The document describes the parts and functions of plant and animal cells. It explains that the cell wall surrounds plant cells and gives them shape and protection. The cell membrane regulates interactions between the cell and its environment. The cytoplasm is where most life processes occur. The nucleus is the control center that contains chromosomes with the genetic code. Mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy and food, respectively. Vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes help transport and break down materials. Ribosomes and the cytoskeleton assist with protein production and cell structure.
The document describes the parts and functions of plant and animal cells. It explains that the cell wall surrounds plant cells and gives them shape and protection. The cell membrane regulates interactions between the cell and its environment. The cytoplasm is where most life processes occur. The nucleus is the control center that contains chromosomes with the genetic code. Mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy and food, respectively. Vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes help transport and break down materials. Ribosomes and the cytoskeleton assist with protein production and cell structure.
The document describes the parts and functions of plant and animal cells. It explains that the cell wall surrounds plant cells and gives them shape and protection. The cell membrane regulates interactions between the cell and its environment. The cytoplasm is where most life processes occur. The nucleus is the control center that contains chromosomes with the genetic code. Mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy and food, respectively. Vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes help transport and break down materials. Ribosomes and the cytoskeleton assist with protein production and cell structure.
The document describes the parts and functions of plant and animal cells. It explains that the cell wall surrounds plant cells and gives them shape and protection. The cell membrane regulates interactions between the cell and its environment. The cytoplasm is where most life processes occur. The nucleus is the control center that contains chromosomes with the genetic code. Mitochondria and chloroplasts produce energy and food, respectively. Vacuoles, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and lysosomes help transport and break down materials. Ribosomes and the cytoskeleton assist with protein production and cell structure.
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CELL FUNCTIONS AND PARTS
cell wall surrounds the plant cell - gives it shape and protection
cell membrane a protective outer covering - regulates interaction between
the cell and its environment
cytoplasm a gel-like material inside the cell where most of the cell's life processes take place
nuclear membrane allows certain substances to pass between the nucleus and the rest of the cell
nucleus the control center of the cell
chromosomes contains the code that controls the cell - transmits hereditary characteristics
nucleolus the area of the nucleus where ribosomes are made
mitochondria releases energy from digested foods
chloroplasts manufactures food in the plant cell through photosynthesis
Golgi bodies packages and transmits cellular material throughout the cell
vacuole storage space for water, wastes, & other cellular material
endoplasmic reticulum place where materials are processed and moved around inside the cell
ribosomes produces proteins within the cell
lysosomes contains digestive chemicals that help break down food
molecules
cytoskeleton helps the animal cell maintain its shape and move Rough endoplasmic Is to produce and process specific Reticulum proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Is to make cellular products like
Reticulum hormones and lipids.
Microtubules Is to help support and give shape
to cell.
Microfilaments Function in maintaining structure.
Secretory vesicle Mediates the vesicular transport of cargo hormones or neurotransmitters –from an organelle to specific sites of cell. Protein Synthesis A good example of the Division of Labor is in Protein Synthesis.
The instructions to create a particular protein are found in a Gene in the DNA of a cell.
So as to prevent damage to the DNA, when a protein is required to be synthesized,
a copy of that particular gene is encoded onto an mRNA (messenger RNA) molecule. This is called Transcription. The molecule then leaves the nucleus through a Nuclear
Pore.
The mRNA molecule then travels to a Ribosome, which may be located on the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum, or in the Cytoplasm. There the sequence of Amino Acids is
read and the instructions are translated to a Polypeptide Chain.
The next stage is called Post Translational Modification. This is where the Polypeptide
Chain is modified to create the final protein, for example, by adding Prosthetic Groups.
This may done in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum or in the Golgi Apparatus.
When the protein moves from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, it does so in Vesicles,
which are ‘pinched off’ from the ER and then fuse with the Golgi Apparatus.
In the final stage of protein synthesis, the newly created protein is transported around
the cell, again in Vesicles. Sometimes, the Vesicle may fuse with the Plasma
