University Institute of Legal Studies

Panjab University

Assignment on “Rights – Theory,

Meaning, Definition and Classification”

Submitted To – Shivani Mam

Submitted By – Rhythm Jain
Roll No. - 182/17
Section - D
Semester - 2nd
Acknowledgement –

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Shivani Mam

who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful assignment on the topic
‘Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification’, which also helped me
in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my seniors and friends who helped me a lot in
providing resources and finalizing this assignment within the limited time frame.

X
Table of Contents –

Serial No. Particulars Page No.

1. Introduction – meaning of rights. 1

2. Theories of rights – 1. Interest Theory of rights.

2. Will Theory of rights. 2
3. Will Theory of rights.
3. Definitions – HIBBERT, AUSTIN, HOLLAND, SALMOND,
INDIAN SUPREME COURT, J.C. GRAY, IHERING, 2-4
VINOGRADOFF, DUGUIT AND KELSEN, Professor.
KELSON, OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY, ALLEN.
4. Classification – 5

5. 1.Perfect and Imperfect rights 5

6. 2.Antecedent and remedial rights 5

7. 3.Positive and Negative Rights 5

8. 4.Rights in Rem and right in personam 6

9. 5.A Right in Re Propria and Re-Aliena 6

10. 6. Proprietary and Personal Rights 6

11. 7. Principal and Accessory Rights 7

 12. 8. Primary and Sanctioning Rights (Antecedent and remedial 7
rights) –

13. 9. Legal and Equitable rights. 7

14. 10. Vested and Contingent rights. 7

15. 11.Public and Private Rights. 8

16. 12.Servient and Dominant Rights. 8

17. Famous cases that Protected Rights of People 9

18. Foundation for a female workforce -Vishaka v State of 9

Rajasthan,1997.

19. Right to Privacy – Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of 10

India.,2017.

20. Right of life and personal liberty – Selvi & Ors. V. State of 10-11
Karnataka & Anr.,2010.

21. Right to Clean Environment - M.C. MEHTA vs. UNION OF 12-13

INDIA1 - 1987

22. Conclusion 12

23. Bibliography 13
Webliography

1
A.I.R 1987 S.C. 1086.
Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

Introduction –

‘Right’ in the ordinary sense, means a number of things, but it is generally taken to mean ‘the
standard of permitted action within a certain sphere.’2

Sir John Salmond defines right as an interest recognized and protected by a rule or justice.3

In the field of law right is a fundamental concept. In its general sense it means a reasonable
expectation which one entertains. In its wider sense it is identified with the ‘power’, with
‘privileges’ and with ‘immunity’.4

Rights are concerned with 'interests'. Rights are defined as interests protected by moral or legal
rules. But yet rights are different from interests. Interests are things which are to a man's advantage.
E.g. He has interest in his freedom or his reputation. If we say that a person has an interest in his
reputation, what we mean is, that he stands to advantage of good name in the society, But, if we
say that the person has a right to his reputation what we mean is, that others should not take this
from him.5

A legal right must be distinguished from a ‘moral’ or ‘natural right’. A legal right is an interest
recognized and protected by a rule of legal justice-an interest the violation of which would be legal
wrong, done to him whose interest it is, and respect for which is a legal duty. ‘Moral’ or ‘Natural
Right’ means an interest recognized and protected by a rule of natural justice- an interest the
violation of which would be moral wrong and respect for which is moral duty.6

For example, parent’s interest to command respect from their children is their moral right but if
children violate it, is a moral wrong. Thus, every one has right to privacy in his house and if any
person interferes with this right, it would be a legal wrong.7 A moral right is one that is recognized

2
Tripathi, Bijai Narain Mani and Rajiv Mani. Jurisprudence (LEGAL THEORY). Nineteenth Edition, Faridabad:
Allahabad Law Agency,2012 at P.283.
3
Paranjape, N.V. Studies in Jurisprudence and Legal Theory. Eighth Edition. Allahabad: Central Law Agency, 2016 at
P.390.
4
Aggarwal, Nomita. Jurisprudence (Legal Theory). Eighth Edition. Allahabad: Central law Publications, 2010 at P.146.
5
RAMA RAO, M. S. JURISPRUDENCE [ Legal Theory]. Retrieved from
http://www.msrlawbooks.com/file/JURISPRUDENCE_Legal_Theory_F.pdf (visited on 20, March,2018).
6
Supra Note 1.
7
Supra Note 2.

1
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

by the people in general or by the society which the particular society follows but it is neither
recognized by law or enforced by the power of the state.8

Theories –

1. Interest Theory of rights – According to this theory “a legal right is a legally protected
interest.”9IHRING does' not emphasize on the element of will in a legal right. He asserts that the
basis of legal right is "interest" and "not will". The main object of law is protection of human
interests and to avert conflict between their individual interest.10

2. Will Theory of rights - This theory says that the purpose of law is to grant the individual the
means of self-expression or self-assertion. 11It is through a right that a man expresses his will over
an object.12

Therefore, right emerges from the human will.13

3.Protection Theory of Legal Rights –

The totalitarian view totally denies the existence of legal rights. They argue that State being
omnipotent, individual has no separate existence from it. Therefore, in fact all rights belong to the
state and the individuals do not have any independent legal rights as such. This view has, however,
been rejected being far from reality in the modern context of democratic welfare States. 14

Definitions –

HIBBERT – defines right as “one person’s capacity of obliging others to do or forbear by means
not of his strength but by the strength of a third party. If such third party is God, the right is Divine.

8
Supra Note 3.
9
Supra Note 2, at P.391.
10
Chapter 6, Concepts of The Law
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/71969/3/03_chapter%201.pdf at 639 (visited on 21
March,2018).
11
Id at 636.
12
Supra Note 2, at P.391.
13
Supra Note 1, at P.285.
14
Supra Note 2, at P.392.

2
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

If such third party is the public, generally acting through opinion, the right is moral. If such third
party is the state, acting directly or indirectly, the right is legal.15”

AUSTIN – According to AUSTIN, right is a "faculty which resides in a determinate party or

parties by virtue of a given law and which avails against a party or parties 'or answers to a duty
lying on a party or parties' other than the party or parties in whom it resides". According to him, a
person can be said to have a right only when another or others are bound or obliged by law to do
something or forbear in regard to him. It means that a right has always a corresponding duty. This
definition, as it appears on its very face, is imperfect because in this definition there is no place for
"imperfect rights".16

HOLLAND – defines legal rights as the "capacity residing in one man of controlling, with the
assent and assistance of the state the actions of others". It is clear that HOLLAND follows the
definition given by AUSTIN.17

SALMOND – Sir John Salmond Defines: “Right is an interest recognized and protected by a rule
of justice”18. The main elements in this definition are two: First, ’a rule of right’ means a rule of
law, or, in other words, that which is judicially enforceable. Thus, according to Salmond, a right
must be judiciously enforceable.19

INDIAN SUPREME COURT – The Supreme Court has in State of Rajasthan v. Union of India20,
observed: “In a strict sense, legal rights are correlative of legal duties and are defined as interests
which the law protects by imposing corresponding duties on others. But in generic sense, the word
‘right’ is used to mean an immunity from the legal power of another, immunity is exemption from
the power of another. Immunity, in short, is ‘no-subjection.21”

15
Tandon, M.P. Jurisprudence Legal Theory. Fifth Edition. Faridabad: Allahabad Law Agency,2016 at P. 257.
16
Supra Note 1, at P.284.
17
Supra Note 9, at P.628.
18
CONCEPTUAL ASPECT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, available at
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7957/7/07_chapter%201.pdf at P.1 (Visited on 23March,2018)
19
Supra Note 1, at P.284.
20
A.I.R 1977 S.C. 1391
21
Supra Note 1, at P.284.

3
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

J.C. GRAY – According to him, “a legal right is that power which a man has to make a person
or persons do or refrain from doing a certain act or certain acts, so far as the power arises from
society imposing a legal duty upon a person or persons.” 22

IHERING – It was said by IHERING that "right are legally protected interests"23. It was said that
this definition is very wide because a person has no many interests but all those interests are not
right. For example, a beneficiary has an interest in trust property but it does become his right to
have trust properly. In another case a factory owner has an interest that his workers should not go
on strike but it does not become his right to check the workers from going on strike for their just
and legal demands as they have a right to proceed in strike if their legal demands are not fulfilled24.

VINOGRADOFF – observed that “right is range of action assigned to a particular will within the
social order established by law…a right, therefore, supposes a potential exercise of power in regard
to things or persons…when a man claims something as his right, he claims it as his own or as due
to him”. The definition however seems to be unsatisfactory as it does not take notice of the
elements of ‘recognition’ and ‘protectionism’ by the rule of justice which are indispensable for a
legal right.25

DUGUIT AND KELSEN – There are certain jurists who do not recognize the existence of any
legal right. According to them there is no such concept as "legal right". Prof. DUGUIT says that
"no one has any other right than always to do his duty".26

Professor. KELSON – also says that there is no such conception as right in law. The theories of
law of these jurists negative the idea of rights. It is not possible here to discuss the numerous
definitions of right given by various jurists. It would be convenient to classify the definitions on
the basis of the main elements in them and to discuss them27.

OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY – defines right as the standard of permitted and

forbidden action within a certain sphere28.

22
Supra Note 2, at P.388.
23
Supra Note 9, at P.629.
24
Supra Note 9, at P.629.
25
Supra Note 2, at P.387.
26
Supra Note 9, at P.630.
27
Supra Note 9, at P.630.
28
Supra Note 17, at P.1.

4
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

ALLEN – defines Right as the legally guaranteed power to realize an interest29.

Classification –
1.Perfect and Imperfect rights – According to Salmond, a perfect right is one which corresponds
to a perfect duty i.e., which is enforced by law.30 A Legal proceeding will lie for the breach of such
a right. The courts of law not only recognized perfect right but also enforce it, if necessary with
the help the physical force of the state. The right of a creditor to recover his dues from debtor
within time is a perfect right. 31

On the other hand, there are many such rights which are recognized by the law but are not enforced.
These rights are known as imperfect rights.32No legal proceeding will lie with regard to such a
right. Example of such legal right are time-barred debt or claims33 and Directive Principles of State
Policy.34

2.Antecedent and remedial rights – The right dealt with by substantive law may either be
antecedent or remedial.35 Antecedent rights are those rights which are independent of a wrong
having been committed.36 They exist for own sake. They are antecedent to be wrongful act or
omission. Example: Right of reputation, right to life etc. 37.

When another right is joined to it (generally in case of violation of the latter) then so joined right
is called a ‘remedial right’. For example, A has a right that nobody should defame him. It is an
antecedent right. If any person defames A, A has a right to receive damages from him. This is
‘remedial right’.38

29
Supra Note 17, at P.2.
30
Legal Rights Jurisprudence Notes available at https://lawnotes.wordpress.com/2015/10/24/legal-rights-
jurisprudence-notes/ (visited on 23 March,2018).
31
Classification of Legal Right available at http://right-mu.blogspot.in/2009/12/classification-of-legal-right.html
(visited on 23 March,2018).
32
Supra Note 3, at P.162.
33
Supra Note 30.
34
Supra Note 3, at P.162.
35
Supra Note 2, at P.403.
36
Supra Note 30.
37
Supra Note 29.
38
Supra Note 1,at P.292.

5
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

3.Positive and Negative Rights – A right is distinguished as positive or negative according to the
nature of the co-relative duty it carries with it. In case of a positive right, the person subject to
duty is bound to do something whereas in case of negative right, others are restrained from doing
something.39 For the law it is easier to enforce the negative right as compared to positive right.
Therefore, the number of positive right is fewer than the negative rights.40

4.Rights in Rem and right in personam – Right in rem is a real right available against the world
at large. A has a right in rem to the peaceful enjoyment of his property i.e., no-body should
interfere. Right in personam is a personal right available against a particular person or persons. If
A leases out his house his right to receive the rent, is the right against the tenant only. The right of
C, a creditor to receive the loan amount from the debtor B, is a right in personam.41

5.A Right in Re Propria and Re-Aliena – “Re” means thing; “propria” means of his own and
“aliena” means of others. If a person has a right in his own thing or property he is said to have a
right in “re propria” i.e. the right in his own thing and if he has a right in the property belonging to
another than he is said to have a right in re-aliena that is a right in the property of another.42

The most absolute power which the law gives over a thing is called the right of dominium. This is
a real right in a thing which is One’s own and is called right in re propria. But a man have rights
in property less than full ownership, the dominium being, in fact, vested in another. Such rights
are called aliena 43.

6. Proprietary and Personal Rights – Proprietary right means a person’s right in relation to his
own property.44 They have some economic or monetary significance and are elements of wealth.
For instance, money in one’s pocket or in bank, right to debt, land, houses etc. 45. Personal rights
are those arising out of those rights-relating to status and that arising out of contract.46They have
no monetary value whatsoever. Examples of personal right are right of reputation, personal liberty,

39
Supra Note 2, at P.402.
40
Supra Note 1, at P.293.
41
Supra Note 4, at P.21
42
Supra Note 9, at P.670.
43
Supra Note 2, at P.405.
44
Supra Note 1, at P. 294.
45
Supra Note 2, at P. 404.
46
Supra Note 1, at P.294.

6
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

freedom from bodily harm, right of a husband in respect of his wife or parent in respect of their
children etc.47.

7. Principal and Accessory Rights –Principal rights exist independently of other rights.
Accessory rights are appurtenant to other rights and they have a beneficial on the principal rights.
Example:
‘X’ owes money to ‘Y’ and he executes a mortgage deed in favor of ‘Y’. the debt is the principal
right and the security in the form of mortgage is the accessory right.48

8. Primary and Sanctioning Rights (Antecedent and remedial rights) – Primary rights are also
called the antecedent or substantive rights. Similarly, sanctioning rights are also called the remedial
or adjectival rights 49 . These are those rights which are independent of a wrong having been
committed. They exist for own sake. They are antecedent to be wrongful act or omission.
Example: Right of reputation, Right to life etc.

Secondary rights are a part of the machinery provided by the state of the redress of injury done to
the primary rights. Their necessity arises on account of the fact that primary rights are very often
violated by the persons. Example: Rights to obtain compensation for defamation to person.50

• 9. Legal and Equitable right – Legal rights are those which were recognized by common Law
Court e. g., right to vote etc. Equitable rights are those which were recognized by the Court of
chancery. Example: The right of the mortgagor to redeem the property is regarded as a creation of
the Courts of equity and is an equitable right knows as the equity of redemption.51
10. Vested and Contingent Rights – A vested right is a right in respect of which all events
essential to vest the right in the owner have happened; while a contingent right is one in respect of
which only some of the events necessary to vest the right have happened and the vesting can be
complete only on the happening or non-happening of a specified uncertain event.

47
Supra Note 2, at P.404.
48
Supra Note 29.
49
Supra Note 2, at P.406.
50
Supra Note 29.
51
Supra Note 29.

7
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

Thus, where X transfers by deed a property to Y, a living person, Y acquires a vested right, but
where property is given to an infant on his attaining a certain age, the infant acquires a contingent
right.52

11.Public and Private Rights – A right vested in the state is called a public right. The state
enforces such right as a representative of the subjects in public interest 53 . A public right is
possessed by every member of the public. It is between a state and the private individual e.g., right
to vote etc.54.

A private right, on the other hand, is concerned with only private individuals, that is both the parties
connected with it are private persons55. Both the parties connected with the right are private persons
e.g., contract entered into by two individuals.56

12.Servient and Dominant Rights –A servient right is one which is subject to an encumbrance.
The encumbrance which derogates form it may be contrasted as dominant.
Example: “X” as the owner of certain house a right of way over the land of ‘Y’, his neighbor. The
house of ‘X’ is the dominant heritage and ‘X’ is the dominant owner. The house of ‘Y’ is the
servient heritage and ‘Y’ is the servient owner.57

52
Supra Note 9, at P.675
53
Supra Note 9, at P.676.
54
Supra Note 29.
55
Supra Note 9, at P.676
56
Supra Note 29.
57
Supra Note 29.

8
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

Famous cases that Protected Rights of People-

1. Foundation for a female workforce -Vishaka v State of Rajasthan58 - 1997

Definition of sexual harassment and guidelines to deal with it laid down.

As part of a governmental campaign against child marriage, Bhanwari Devi attempted to stop the
marriage of a one-year-old girl in rural Rajasthan. Members of the local community retaliated first
by harassing Bhanwari Devi with threats and imposing a socio-economic boycott on her family.
Then, on September 22, 1992, five men raped Bhanwari Devi.

Bhanwari Devi faced numerous obstacles when she attempted to seek justice. Frustrated by the
criminal justice system’s inability to provide tangible remedies and restore the dignity of the
victim, Naina Kapur, a lawyer who had attended Bhanwari Devi’s criminal trial, decided to initiate
a PIL action in the Supreme Court to challenge sexual harassment in the workplace. The Vishaka
writ petition was filed in 1992 in the names of five NGOs against the State of Rajasthan, its Women
& Child Welfare Department, its Department of Social Welfare, and the Union of India.

The Vishaka judgment recognized sexual harassment as “a clear violation” of the fundamental
constitutional rights of equality, non-discrimination, life, and liberty, as well as the right to carry
out any occupation. The guidelines, directed toward employers, included a definition of sexual
harassment, a list of steps for harassment prevention, and a description of complaint procedures to
be “strictly observed in all workplaces for the preservation and enforcement of the right to gender
equality.”

It promoted greater enforcement of women’s rights and broader application of international law at
the High Court level. The case has thus been described as “path-breaking”, “one of the most
powerful legacies” of PIL, and a “trendsetter” that “created a revolution”.59

58
AIR 1997 SC 3011
59
Lawyered, TBI Blogs: Did You Know India’s First PIL Was Filed 40+ Years Ago? Here Are the 5 Most Iconic PILs
Since Then available at https://www.thebetterindia.com/104204/5-pil-cases-every-indian-citizen-grateful/ (visited
on 26 March,2018)

9
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

2. Right to Privacy – Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India 60, 2017

The nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court has unanimously delivered its judgment in Justice
K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India holding that privacy is a constitutionally protected right
which not only emerges from the guarantee of life and personal liberty in Article 21 of the
constitution, but also arises in varying contexts from the other facets of freedom and dignity
recognised and guaranteed by the fundamental rights contained in Part III of the Indian
constitution.

The bench has overruled its decisions in M.P. Sharma v Satish Chandra, District
Magistrate, Delhi (1954), rendered by a bench of eight judges and, in Kharak Singh v State of
Uttar Pradesh (1962), rendered by a bench of six judges, which contained observations that the
Indian constitution does not specifically protect the right to privacy.

The judgment says:

“Life and personal liberty are inalienable rights. These are rights which are inseparable from a
dignified human existence. The dignity of the individual, equality between human beings and the
quest for liberty are the foundational pillars of the Indian constitution…

Life and personal liberty are not creations of the constitution. These rights are recognised by the
constitution as inhering in each individual as an intrinsic and inseparable part of the human element
which dwells within61.”

3. Right of life and personal liberty – Selvi & Ors. V. State Of Karnataka & Anr.62-2010

Selvi’s daughter Kavita had married Shivakumar of a different caste against the wishes of her
family. Shivakumar was brutally killed in 2004, and Selvi and two others became the suspects.
Since the prosecution’s case depended entirely on circumstantial evidence, it sought the court’s
permission to conduct polygraphy and brain-mapping tests on the three persons. The court granted
permission and the tests were conducted. When the results of the polygraphy test indicated signs
of deception, the prosecution sought the court’s permission to perform narcoanalysis on all the

60
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO 494 OF 2012
61
Bhaskar, Anurag, Key Highlights of Justice Chandrachud's Judgment in the Right to Privacy Case. Available at
https://thewire.in/law/justice-chandrachud-judgment-right-to-privacy (visited on 26 March,2018).
62
2010, 7SCC, 263.

10
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

three persons. The magistrate directed the three to undergo narcoanalysis. All of them challenged
this decision in the Karnataka high court but failed to get relief. They then went in appeal to the
Supreme court. The Supreme court held that the compulsory brain-mapping and polygraph tests
and narcoanalysis were in violation of Articles 20(3) and 21 of the constitution63.

First, the Court found that forcing a subject to undergo narcoanalysis, brain-mapping, or polygraph
tests itself amounted to the requisite compulsion, regardless of the lack of physical harm done to
administer the test or the nature of the answers given during the tests. the Supreme Court rightly
rejected the High Courts’ reliance on the supposed utility, reliability and validity of narcoanalysis
and other tests as methods of criminal investigation.64

4. Right to Clean Environment - M.C. MEHTA vs. UNION OF INDIA65 - 1987

FACTS:
Shriram Food and Fertilizer Industry, a subsidiary of Delhi Cloth Mills Limited, was engaged in
the manufacture of dangerous chemical. On December 1985, large amounts of oleum gas leaked
form one of the units in the heart of Delhi which resulted in the death of several persons. It created
a scare among the people residing nearby and within two days, another leakage, a minor one, broke
out as a result of oleum gas escaping from the joints of a pipe. On 6th December 1985, the District
Magistrate, Delhi ordered Shriram to stop the manufacturing and processing of hazardous
chemicals and fertilizers at their establishment in Delhi and to remove such chemicals and gases
from Delhi. At this particular point, M.C. Mehta moved to Supreme Court to file PIL and claim
for compensation for the losses caused and also demanded that the closed establishment should
not restart66.

It was held that the Supreme Court could direct the Central Government to recover cost of remedial
measures from the private companies. The Central Government was to determine the amount
required for carrying out the remedial measures. On account of their continuous, persistent and

63
Kumar, Animesh. Selvi & Ors V. State of Karnataka & Anrs. (2010, 7SCC, 263). Available at
https://www.scribd.com/doc/52194175/Selvi-Ors-V-State-of-Karnataka-Anrs (visited on 25 March,2018).
64
Narco analysis: Supreme Court sets out the truth, Available at http://www.milligazette.com/news/7290-narco-
analysis-supreme-court-sets-out-the-truth (visited on 25 March,2018).
65
A.I.R 1987 S.C. 1086.
66
M.C. MEHTA vs. UNION OF INDIA. Retrieved from http://lawmantra.co.in/m-c-mehta-vs-union-of-india/ (visited
on 27 March,2018).

11
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

insolent violations of law, the respondent industries, being characterized as “rogue industries”
which had inflicted untold misery upon the poor, unsuspecting villagers, despoiling their land,
their water sources, and their entire environment were ordered to be closed down.

The order also required the payment of a sum of Rs. 50,000/- by the respondent industries by way
of costs to the petitioner, which had to fight this litigation over a period of six years with its own
means.67

Conclusion –

To conclude, I can say, that legal rights are those which are conferred by the state on certain
individuals and imposes corresponding duties on others. It is enforced by the physical force of
the state. It is being classified into different kinds according to their scope by various authors.

So, different kinds of rights should be analyzed in the context of the law under which they are
created and protected. The person claiming his right must establish his title to it.

67
Bangia, R.K. Law of Torts. Twenty-Fourth Edition. New Delhi: Allahabad Law Agency,2017 at P.342.

12
 Rights – Meaning, Theories, Definitions and Classification.

Bibliography –
1. Tripathi, Bijai Narain Mani and Rajiv Mani. Jurisprudence (LEGAL THEORY). Nineteenth Edition,
Faridabad: Allahabad Law Agency,2012.
2. Paranjape, N.V. Studies in Jurisprudence and Legal Theory. Eighth Edition. Allahabad: Central
Law Agency, 2016.
3. Aggarwal, Nomita. Jurisprudence (Legal Theory). Eighth Edition. Allahabad: Central law
Publications,2010.
4. Tandon, M.P. Jurisprudence Legal Theory. Fifth Edition. Faridabad: Allahabad Law Agency,2016.
5. Bangia, R.K. Law of Torts. Twenty-Fourth Edition. New Delhi: Allahabad Law Agency,2017.

Webliography –
1. RAMA RAO, M. S. JURISPRUDENCE [ Legal Theory]. Retrieved from
http://www.msrlawbooks.com/file/JURISPRUDENCE_Legal_Theory_F.pdf.
2. Chapter 6, Concepts of The Law
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/71969/3/03_chapter%201.pdf .
3. CONCEPTUAL ASPECT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, available at
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7957/7/07_chapter%201.pdf.
4. Legal Rights Jurisprudence Notes available at
https://lawnotes.wordpress.com/2015/10/24/legal-rights-jurisprudence-notes/.
5. Classification of Legal Right available at http://right-mu.blogspot.in/2009/12/classification-of-
legal-right.html .
6. Lawyered, TBI Blogs: Did You Know India’s First PIL Was Filed 40+ Years Ago? Here Are the 5
Most Iconic PILs Since Then available at https://www.thebetterindia.com/104204/5-pil-cases-
every-indian-citizen-grateful/.
7. Bhaskar, Anurag, Key Highlights of Justice Chandrachud's Judgment in the Right to Privacy
Case. Available at https://thewire.in/law/justice-chandrachud-judgment-right-to-privacy.
8. Kumar, Animesh. Selvi & Ors V. State of Karnataka & Anrs. (2010, 7SCC, 263). Available at
https://www.scribd.com/doc/52194175/Selvi-Ors-V-State-of-Karnataka-Anrs.
9. Narco analysis: Supreme Court sets out the truth, Available at
http://www.milligazette.com/news/7290-narco-analysis-supreme-court-sets-out-the-truth.

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