries,to the he transitional
process space. Successful
extrapolates historical and entries,
existinghe process extrapolates historical and existing
the concludes,
historical pattern
utilize athat change showed,of material,
redesigning
a unique the concludes,
context intoutilize
new adynamicchange of sitematerial,
conditions a unique
and context into new dynamic site conditions and
ores view,
squareor generates
a change enthusiasmin elevation and between restoresthe view, injected
when or a change in elevation
with program between
reveals dynamic the when injected with program reveals dynamic
also approach
significance.andThe threshold.
role of rituals
The pattern
and traditions
at work alsois approach
form. and threshold.
Eisenman uses “traces” The topattern
revealatprocess,
work is form. Eisenman uses “traces” to reveal process,
tain the
helpcreation
maintain of a continuity
transitional of zone,place.
not the Fountain
use of the creation
typically of areliefs
through transitional zone, not
and reveals. He the use of
describes typically through reliefs and reveals. He describes
son aSquare
particular
uses form an oricon material.
(the A Tyler
contemporary
Davidson a particular
this idea asform or material.
“a condition of Aabsence
contemporary[that] this idea as “a condition of absence [that]
rary residence
Fountain) as maywellutilize
as traditions,
an entirely like the
revolutionary
temporary residence maythe
acknowledges utilize an entirely
dynamic reality revolutionary
of the living acknowledges the dynamic reality of the living
14
the polymer
ice rink to for
maintain
the its enclosure
depth of meaning
but include into the a polymer
city.” for the enclosure
Representation and but metaphorinclude asa city.”14 Representation and metaphor as
(2.05) Columbus Convention Center, by Peter Eisenman. This
transitional
newest redesign.space at the entry and propagate the transitional in
expressed space at the entry
architecture and propagate
through symbols and the expressed
image in architecture
demonstrates through
the architectural languagesymbols and
used by Eisen-
pattern. Alexander�s emphasis on the importance pattern. Alexander�s
“messages,” leave the emphasis on the
interpreter withimportance
a static man to reveal bothleave
“messages,” design the
process and site context.
interpreter with a static
ften Historical
of identifying places of significance
a particular system of forces are often that of identifying
meaning, allowinga particular
the project system
to lose of significance
forces that meaning, allowing the project to lose significance
has mimicked
drives a because
pattern their helpsculturaljustifyimportance
the use has of drives
and sense a pattern
of place helps quickly.justify the use
His process based of and sense of place quickly. His process based
erist become so significant,
diagramming. resulting in a
When diagramming “consumerist
site conditions diagramming.
design When diagramming
both extrudes meaning from sitetheconditions
existing design both extrudes meaning from the existing
neth iconography
or precedents, masquerading
we can isolate these11 regional
as culture.” Kenneth or precedents,
condition andwethe can formal
isolate theseprocess regionalof condition and the formal process of
tical patterns.
Frampton in his essay, “Prospects for a Critical patterns.
manipulations, maintaining continuity in a more manipulations, maintaining continuity in a more
e for Regionalism,” writes that the central principle for sophisticated manner. sophisticated manner.
lace In contrast
“Critical to Alexander�s
Regionalism” interest in sharing
is the “commitment to place In contrast to Alexander�s interest in sharing
y for patterns
rather than over time, InKevin
space.” additionLynch, former MIT
to sensitivity for patterns over
Eisenman�s time, as
projects, Kevin Lynch,byformer
described Greg Lynn MIT Eisenman�s projects, as described by Greg Lynn
ical Professor
local materials,of Planning craft appreciates
and lighting,aesthetic Critical Professor
are, of Planning
“unfinished appreciates like
and unresolved aesthetic
giant are, “unfinished and unresolved like giant
15
s. It contrast
Regionalism as isa invested
strategyin for the placemaking.
creative process. HisIt contrast as
cardboard a strategy
models.” This for placemaking.
allows the projectsHis to cardboard models.”15 This allows the projects to
d to appreciation
is the desire for for temporal
continuitycollage
in placeisas rooted
opposed in the to appreciation
retain relevance for temporal
through time. collage is rooted
Their in the
significance retain relevance through time. Their significance
layering of traces.
the replication In his book, What Time Is This
of place. layering
does notofdiminish
traces. Inashis book, What
quickly Time Is This
as a Postmodern does not diminish as quickly as a Postmodern
Place, he writes “Ancient things seem most project
Place, reliant
he writes on “messages.”
“Ancient things As described
seem most by project reliant on “messages.” As described by
less ChristopherinAlexander,
impressive one of two author
contexts:of The Timeless
either quite Lynn,
impressivemessagesin one can of be
twoascontexts:
abstract either
and riddled
quite Lynn, messages can be as abstract and riddled
y of isolated,
Way of in some wild
Building and lonely
proposes place, hidden or
a methodology of with contradiction
isolated, in some wild as traces but provide
and lonely a finality
place, hidden or with contradiction as traces but provide a finality
rate high, or in intimate
observation contactof
and isolation with contemporary
patterns to generate life, and
high,closure for theircontact
or in intimate meaning. withThis locks the work
contemporary life, and closure for their meaning. This locks the work
tern embedded
continuity. “As at an center.”of13 language,
theelement By exposing a patternthe into a set context
embedded at the and time 13forBywhich
center.” it is most
exposing the into a set context and time for which it is most
atial is an instruction,ofwhich
“accumulation shows howtraces”
overlapping this spatialthe legible and relevant.
“accumulation Traces are less
of overlapping resolved,
traces” the legible and relevant. Traces are less resolved,
gain, configuration
character of a can
space be isused, over and altered.
incrementally over again, The maintaining
character ofan ambiguity
a space or incompletion.
is incrementally altered. The maintaining an ambiguity or incompletion.
ever to resolve
play the given system
of transparency, translucency of forces, wherever
and opacity of play of transparency, translucency and opacity of
12
erns the context
these layersmakescreates it relevant.”
an enriched Thesedepth to a
patterns A “palimpsest,”
these layers creates according an to the Encarta
enriched depthWorldto a A “palimpsest,” according to the Encarta World
too project.
exist at Just as history
all scales can beand
of design exploited,
are often future
too English
project. Dictionary,
Just as history “is a manuscript written over
can be exploited, future a English Dictionary, “is a manuscript written over a
ysis. hopes
subtle or to expectations
recognize without can bedirectedincorporated.
analysis. A partly
hopeserased older manuscript
or expectations can be in incorporated.
such a way that A partly erased older manuscript in such a way that
que, typical
Each problemexample of temporal
of design is slightly collageunique, in the old words
typical example can beofread underneath
temporal the new.”
collage in the old words can be read underneath the new.”
g it contemporary
therefore the design resolution is the is use
unique,of contrasting
making it In that mannerdesign
contemporary layers is of the
traces
usecan be read to
of contrasting In that manner layers of traces can be read to
materials that will age differently over time as well reveal
materials process
that willand age design
differentlymethodology.
over time asThis well reveal process and design methodology. This
as the contrast of new forms to old. as the contrast of new forms to old. (2.06) Columbus Convention Center, By Peter Eisenman. This
11
Frampton, 472 14
Eisenman, 180. project
14 reveals the180.
Eisenman, site conditions through a formal reference
13
12 15
13 to
15its previous use as a railyard.
Lynch,
Alexander,
70. 246. Lynn,
Lynch,184.
70. Lynn, 184.

9
exposure allows the project to reveal itself as even the most
exposure allowsopen-ended
the projectand abstractitself
to reveal traces
as even the most open-ended and abstract traces
process, negating the idea of architecture as will no longer
process, intrigue
negating thetheidea
interpreter. In their built
of architecture as Time-based
will Architecture
no longer intrigue the interpreter. In their built
stagnant. Eisenman�s architecture is building as form they Eisenman�s
stagnant. are static despite a dynamism
architecture in their
is building as form they are static despite a dynamism in their
palimpsest. As Edward Relph explained, places meaning. Rituals,
palimpsest. As Edward myths
Relph and traditions
explained, are
places meaning.
Buildings Rituals,
shouldn�t myths and traditions
be designed to resist are
the
gain and lose significance over time. Architecture effective
gain at establishing
and lose significance a overperpetual sense of
time. Architecture effective at establishing a perpetual
passage of time but rather embrace sense of
it. The
should draw from context to achieve a sense of place. draw
should Theirfrom failure comes
context with diminished
to achieve a sense of place. Their failure comes with
architectural profession seems increasingly diminished
continuity, but allow the interpretations and participation.but
continuity, Patterns
allow help
the generate a senseand
interpretations of participation.
obsessed with Patterns help generate
iconography supported a sense of
by the
understanding to evolve with time, effectively continuity despite
understanding contrasting
to evolve aesthetics
with time, and
effectively continuity despite contrasting aesthetics
printed media and “that one breathless moment and
extending their relevance. forms. Ultimately
extending all places, and therefore their
their relevance. forms. Ultimately
when time seemsalltoplaces,
stand and
still: therefore their2
the delivery.”
meaning and significance, are temporary. meaning and significance, are
This moment at the end of construction and temporary.
The work of Bernard Tschumi deals with the Exposing
The workand of expressing this fact deals
Bernard Tschumi helps vivify
with our
the Exposing and expressing
before occupation this fact
is typically whenhelps vivify
the our
images
concept of cross-programming to create unique image of of
concept time and understanding to
cross-programming of place.
create unique image of time and understanding of place.
are taken and published for the world to see.
events and interactions. In the Parc de la Villete, events and interactions. In the Parc de la Villete, Ironically, very few of the users actually
Tschumi uses a series of follies to accommodate Tschumi uses a series of follies to accommodate experience a building in this state.
seemingly unrelated activities within a public seemingly unrelated activities within a public
park. By diversifying activity, experience is park. By diversifying activity, experience is How are we to build for the future if we are living
intensified and less predictable. This reimagines intensified and less predictable. This reimagines purely in the here and now? Buildings that are
the typology of the urban park by creating a the typology of the urban park by creating a time-based have the ability to adapt to changing
hybrid experience. Kevin Lynch suggests a hybrid experience. Kevin Lynch suggests a functional, technical and spatial requirements. In
similar strategy when manipulating the similar strategy when manipulating the contrast, timeless buildings do not accommodate
experience of time. He proposes “intensifying and experience of time. He proposes “intensifying and change, but maintain significance through an
diversifying the sense of local time. Such diversifying the sense of local time. Such emotional attachment. Frank Bijdendijk, in his
temporal juxtapositions can be powerful enough temporal juxtapositions can be powerful enough description of “solids” emphasizes the need for
to evoke the sensation that past, present and to evoke the sensation that past, present and both emotional attachment and accommodation
“Creation of an inside that is
future are momentarily and mysteriously future are momentarily and mysteriously capacity.3
coexistent.”16 A strategy of layering permanence coexistent.”16 A strategy of layering permanence
and evanescence, architectonic elements with andseperate
evanescence, from an outside.”
architectonic elements with Ole Bouman, editor of Archis magazine defines
rapid biological rhythms allows the moment of rapid biological rhythms allows - Edward Relph
the moment of Time-based Architecture as one in which process
experience to be more coherent and embedded experience to be more coherent and embedded and duration are just as important as form.
within a context. Continuity is created from a within a context. Continuity is created from a Design must acknowledge that everything is fluid,
more complex conjunction of dichotomies. more complex conjunction of dichotomies. and will remain this way. Historically architectural
Transitions might occur as nodes in a typical time Transitions might occur as nodes in a typical time style and ornamentation were used to create
continuum or as perpetual points “to organize the continuum or as perpetual points “to organize the meaning by reference the past. The only things
never-ceasing flow of events.”17 never-ceasing flow of events.”17 that seem to synchronize our experience of time
and space today are holidays, sporting events,
In an intriguing irony, it is time that both In an intriguing irony, it is time that both disasters and the “Breaking News.”4 These rituals
generates the interdependence of personal and generates the interdependence of personal and and the collective experience of the rhythm of life
architectural identity of place and diminishes the architectural identity of place and diminishes the are essential to resist a further fragmentation of
significance of another place. Clearly our significance of another place. Clearly our time and our built environment.
perception of architecture and spaces is perception of architecture and spaces is
influenced by the passage of time. Over time, influenced by the passage of time. Over time,
2
Bouman, 1
16 3
Lynch, 177 16
Lynch, 177 Bijdendijk, 42
17 4
Lynch, 177. 17
Lynch, 177. Bouman, 2

10
3.0 Temporal Space brief period of competitions (an eventuality). A
culture as opposed to the relative permanence
The pavilion itself contributes to the branding of and slow process of building. This lag in the
The term temporal , according to the Random the Olympics, which drives the funding which B
expression of culture through architecture can
House Dictionary, means to endure for a time allows the continuation of the games. be detrimental to our understanding of a place.
only, temporary or transitory. All spaces are Architecture and event are inseparable. If a particular quality or element of culture is
C
experienced in relation to time and are exploited in a design, it is often out-dated
therefore temporal in some manner. Embedded In contrast to Tschumi, Florian Haydn, in the book before completion, causing the project to lose
within the discussion of temporal space is the Temporary Urban Spaces writes, “Actions, space significance much more rapidly.
event. Christian Norberg-Schlulz wrote, “it is for action and programme stand in the direct
sequence in which the thematic temporary Architecture, through its relative permanence,
meaningless to imagine an [event] without
spaces actively intervene and propose concepts D
can provide continuity for a culture while
reference to a locality.”18 Within the domain of
this project is the ambiguity between the event, for the use of the city.” Architecture is not the installations relate much more to the individual.
architecture, and place. It isn�t clear whether catalyst causing events but is more accurately a Robert Kronenburg, explains this human
one comes first as they all simultaneously response to them, even on the urban planning connection as “relating more to the cyclic
define each other. level. Haydn writes, “temporary spaces create quality of life, for in their destruction lies their
social knowledge and offer opportunities for ultimate rebirth – the ebb and flow of
Events can be described in three ways: active participation, rather than temporary space construction/destruction, the cycle of
occurrences, incidents and eventualities. An for an event-based leisure society.” She sees the building/building-in-use/dismantling reflects the
active participation (the event) as both driver and (3.01) Diagramming
growth/death cyclestrengths
found inof the
Temporal
livingSpace.
world.”21
occurrence is an unforeseen intersection of
space and time in contrast to an eventuality that result. The space is a shell for an experience.
The architecture must acknowledge a process of Sequence
Nicolas deAOliveira,
shows a series
in his of events creating a ritual.
book installation art in
is a predictable outcome. Incidents are small in The series of dots begins to read as a line, showing that
entropy by including temporary spaces for the new millennium , writes, “whatever is
scale and minimal in consequence. All three a ritual becomes much more significant than any one
types of events are similar in that the action unanticipated use. currently
event. touted as essential to our practical
taking place is of significance. If we do not needs is always disquietingly close to
Our culture is increasingly charged by Sequence B showsPerception
obsolescence. a series of several
itselfindividual
is so strings
closely of
perceive the action on any level of expeience, each unique as each indiv iduals experience
consciousness, it does not satisfy the definition. spectacle and interaction as a marketing tool. aligned with these rhythms of change that one
in a place is unique. When a unifying event occurs the
In architecture all anticipated events are The branding of environments relies on creating ofcollective
its primary
experience
characteristics is continual
is momentarily synchronized bring
22
generalized into spatial conditions and referred spatial experiences that are memorable and permutation.” This evolution of our perception
the place into the collective conscence and strengthening
to as the “program” or “brief.” consistent with a product or service. This often isitsinvaluable
identity. in the continual redefinition of
translates into highly experiential and place. As Edward Relph explains, place often
oversaturated events like the “grand-opening.” Sequence
loses C shows how
significance if itanisevent can focus
unable the collective
to evolve over
Bernard Tschumi explains the relationship of experience and redefine understanding. The result is an
event to architecture as analogous to that of the In the past 10 years, artists have also become time.
alteration in the understanding of the particular place, asof
Oliveira identifies six strengths
hunter and the hunted. They both have their more intrigued by observer interaction. “In the shown through
temporal spaces:the altered trajectory.
70�s and 80�s, we lived in a society of
own needs but are so “totally interdependent Sequence D represents the idea of Temporal Collage
spectacle, in the 90�s a society of participants, Altering perception of place
that it becomes impossible to determine which where sequence and chronology are blurred into a com-
and we are developing a society of Challenging visual or sensory experience
position of layered traces.
one initiates and which responds.”19 This Fostering interaction through shared experience
interdependency becomes even more interactors.”20 The result is to further blur a
Pushing place into the collective conscious
ambiguous with the typology of event- distinction between art installations and
Accelerating spatial evolution
architecture. For example, the erection of an architecture. Creates niches of cultural advancement
Olympic pavilion is designed and built for a very
One clear distinction has always been, the real-
time dialogue that exists between art and
18 21
Norberg-Schulz, 414. Kronenburg, 1.
19 20 22
Tschumi, 127. De Oliviera, 13. De Oliviera, 8.

11
 ). cultureopportunities
These as opposed to aretheexplored
relative permanence
in both art These Park.
Central opportunities are explored
It was described as “theinfeel
both
good art Central
been Park. It was
constructed described
without permitasand “theexist
feel only
good been c
of and slow process
and architecture as strategies of building. This lag in for the and architecture as strategies
event for the city.” But how is this “event” for event for the city.” But how
until they are condemned and torn down. He is this “event” until t
ch expression of culture through
reinforcing/redefining a sense of place. The architecture can reinforcing/redefining
meaningful or influentialaon sense of place. The
our understanding meaningful
uses or influentialas
local volunteers on laborers
our understanding
for the uses
s. be detrimental
most to our understanding
effective ephemeral work utilizes of a allplace.
of most effective ephemeral work
of Central Park? The installation slightly utilizes all of
altered of Central Park? The installation
installations. Guided by scaled maquettes, slightly altered
the installa
If a particular quality
these strategies on some level. or element of culture is these strategies on some level.
ones perception of the park, created interaction ones perception
volunteers of the park,lumber
utilize reclaimed created interaction
(often from volunt
exploited in a design, it is often out-dated through shared experience, and temporarily put throughtoshared
on-site) experience,
construct the simply anddetailed
temporarily put
forms. on-site
ook before Christo
Artists completion, andcausing
Jean Claude the project to lose
exemplify Artists
the Christo
park into and (or
the city�s JeanevenClaude exemplify
the nations art the park into the city�s (or even
He describes the use of material and simple the nations art He de
ace significance much more rapidly.
these strengths of temporal spaces with their community�s) conscious. Centralwith
these strengths of temporal spaces their
Park, community�s) conscious.
fabrication as a “closed system of entropy.”Central Park, fabrica
rect large scale textile installations. Their chosen large scale
designed by textile
Frederickinstallations. Their chosen
Law Olmstead, is an designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, is an
rary Architecture,
medium is often through its relativethat
stoic landscapes permanence,
appear to medium is often stoic landscapes
icon of New York City. In images and postcardsthat appear to icon of
(3.02)sites
The New
DiagrammforYork City. In images
ofKawamata�s
“The Gates” by Christo
and postcards
and Jean Claude.
installations are The s
epts can provide continuity for
change minimally over time: a series of rolling a culture while change
you often minimally over time:
see the vastness a series
of the parks of rolling
canopy you often see the vastness of the
urban and complex. He explains “I don�t want parks canopy
to urban
the installations relate much more
hills, the canyon of a raging river, the shore of to the individual. in the foreground, with the backdrop of high-riseof
hills, the canyon of a raging river, the shore in the
use foreground,
a park or a naturalwith the backdrop
situation, of want
I just high-rise
to use a
ly a anRobert Kronenburg,
uninhabited island orexplains
an aging this urbanhumanpark. an uninhabited
residences. islandoforthe
In images aninstallation
aging urban we park.
see residences.
use the city Inwhere
images of theare
there installation we see
neighborhood use th
ning connection as “relating
When they apply their massive tapestries more to the tocyclic
the When they apply their
meandering pathways of saffron. massive tapestries to the meandering pathways of saffron.
issues…I always pay attention to the issue
eate quality ofstagnant
otherwise life, for in their our
setting destruction
expectations lies their
are otherwise stagnant setting our expectations are atmosphere of the place.”25 This attempt to atmos
for ultimate rebirth
interrupted. What – wasthea ratherebb and serene flowyetof interrupted.
The artists haveWhat was a Olmstead�s
highlighted rather serene designyet The artists
unfold have highlighted
the challenges Olmstead�s
of the site results design
in an unfold
ace construction/destruction,
beautiful setting has been drastically altered. the cycle of beautiful setting has been drastically
of the wandering pathways pulling city dwellers altered. intensified experience similar to thecity
of the wandering pathways pulling dwellers
tapestries intens
the building/building-in-use/dismantling
The application of a new medium to this context reflects the The application
through of a newpark.
the picturesque medium To to this context
contrast the ofthrough
Christo theandpicturesque
Jean Claude. park.
TheTo contrast of
perception the of Chr
21
and growth/death
opens our mind cycle found
to the new in the living world.”
potential meanings opens our mind to the new potential
rigidity of the urban grid, Olmstead designed meanings a what was always there is temporary altered,a
rigidity of the urban grid, Olmstead designed what
nce. and possibilities for the place. Because many and possibilities
network of flowing for paths
the place. Because
leading from many
one network reinforcing
ultimately of flowingthe paths
senseleading
of placefrom one
into the ultima
s of Nicolas de share
observers Oliveira,the in his book installation
experience the place art in observers toshare
experience the Each
the next. experience
gate servesthe asplace
a experience
future. to the next. Each gate serves as a future.
for the new millennium
develops an ephemeral yet collectiveis, writes, “whatever develops an ephemeral
passageway that when linked heightens the yet collective passageway that when linked heightens the
currently touted as essential to our practical
understanding. understanding.
experience of the original design. The experience of
Architecture, the original
despite the realitydesign.
of our The Archit
needs is always disquietingly close to installation was brief but the character of the installation was brief but the character
consumptive culture, is thought to last for of the consu
by obsolescence.
All of Christo and Perception itself is sowork
Jean Claude�s closely
is All was
park of Christo
magnified and for Jean Claude�s
that period. The work
projectis park was magnified for that period.
generations. Art installations are typically The project gener
ol. aligned with these rhythms of
temporary yet the scale and cost of the projects change that one temporary yet the scale and cost
reinforced the character that always existed, of the projects reinforcedto the
designed lastcharacter
days. The thatexcitement
always existed,
with design
ng isof excessive.
its primaryThey characteristics
insist on working is continualwith therefore helping to perpetuate with
is excessive. They insist on working an therefore helping to perpetuate
which one anticipates and attends a temporal an which
22
nd permutation.”
temporal installations for two reasons,perception
This evolution of our it allows temporal installations
understanding of Central forPark�s
two reasons,
meaningit inallows
the understanding of Central Park�s meaning
exhibit is a result of its pending expiration. If we in the exhibit
en is invaluable
them to do work in where
the continual
permanent redefinition
structuresof them to do work where permanent structures
city. city. that our beloved home as a child would
knew knew
nd place. As Edward Relph explains,
wouldn�t be tolerated and most importantly their place often wouldn�t be tolerated and most importantly their be severely renovated or even torn down be se
g.” loses significance if it is
temporality strengthens their impact and unable to evolve over temporality
Japanese artiststrengthens
Tadashi Kawamata their impact
functionsandin Japanese
shortly afterartist Tadashiit,Kawamata
our leaving functions
would it change ourin shortly
me time. Oliveira identifies
exposure. They relate this quality of six strengths of similar manner as Christo and Jean quality
exposure. They relate this Claude byof attitude towards living there? Might ourby
similar manner as Christo and Jean Claude attitud
he temporal spaces:
ephemerality to a humanistic response . “There ephemerality
applying to a material
a single humanistic to response
an existing . “There
site. applying a of
perception single
the material
place be to altered
an existing site.
or our perce
of is one quality…and that is the quality of love is one quality…and that
His work applies typical framing lumber is the quality of love
in His work applies
experience enriched? typical framing lumber in experi
s, Altering
and perception
tenderness thatofwe place
human beings have for and tenderness
broad that we human
gestural movements as beings have to
a strategy for broad gestural movements as a strategy to
of what does not last. We experience
Challenging visual or sensory have love and what does not last. We
humanize harsh environments. The “organic have love and humanize
Three general harsh environments.
strategies The “organic
are used specifically in Three
Fostering interaction through shared experience tenderness forembrace
our own theirlife because we know
a tenderness for our own life because we know it forms not only surroundings, but it forms not only embrace their surroundings,
architecture to resist an inherent ephemerality: but archite
Pushing place into the collective conscious 23
nd will not last.”23spatial
Accelerating Life isevolution
fragile and tender and is will not last.”
threaten to subsume the adjacent architecture,is
Life is fragile and tender and threaten to subsume
polyvalence, the adjacent
open-building architecture,
and design-for- polyva
24
therefore experienced withadvancement
heightened interest. therefore experienced
subverting its overriding withsymmetry.”
heightened24interest.
All of subverting its overriding symmetry.”
deconstruction. In accordance with Frank All of decon
Creates niches of cultural
Kawamata�s work is based upon existing Kawamata�s work is based
Duffy�s concept of the “shearing layers of upon existing Duffy�
al- All ranges of media including international news All ranges ofand
structures media
theincluding
uniqueinternational news
opportunities structures
(3.03) Central
change”, and the
Park during
these models unique
“ThefitGates”
opportunities
on a continuum of chang
nd stations publicized “The Gates” in New York�s stations publicized “The Gates” in New
available at that moment. Some pieces have York�s varying levels of adaptation. Duffypieces
available at that moment. Some have
organizes varyin
21
Kronenburg, 1.
2322De Oliviera, 8. 2423Pagliasotti 2524Cantz,36.
37. 25
Can
Pagliasotti Cantz, 37. Cantz,
12
These opportunities are explored in both art Central Park. It was described as “the feel good been constructed without permit and exist only
and architecture as strategies for event for the city.” But how is this “event” until they are condemned and torn down. He
reinforcing/redefining a sense of place. The meaningful or influential on our understanding uses local volunteers as laborers for the
most effective ephemeral work utilizes all of of Central Park? The installation slightly altered installations. Guided by scaled maquettes, the
these strategies on some level. ones perception of the park, created interaction volunteers utilize reclaimed lumber (often from
through shared experience, and temporarily put on-site) to construct the simply detailed forms.
Artists Christo and Jean Claude exemplify the park into the city�s (or even the nations art He describes the use of material and simple
these strengths of temporal spaces with their community�s) conscious. Central Park, fabrication as a “closed system of entropy.”
large scale textile installations. Their chosen designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, is an
medium is often stoic landscapes that appear to icon of New York City. In images and postcards The sites for Kawamata�s installations are
change minimally over time: a series of rolling you often see the vastness of the parks canopy urban and complex. He explains “I don�t want to
hills, the canyon of a raging river, the shore of in the foreground, with the backdrop of high-rise use a park or a natural situation, I just want to
an uninhabited island or an aging urban park. residences. In images of the installation we see use the city where there are neighborhood
When they apply their massive tapestries to the meandering pathways of saffron. issues…I always pay attention to the
otherwise stagnant setting our expectations are atmosphere of the place.”25 This attempt to
interrupted. What was a rather serene yet The artists have highlighted Olmstead�s design unfold the challenges of the site results in an
beautiful setting has been drastically altered. of the wandering pathways pulling city dwellers intensified experience similar to the tapestries
The application of a new medium to this context through the picturesque park. To contrast the of Christo and Jean Claude. The perception of
opens our mind to the new potential meanings rigidity of the urban grid, Olmstead designed a what was always there is temporary altered,
and possibilities for the place. Because many network of flowing paths leading from one ultimately reinforcing the sense of place into the
observers share the experience the place experience to the next. Each gate serves as a (3.04)
future.Toronto Project by Tadashi Kawamata, 1989.
develops an ephemeral yet collective passageway that when linked heightens the
understanding. experience of the original design. The Architecture, despite the reality of our
installation was brief but the character of the consumptive culture, is thought to last for
All of Christo and Jean Claude�s work is park was magnified for that period. The project generations. Art installations are typically
temporary yet the scale and cost of the projects reinforced the character that always existed, designed to last days. The excitement with
is excessive. They insist on working with therefore helping to perpetuate an which one anticipates and attends a temporal
temporal installations for two reasons, it allows understanding of Central Park�s meaning in the exhibit is a result of its pending expiration. If we
them to do work where permanent structures city. knew that our beloved home as a child would
wouldn�t be tolerated and most importantly their be severely renovated or even torn down
temporality strengthens their impact and Japanese artist Tadashi Kawamata functions in shortly after our leaving it, would it change our
exposure. They relate this quality of similar manner as Christo and Jean Claude by attitude towards living there? Might our
ephemerality to a humanistic response . “There applying a single material to an existing site. perception of the place be altered or our
is one quality…and that is the quality of love His work applies typical framing lumber in experience enriched?
(3.05) This diagram shows the strategy used by Kawamata to
and tenderness that we human beings have for broad gestural movements as a strategy to use lumber in a unique way to create a new experience, an
what does not last. We have love and humanize harsh environments. The “organic alering
Threeyour perception
general of an existing
strategies context.
are used The appropria-
specifically in
tenderness for our own life because we know it forms not only embrace their surroundings, but tion of a reclaimed
architecture to material helps
resist an create intrigue
inherent and depth to
ephemerality:
the temporary forms.
will not last.”23 Life is fragile and tender and is threaten to subsume the adjacent architecture, polyvalence, open-building and design-for-
therefore experienced with heightened interest. subverting its overriding symmetry.”24 All of deconstruction. In accordance with Frank
Kawamata�s work is based upon existing Duffy�s concept of the “shearing layers of
All ranges of media including international news structures and the unique opportunities change”, these models fit on a continuum of
stations publicized “The Gates” in New York�s available at that moment. Some pieces have varying levels of adaptation. Duffy organizes

23 24 25
Pagliasotti Cantz, 37. Cantz, 36.

13
ood been constructed without permit and exist only
ent” until they are condemned and torn down. He
ing uses local volunteers as laborers for the
red installations. Guided by scaled maquettes, the
ion volunteers utilize reclaimed lumber (often from
put on-site) to construct the simply detailed forms.
art He describes the use of material and simple
rk, fabrication as a “closed system of entropy.”
an
rds The sites for Kawamata�s installations are
The Snow Show – Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Worlds Col
opy urban and complex. He explains “I don�t want to
ise use a park or a natural situation, I just want to The Snow Show is a collaborative exhibition that pairs Designed to
see use the city where there are neighborhood architects and artists together to design installations of exposition w
issues…I always pay attention to the snow and ice. As a student volunteer, I assisted in the The “white
construction of the project by Todd Williams, Billie Tsien neoclassica
atmosphere of the place.”25 This attempt to and Carsten Hoeller in the winter of 2006, in Sestriere, Chicago Ar
ign unfold the challenges of the site results in an Italy. The Snow Show places emphasis on the temporal designed b
ers intensified experience similar to the tapestries process of aging, melting, and disintegration through the with strict a
the of Christo and Jean Claude. The perception of use of a single unstable medium. unique ente
grandeur h
da what was always there is temporary altered, Williams, Tsien and Hoeller designed an interactive exhibition pr
one ultimately reinforcing the sense of place into the snow slide where the public, with the use of plastic
sa future. saucers and head-gear, could really engage the hillside. Modeled af
the Most exhibits in the show utilized a conventional gallery exhibits de
attitude that nothing was to be touched. The ritual of Congress A
The Architecture, despite the reality of our walking painstakingly up the hillside to shoot down the by promine
the consumptive culture, is thought to last for tunnels and over the snowbank again was important. subjects as
(3.06)
ect generations. Art installations are typically Each trip, your experience riding was being played out science, lab
The Snow Show – Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Worlds Columbian
by another personExposition
engaged in–the
Chicago,
cycle. IL Fountain
Encycloped Squ
ed, designed to last days. The excitement with
firsthand o
an which one anticipates and attends a temporal The Snow Show is a collaborative exhibition that pairs Designed to last a experience
The collective single year, the primarily
of all those white
at the plaster
exhibit Fountain
accounts squa
the exhibit is a result of its pending expiration. If we architects and artists together to design installations of exposition
opening,was goingmore stagethis
through set ritual
design than architecture.
repeatedly established years. Might th
Americans
knew that our beloved home as a child would snow and ice. As a student volunteer, I assisted in the The “white
some city” character
tangible portrayedatsolidity
the slide. and strength
Whether in athe
it was The as purpose
a cultura
construction of the project by Todd Williams, Billie Tsien neoclassical
resonancestyle. Under the
of screams leadership
in the of the of
air, the traces infamous
our sleds implications
of their lives o
be severely renovated or even torn down
and Carsten Hoeller in the winter of 2006, in Sestriere, Chicago
in the Architect
snow, or Daniel Burnham,
the matted path the exhibits
up the werethat
hillside, Christian Norb
s in shortly after our leaving it, would it change our Italy. The Snow Show places emphasis on the temporal designed
particularby place
different architectural
became unique. The firms and complied
identity became so roots
Themanifest
exposit
by attitude towards living there? Might our process of aging, melting, and disintegration through the with strict aesthetic
strong and the guidelines.
experienceEach pavilionthose
so vivid, housed who Square
identityis as
reno b
ite. perception of the place be altered or our use of a single unstable medium. unique entertainment
participated and educational
felt a sense of communityexhibits.with each Suchother theover
TylerNew DaviY
grandeur had not
and connection withbeen matched in a temporary
the project. in the past?
affect has b
in experience enriched?
Williams, Tsien and Hoeller designed an interactive exhibition prior to the fair in 1893. structures.
to snow slide where the public, with the use of plastic This project created significant meaning within a The story of F
accommoda
nic Three general strategies are used specifically in saucers and head-gear, could really engage the hillside. Modeled
temporal after the 1889
space. Two Paris Universal
notable strategiesExposition,
were used the to of Columbian
the Tyler D
but architecture to resist an inherent ephemerality: Most exhibits in the show utilized a conventional gallery exhibits
strengthendefined American
the projects culture. ritual
significance: “The andWorlds
fostering even the city�
Museum of
attitude that nothing was to be touched. The ritual of Congress
interactionAuxiliary
through presented lectures andIt discussions
shared experience. is unlikely that Europe in sea
ure, polyvalence, open-building and design-for-
walking painstakingly up the hillside to shoot down the by the
prominent political activists
project continued to informand the intellectuals
sense of place about
in the business
Was it partnreal
of deconstruction. In accordance with Frank tunnels and over the snowbank again was important. subjects
summer as after
wide-ranging
melting but andit pressing
will informasmy religion and
experiences on continue
October 6th th

ing Duffy�s concept of the “shearing layers of Each trip, your experience riding was being played out science, labor and women�s
and understanding of landscapes
1
rights.” withAccording
similar to the
qualities of entirely
the city�s temp
ies change”, these models fit on a continuum of by another person engaged in the cycle. Encyclopedia
i n t o of Chicago, t h“whether
e they saw f u the
t u fair
r e . primarily
Let us functthin
firsthand or experienced it through postcards or pedestrians
conversatio fr
ave varying levels of adaptation. Duffy organizes
The collective experience of all those at the exhibit accounts in newspapers and magazines, most raised
leave to no
furthe
vis
opening, going through this ritual repeatedly established Americans regarded the World�s Columbian Exposition our agenda
25 some tangible character at the slide. Whether it was the as a cultural touchstone and remembered if for the rest In actually
the 1960�s ena
Cantz, 36. resonance of screams in the air, the traces of our sleds of their lives.”2 creating a strac
collective
in the snow, or the matted path up the hillside, that was to utilize
physical tra
particular place became unique. The identity became so The exposition was important in establishing Chicago�s 14
expanding
have dimin the
strong and the experience so vivid, those who identity as both leading city in the states, winning the bid accessibility
Columbian fro
the standard layers of construction based upon no particular use very well. The frame-concept, temporal collage. Because this concept
their typical lifespan. developed in theory by N.J. Habraken, attempts accommodates the complete removal of a
to create a static framework within which spatial building, maintaining some sense of place
In How Buildings Learn, Stewart Brand analyzes the six
divisions and finishes are altered easily. This becomes more challenging. Incorporating a
layer classifications.
In How Buildings Learn, Stewart Brand analyzes the six concept accommodates change differently than strategy of temporal collage in which traces of
layer
SITE classifications.
– the geographical setting, the extent of the property, polyvalence by “allowing adjustments to be previous designs remain despite their removal
lasting indefinitely made without requiring such adjustments to be is intriguing. Temporal collage can also be
SITE – the geographical
STRUCTURE setting,
– the building the extent
foundation, of the property,
supports, and
lasting indefinitely precisely determined in advance.”28 achieved by contrasting the application of new
spanning members,
STRUCTURE – the
lasting building
30-300 yearsfoundation,
dependingsupports, and and
upon culture and reclaimed materials, a strategy seen in
spanning members, lasting 30-300 years
natural disasters Open-Building assumes only the structure and contemporary home construction. Users
SKIN – depending
the enclosure upon culturelasting
system, and natural disasters
20 years or less due site are permanent. Bernard Leupen in his appreciate the layering of new and old
SKIN – the enclosure
to changes in user system, lasting 20 years or less due
to changes in user preference, upgrading essay on “Solids” writes, “the frame embodies materials and the expression of the passage of
preference, upgrading technology,
technology, performance/deterioration
performance/deterioration the buildings most important architectural and time. As Kevin Lynch described, this layering
SERVICES
SERVICES – – the
the working
working mechanical
mechanical systems,
systems, lasting
lasting 7-15 cultural values,” which means that some enriches our connection to place.
years due7-15 to years due to obsolescence or deterioration
SPACE PLAN – interior layout, partitions and doorways,
meaning is sustained. If the “frame” is retained
obsolescence or deterioration
over generations, infill can change form
SPACElasting
PLAN 3-30 years
– interior layout, partitions and doorways,
STUFF – furntiture,
lasting 3-30 years decorations, lasting daily or monthly dramatically. Due to the challenges of
STUFF – furntiture, decorations, lasting daily or monthly integrating mechanical systems into a highly
flexible infill system, this adaptive strategy isn�t
utilized often.
The design strategy of polyvalence is typically
utilized to enable continual change. Herman Design-for-deconstruction (DFD) is the most
Hertzberger first applied the French term for ambitious method for dealing with time because
multi-purpose rooms, sale polyvalente, t o it focuses the ecology of demolition. DFD looks
concepts of adaptability in architectural at a buildings life-cycle in an even larger scope
design.26 Adaptable forms “are in themselves than other time-based strategies by designing
lucid and permanent, but can change in the for the life-cycle of each material or system in
sense that you can interpret them differently the building. Polyvalence accommodates time
(not in the sense that you and I see something and uncertainty through anticipation of desired
differently).”27 Polyvalence is designed adaptations, leaving no actual waste. In
adaptability, in the manner that the multi- contrast, the Frame Concept separates
purpose room is designed for many permanent from temporary layers, enabling
programmatic uses. It is the ability to use a frequent infill demolition and reducing waste
room differently without having to change the production. DFD looks at the components,
space through construction or deconstruction. detailing and material choices to reduce waste
from the building renovation/demolition. The
Without drastic demolition the experience of scope of material reuse includes interior
polyvalent spaces is primarily static and finishes to major structural members.
destined to lose significance over time. By
creating a space the tries to accommodate all The strategy of Design-For-Deconstruction is
uses sufficiently, it is likely it will accommodate most successful at contributing to a continuity
of place by supporting Kevin Lynch�s idea of (3.08) Stewart Brand’s “Shearing Layers of Change”
26 diagramm
Leupen, 13.
27 28
Leupen, 82. Leupen, 18.

15
Turner Brooks Architect – Gilder Boathouse Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates – Powell Renzo Piano Building Workshop - Promoteo
Temporary Library
The Gilder Boathouse for Yale University is taken as the The design of the Promoteo, a temporary auditiorium by
base condition for the boathouse typology. Storage bays Ming Fung, of Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates and Renzo Piano, is unique to the topic of time-based
are slightly raised of the level of water for flood designer of the Powell Temporary Library in Los architecture because it illustrates how design-for-
considerations. The bays are oriented perpendicular to Angeles, California described the necessity for deconstruction can be incorporated with support/infill
the river and form the pedestal for the more elegant adaptable structures by saying “It�s assumed when you scenario. It was constructed and disassembled twice, in
clubroom. The project is embedded in a sloping design a permanent building, that the user will never late 1983 inside the San Lorenzo cathedral of Venice
riverbank allowing access to both levels on grade. The change or evolve. But that�s not true. Everything is and early 1984 in the Ansaldo Factory of Milan.3 The
clubroom has extensive balcony space for social temporary.” The Powell Temporary Library was designed San Lorenzo Cathedral serves as an urban icon by
gatherings and watching rowing events. Access to the and erected in 9 months, to hold an extensive library of which residents orient themselves. In this example the
dock space is carefully diagrammed to simplify 210,000 volumes, while the permanent UCLA library was existing building is the permanent framework, within
maneuvering of large eight-man shells. The exterior of undergoing seismic renovations. which less permanent uses are built, satisfying
the building expresses a warmth and refinement through Habraken�s preference for the frame to function on an
nice wood detailing while the interior finishes of the two For the Powell Temporary Library, placing the critical urban planning level. The project utilized an existing
levels are dramatically different. The unconventional joint between the masonry base and fabric tent-like structure of rich context to provide the services, skin,
pitches of the roof help to reduce visual impact of the enclosure at eye level ensures that all users are structure and site. Renzo Piano and Luigi Nono
building from the water. confronted with the buildings ephemerality. The CMU provided the infill layers, injecting life into a culture
base extends beyond the necessary slab height landmark that sat in disrepair for decades.4
effectively lifting the traditional foundation connection
into view. It is important to note that the window frame is Conceptually, the design behaves like a resonant box of
totally eliminated. In traditional construction the punched laminated timber and thin wood paneling within a
opening of the window is an opportunity to express the permanent masonry shell. At full capacity, the wooden
depth of the wall section. The connections between box held 400 patrons and 80 performers, which were
membrane and metal stud, although concealed on the scattered carefully amongst three levels of metal
outer edge of the structure, is simplified and adds no gangways.5 Structurally the Prometeo is composed of 15
additional thickness to the system. laminated timber ribs, each extending 9 meters in height.
The use of bolted connections between the timber
Perhaps the most critical detail in conveying the thin structure and metal staging is a preferable detail when
structure is at the ends of the library stacks. In typical designing-for-deconstruction. The whole primarily wood
construction, spandrel panels are needed to cover shell is floated 3 meters above the existing marble floor
unsightly mechanical systems, structure and insulation. of the San Lorenzo nave. The adjustable metal cleats on
Corner details, specifically the wall-to-ceiling connection a 3.6 meter grid create this illusion of lightness and allow
is often chunky and enclosed but at the Powell the audience to flow under the structure before climbing
Temporary Library nothing is hidden. up to the deck where temporary chairs await.

This attitude towards light construction makes the In this example, the temporary auditorium benefits from
building legible to the users. Understanding our the richness of the cathedral as a site. The application of
environment, including the construction of a building, a new design to an old context plays off the concept of
enriches our experience. Because the users are aware temporal collage, allowing architectural elements to
of its temporal life, the identity of the place is established contrast each other. The cathedral, after the Promoteo�s
and shared by the collective student body. This clarity deconstruction, will also have an additional layer of
and consensus on the buildings character should allow it meaning from the performance and the experiences of
to retain some significance after its demolition. those who attended.
(3.09) Powell Library wall detail (3.10) Diagramming detail location and construction expression

3
Pasini, p. 56
4
Glancey, p. 57 16
5
Pasini, p. 58
 Next 21 – Osaka, Japan

In 1990 Osaka Gas company in Osaka, Japan

Next 21 –Turner
Osaka,Brooks
Japan Architect – Gilder Boathouse Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates – Powell Renzo Piano Building Workshop - Promoteo
commissioned Next 21, a prototype for multi-family
Temporary Library
urban living. The building, completed in October 1993,
In 1990 The Gilder
Osaka GasBoathouse
company for in
Yale University
Osaka, Japanis taken as the The design of the Promoteo, a temporary auditiorium by
is a living experiment into the theories of two-stage
commissionedbase condition
Next 21, for the boathouse
a prototype typology. Storage bays
for multi-family Ming Fung, of Hodgetts + Fung Design Associates and Renzo Piano, is unique to the topic of time-based
building
Next 21 –and adaptable
Osaka, Japan design. The building is 7 total
areThe
urban living. slightly raised
building, of thein level
completed October of 1993,
water for flood designer of the Powell Temporary Library in Los architecture because it illustrates how design-for-
floors and 18 individual housing units occupying
is a livingconsiderations.
experiment intoThe thebays are oriented
theories perpendicular to
of two-stage Angeles, California described the necessity for deconstruction can be incorporated with support/infill
48,600
In 1990 square
Osaka feet.
Gas Incompany all, 13 different architects
building andthe adaptable
river and design.
form the The pedestal
buildingforis 7the more elegant
total adaptable structures by saying in “It�sOsaka,
assumed Japanwhen you scenario. It was constructed and disassembled twice, in
designed
commissioned 18 residential
Next 21, units.
a To create
prototype for diversity,
multi-family the
floors and clubroom. The project
18 individual housing isunits embedded
occupying in a sloping design a permanent building, that the user will never late 1983 inside the San Lorenzo cathedral of Venice
architects
urban were
living. or Theevolve.encouraged
building, completed to use non-standard
in October 1993,
riverbank
48,600 square allowing
feet. In all,access to botharchitects
13 different levels on grade. The change But that�s not true. Everything is and early 1984 in the Ansaldo Factory of Milan.3 The
components.
is atemporary.” Conceptually
living experiment the
the building
into Temporary theories was designed
of two-stage
designed clubroom
18 residentialhasunits.
extensive
To create balcony space
diversity, the for social to resemble
The Powell
a vertical design. neighborhood
Library was designed
first, ais unified
San Lorenzo Cathedral serves as an urban icon by
building and adaptable in 9 months, toThe holdbuilding 7 total
architectsgatherings and watching
were encouraged to userowing events. Access to the
non-standard and erected
buildingand second.individualTo prevent the finalunits
an extensive
assembly from
library of which residents orient themselves. In this example the
dockConceptually
space is the carefully floors 210,000 18 volumes, while housing occupying
components. buildingdiagrammed
was designed to simplify looking too fragmented
the permanent UCLA
while allowing as
library was
much
existing building is the permanent framework, within
maneuvering 48,600 squareseismic feet. Inrenovations.
all, 13 different architects
to resemble a vertical of large eight-man
neighborhood first,shells. The exterior of
a unified undergoing
flexibility as possible, the lead
which less permanent uses are built, satisfying
the building expresses designed 18 residential units. Toarchitect established
create diversity, the
building second. To prevent theafinal
warmth and refinement
assembly from through
specific design guidelines.
Habraken�s preference for the frame to function on an
nicefragmented
wood detailing whileallowing
the interior architects were encouraged to use non-standard
looking too while as finishes
much of the two For the Powell Temporary Library, placing the critical urban planning level. The project utilized an existing
levels are dramatically different. The unconventional components.
joint between Conceptuallythe masonry the building
base and was designed
fabric tent-like structure of rich context to provide the services, skin,
flexibility as possible, the lead architect established Design rules stated that neighborhood
all housing unitfirst, exterior walls
pitches of the roof help to reduce visual impact of the to resemble
enclosurea at vertical
eye level ensures that aallunified users are structure and site. Renzo Piano and Luigi Nono
specific design guidelines. were one foot or less in thickness and must lie within
building from the water. building
confrontedsecond.with To the prevent the final
buildings assembly
ephemerality. from
The CMU provided the infill layers, injecting life into a culture
a three foot
looking grid. With little while restriction where as balconies
Design rules stated that all housing unit exterior walls base too fragmented
extends beyond the allowing necessary slab muchheight landmark that sat in disrepair for decades.4
and perimeter
flexibility walls
as possible, are placed
thetraditional the
lead architect façade has
established no
Even though the structure is the(3.11)
were one foot or less in thickness and must lie within effectively lifting the foundation connection
planar regularity.
specific design guidelines. only
a three foot grid. With little restriction where balconies into view. It is important to note that the window frame is Conceptually, the design behaves like a resonant box of
permanent building element, it may not accommodate
and perimeter walls are placed the façade has no totally eliminated. In traditional construction the punched laminated timber and thin wood paneling within a
drastic
Design program
rules stated changes
that all in the future.
housing The column
unit exterior walls the
planar regularity. Even though the structure is the only opening of the window is an opportunity to express permanent masonry shell. At full capacity, the wooden
spacing
were one offoot
24 or feet less andin a floor-to-ceiling
thickness and must height of 8
lie within
permanent building element, it may not accommodate depth of the wall section. The connections between box held 400 patrons and 80 performers, which were
afeet
threeis restrictive
foot grid. for
With non-residential
little restriction
membrane and metal stud, although concealed on the
use.whereThebalconies
structure
scattered carefully amongst three levels of metal
drastic program changes in the future. The column is entirely cast-in-place concrete, a difficult system to
and perimeter
outer edge walls of theare placed isthe
structure, façade
simplified has
and no adds no gangways.5 Structurally the Prometeo is composed of 15
spacing of 24 feet and a floor-to-ceiling height of 8 manipulate for future
planar regularity.
additional Evenuse.
thickness thoughNextthe
to the system.
21 structure
uses bothisfloor the onlyand
laminated timber ribs, each extending 9 meters in height.
feet is restrictive for non-residential use. The structure ceiling plenums to isolate ducts, plumbing and wiring.
permanent building element, it may not accommodate The use of bolted connections between the timber
is entirely cast-in-place concrete, a difficult system to Deeper program floor plenums in incommon corridors allow
drastic changes
Perhaps the most critical detail in conveying the future. The column the thin structure and metal staging is a preferable detail when
manipulate for future use. Next 21 uses both floor and services of to 24runfeetoutside each housing unit, similar to
spacingstructure is at the ends of the library stacks.ofIn8typical
and a floor-to-ceiling height designing-for-deconstruction. The whole primarily wood
ceiling plenums to isolate ducts, plumbing and wiring. the is public utilities buried under use. our streets. To
feet restrictive
construction, forspandrel
non-residential panels are The structure
needed to cover shell is floated 3 meters above the existing marble floor
Deeper floor plenums in common corridors allow accommodate floor and ceiling plenums, the floor-to-
is entirely
unsightly cast-in-place
mechanicalconcrete, systems,a structure
difficult system
and to
insulation. of the San Lorenzo nave. The adjustable metal cleats on
services to run outside each housing unit, similar to floor height for in residential 6
manipulate
Corner details, future use.zones
specificallyNext the is
2112 feet.both
uses
wall-to-ceiling floorconnection
and a 3.6 meter grid create this illusion of lightness and allow
the public utilities buried under our streets. To
ceilingis oftenplenums to isolate
chunky andducts, plumbing
enclosed butand at wiring.
the Powell the audience to flow under the structure before climbing
accommodate floor and ceiling plenums, the floor-to- Accommodating adaptation over timecorridors
is intriguing from
Deeper floor plenums
Temporary Library nothing is hidden. in common allow up to the deck where temporary chairs await.
floor height in residential zones is 12 feet.6 an economic perspective but could be detrimental
services to run outside each housing unit, similarfortothe
character
the public of utilities
the project. buried A system inour
constant
underconstruction streets. fluxTo with
Accommodating adaptation over time is intriguing from This attitude towards light makes the In this example, the temporary auditorium benefits from
little continuity of
accommodate floor placeand loses
ceiling meaning
plenums, more thequickly.
floor-to- This
an economic perspective but could be detrimental for the building legible to the users. Understanding our the richness of the cathedral as a site. The application of
project
floor height successfully
in residential addresses
zones thisfeet.
by6 restricting the
character of the project. A system in constant flux with environment, including theisconstruction
12 of a building, a new design to an old context plays off the concept of
image from the exterior. The building will appear
little continuity of place loses meaning more quickly. This enriches our experience. Because the users are aware temporal collage, allowing architectural elements to
relatively stagnant
Accommodating on theover exterior while units from are
project successfully addresses this by restricting the of its temporaladaptation life, the identity time
of theisplaceintriguing
is established contrast each other. The cathedral, after the Promoteo�s
manipulated
an economic on the interior
perspective butfacing walls.
couldstudent In essence
be detrimental for thethe
image from the exterior. The building will appear and shared by the collective body. This clarity deconstruction, will also have an additional layer of
building creates
character of the a hierarchy
project. A systemof continuity
in constant to flux
achieve with
relatively stagnant on the exterior while units are and consensus on the buildings character should allow it meaning from the performance and the experiences of
adaptability.
little
manipulated on the interior facing walls. In essence the tocontinuity
retain some of place loses meaning
significance after its more quickly. This
demolition. those who attended.
project successfully addresses this by restricting the
building creates a hierarchy of continuity to achieve
image from the exterior. The building will appear
adaptability. (3.13) Promoteo
relatively stagnant on the exterior while units are
building section
manipulated on the interior facing walls. In essence the
building creates a hierarchy of continuity to achieve
adaptability.

(3.12) Next 21 building sections

6 3
Kim, p. 14 Pasini, p. 56
4
Glancey, p. 57
6 5
Kim, p. 14 Pasini, p. 58

6
17
Kim, p. 14
LONGEVITY THROUGH ADAPTABILITY

DESIGN-FOR-DECONSTRUCTION
Robert Kronenburg, Brad Guy, Scott Shell
DETAILING IS KEY
ISOLATE BUILDING LAYERS
UTILIZE MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
ADAPTABLE THROUGH DISASSEMBLY

(3.15)
HODGETTS + FUNG
POWELL TEMPORARY LIBRARY
(3.14)

OPEN-BUILDING
NJ Habraken, Stephen Kendall, Stewart Brand
SEPERATION OF SYSTEMS
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUPPORT/INFILL
CONCEPTUALLY STRONG BUT DIFFICULT
TO IMPLEMENT
AS A SYSTEM IT HAS ONLY BEEN IM-
PLEMENTED IN HIGHLY RECTILINEAR
SCHEMES (3.17)
(3.16) NEXT 21 - OSAKA GAS CO.

POLYVALENCE
Herman Hertzberger
ALLOWS INTERPRETATION OVER TIME
BUILT IN ADAPTIBILITY
ANTICIPATE FUTURE USES
ALLOWS ONLY SPATIAL REARRANGEMENT

(3.18)
MIES VAN DER ROHE - CROWN HALL

18
CONTINUITY THROUGH EPHEMERALITY

RITUALS, MYTHS AND TRADITIONS

Seemingly insignificant events accumulate to achieve great significance
Enriched through memory and anticipation
Can create meaning in minimal spaces

ALTERING PERCEPTION
(THROUGH EVENTS AND INSTALLATIONS)
Redefines character of place
Heightens awareness of existing character
Contrasts / questions existing character
Plays off humanistic love of fragile existence

SYNCHRONIZING COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE

(THROUGH EVENTS AND INSTALLATIONS)
Fosters interaction
Pushes place into the collective conscious
Creates niches for cultural advancement

TEMPORAL COLLAGE
(LAYERING OF TRACES - PALIMPSEST)
Perpetually building upon site specific qualities
Doesn’t rely on symbols and messages
Exposes the incremental alteration of character
Simultaneously values the object and context

19
 PROBLEM ARCHITECTURAL FAILURES
WEATHERING
FUNCTIONAL
CHANGING PREFERENCES

CULTURAL CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
MASS CONSUMPTION
INFORMATION TECH

CONVERGENCE ON THE GENERIC

SOLUTION LONGEVITY EPHEMERALITY

DESIGN-FOR-DECONSTRUCTION RITUALS, TRADITIONS
OPEN-BUILDING ALTERING-PERCEPTION
POLYVALENCE COLLECTIVE EXPERIENCE
TEMPORAL COLLAGE

PLACES OF CONTINUITY THROUGH LONGEVITY /EPHEMERALITY

OUTCOME A HYBRID STRATEGY OF PLACEMAKING THAT EXPLOITS

EPHEMERALITY TO SUPPORT AN
AUTHENTICITY OF EXPERIENCE

20
 change. With each demolition and reconstruction,
we are potentially eroding away the character that contin
makes each project an authentic place. If we
reach a condition of such great urban flux, we will
are
lose just
are the as
as meaningful
justability to as
identify withasourgothic portals
portals or
surroundings.
4.0 Closing:
4.0 Closing: Exploiting
Exploiting Ephemerality
Ephemerality meaningful
29
gothic or
classical
classical domes
domes used used toto be.”
be.”29 Ideally
Ideally architecture
architecture
As will
will employ
Temporary aa hybrid
hybrid scheme
employarchitecture has the
scheme of adaptability
of potential and
to lead
adaptability and
As our
our country
country continues
continues to to grow
grow in in population
population
the temporal
us
temporal spaces
spaces ofto
into a condition to exploit
placeless an
exploitcities.
an We inherent
must
inherent
the economy
economy supports
supports aa culture
culture of of mass-
mass-
consumption, ephemerality.
find
ephemerality. This
This strategy
ways to maintain a sense
strategy would enable
enable physical
of continuity
would in our
physical
consumption, architects
architects should
should be be wary
wary of
of rapid
rapid
change. buildings
urban
buildings to
to bebe highly
environment dynamic
highlywhile while
while supporting
supporting
dynamic significantaa
supporting
change. With
With each
each demolition
demolition and
and reconstruction,
reconstruction,
we continuity
change. of
of experience,
continuityThere are two authentic
experience, to
alternatives
authentic to each
for place.
each dealing
place.
we are
are potentially
potentially eroding
eroding away
away the
the character
character that
that
makes with this current condition, making buildings last
makes eacheach project
project an an authentic
authentic place.
place. IfIf we
we
reach longer or making temporary buildings more
reach aa condition
condition of of such
such great
great urban
urban flux,
flux, we
we will
will
lose meaningful.
lose the
the ability
ability to
to identify
identify with
with our
our surroundings.
surroundings.

Temporary The three basic strategies for adaptive

Temporary architecture
architecture has
has the
the potential
potential to
to lead
lead
us architecture, polyvalence, open-building and
us into
into aa condition
condition of
of placeless
placeless cities.
cities. We
We must
must
find design-for-deconstruction improve functionality
find ways
ways toto maintain
maintain aa sense
sense ofof continuity
continuity inin our
our
urban rather than contribute to spatial meaning. They
urban environment
environment while
while supporting
supporting significant
significant
change. provide the opportunity to decelerate the
change. There
There are
are two
two alternatives
alternatives for
for dealing
dealing
with construction/demolition cycle. In contrast,
with this
this current
current condition,
condition, making
making buildings
buildings last
last
longer temporary art installations de-emphasize
longer or or making
making temporary
temporary buildings
buildings moremore
meaningful. functional use to condense meaning. From the
meaningful.
exploration of installations and temporal spaces,
The two strategies of seem particularly applicable to
The three
three basic
basic strategies
strategies for for adaptive
adaptive
architecture, architecture: ritual and temporal collage.
architecture, polyvalence,
polyvalence, open-building
open-building andand
design-for-deconstruction
design-for-deconstruction improveimprove functionality
functionality
rather Rituals can coexist with dramatic change. The
rather than
than contribute
contribute to to spatial
spatial meaning.
meaning. They
They
provide repetition of symbolic events alone contributes to
provide thethe opportunity
opportunity to to decelerate
decelerate thethe
construction/demolition the meaning of the place while allowing the
construction/demolition cycle. cycle. In In contrast,
contrast,
temporary architecture to adapt to changing conditions.
temporary art art installations
installations de-emphasize
de-emphasize
functional Temporal Collage actually relies on change to
functional use
use to to condense
condense meaning.
meaning. From
From the
the
exploration provide additional layers of meaning to the
exploration of
of installations
installations and
and temporal
temporal spaces,
spaces,
two composition. The greater the variety and
two strategies
strategies of of seem
seem particularly
particularly applicable
applicable to
to
architecture: complexity of the traces, the stronger the essence
architecture: ritual
ritual and
and temporal
temporal collage.
collage.
of that place becomes.
4.0 Closing: Exploitingdramatic
Ephemerality are just as meaningful as gothic portals or
Rituals
Rituals cancan coexist
coexist withwith dramatic change.
change. The The classical be.”29 Ideally
repetition “Design domes
and Art”used
as toexplained architecture
by Ole Bouman,
repetition of of symbolic
symbolic events
events alone
alone contributes
contributes to to will
As “could help to create collective experiencesand
employ a hybrid scheme of adaptability that 29
Bou
theour
the country of
meaning
meaning continues
of the
the place
placeto grow
whileinallowing
while population
allowing the
the temporal spaces to exploit an portals
inherentor
the economy are just as meaningful as gothic
4.0 Closing:
architecture
architecture tosupports
to adapt
Exploiting
adapt toachanging
to culture of
Ephemerality
changing mass-
conditions.
conditions. ephemerality. Thisused
strategy would
29 enable physical
consumption,
Temporal architects should be wary of rapidto classical domes to be.” Ideally architecture
Temporal Collage
Collage actually
actually relies
relies onon change
change to buildings to be highly dynamic while supporting a
change.
provide With each
additional demolition
layers and reconstruction, will employ a hybrid scheme of adaptability and
As our country
provide additional layerstoof
continues meaning
ofgrow
meaning to
to the
in population the continuity of experience, authentic to each place.
we areeconomy
potentiallyThe eroding away the temporal spaces to exploit an inherent
composition.
the
composition. greater
supports
The greater thecharacter
the
a culture variety that
of mass-
variety and
and
makes
complexityeach of project an authentic place. If we ephemerality. This strategy would enable physical
consumption,
complexity of the
the traces,
traces, the
architects stronger
should
the the
be wary
stronger the essence
of rapid
essence
reach
of that
change.a place
condition of such
Withbecomes.
each great urban
demolition flux, we will
and reconstruction, buildings to be highly dynamic while supporting a
of that place becomes.
lose the ability to identify with our surroundings.
we are potentially eroding away the character that continuity of experience, authentic to each place.
“Design
makes each
“Design and
and Art” as
as explained
project
Art” an authentic
explained by
by Ole
place.
Ole Bouman,
If we
Bouman,
Temporary
“could
reach ahelp architecture
to
to create hasgreat
the potential
collective experiences towelead
that 29
Bouman,
“could condition
help of such
create collective urban flux,
experiences will
that 29
Bouman, 6.
6.
uslose
intothea ability
condition of placeless
to identify with ourcities. We must
surroundings.
find ways to maintain a sense of continuity in our 21
urban environment
Temporary whilehas
architecture supporting significant
the potential to lead
 5.0a Works Cited
Alexander, Christopher. “The Quality Without A Name” The Timeless Way of Building. Oxford University Press. 1979.

Bijdendijk, Frank. “Solids” Time-Based Architecture Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. 2005.

Bouman, Ole. “Time-Based Architecture.” Archis (2003) http://www.archis.org/plain/object.php?object=875&year=&num=.

Brand, Stewart. How Buildings Learn. New York: Penguin Books. 1994.

Buchanan, Peter. Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Complete Works Volume One. London: Phaidon Press Limited. 1993.

Davidson, Cynthia. Traciing Eisenman London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2006.

De Oliviera, Nicolas. Installation art in the new millennium. London: Thames & Hudson. 2003.

Eisenman, Peter. "Architecture and the Problem of the Rhetorical Figure." Architecture and Urbanism (July 1987), 202:17-22.

Frampton, Kenneth. “Prospects for a Critical Regionalism.” Perspecta: Yale Architectural Journal 20 (1983)

Haldemann, Matthias. Tadashi Kawamata. Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz. 2000.

Kronenburg, Robert. Ephemeral / Portable Architecture. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1998

Leupen, Bernard, and Jasper van Zwol. Time-Based Architecture. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. 2005.

Lynch, Kevin. “Change Made Visible.” What Time is This Place? Cambridge: MIT Press. 1972

Lynn, Greg. “The Talented Mr. Tracer.” Tracing Eisenman. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2006.

Nelson, A.C., “Toward a New Metropolis: The Opportunity to Rebuild America.” Discussion paper prepared for The Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, December, 2004.

Norberg-Schulz, Christian. “The Phenomenon of Place.” Architectural Association Quarterly 8, No. 4. (1976)

Pagliasotti, James. “Interview with Christo and Jeanne-Claude” (2002) http://christojeanneclaude.net/eyeLevel.html.

Powell, Hilary. “Junk-Space.” http://bak.spc.org/luna-nera/art-site/artsite_book/NOGRAFIK/3.pdf

Relph, E., Place & Placelessness. London: Pion. 1976.

Tschumi, Bernard. Architecture and Disjunction. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1996.

22
5.0b Influential Texts
Haydn, Florian and Robert Temel. Temporary Urban Spaces: Concepts for the Use of Urban Spaces. Basel: Birkhauser. 2006.
James, Vincent and Jennifer Yoos. VJAA. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 2007.

Kendall, Stephen and Jonathan Teicher. Residential Open-Building. London: E & FN Spon. 2000.

Kieran, Stephen, and Timberlake, James. Refabricating Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2004.

Kim, Jong-Jin, Ryan Brouwer, and Jennifer Kearney. “NEXT 21: A prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex.” Discussion paper prepared for College of Architecture and Urban Planning at University of
Michigan.

Koike, Mika. Kawamata. Tokyo: Gendaikikakushitsu Publishing. 1987.

Koolhaas, Rem and Bruce Mau. S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli Press. 1995.

1Kronenburg, Robert. “Explorations in Ephemeral Architecture.” Architectural Design September 1998:29-30.

2Kronenburg, Robert, and Filiz Klassen. Transportable Environments 3. London: Taylor & Francis Group. 2006.

3Kronenburg, Robert. Transportable Environments 2. London: Spon Press. 2003.

4Kronenburg, Robert. FTL: Softness, Movement and Light. West Sussex: Academy Editions. 1997.

Lefaivre, Liane and Alexander Tzonis. Critical Regionalism: Architecture and Identity in a Globalized World. Munich: Prestel Verlag. 2003.

Maffei, Andrea. Works Projects Writings. Toyo Ito. Milan: Electra Architecture. 2001.

Mcdonough, William, and Braungart, Michael. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things. Edited by William McDonough. 1st Edition ed. Vol. 1. New York: North Point Press. 2002.

Nesbitt, Kate. Theorizing A New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 1996.

1Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Existence, Space & Architecture. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1971.

2Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Architecture: Meaning and Place. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. 1988.

Ojeda, Oscar Riera. Arcadian Architecture: Bohlin Cywinski Jackson. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. 2005

Pridmore, Jay and George A. Nelson. Chicago Architecture and Design. New York: Harry N Abrams, INC., Publishers. 2005.

Shell, Scott. “Design-for-Deconstruction Handbook.” Discussion paper prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency. EHDD Architecture. 2005

Siegal, Jennifer. Mobile: the Art of Portable Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 2002.

Waldheim, Charles. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 2006.

Weiss, Marion and Michael A. Manfredi. Site Specific: The Work of Weiss / Manfredi Architects. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 2000.

23
24
 6.0 APPENDIX: Project Proposal
To design architecture is to assist in the
creation of meaningful places. Both events and
architecture inform our sense of place.
Although identifying the qualities that make the
character of a space alive can be allusive, it is
clear that the passage of time is one of the
critical elements. Controlling time is out of our
grasp, but utilizing time to concentrate
experience and perception is well within our set
of tools. This design proposal will utilize
temporary elements to strengthen the identity
and sense of place for a chosen site that has
lost significance.

Specifically, I will be designing a series of

boathouses and site work for DuSable Park in
Chicago. I will create continuity with the sites
history and regional context while redefining
this site as a community park and recreational
portal to the Chicago River. The affect of the
seasons on the program, will allow me to
employ strategies used in art installations and
temporary architecture. The collective
experience of the public utilizing the park in
alternating seasonal conditions with varying
degrees of engagement will bring the public
place into the consciousness of the city.

The biannual transformation of the site from

park/café to boathouse/community dock will
serve as a ritual for the city to mark the
changing of recreational seasons and the
redefinition of an urban space. By generating
two designed conditions to compliment two
opposing programs, the project will
simultaneously exploit permanence, transition
and evanescence. The 3-acre lot was once the
center of commerce in the city, linking steam
ships to the massive network of railroads. Now
the park will link city dwellers back to the river
for recreation, reclaiming the Chicago that John
(6.01) Urban Kayaking Baptiste Pointe DuSable founded.

25
 User Descriptions Although most boats can withstand the wear of
weather during summer months they must be
This design proposal will accommodate three protected from the cycles of freeze/thaw during
different users. By isolating their specific needs, the winter months. There will be two types of boat
opportunities to cross-program arise and a more storage to accommodate the larger carbon-fiber
dynamic facility is created. rowing shells differently than small plastic kayaks.
A total of 5 bays for storage will be broken down
Rowing Club Members – Utilize the park primarily to specifically address the three user types.
in the summer. Their storage needs will be for
year-round climate controlled bays that can Locker Rooms
accommodate 8-man shells. They will have
access to storage facilities and repair bays in the The boathouse will have changing rooms and
winter as well as transitional months. lockers available to the public. These facilities will
only be accessible during the boating season.
Private Boat Owners – Utilize the park only in the They will be separated from restroom facilities
summer. Their boats will be accommodated in that support the café and clubroom. The locker
rented slips only during summer months. Their facility could be an outdoor space that provides
use of Rowing Club facilities will be much like the privacy to change and shower after spending time
use of the seasonal marinas on the lake, only on the river. Drainage of showers however should
being available during the boating season. be treated as normal indoor plumbing to prevent
runoff into the river and avoid freezing pipes.
Program: An Urban Boathouse Public – The public use of the park is the top
priority as mandated by City of Chicago Rowing Club – Clubroom
I am proposing the design of a public boathouse Ordinance. They must have direct access to the
for the Chicago River Rowing and Paddling Club. water and ability to use the park all year. Facilities The boathouse is often a space used for meeting
This local club temporarily resides under the Lake to rent human-powered boats will be provided for ����������������������������
prior to and after spending time on the river. This
l Shore Drive Bridge on the rivers south shore. them only during boating season. Due to the space will provide an indoor room for meeting
�������������������������
Their facilities consist of only fenced storage adjacency of Navy Pier and the Lakeshore many and reflection of activities occurring outside. For
e space for rowing shells. Despite their meager public users will be tourists so obvious access to this space, views to the waterfront and dock will
nd facilities they annually host regattas on the main the park will be created. be important for spectators to observe events.
e. branch of the Chicago River, drawing members of The clubroom will be a space available to host a
he the US National Team and Olympic athletes. Boat Storage variety of small events. Adjacent rooms should be
is both restrooms and the office. The Chicago
e Reacting to the extreme shifts of the climate in The primary purpose of a boathouse is the Rowing Club will host meetings and planning
ur Chicago, the building will accommodate both the storage of small non-motorized vessels. This activities in this space as well as social lounging.
e category consists of rowing shells, kayaks and Views and daylight are critical. In the winter this
winter and summer. The boathouse will operate
et in coordination with the boating season, May 15th dragon boats. These boats, although relatively space will be available for rent as a venue for
e to October 15th, as defined by the numerous city simple in design are highly technical and private parties.
ty harbors and marinas. The design will include expensive equipment. The maintenance and
as facilities to store boats, host rowing events, a security is dependent upon careful storage while
café, a public dock for non-motorized vessels, not in use or on the water. Boat storage will be
and a memorial to Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable. immediately adjacent to the dock and river
of access.
in
es Minneapolis Rowing Club - VJAA
g
26
al
 (6.02a) (6.03a) (6.04)

kating rinkrink
e-skating Vincent James
Vincent Associates
James Architects
Associates – Minneapolis
Architects – Minneapolis Vincent James
Vincent Associates
James Architects
Associates – Porter
Architects – Porter
Turner Brooks Architect – Gilder Boathouse Hodget
connection
of connection Rowing Club
Rowing Club Boathouse
Boathouse
Tempor
e the
iconicon
thatthat
The Gilder Boathouse for Yale University is taken as the
eThemeaning
meaning TheTheMinneapolis
Minneapolis Rowing
Rowing Club Boathouse
Club Boathouse is ais10,000
a 10,000 ThisThis
massive
massive facility designed
facility designed by by Vincent
Vincent James James
base condition for the boathouse typology. Storage bays Ming Fu
ngible. We We
tangible. square-foot
square-foot structure on the
structure Mississippi
on the Mississippi River. TheThe
River. formform Associates
Associates Architects
Architects is aisthree-level
a three-level52,000 square
52,000 square footfoot
are slightly raised of the level of water for flood designe
hwith
anything
anything is aissimple
a simplerectangular
rectangular geometry
geometry on grade
on grade withwith
a hypar
a hypar storage, training
storage, training andand administration
administration building.
building.As As the the
considerations. The bays are oriented perpendicular to Angeles
duseum
Museum in in inspired
inspiredby the
by the compound
compound curvature
curvature of an
of oar in water.
an oar in water. boathouse
boathouse for for
University
University of Wisconsin-Madison,
of Wisconsin-Madison, it sits
it sits
the river and form the pedestal for the more elegant adaptab
ntain some
maintain some TheThe straightforward
straightforward clarity of the
clarity of the interior
interiorspaces
spaces is is overlooking
overlooking Lake LakeMendota.
Mendota. TheThe formform is driven
is drivenby theby the
clubroom. The project is embedded in a sloping design a
ace.
t place. exemplary
exemplary of theof the typology.
typology.TheThe stretched
stretchedrectangular
rectangular passive cooling
passive cooling strategy
strategy for for
bothboth
the thestorage
storage bays at at
bays
riverbank allowing access to both levels on grade. The change
storage
storage baybay compliments
compliments the the
linearity
linearityof the
of therowing
rowing grade andand
grade the thethirdthird
floorfloor
training facility.
training ThisThis
facility. project
projectis is
clubroom has extensive balcony space for social tempora
epeatedly
ey repeatedly shells, allowing
shells, allowing twotwo58� 58�
58 eight-man
eight-man shells to rack
shells end-to-
to rack end-to- an expecially
an expecially relevant
relevantcase study
case for for
study its size andand
its size site.site.
gatherings and watching rowing events. Access to the and erec
trent
trends in in
trends end.end.
Light is allowed
Light is allowed intointo
the the
lofted second
lofted secondfloorfloor
spacespace TheTheproject sits sits
project on the
on theedge of the
edge University
of the Universitycampuscampus
dock space is carefully diagrammed to simplify 210,000
perpetually
a perpetually where
wherethe the
roofroof is pryed
is pryedupward.
upward.TheThe exposed
exposed materials
materials creating a connection
creating a connection to the lakefront.
to the lakefront.Ironically the the
Ironically large large
maneuvering of large eight-man shells. The exterior of undergo
evance
relevance is is are are
laminated
laminated beams, beams,plywood, metal
plywood, metalracks andand
racks railings
railings dock space
dock space alsoalso severs
severs a popular
a popular lakeshore
lakeshore trail.trail.
To To
the building expresses a warmth and refinement through
effectively
are effectively andand copper
copper roofing.
roofing.TheThe onlyonly
ornamentation
ornamentation on on the the accommodate
accommodate the the
public, a fence
public, waswas
a fence builtbuilt
to break
to break the the
nice wood detailing while the interior finishes of the two For the
gle iconicon
single is is boathouse
boathouse is theis thesingle band
single of sliding
band of slidingcopper
copperwindowwindow pathpath
onlyonly
when whenlarge boats
large are are
boats beingbeingtransported
transported in andin and
levels are dramatically different. The unconventional joint be
ngful.
eaningful. shutters.
shutters. ThisThis project
projectandandthe the
Porter Boathouse
Porter Boathouse are are out out
of storage.
of storage. TheThe six six
bays of storage
bays of storage are are
comparable
comparable
pitches of the roof help to reduce visual impact of the enclosu
further analyzed
further analyzed to derive the the
to derive necessary
necessary dimensions
dimensions for for to the totaltotal
to the storage
storage programmed
programmed for DuSable
for DuSable Park.
Park.
building from the water. confront
boatboat
storage.
storage.
base e
Much like like
Much the the
Minneapolis
MinneapolisRowing
RowingClubClubBoathouse,
Boathouse,the the
effective
Porter Boathouse
Porter Boathouse uses copper
uses copperon onthe the
roofroof
andandfor for
into view
ornamental
ornamental accents.
accents.BothBoth
projects sit on
projects sit heavily wooded
on heavily wooded
totally el
sights making
sights makingthe the
useuseof wood,
of wood,stone andand
stone copper feelfeel
copper
opening
appropriate.
appropriate. TheThemassmassof the project
of the is broken
project down
is broken downby by
depth o
applying a band
applying a bandof concrete, stone
of concrete, andand
stone copper at each
copper at each
membra
of the three
of the floors
three respectively.
floors ThisThis
respectively. project in contrast
project to to
in contrast
outer ed
the the
Minneapolis
Minneapolis Rowing
RowingClub Boathouse,
Club Boathouse, positions the the
positions
additiona
storage
storage bays bays perpendicular
perpendicular to tothe thelakelakeaccess,
access,
dramatically
dramaticallyincreasing the the
increasing necessary
necessarydepth of the
depth dock.
of the dock.
Perhaps
structure
construc
unsightly
Corner d
is often
(6.02b) (6.03b) Tempora

27 This att
building
 User Descriptions Although most boats can withstand the wear of
weather during summer months they must be
Winter Pavilion illustri
User Descriptions Although most boats can withstand the wear of
This design proposal will accommodate three protected from the cycles of freeze/thaw during implic
weather during summer months they must be
different users. By isolating their specific needs, the winter
During themonths. Therethe
off-season, willpark
be twowilltypes of boat
include two worthl
This design proposal will accommodate three protected from the cycles of freeze/thaw during
opportunities to cross-program arise and a more storage to accommodate the larger
enclosed multi-purpose spaces used for short-carbon-fiber chang
different users. By isolating their specific needs, the winter months. There will be two types of boat
dynamic facility is created. rowing shells differently
term exhibitions than small
and events. Theseplastic kayaks.
spaces will exists
opportunities to cross-program arise and a more storage to accommodate the larger carbon-fiber
Autilize
total of the
5 baysstrategy of polyvalencedown
for storage will be broken to reapp
dynamic facility is created. rowing shells differently than small plastic kayaks.
Rowing Club Members – Utilize the park primarily to specifically address
accommodate the threeofuser
the uncertainty theirtypes.
use.
A total of 5 bays for storage will be broken down
in the summer. Their storage needs will be for Site A
Rowing Club Members – Utilize the park primarily to specifically address the three user types.
year-round climate controlled bays that can Locker
Cafe Rooms
in the summer. Their storage needs will be for
accommodate 8-man shells. They will have The s
year-round climate controlled bays that can Locker Rooms
access to storage facilities and repair bays in the The
The boathouse
café spacewill willhave
providechanging
minimalroomsfood and
and Drive
accommodate 8-man shells. They will have
winter as well as transitional months. lockers
beverage available
optionstotothe thepublic.
publicThese
in thefacilities
park. It will
will and th
access to storage facilities and repair bays in the The boathouse will have changing rooms and
winter as well as transitional months. only
utilizebe multi-level
accessible terraces
during the forboating
seatingseason.
during water
lockers available
Private Boat to the
Owners public. the
– Utilize These
parkfacilities
only in will
the They
boating willseason.
be separated
The café from
will restroom
incorporate facilities
some sever
only be accessible during the
summer. Their boats will be accommodated boating season. in
Private Boat Owners – Utilize the park only in the that support
additional the caféenclosure
seasonal and clubroom.to extendThe its
locker
use isolate
They
rentedwill be only
slips separated
during from
summer restroom
months.facilities
Their
summer. Their boats will be accommodated in facility
and altercould be an outdoor
its character space
during the that provides
off-season. by co
that
use ofsupport
Rowingthe café
Club and clubroom.
facilities will be muchThelike
locker
the
rented slips only during summer months. Their privacy to change and shower after spending time 30-40
facility could be an outdoor space
use of the seasonal marinas on the lake, only that provides
use of Rowing Club facilities will be much like the on the river.
DuSable Drainage of showers however should
Memorial passe
privacy to change
being available and the
during shower
boatingafter spending time
season.
use of the seasonal marinas on the lake, only be treated as normal indoor plumbing to prevent Shore
on the river. Drainage of showers however should
being available during the boating season. runoff into the purpose
The original river and of avoid
thisfreezing
park is pipes.
to preserve Drive,
be treated
Public – Theas normal indoor
public use of plumbing
the park to is prevent
the top
Program: An Urban Boathouse runoff into the river and avoid freezing pipes. the memory of Chicago�s original settler. The delive
priority as mandated by City of Chicago Rowing
supporters Club of –the
Clubroom
park request that the memorial the hi
e Public – The public use of the park is the top
I am proposing the designby of aCity
public Ordinance. They must have direct access to the include some representational imagery, as the m
priority as mandated of boathouse
Chicago Rowing Club – Clubroom
for the Chicago River Rowing and Paddling Club. water and ability to use the park all year. Facilities The boathouse
DuSable�s is often
ethnicity is aanspace used for
important meeting
part of his the ele
ouse Ordinance. They must have direct access to the
This local club temporarily resides under the Lake to rent human-powered boats will be provided for prior
legacy.to and
Theafter spending
memorial time on
should the river.
provide Thisa
both
water and ability to use the park all year. Facilities The
Club.
Shore Drive Bridge on boats the rivers themboathouse
only during is often a space
boating used Due
season. for meeting
to the space
visual will provide an
monument of indoor room for
significance as meeting
well as The s
Lake to rent human-powered will besouth
providedshore.
for prior to and after spending time on the river.many
This
Their facilities consist of only fenced storage adjacency of Navy Pier and the Lakeshore and reflectioninformation.
biographical of activities Potential
occurringvisitors
outside.could
For cente
ore. them only during boating season. Due to the space will provide an indoor room for meeting
space for of rowing public users will be tourists so obvious access to this space,
include grade views to the
school waterfront
classes and dock field
for educational will moun
adjacency Navy shells.
Pier andDespite their meager
the Lakeshore many and reflection
age
facilities they annually host regattas onaccess
the main the park will beof activities occurring outside. For
created. be
tripsimportant
so the for spectatorspublic
surrounding to observe
space events.
should from
ager public users will be tourists so obvious to this space, views to the waterfront and dock will
branch
the parkofwill
thebeChicago
created.River, drawing members of The clubroom will
accommodate be a50space
at least people.available to host a decad
main be
Boatimportant
Storage for spectators to observe events.
the US National Team and Olympic athletes. variety of small events. Adjacent rooms should be equip
rs of The clubroom will be a space available to host a
both restrooms and the office. The Chicago const
Boat Storage variety of smallpurpose
The primary events. Adjacent rooms should
of a boathouse be
is the Site Analysis: DuSable Park, Chicago
Rowing Club will host meetings and planning
Reacting to the extreme shifts of the climate in both restrooms and the office. The Chicago Stree
Chicago, the building storage of small non-motorized vessels. This activities in this space as well as social lounging. revea
The primary purposewillofaccommodate
a boathouseboth is the Rowing
e in category Club will of
consists host meetings
rowing shells,and planning
kayaks and DuSable
Views andPark is junk-space.
daylight are critical. AsIndefined by Rem
the winter this thoriu
winter and summer. The boathouse
storage of small non-motorized vessels. This will operate activities in this space as well as social lounging. Koolhaas, “junk-space is the residue mankind
the dragon boats. These boats, although relatively space will be available for rent as a venue for
in coordination
category consists withofthe boating
rowing season,
shells, May and
kayaks 15th Views comm
rate
to October th
15 ,These
as defined byalthough
the numerous city simpleand in daylight
design are arecritical.
highlyIn technical
the winter andthis leaves parties.
private on the planet.” It is a by product of
to pu
15th dragon boats. boats, relatively space will be available for rent as a venue for excavations, commerce, infrastructure and
harbors and marinas. The design will include expensive equipment. The maintenance and public
city simple in design are highly technical and private parties. litigation. The park has been treated as wasted
facilities to equipment.
store boats, The host maintenance
rowing events, a security is dependent upon careful storage while
ude expensive and ground for decades, moonlighting as toxic trash
café, a public dock for non-motorized vessels, not in use or on the water. Boat storage will be There
s, a security is dependent upon careful storage while dump and squatter refuge. The heavy hand of city
and ina memorial immediately adjacent to the dock and river Park.
sels, not use or ontothe Jean Baptiste
water. Boat Pointe DuSable.
storage will be planners severed the former shipping yard from
access. Stree
ble. immediately adjacent to the dock and river the city with the construction of Lake Shore Drive.
access. It remains one of the few untouched sites in the
30
booming River East neighborhood. With the Pow

28
Chicago River Rowing & Paddling Club

Spatial Qualities Seasonal Considerations Width Height SUMMER (sf) INTERIM-USE (sf) WINTER (sf)
Club Boat Storage 30% of total assume boats stacking 4 high out of season access neeced 20' 12' 2 BAYS 4,800 2 BAYS 4,800 2 BAYS 4800
day and evening use minimal heat gain / all summer use
bays need 8'+ in aisles 4 high
Private Boat Storage* 70% of total minimal interior finish. Locker space assumes 25% turnover 20' 10' 3 BAYS 7,200 2.25 BAYS 5400 2.25 BAYS 5400
morning and day use minimal heat gain / all summer use
outdoor space is desirable sealed off season / DuSable Harbor 3 high (-25%) (-25%)
Boat Repair work space and storage should be heated to winter use 15' 8' 2 Boats 1300 2 Boats 1300 2 Boats 1300
ventilation for epoxy and chemical use
Club Room: interior lounge atmosphere, seating, socializing easy access in foul weather TBD 16-20' 2,500 2500 2500
exterior views important, exclusize deck transforms for use winter /summer TBD OPEN 1,000 500
centralized in winter, sprawling in sum
Rest Rooms Adjacent to club room spaces unchanged in seasons 8' 2 x 150 300 300 300
Finishes for event hosting
Café / Kitchen: indoor Spills into to club-room / grill-feel Passive heat gain in winter 750 1500 1500
outdoor Park feel, less constrained to locale some outdoor seating with shelter 750 750
adjacency to viewing decks
Locker Rooms* Deconstructable in some level 2 X 500 1000

Club office / operations* Basic office space Closes down or disappears in winter 250
Views of dock space helpful
19,850 17,050 15,800 TOTAL
Parks and Recreation
SUMMER (sf) INTERIM-USE (sf) WINTER (sf)
Locker Rooms* Very durable, likely to remain open 10' 2 X 350 700 2 X 250 500 2 X 250 500
move privacy screen than facilities
Flexible Event Space: indoor plaza space enclosed in winter 16-26' 0 2500 2500
outdoor plaza space for interim-use could be greenhouse space 1500 0 0
Rental Boat Storage* totally opens for alternate uses becomes partitions for winter enclosure 20' 14' 50 kayaks 2250
minimal requirements, no roof?
Operations / Storage* lockable and enclosed storage space 8' 300

4750 3000 3000 TOTAL

Dock Design Guidelines
21,350 18,800 18,800 TOTAL INDOOR (SF)
Public Launch Safety is key for first-timers: water depth, embayment, dock height 3,250 1,250 0 TOTAL OUTDOOR (SF)
water depth greater than 2 feet to prevent breaking waves 24,600 20,050 18,800 TOTAL (SF)
Club Dock Space dock width is minimum 15' for 8-man boat launch
channels providing more dock space to accommodate group water evacuation

29
 accommodate the uncertainty of their use.
Site Analysis - Topography
Cafe
The site is 3 acres of land defined by Lake S
The café space will provide minimal food and Drive to the west, the Ogden Slip to the n
beverage options to the public in the park. It will and the Chicago River to the east and south.
utilize multi-level terraces for seating during water on three sides and a two-level hig
boating season. The café will incorporate some severing the site from the city, the “park” is
additional seasonal enclosure to extend its use isolated. Upper Lake Shore Drive is typically
and alter its character during the off-season. by commuters and tourists and is approxim
30-40 feet above water level, preventing
DuSable Memorial passengers from seeing the site. Lower
Shore Drive connects directly to Lower W
The original purpose of this park is to preserve Drive, a network of streets typically use
the memory of Chicago�s original settler. The delivery and utility trucks. The land directly
supporters of the park request that the memorial the highway is owned by the State of Illino
include some representational imagery, as the maintenance of Lake Shore Drive Bridge
DuSable�s ethnicity is an important part of his the elevated highway.
legacy. The memorial should provide both a
visual monument of significance as well as The surface of the site gradually rises toward
biographical information. Potential visitors could center to a height of approximately 20 feet
include grade school classes for educational field mound is a result of the dirt and debris exca
trips so the surrounding public space should from neighboring construction projects. Fo
accommodate at least 50 people. decades the site has been a storage lo
equipment and trucks for the impre
Site Analysis: DuSable Park, Chicago construction occurring in River East
(6.05) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL Streeterville. In December of 2000, soil
DuSable Park is junk-space. As defined by Rem revealed and undetermined amount radioa
Koolhaas, “junk-space is the residue mankind thorium in the soil. The Park District
committed to cleaning the toxic soil but has
leaves on the planet.” It is a by product of
excavations, commerce, infrastructure and to publicize any results regarding the thre
litigation. The park has been treated as wasted public health.
ground for decades, moonlighting as toxic trash
dump and squatter refuge. The heavy hand of city There are only to points of access to DuS
planners severed the former shipping yard from Park. The service road (formerly North W
the city with the construction of Lake Shore Drive. Street) extends approximately 30 feet be
It remains one of the few untouched sites in the
30
booming River East neighborhood. With the Powell, 1.
Winter Pavilion illustrious designation of “junk-space” comes the Lake Shore Drive from the west. The se
implication of reuse. Junk is not waste or point of access is a stairwell from Lake S
During the off-season, the park will include two worthless scrap. “Its destiny unstable and open to Drive that has been padlocked indefin
enclosed multi-purpose spaces used for short- changes in time, use, value and function.”30 It Access from the river, although possib
term exhibitions and events. These spaces will exists in this temporal condition ripe for deterred by the rusted metal seawall that ex
utilize the strategy of polyvalence to reappropriation. 3-4 feet above water level on three sides. Th
accommodate the uncertainty of their use. estimated that repairs to the existing se
Site Analysis - Topography would cost in excess of $4 million.
Cafe biologists have argued that removing
(6.06) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL
The site is 3 acres of land defined by Lake Shore seawalls and relying on natural vegetation to
The café space will provide minimal food and Drive to the west, the Ogden Slip to the north, the land mass could improve water qu
beverage options to the public in the park. It will and the Chicago River to the east and south. With contribute to biological habitat for 30
aquatic lif
utilize multi-level terraces for seating during water on three sides and a two-level highway drastically reduce costs.
Winter Pavilion illustrious designation of “junk-space” comes the Lake Shore Drive from the west. The second
implication of reuse. Junk is not waste or point of access is a stairwell from Lake Shore
During the off-season, the park will include two worthless scrap. “Its destiny unstable and open to Drive that has been padlocked indefinitely.
enclosed multi-purpose spaces used for short- changes in time, use, value and function.”30 It Access from the river, although possible, is
term exhibitions and events. These spaces will exists in this temporal condition ripe for deterred by the rusted metal seawall that extends
utilize the strategy of polyvalence to reappropriation. 3-4 feet above water level on three sides. The city
accommodate the uncertainty of their use. estimated that repairs to the existing seawall
Site Analysis - Topography would cost in excess of $4 million. Local
Cafe biologists have argued that removing the
The site is 3 acres of land defined by Lake Shore seawalls and relying on natural vegetation to hold
The café space will provide minimal food and Drive to the west, the Ogden Slip to the north, the land mass could improve water quality,
beverage options to the public in the park. It will and the Chicago River to the east and south. With contribute to biological habitat for aquatic life and
utilize multi-level terraces for seating during water on three sides and a two-level highway drastically reduce costs.
boating season. The café will incorporate some severing the site from the city, the “park” is very
additional seasonal enclosure to extend its use isolated. Upper Lake Shore Drive is typically used Visual access is best by foot or bike along lower
and alter its character during the off-season. by commuters and tourists and is approximately Lake Shore Drive, to the east on the Navy Pier
30-40 feet above water level, preventing most access road and to the south along the lakeshore
DuSable Memorial passengers from seeing the site. Lower Lake public access. Any visibility from the west is
Shore Drive connects directly to Lower Wacker partially obstructed by the structure for the
The original purpose of this park is to preserve Drive, a network of streets typically used for elevated highway and will be totally blocked by
the memory of Chicago�s original settler. The delivery and utility trucks. The land directly under the future River View towers.
supporters of the park request that the memorial the highway is owned by the State of Illinois for
include some representational imagery, as the maintenance of Lake Shore Drive Bridge and Site Analysis – Historical Context
DuSable�s ethnicity is an important part of his the elevated highway.
legacy. The memorial should provide both a This site that I am proposing for this design
visual monument of significance as well as The surface of the site gradually rises towards the project is a 3-acre parcel of land at the mouth of
biographical information. Potential visitors could center to a height of approximately 20 feet. The the Chicago River. The establishment of the city
include grade school classes for educational field mound is a result of the dirt and debris excavated of Chicago occurred as a result of its geography,
trips so the surrounding public space should from neighboring construction projects. For two a vital connection of the Great Lakes and as a
accommodate at least 50 people. decades the site has been a storage lot for result New England to the Midwest via the
equipment and trucks for the impressive Mississippi River. Prior to the settling of white fur
Site Analysis: DuSable Park, Chicago construction occurring in River East and traders at the end of the 18th century, the mouth
Streeterville. In December of 2000, soil tests of the river was inhabited by several indigenous
DuSable Park is junk-space. As defined by Rem revealed and undetermined amount radioactive cultures, including the local Pottawatomie tribe.
Koolhaas, “junk-space is the residue mankind thorium in the soil. The Park District has Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable, a Haitian-French
committed to cleaning the toxic soil but has failed trader, is credited with being the first settler and
leaves on the planet.” It is a by product of
excavations, commerce, infrastructure and to publicize any results regarding the threat to founder of modern Chicago. In 1785, when
litigation. The park has been treated as wasted public health. DuSable established his residence and farm, the
ground for decades, moonlighting as toxic trash lakeshore was several blocks west of its current
dump and squatter refuge. The heavy hand of city There are only to points of access to DuSable location.
planners severed the former shipping yard from Park. The service road (formerly North Water
the city with the construction of Lake Shore Drive. Street) extends approximately 30 feet beyond Over the past 200 years, the lakeshore of
It remains one of the few untouched sites in the Chicago has changed dramatically as a result of
booming River East neighborhood. With the 30 natural erosion and sediment deposit as well as
(6.07) Chicago Rail lines 1929 Powell, 1.

31
human intervention. Initially the mouth of the river raw material on the site changed. One main development of DuSable Park. Due to the current
was somewhere in line with the existing river and railroad track severed the peninsula down the construction of the River View towers, just west
1891 of
Michigan Ave. During the early 19th century middle, ultimately connecting to the railroad hub Lake Shore Drive, the site is not accessible to the
sediment began to deposit as a result the where the Merchandise Mart now sits. These public.
currents responding to the construction of the tracks, and North Water Street paralleling the
lighthouse jetty. The Lakeshore slowly moved tracks, became the primary organizational Site Analysis – Social
STACKED LUMBER and Economic Context
eastward and the mouth of the river slightly south. element on the site until the construction of Lake
These sediment deposits created the sliver of Shore Drive. In the 1890�s piles of lumber and The contemporary context of DuSable Park is
LIGHTHOUSE

land that I propose to use for this design telegraph poles filled the southern half while best understood by the yachts docked to the
exploration. Robert Law�s Coal Yard and blacksmith shop north and east. Many of these large vessels take
occupied the north half. According to the Sanborn tourists to the architectural icons of the Chicago
1906
In the mid 19th century, the Chicago Dock and Fire Insurance Maps of 1906, large stockpiles of River, the others cruise Lake Michigan for private
PAPER MILL
Canal company purchased 40 acres of the coal occupied the peninsula both to the north and parties. Having been the anchor for the
lakeshore, eventually cutting the new mouth of south of North Water Street. Later in the 1950, a development of Chicago, the river is dramatically
the river that we are familiar with today, although box company, Container Corporation of America lined with towering examplesCOAL
MARBLE CO.
of Art-Deco,
the neighborhood known as Streeterville (east of operated a sawmill, paper machine and factory Modern, and Post-Modern skyscrapers. The pace
Michigan Ave. was still largely underwater or on the site. of development has continued with several new
undeveloped). The late 19th century saw the additions to the north and west of the site. The
boom of the railroad and ultimately the demise of Raw materials, particularly lumber and coal, were last 25 years of development has contributed to
Cincinnati (the former leader in inland trading). By kept on the site until 1964 when the property the gentrification of the Streeterville
CONTAINER CORP.
the turn of the century, the Michigan Canal and owners, Chicago Dock and Canal (now MCL) neighborhood. New towers cater to the affluent 1950
straightened Chicago River were at the center of sold the land to Centex Homes. Prior to this white PAPER MILL
demographic. Ironically, the DuSable
a growing network of railroad and shipping lines. transaction the land was protected under the League, the primary supporters of the park hoped
Chicago Plan Commission�s 1948 ruling that to celebrate DuSable�s Haitian heritage and black
This evolution of the railroad industry and forbid any development east of Lake Shore Drive. color to recognize the accomplishments
COAL of blacks
shipping along the Chicago River helped to shape Due to an apparent loophole in the regulations, in the city.
the city prior to the Great Fire of 1871. After the Lake Pointe Tower was constructed and plans for
fire the city�s growth was much more deliberate two residential towers were proposed on the site The other important contextual element is the
and carefully planned. Growth was so rapid that directly south. After a few decades of argument Navy Pier, Chicago�s most visited tourist
city began expanding further into the river. and court rulings, the site now owned by the city, attraction. The pier is filled with commercial
Massive projects that define the urban landscape sits undeveloped and underappreciated. Once a tenants including several restaurants and the
like the expansion of Michigan Avenue, the critical shipping yard that stimulated the Shakespearean Theatre. Extremely popular2007in the
Columbian Exposition, the construction of Lake prosperity of the city, it now has unchecked summer, the pier has weekly fireworks shows and
Shore Drive, and the development of Grant and vegetation overgrowing its contaminated soil. In outdoor entertainment. The Pier is visited by
RIVER EASTE CONDOS
Millennium Parks are all responses to the early 1987, the parcel of land east of Lake Shore Drive, tourists primarily and provides no access to the
growth of the railroad industry. The demise and between the Ogden Slip and Chicago River was lake.
isolation of the 3-acre parcel, proposed as dedicated as DuSable Park.
DuSable Park, can also be traced to the booming Site Analysis – Architectural Context
railroad industry of the late 19th century. MCL the owners of the adjacent lot incorporated
a contingency into the sale of the land that allows The Lake Point Tower immediately north of the
(6.08) DuSable Park, Chicago, IL. Diagramming
When the Ogden Slip (Michigan Canal) was cut, them the ability to operate a restaurant on the site was constructed
existing in 1968
structures from and
Sanborn is the maps.
insurance only high-
just prior to the Great Fire, the site became a park and/or buy back the land in 2007. According rise east of Lake Shore Drive. Designed by
large industrial dockyard and brown-field. As to the Daley Administration, cost overruns on Schipporeit-Henrich Associates it resembles the
tenants of the land changed, the large deposits of Millennium Park have postponed the classic Miesian Modern skyscraper that made

32
early 1987, the parcel of land east of Lake Shore Drive, tourists primarily and provides no access to the
and between the Ogden Slip and Chicago River was lake.
as dedicated as DuSable Park.
main
ming development of DuSable Park. Due to the current Site Analysis – Architectural Context (6.09) Lake Point Tower, Chicago, IL
the construction
MCL the owners of theof River
the View towers,
adjacent just west of
lot incorporated
hub Winter
Lake
a Pavilion
Shore
contingency Drive,
intothe
thesite
saleisofnot
theaccessible
land that to the
allows illustrious
The Lake designation
Point Towerofimmediately
“junk-space”northcomes the
of the Lake Shore Drive from the west. The second
ese
cut, public.
them the ability to operate a restaurant on the implication of reuse. Junk is
site was constructed in 1968 and is the only high- not waste or point of access is a stairwell from Lake Shore
methea During
park the off-season,
and/or buy back thethe landpark will include
in 2007. According two worthless scrap. “Its destiny
rise east of Lake Shore Drive. Designed byunstable and open to Drive that has been padlocked indefinitely.
30
onal
As enclosed
Site Analysis
to the multi-purpose
Daley –Administration, spaces
Social and Economic used for short-
Context on
cost overruns changes in time, use, value and
Schipporeit-Henrich Associates it resembles the function.” It Access from the river, although possible, is
ake
ts of term exhibitions
Millennium and events.
Park have These postponed spaces the will exists in this temporal
classic Miesian Modern skyscraper that madecondition ripe for deterred by the rusted metal seawall that extends
and utilize the strategy of
The contemporary context of DuSable Park is polyvalence to reappropriation.
Chicago�s skyline. Following its construction the 3-4 feet above water level on three sides. The city
hile accommodate the uncertainty of
best understood by the yachts docked to the their use. city wrote the 1972 Lakefront Protection Act estimated that repairs to the existing seawall
hop north and east. Many of these large vessels take Site Analysis
forbidding future- Topography
commercial construction east of would cost in excess of $4 million. Local
born Cafe to the architectural icons of the Chicago
tourists the highway. Although, it will not be addressed in biologists have argued that removing the
s of River, the others cruise Lake Michigan for private The site
depth, theisarchitectural
3 acres of land defined
context by entire
of the Lake Shore
city is seawalls and relying on natural vegetation to hold
and The caféHaving
parties. space will been provide
the minimal
anchor food for the and Drive to the west, the Ogden
influential. From the horizontality of the Slip to thePrairie
north, the land mass could improve water quality,
0, a beverage options to the public in the
development of Chicago, the river is dramatically park. It will and the
Style to Chicago River toverticality
the celebrated the east and south.
of the With
Modern contribute to biological habitat for aquatic life and
rica utilize multi-level terraces
lined with towering examples of Art-Deco,for seating during water on three sides and
skyscraper, Chicago has been the home to a two-level highway drastically reduce costs.
tory boating and
Modern, season. The caféskyscrapers.
Post-Modern will incorporate The some
pace severing thearchitecture
progressive site from the for city,
morethethan“park” is very
150 years.
additional seasonal enclosure
of development has continued with several to extend itsnewuse isolated. Upper Lake Shore Drive is typically used Visual access is best by foot or bike along lower
and alter its character during the off-season.
additions to the north and west of the site. The by commuters
Recently and has
attention tourists and isto approximately
returned development Lake Shore Drive, to the east on the Navy Pier
were last 25 years of development has contributed to 30-40 feet above water level,
on the river with the current construction preventingofmost the access road and to the south along the lakeshore
erty DuSable
the Memorial
gentrification of the Streeterville passengers
Trump Towerfrom by SOMseeing andthe site. Lower
pending approval Lakeof public access. Any visibility from the west is
CL) neighborhood. New towers cater to the affluent Shore
the Drive Spire
Fordham connects directly toThe
by Calatrava. Lower Wacker
architecture partially obstructed by the structure for the
this The original
white purpose of
demographic. this park the
Ironically, is to DuSable
preserve Drive,the
along a network
Chicago Riverof streets typicallyof used
is exemplary the bestfor elevated highway and will be totally blocked by
the the memory of Chicago�s original
League, the primary supporters of the park hoped settler. The delivery and utility trucks. The land
skyscrapers in the city. The Merchandise mart, directly under the future River View towers.
that supporters of the park request that
to celebrate DuSable�s Haitian heritage and black the memorial the highway
designed is owned
in 1930 by thethe
punctuates State of end
west Illinois for
of the
ive. include
color some representational
to recognize the accomplishments imagery,
of blacks as the maintenance of Lake Shore
main branch of the river. Several other notable Drive Bridge and Site Analysis – Historical Context
ons, DuSable�s
in the city. ethnicity is an important part of his the elevated
additions arehighway.
planned for the Lakeshore East
s for legacy. The memorial should provide both a neighborhood on the south edge of the river This site that I am proposing for this design
site visual
The monument
other importantofcontextual
significance as well
element is theas The surface
between of the site
E Wacker gradually
Drive rises towards
and E Randolph the
Street. project is a 3-acre parcel of land at the mouth of
ment biographical information. Potential
Navy Pier, Chicago�s most visited tourist visitors could center to a height of approximately 20 feet.
The large site that was previously a public golf The the Chicago River. The establishment of the city
city, include grade
attraction. Theschool
pier classes
is filledforwith
educational
commercial field mound is
course a result
has of the dirtplans
development and debris excavated
for five towers of Chicago occurred as a result of its geography,
ce a trips so the surrounding public
tenants including several restaurants and the space should from neighboring construction projects. For two
over 440�, which will likely leave much of DuSable a vital connection of the Great Lakes and as a
the accommodate atTheatre.
Shakespearean least 50Extremely
people. popular in the decades
Park the siteshade.
in afternoon has been a storage lot for result New England to the Midwest via the
ked summer, the pier has weekly fireworks shows and equipment and trucks for the impressive Mississippi River. Prior to the settling of white fur
. In outdoor entertainment.
Site Analysis: The Pier
DuSable Park,isChicago
visited by construction occurring in River East and traders at the end of the 18th century, the mouth
ive, tourists primarily and provides no access to the Streeterville. In December of 2000, soil tests of the river was inhabited by several indigenous
was lake.
DuSable Park is junk-space. As defined by Rem revealed and undetermined amount radioactive cultures, including the local Pottawatomie tribe.
Koolhaas, “junk-space is the residue mankind thorium in the soil. The Park District has Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable, a Haitian-French
Site Analysis – Architectural committed to cleaning the toxic soil but has failed trader, is credited with being the first settler and
leaves on the planet.” It isContext
a by product of
ated excavations, commerce, infrastructure and to publicize any results regarding the threat to founder of modern Chicago. In 1785, when
ows The Lake The
litigation. Pointpark
Tower
hasimmediately
been treated north of the
as wasted public health. DuSable established his residence and farm, the
the site
ground for decades, moonlighting as toxic high-
was constructed in 1968 and is the only trash lakeshore was several blocks west of its current
ding rise
dumpeastand of Lake refuge.
squatter Shore TheDrive.
heavyDesigned by
hand of city There are only to points of access to DuSable location.
on Schipporeit-Henrich Associates it resembles
planners severed the former shipping yard from the Park. The service road (formerly North Water
the classic
the city Miesian Modern skyscraper
with the construction that made
of Lake Shore Drive. Street) extends approximately 30 feet beyond Over the past 200 years, the lakeshore of
It remains one of the few untouched sites in the Chicago has changed dramatically as a result of
booming River East neighborhood. With the 30 natural erosion and sediment deposit as well as
Powell, 1. 33