MAY 1963 THREE SHILLINGS

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ILLUSTRATED
WIDELY USED BY INDUSTRY & Model 64. f Bit

THE DISCERNING ENTHUSIAST FOR RADIO,

TV & PRINTED CIRCUIT WORK

FROM YOUR LOCAL DEALER

OR SEND DIRECT TO:- Send coupon for latest leaflet

ADCOLA PRODUCTS LTD., ■ Name ■

Address
ADCOLA HOUSE,

GAUDEN ROAD,
LONDON. S.W.4. i
IP.E.159.
TELEPHONE 01-622 0291 J
 JECi' SId 3. C3 %R5.^

TCC G-1120 FANTAVOX 500 AMPURER0

HEADPHONE/BOOM
MICROPHONE SET This outstanding amplifier incorpor-
TMa lightweight headphone and boom microphone ates all the features expected of an
assembly is especially suitable for TV camera expensive unit but at a budget price.
crews, communications equipment, language labs., The amplifier has separate tone and
recording studios, etc. The fully adjustable volume controls for both channels
headset la extremely comfortable to wear for long plus
outputsterosocket.
mono Finished
switch andintuneran
periods. Low impedance microphone allows attractive
long
Used cables
with atoTape
be used withoutthisanyassembly
Recorder signal loss.
will cabinet withwalnut grained
anodised pale metal
gold
provide constant monitoring. High
specification and superb finish at a price you quality
can ifuanalaSrs, 2P8ilicon dicdes. I>Output, Peak power 12 watte (6 watts per cl
afford. Freq.
TunerResponse:
250mV. 40-20,000
Size: 91 xHz,
31 xOutput
5iin. Impedance 4-16 ohms. Input sensitivity.
Headset spec.: Dynamic, impedance
Frequency res. 20-14-1000Hz. Input 200mV. 16 ohms. , ^'
Cord length 59in with jack plug fitted. Mic. spec:. Dynamic, impedance *
Frequency res. 200-8000Hz, sensitivity 75dB. Cord length 691n complete with ] I LASKY'S Post
PRICE £12.10.0 8/-
[LASKY'S
PRICE £6.5.0
TTC Model A-1008
NEW BUDGET FM TUNER
SPECIALIST RELAYS For size, quality and price we feel sure the Model
A-1008 FM Tuner is unbeatable. Probably
world's most compact FM tuner with 6 transistor the
SCHRACK 4 POLE and 3 diode printed circuit, self powered—
operating from any 9V D.C. source. Slow motion
12 WAY tuning drive. Housed in beautifully ftnished
walnut
horizontalcabtuning
net with
scaleclassic silverthetrim.
covering entireClear
FM
This stepping relay inches one
coil, contacts are provided step per pulse
for continuous of the
stepping band .88-108 Mc/s. Complete with FM aerial
and 2 poleprogramming
changeover atChristmas
position "6" Uses Brief Spec.: aerial imp. 75 ohms. Sensitivity
better than lOuV (at 100% modulation for 20dB S/V Size 7i 3im
include tree lights,
selection of stations on multiway intercom
systems (using standard 2 way Intercoms),
Servo steering
operation of radio
of model controletc.
railways, models. Automatic UASKY'S
Type PRICE £9.19.6
Type RT 819600 OR
60V - 2W coil 12VRT
- 2W819120
coil
LASKY'S ADO MULTIPLEX TO THE MODEL A-1Q08
Post 2/6 You can enjoy stereo sound with the Model A-1008 FM Tuner above by adding theTTC
PRICE 59/6 each Model
OutputA-1005M
150mV. Multiplex Adaptor.
Self powered by a 9VBrief Specification:
battery. MPXand
4 transistor input sensitivity
b diode circuit.lOOim.
Size
gl x 2 x |ln. Also suitable for use with other FM tuners with MPX input.
THORN PYGMY PLUG-IN RELAY LASKY'S PRICE 99/6 ^ ^^ _
A. miniature 8 pin plug-in relay with 10A double changeover con-
figuration. Mains operated coil switched for internal powered remote f" fiffilMNT^RNATToNAL TAPE "j
mains switching, using one contact as a latch to hold the relay In until
the external circuit is broken. Coil resistance 82K/ohmB1 200-240V | FAMOUS AMERICAN.MADE BRAND TAPE at RECORD LOW PRICES |
AC/DC operation. 23 89 5|m.
LASKY'S PRICE 12/6
Sin.
3in, Message
Message tape,
tape, 150ft
225ft 5iin. Standard
Long play,play, 850ft.
play,1200ft.
PVC . 16
2400ft.Mylar
11 08
Mylar ... 45 0 I
3in. Message tape, 300ft. .. 107 06 5jiQ. Triple
7in. Standard play, 1200ft. Ace- 12 6
3jiD.
4in. Triple
Triple play, 600ft. Mylar
Mylar .... 17 6 Tin. tate
AEI MINIATURE RELAY play, 900ft.
Mylar.. 15 Standard My- 126 I
play, 12001t.....
ADCminiature shrouded
5m.
Sin. Double
Long play,900ft.
play, 120011.
Acetate 10 00 Tin. Long
lar
coil resistance 900 O324V
poleoperation.
"make" relay of the
Useful chassis Audio
for remote mounting type.
switching 5in. Standard play, 600ft. PVC . 358 06 Tin. Doubleplay,
5in. Triple play, 1800ft. Mylar . 22 6 7in. Long play, play,1800ft. Mylar
2400ft. Mylar.. IB
25 60
1
circuits, control systems, using low voltage and current, controlling small 61 in. Double play. 1800ft Mylar 12 6 Tin. Triple play,1800ft. Acetate . 15 0
D.C. motors and pilot lights, etc.,< and any application switching three IU5jln.
jui. .uuug
Long yfj
play,i 1200ft. Acetate • — - - - 3600ft. Mylar - . 60 0 _I
circuits from one switch.
LASKY'S PRICE 8/6 Post 1/6 P. & P. 1/- extra per reel. 4 reels and over Post Free. Special quotes lor quantities. |
I BUDGET PRICED CASSETTES I
AD-76K MOVING MAGNET CARTRIDGE I "OVERTURE" High quality cassettes from the I
New high compliance moving magnet stereo cartridge that really breaks the quality/price | U.S.A. C.60—10/6 C.90—15/- C.120—20/- |
barrier. SPECIFICATION: Diamond Stereo LP stylus. Compliance 10 x 10-«cm/dyne.
Frequency response 20-20,000c/8. Channel separation 20dB. Output fimV. Tracking Post 1/- each. 4 and over Post Free. Special quotes lor quantities.
pressure 2 grammes. Standard iin mounting. Replacement Diamond stylus availabl e.
Fully guaranteed.. GET
m* YOUR ^ ■■■LASKY'S
16 pages AUDIO-TRONICS
(16 x llin.) l.OOO's of itemsPICTORIAL
from our vast stocks. Hi-Fi,
LASKY'S PRICE 90/ Post 2/- mm |h Kb Radio. Electronics, Test Equipment.
Send 1/8 lor post only and Inclusion on our regular mailing list.
Branches High Fidelity Audio Centres
207 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2 Tel.: 01-723 3271 42-45 TOTTENHAM CT RD., L0ND0N/W.1 Tel. 01-580 2573
Open all day, 9 a.m,—6 p.m. Monday to Saturday Opeti all day 9 a m.—6 pm Monday to Saturday
33 TOTTENHAM CT. RD^ LONDON, W.I Tel.; 01-636 2605
open all day 9 .a.m —6 p.m. Monday to Saturday 118 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2 Tel.; 01-723 9789
152/3 FLEET STREET. LONDON,E.C.4 Tel.: 01-353 2833 Open ail day Saturday, early closing 1 p.m Thursday
Open diCUay
CSptdll ■■uuiauay, early closing 1■ p.m.
all day Thursday, f — Saturday•
ALL MAIL ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE TO: 3-15 CAVELL ST.,TOWER HAMLETS, LONDON, E.I Tel.: 01-790 4821
321
 Bargain—Car Radios. Our Price 9 gns. DULCI HI-FI UNITS
Negative or positive earth (switched) fully The Dulci range of tuners and amplifiers
offer exceptional quality at a sensible
transistorised (12V) medium and long price.
waves. Speaker and fitting kit supplied at Amplifiers: 207 and 207M. Tuners- k:.
no extra cost. P/P 5/-. FMT7 and FMT7s.
SEND NOW FOR FULL DETAILS
Sonotone 9TA and 9TA/HC. Diamond Cart- TRIO Stereo Moving Magnet Cart-
ridge brand new, boxed in manufacturers' ridge Model AD76K. Diamond Stereo The greatest HI-FI Budget system today —
carton49/6plus2/6 p/p.Acos GP91-1 and GP LP Stylus. Frequency response 20- can't be beaten—price or quality anywhere
91-3 stereo compatible cartridges, new in 20,0000/3 output. 7mV tracking pressure —look at these great features—then
sealed manufacturers' cartons 22/6 plus 2 grammes ± 0-5 grm. Fully guaranteed.
2/6 p/p. Price 85/- p/p free. compare.
• Bargain—Changer decks at lowest Teleton F2000 tuner amp.
prices ever AM-FM with multiplex de-
GARRARD coder and A.F.C.—2 x 5W
BASF TAPE 25% OFF Beautiful teak 1025 £8.0.0 channels R.M.S, Bass
5in 600ft. 14/- 900ft. 19/- 1200ft, 30/- plinth and Volume Treble Balance
perspex 2025 £8.10.6 controls, a truly outstand- £ s. d.
5iin 900ft. 19/- 1200ft. 24/- 1800ft,39/- cover to suit AT60Mk. 11 £12.19.6 ing unit 43 1 0
these units SP25Mk. 11 £12.0.0 Garrard SP 25 Mk II Trans-
7in 1200ft. 24/- 1800ft 35/- 2400ft. 57/- 5 Gns. P/P cription deck 15 11 11
Free 3500 with Son Teleton SA 1003 matching
P/P 2/- per reel—over £5 FREE 9TA.HC diam.
cart. £10.19.6 speaker enclosures 9 5 0
Add 10/- p/p for each Garrard unit Sonotone 9 TA Diamond
Hi-Fi SPEAKER SPEAKER ENCLOSURES Cartridge 4 2 0
K12TC—12in 12 watt Type: INFINITE BAFFLE Plinth and Perspex cover 7 0 0
Offers an exceptionally smooth and Model 8: Sin plus 3 in tweeter £78 19 11
extended response, with very low level Model 138: 13inx Sin EMI Exclusively offered by WALDON at
of distortion from the specially designed Both £4.19.6 each
twin diaphragms. Model 1012: lOin or 12in, plus 4m tweeter the remarkably low price of 63 gns.
Frequency Response: 30-16,000Hz. £7.19.6
Impedance: 15-160Hm All enclosures are in oiled teak, fully E.M.I. HI-FI SPEAKERS
OUR SPECIAL PRICE built. SET 450: 13 8 with two built-ini tweeters and
PLUS P/P 6/6 97/6 Please add 8/- p/p on each enclosure cross-over unit. Our Price 69/6. 3 or 15 ohm,
• BARGAIN — Speakers, Hi-Fi — • BARGAIN — Speakers, Hi-Fi — 10W, 40-13lOOOHz,
The Baker Selhurst Stalwart. 12in The Baker Selhurst Guitar Group 25, - SET 850: etin bass plus 3Jin tweeter and cross-
round, 15 watt rating, 12,000 lines gauss, 12in round, 25 watt rating, 12,000 gauss, over unit. 8 ohm, 10W, 65-20,OOOHz. 79/6.
15 ohms, response 45-13,OOOc/s. Bass 15 ohms, response 30-10,OOOc/s, solid SET 250: Sin heavy duty bass plus Sin tweeter
resonance 40-500/8, solid aluminium aluminium chassis, heavy duty cone. and cross-over unit. 8 ohm, 6W, 80-20,OOOHz. 65/-
chassis. Our price £5.9.6. p/p 6/6 Our price £5.9.6. p/p 6/6 Add 5/6 p/p for each speaker set
WALDON ELECTRONICS, Atlas House, Chorley Old Rd., Bolton. Bolton 45628

EX-COMPUTER PANELS I.B.M. Size

SALES 2in. x Ain. with TRANSISTORS, DIODES, Post Pleaseandadd Packing costs same.
I/- towards are continually
CASH WITH rising.
P.O. BOX 5 RESISTORS, CAPACI'ORS,
i million already Sold out to the Trade. stc. Over ORDER PLEASE
DIOTRAN WARE, HERTS 70,000
per only left at orour£28Ridiculous
per 1,000Price
panels.of SHIPMENTS
OVERSEAS QUOTATIONS BY RETURN
TEL.; WARE 3442 £3 100 panels
Pius carriage, charged extra at cost. WORLD
TO ANYWHERE IN THE
OVER 3 MILLION SILICON ALLOY & GERM. FULLY I/- TESTED TRANSISTORS I/-
TRANSISTORS AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE THYRISTORS TESTED, BRAND NEWAND (S.C.R's), CODED:
MANUFACTURERS'DELIVERY END OF PRODUCTION TO-5 CASE each one pricePLANAR
SILICON only pnp, npn. each
I/- EACH
SURPLUS Type No. PIV Amp Each BC109 BCI08 2N696 2NII32 2N2220 25733
2N697 2NI613 2N3707 2N339I
TRANSISTORS Qty. Qty.
Type and Construction Price Price Price Price 2NI596 Qty. Qty. 2NI595 50 1 7/6
Al. Germ. Audio. 100 I 8/- BFY50 2N706 2NI7M 2N37II TIS44
N.P.N. T0-I 100 £15 500 1,000 10,000 2NI597 - 200 10/6 BFY51
BFX84 2N708 22N2905 N2904 25102 2N2906
A2. Germ. A-F. TO-5 £1 £3.10 £3 £25
£5 £200
£40 2NI598 300 I 14/- BFX86 2N929 25103 2N2907
A3. Germ. A.F. TO-I £3 £5 £40 2NI599 400 I 15/- BFX88 2N930 2N2924 2N2926
25104 2N2696
2S732 2N3702
£)
A4. Germ. R.F. T0-I £1.10 £4.10 £7.10 £60 BTX30-500 500 I 22/6 2NI 131
A5. Germ. R.F. TO-5 £1.10 £4.10 £7.10 £60 BTX30-600 600 25/- From Manufacturers' Over-runs—Unmarked 2N3703 Plastic and
A6. Germ. V.H.F. TO-I £3.10 £15 £25 £200 TO-46 CASE (STUD) Metal cases.
A7. Mixed Germ.A.F.-R.F. £2.10 £4 £32
A8. Germ. A.F. 2G300 £215/- £7.10
A9. Sil. Alloy P.N.P. TO-5 £2 £7.10 £12.10
£12.10 £100
£100 Type No.
2NI77I PIV
50
Amp Each GERM. PNP AND NPN TRANSISTORS FULLY
4-7
AI to A7 Guaranteed 80% Good T rans. A8 & A9 2NI772 100 4-7 .. .- 9/6
91-
AC 125
TESTED. UNMARKED 1/6 EACH
ACY22 - ACY36
Guaranteed
NO OPE^I OR SHORTS—ALL GOOD TRANS. 2NI776 2NI774 200
300 4-7 . . 12/6 AC 126 ACY27
4-7 .. . 16/6 AC! 27 ACY28 NKTI42 NKTI4I NKT677 OC81
OC82 2G38I
NKT7I3 2G30I
NKT773 2G382
2G399A
TEXAS SILICON ALLOY TRANSISTORS 2NI777 400 4-7 . 19/- AC 128 ACY29 NKT2I2 OC44 2G302
25302 Eqvt. OC200 VcB40 Hfe 15-50 2NI778
1-49 off 3'6 each 2N26I9 500 47 . . 25/6 AC 130 ACY30 NKT2I3 OC45 2G303
600 4-7 . . 30/-
25303
25304 ,. OC20I OC202 VcB25
VcBI5 HfeHfe 25-75
45-120 50-99 off 2/6
3/-each
each BTY79-150 ISO 4-7 , . 12/- ACYi9 ACY3I NKT2I4 OC7I 2G308 1/6
ALU BRAND NEW. FULLY GUARANTEED & MARKED. BTY79-250
100 off 250 4-7 . 14/- ACY20 ACY21 ACY34 ACY35 NKT2(5 NKT27I OC72OC75 2G37I
BTY79-400 400 4-7 . •. 20/- 2G374 each
HIGH QUALITY SILICON PLANAR DIODES. TO-48 CASE (STUD) POWER TRANSISTORS
SUB-MINIATURE
for OA200, OA202,DO-7 BAY38,GlassI SIType, suitable200,000
30, IS940. replacements
to clear Type No. PIV Amp Each OC26 OC2S OC35 NKT403 ASZI7
AD NKT404 T13027 s/-
at £4 per 1.000 pieces. GUARANTEED 80% GOOD. 2N682 50 16 • 17/- OC28 AD 130
140 NKT405 T13028 each
SILICON PLANAR PLASTIC TRANSISTORS- 2N683 2N685
100
200 6
16 .
.
15/-
19/6 OC29 ADI49 NKT452 T13029
2N3708A VcB30 Hfe 20-60. All marked, fully tested
guaranteed. I off 1/6 each; 100 off lOd. each ; 500 off 9d. 2N688 and 2N687 300 16 . 25/6 Manufacturers' Surplus Germ. A.F.
each; 1,000 off T^d. each. 2N689 400 16 . 32/6
500 16
TO-18 METAL CAN SILICON PLANAR TRANSIS- 2N690 600 16 . 47/6 50/- TRANSISTOR EQVT. BOOK
TORS. VERY HIGH QUALITY 99% good. Type 2N706 2N692 2N69I 700 16 . 56/- 2,500 American crossandreferences
Japanese. ofA transistors—British, European,
must for every transistor user.
BSY27 £7.10 per 500 pieces; £12.10 per 1,000 pieces. 800 16 . tn- Exclusively distributed by DIOTRAN SALES. 15/- EACH.
FULLY TESTED DEVICES AND
QUALITY GUARANTEED—SURPLUS BRAND NEW FULLY TESTED ISub-Min. Plastic
TO Diode.
REQUIREMENTS EPOXY CASE UNIJUNCTION TypeAmp No.
Sil. Rect.
PIV
OA202 Silicon
150 PIV 250mA Fully
Qty.Sulphide
Price £30 Coded. TRANSISTORS. Type for
TIS43 and 1 N400 i 50 • Each 1/3 Vast mixed lot
Comprising of subminiature
of Silicon, Germ., glassContact
Point diodes.
ORPI2 Cadmium Cell.per 1,000 pieces- BEN Full 3000 and
data replacement
available. LOWEST 2N2646.
PRICE IN4002 100 • 1/6 and Gold Bonded types plus some Zeners.
I1,000
-24 9/- each; 25-99 Made 100-999 6/- each; AVAILABLE ANYWHERE. 100 off 4/- IN
7/- each;Holland. 4003 200 . 2/- 500,000 available at Lowest of Low Price.
BYI00upSIL.
5/6RECT'S
each. 800 PIVin 550mA. each = £20; 500 off 3/6 each — IN 4004
N4005 400
t1 N4006 600 . 2/9 pieces
1,000 pieces
£23. £3.0.0, 5,000 pieces £13.10.0. 10,000
1-49 2/6 each; 50-99 2/3 each; 100-999 2/-each; £87.10;
Sample 1.000
devices off
7/- 3/-
each each
on = £150.
request. 800 •• 3/3 3/9
1,000 up 1/10 each. Fully Coded. 1st Qlty. 1N4007 1,000 ■ 4/9

322
Practical

electronics by numbers

/
It's as simple as that: instead of a brush you use a soldering iron.
HEATHKIT SUPPLIES — the engineered design, the klt of Pa^ts'^ 8 easy-to"follow lnstructlons

you SUPPLY — a few hours of enjoyable relaxation and the cash / ^

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so5 "you thinking o. stereo, save yourself some money-send fo, Z/ €*?
^ VN?
our catalogue today!
4^,
/ A
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-(T £ ■ C g
| R.
/ 0 -
CR-1 AR-27 FM <o
1T-18 Portable IM-17 Portable Car Radio Monophonic / 'f.A
In-Circuit Solid-State VOM Receiver z7c3>/
Z .6®
Transistor Tester / .O
, DAYSTROIVI LIMITED
3] Gloucester GL2 SEE. England ^ v? . /o
Tel.Glos. 29451. Telex 43216.
323
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325
 STEREOGRAM CABINET £19 I7in.—£11,10.0 Carr. 30/-
An olecant Stereogram Cabinet in
modern Veneered Mahogany and I9in. SLIM-LINE
CfaCctSH/ft cloth covered Front Panel
BLACK LEATHERETTE SIDE PANELS FERGUSON 24 gns.
Dimensions; 52''x 12*. Speaker TWO-YEAR GUARANTEE
positions for Twin 10* x 5* Speakers EX-RENTAL TELEVISIONS
FREE ILLUSTRATED
LIST OF TELEVISIONS
I?*—ir—2r—23*
MODEL 15

SPEAKERS 6/6
2'—750.2^"—3SO. P. & P. 2/6.
ACOS MICS. 35/- STANDARD
MICRO STICK MIC. 2gns. P. & P. 3/6. WIDESIZES RANGE OF MODELS
AND PRICES
ASSORTED CONDENSERS DEAiONSTRAT/ONS DAILY
SOLDERING 10/- for 50. P. & P. 7/6. RECORD PLAYER CABINET
ASSORTED RESISTORS 49/6.
INSTRUMENT 10/- for 50. P. & P. 4/6. Cloth
Takescovered.
any modern Size I6j'xl4i'x8'
autochanger.
ASSORTED CONTROLS P. & P. 7/6.
10/- for 25. P. & P. 7/6. SINGLE PLAYER CABINETS
IS/6. P. & P. 7/6.
TRANSISTORS TRANSISTOR
Cloth covered, CASES
many 19/6.
MULLARD MATCHED Size 9i'X 6i'X 3i'. P. &colours.
P. 3/6.
OUTPUT KIT Similar cases in plastic 7/6.
EXTREME VERSATILITY 9/- OC8ID—2 OCSI's. TWO-YEAR GUARANTEED
P. & P. FREE, 70° &REGUNNED TUBES
Range of 8 interchangeable bits, FERRITE RODS 3/6 89/6. 2190°in.—99/6.
I4in.—69/6,
110°I7in.—
I7in..
from 3/64" (.047") to 3/16", including I9in. & 2lin.—99/6.Exchanged
6", 8' x f" complete with bonded)—119/6, 23° (not
new non-wearing PERMATIPS. LW/MW COILS. P. & P. FREE. Bowls. Carr. 10/6.
DUKE & CO. (LONDON) LTD.
621/3 Romfbrd Road, Manor Park, E.12
Phone 01-478 6001-2-3 Stamp for Free List.
ULTRA-SMALL SIZE
Length 7^". Weight i oz.
Max. handle dia. 7/16".
VALVFQ
W SAME DAY SERVICE
^ NEW! TESTED! GUARANTEED!
|| w- ■ w S1R5 ' 1S5 1T4 3S4 3V4
et of 4 for 17/8. DAF96.- DAF91,
' ' ' DF91, DL96,
DF96, DK96, DK91,4DL92, DL94
for 20/-.
EXTRA-HIGH PERFORMANCE 20F2 13/6 DL92 5/9 EL90 61- | PENA4 12/8 | UCC84 7/9
20P3
P4 11/9 DL94
Heating time 90 sees. Max. bit temp. 20 18/8 DL96 6/9 EL95 6 PEN36C16/- UCC86 8/6
71- EM80
390oC. Loading 15 watts — equals 1H5 25U4GTU/8 DY86
30C1 6/9 DY87 5/9 EM 5/9 EM81 6/96/9 PFL200
PL36 12/-9'9 . UCH42
UCF80 9/988
185 30C15 13- EABC80 6 8 84 0/3 PL8i 7/8 UCH81 6/9
EM87
normal 30/40 watt iron. 1T4 30C18 91- EAF42 8/9 EY61 7/8 PL82 71- UCL82 7/8
SS4 30F5 16/- EB91 2/8 EY80 7/3 PL83 71- UCL83 11/6
6/9 PL<84
3V4
6U40 30FL1
30FL1214/812/8 EBC33
EBC41 7/8
8/3
EZ40
EZ4I 7/8 PLSOO 186/6- VF80
I7F41 71- 9/9
fiYSGT 30FL14 7/8 PL604 18/8 TJF86 6/9
5Z4G SOL I 10/6 EBF80
8/61 EBF89 6'9 EZ80 4 6 PL508 23/6 UF89 0/9
ALL VOLTAGES fl/S0L2
SAL6 2/3 30L17 30L15 14/-
15/6 ECC81 6/3
ECC82
EZ83 4 0 PL802 14/6 UL4i 10/0
8/9 GZ32 8/9 PM84 7/9 TJL44 20/-
0AM6 3/6 30P4 12'- ECC83 4/9 ' KT32 KT61 5/- PX25
PY31 10/8 UL84 7/-
6/6 UM84 7/6
flAQ6
0AT8 4/9 4/-
*"
30P12 11/9 ECC84 6/6t KT66
30P19 12/- ECC86 "
5/9" M
I 18- Py32
El40015/- PY33 10/- 1 UY41 71-
8AU6 4/9 30PL1 12/8 KCC0O412/6 N78 14/9 PY81 10/- UY86 6/9
flBA6 4/e
«BE6 4/8 tOPL13
0PL14 16/6 ECFSO 71- PABC80 7 - PY82 66/33 VP132]
16/6
VP4B 10/-
21/-
The ADAM1N range includes five other ECF82 6/9 PC86 10 3
8BJ5- 7/7 35L6GT 8/- ECH35 8 - PC88 10/3 PY88 8 3 AC 107 8/0 j PY83 6 9 7.77
6BW6 18/- ,35W4 4/6 ECH42 10/8 PC96 08 P Y 800 7/6 AC127 2/- 8/8
models (5, 8,12, 18 and 24 watts), Ther- 6FI3 8/8 36Z4GT 61- ECH81 ......
6/9 PC9; 8/6 PYSOI 6 9 ADI40 7/6
mal strippers (PVC and PTFE) and a flF14 9/^ 6083 12/8 ■ ECH34 7'6 PC900 E19 6/6 AF116
AFI02 18/-
6F23
6K7G 14/3 AC/VP2109/-- 1 ECL82
ECL80 6/9 PCC84 R20 12/8 8'-
De-Soldering Tool. Please ask for 6K8O e/f 2/6 AZ31 8/9 PCC85 TH21C 9/9 AF116
B729 12/6 I ECL83 9/- PCC88
flLlS 8/- CCH35 10/- ECLS6 8/3 PCCS9 10/8 U26 12/- AF124 V25 18/- AF117
colour catalogue A/37. fiVSGT
6X4 8/8 0/8 CL33 18/8 EF39 3/9 PCCI8911 6 U4 18/6 AF125
6X6GT 6/9 CY3i 8/9 EF41 9/6 PCF80 eg 1749 18/6 AF126
7B6 10/9 DAC32 7'8 EF80 4/9 PCF82 6 - 1762 4/6 AF127
7B7 7/- DAP96 4/3
DAFSl
8/6 EF85 6/8 PGF86 9'8
EF86 6/3 PCFS0013 6 17191 12/8 8/8 OC26
7C6
7Y4 8/9 DF33 2'9 7/9 EF89 6/3 PCF801 71- 17301 18 8 OC44
6/8 DF91 EF9I PCF802 9, 6 U801 13/- OC45
10F1 16/-
10P13 16/8 DF96 DH77 4/- EF94
EF183 PCF805 9/- UABC80 8/3 OC7I OC72
18AT7 8/9 DH81 10/9 EF184 5/9 PCF80611/8 . UAF42 9/8 OC76
PCF80810.'8 17 B 41 6/6 OC81
19AU6 4/9 DK32 7/6 EH90 6/9 PCL82 71- UBC41 8 6 oco.n n,«
IJAUT 4/9
laxx? 4/9 DK91 5/8 EL33 8/9 PCL83 9/- UBC81 7/- 0082 rr?10 2233
LIGHT SOLDERING 12K8GT 7/- DK92 DK96 9/3 EL34 9/8 PCL84
7/- EL41 10/8 PCL86 IJBF89 6/9 OC82D 2/6/
UBF80 6-
19BG6G17/8 DL3& 61- EL84 4/9 1 PCB86 UC92 6/- OC170 2/6
DEVELOPMENTS LTD. READERS RADIO (P.E.)
85 TORQUAY GARDENS, REDBRIDQE, ILFORD.
28 Sydenham Rd., Croydon, CR9 2LL E88EX. Tel. 01-550 7441
postage on 1 valve 9d. extra. On 2 valves or more, postage 6<i. per
Telephone 01-688 8589 & 4559 valve extra. Any Parcel Insured against Damage in Transit 6d. extra.

326
 Build yourself a quality
transistor radio

backed by our

after sales service! a

roamer seven mk iv
SEVEN WAVEBAND PORTABLE
SEVEN TUNABLE WAVEBANDS—
MW1, MW2, LW, SW1, SW2, SW3 AND TRAWLER BAND.

pocket five
MEDIUM WAVE, LONG WAVE Extra M.W. band for
AND TRAWLER BAND (to 50 easier tuning of Luxembourg, etc-
metres approx.) PORTABLE Buiit-in ferrite rod aerial for Medium and Long Waves.
0 Section 22in. chrome-plated telescopic aerial for Short Waves—ean be angled and
WITH SPEAKER AND EARPIECE rotated for peak S.W. listening.including
SocketMicro-Alloy
for Car Aerial.
R.F. Powerful push-pull output.
Attractive black au.d gold case. Size 5* x IJ x
3iin. Tunable over both Medium and Long 77 xtransistors
4in. P.M.andspeaker
two diodes
for rich-tone volune. Air spaced Transistors. Famous
ganged tuning make
condenser
Waves ofwith extended etc.
M.W.Allband for easier Volume/on/off control, wave change switches and tuning control. Attractive
carrying handle. Size 9 x 7 x 4in. approx. First-grade components. Easy to follow case with
tuning Luxembourg, firet grade com- Total building costs instructions and diagrams make the Roamer 7 a pleasure to build.
ponents—7
gupersensitive ferrite rod aerial, fine tone2 moving
stages—5 transistors and diodes,
coll speaker, also Personal Total building costs
socket for private listening.Earpiece withplans
Easy build switched
and 44/6 "sV- mm ,4 P. & P. Personal Earpiece with switched socket
parts price list, 1/0 (FREE with parts). Jj- ^ | ^ -jjq for private listening 6/- extra.
transona five Parts price list and easy build plans 3/- (Free with parts).
MEDIUM WAVE, LONG WAVE
AND TRAWLER BAND (to 50
metres approx.) PORTABLE NEW LOOK melody six
WITH SPEAKER AND EARPIECE 8 stages—6 transistors and 2 diodes.
Attractive Covers Medium andLoudspeaker
Long Waves.
4} x 1 Jin. case7 stages—5
with red speaker grille.
transistors andSize
2 diodes,x Top quality
quality 3Jin. for
ferrite
control, rod aerial,
fine tonewith tuning
moving condenser, volume Total building costs Earpiece with switchedwithsocket
output and also Personal
for
Personal Earpiece switchedcoilsocket
speaker also
for private private listening. Two R.F. Stages
for extra boost. High "Q". Ferrite
listening. All first grade components. Easy build 47/6 %?."■ Rod
plans and parts price list 1/6 (FREE with parts). someAerial. Push-pull
pocket size case withoutput. Hand-
gilt flttings.
Size 6J x 4price
and parts x 2in.list Easy build plans
2/- (FREE with
super seven parts).
THREE WAVEBAND PORTABLE Total building costs
WITH Sin. SPEAKER p. & P.
Attractive case size 7} x 5* x IJin. with gilt 69/6 4/3
fittings. The ideal radio lor home, or outdoors.
Covers Medium and Long Waves and Trawler
Band, Special circuit incorporating 2 R.F. SUges,
push
and 2pulldiodes.
output, ferrite rod aerial, 7 transistors
speaker) and allSin.
firstspeaker (will drive
grade components. larger
Easy- Total building costs RADIO EXCHANGE LTD
build plans and parts. Price list 2/— (FREE
parts). (Personal Earpiece with switched socket with
for private listening 6/- extra.) 69/6 | 61 HIGH STREET, BEDFORD. Tel. 0234 52367
enclose £ please send items marked
roamer six ROAMER SEVEN □ ROAMER SIX □
SIX WAVEBAND PORTABLE
WITH Sin. SPEAKER TRANSONA FIVE □ SUPER SEVEN □
Attractive case with gilt fittings, size 7J x dj x
IJin. Tunable on Medium and Long waves, two j POCKET FIVE □ MELODY SIX □
short waves. Trawler band plus an extra M.W'.
band for easier tuning of Luxembourg, etc. Sensi-
tive ferrite rod aerial and telescopic aerial for • Parts price list and plans for
Short waves. All top grade components. 8 stages Total building costs
—6 transistors and 2 diodes including Micro-Alloy
fLF. Transistors, etc.parts
(Carrying strap I Name
Easy build plans and pricewith 2/-1/6(FREE
listswitch extra.) P. i P.
with parts). (Personal Earpiece
for private listening 6/- extra.)
socket 79/6 4'6 ! Address
• Callers side entrance Stylo Shoe Shop. P.E.5-69
• Open 10-1, 2.30-4.30 Mon.-Fri, 9-12,30 Sat.
327
 GEATRONIX LIMITED
EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

MANUFACTURERS OF
NORKIT JUNIOR £8 .16 . 0
NORKIT (as shown)
A new HOBBY for the automation age
NORKIT SENIOR £17 .12 . 0
★ Simple building bricks to build your Handbooks supplied for each kit
own ELECTRONIC BRAINS. or available separately 6/- each
★ Easy to understand handbooks to
guide you. LOGIC DEMONSTRATION UNIT TYPE LDU.l
★ Learn about LOGIC, BINARY arith- A new teaching aid for rapidly setting up
metic and BOOLEAN algebra. and demonstrating logic circuits. Stackable
★ Modules are rapidly assembled and patching leads are used to interconnect logic
dismantled to use again. symbols on a mimic oiagram. The symbols
are connected to appropriate components
★ Make machines that play games, inside the unit. Switches and pushbuttons
control model railways, etc. and are provided to simulate input conditions
control automatic machines of any and outputs are indicated by lamps and an
description. audible alarm.

£68. 0.0
Telephone: SOUTHEND 62521 GEATRONIX LTD., 28 REDSTOCK RD., SOUTHEND-ON-SEA, ESSEX

4 SWION INTERCOM CRESCENT RADIO LTD.

NEW RANGE BBC 2 AERIALS (electronic component specialists)
All U.H.F. aerials now fitted with tilting bracket For allRoad,
40 Mayes regularWood
components try N.22
Green,
and 4 element grid refiectors. For surplus components and equipment try
IvOft Mounting M Mayes Road, Wood Green, N.22
11 element, 45/-. 14Arrays, 7 element,
element, 52/6. 37/6.
18 element, Printeddiode
Zcner circuit8-2board, 8 x 6in
volt, 400mW 2/—
2/6 each
each
60/-, Wall Mounting with Cranked Arm,
7 element, 60/-. 11 element. 67/-. 14 element,
75/-.clamp.
2in. 18 element, 82/6. 42/6;
7 element, Mast11Mounting
element, 55/-; with Transistors, BARGAIN BOARDS
diodes, resistors, capacitors and
£7/15/0 14 element, 62/-; 18 element, 70/-. Chimney various components all mounted on com-
Solve your commnnica.- Mounting Arrays, Complete, 7 element, puter
15 for board,
20/- 2/- each, 3 for 5/—. 7 for 10/— and
4-SUfaOQ tion problemB with this 72/6; 11Complete
element, 80/-; 14 element, 87/6; 18withelement/
8 Snba), inTranslator Intercom
de-luxe plastic systemfor{1desk
cabinets matter and
or wall 95/-. assembly instructions
unit. Low /Loss Cable, 1/6 yd. U.H.F. Pre-
every MODEL400mA
12 volt, 9,000r.p.m., MOTOR 4/6 each
mounting. Call/talk/listen from Master to Subs and amps
Subs to Master. Ideally suitable for Business, Sur-
gery,oneSchools, Hospital, Office and Home. requiredfrom
on all75/-.
orders.State clearly channel number TRANSISTORS & DIODES4/6 each
on 9V battery. On/off switch. VolumeOperates
control. BBC • ITV AERIALS
AC
OCI9 127 5/— each
Complete
other accessories. P. & P, 7/6. each 66ft. and
with 3 connecting wires 2N2926 3/6 each
each
BBC (Band 1). S/D,
Telescopic BC[47 4/6
MAINS loft, 25/-. External SO/-. BYZI2 7/6 each
No batteries—no wires.INTERCOM
Just plug in the mains for "H". £2.15.0. OA47
AAI20
| /_ each
2/6 each
instant two-way,
On/off switch and loud
volumeandcontrol.
clear communication.
Price 12 ens, ITV (Band 3). 3 element toft OA6 1/6 each
P. & P. 9/6 extra. array, 30/-. 5 element, 40/-. M3 |/— each
37 element,
element, 47/6.
50/-. 5Wall mounting,
element, 52/6. BARGAIN
50 unmarked and untested transis-PACK
INTERCOM/BABY ALARM Combined BBC/TTV.
1+3, 40/-; 1+5, 50/-; 1+7, Loft tors 10/6 per
60/-; Wall mounting 1+3, 57/6; pack
1+5,67/6; Chimney 1+3, 67/6; . SILICON DIODE RECTIFIERS
1+5,75/-. 750mA, SOOp.i.v. 3/3 each
— 75/-. transistor pre-amps,
VHF COMPONENT
D.P. rotary ON/OFF BARGAINS
mains
Same as 4-Station Intercom for two-way instant COMBINED BBC1—ITV—BBC2
1 5 9 AERIALS Carswitches
fusehoiders complete with If- each
communication. W-.. +Loft + .mounting
80-1+5+14, 50/-. lead and cages 1/3 each
Phone. Complete Ideal withas 66ft.
Baby connecting
Alarm and wire.
Door 1+7+14, 100/-.
leaflet available. only. Special Low impedance transistor earpiece 1/6 each
Slab aerial transistor type 2/9 each
Battery 2/6. P. & P. 4/6. LA3 type pot core 45mh 4/6 each
Trans,st.rT£LBPHOU(fiMPUfICR F.M. (Band 2). Loft S/D, 15/-, "H", 32/6, 3 2iin. transistor loudspeaker
element, 55/-. External units available. Co-ax. 80 ohm 5/6 each
able, 8d. yd. Co-ax. plugs, 1/4. Outlet boxes, 5/-. Rev counters (tape recorder type) 5/- each
59/6 Dteer6/-.
P.^P. Crosspver
bend Boxes,
60. stamps13/6. forC.W.O. or CO.D.
illustrated lists.
C60 CASSETTES 12/6 each
, with this. incredible De-Luxe TelephoneV7hy not boost
businessAmpli-effi- CALLERS WELCOME C90 our new premises in Mayes Road 18/6weeachcan
ciency OPEN ALL DAY SATURDAY With
now offerforan even
fier . Take
without
down long telephone messages or converse
holding the handset. A useful office aid. ponents the wider
home selection
constructorof com-
and
off
3/6.switch. Volume
Full price control.
refunded Battery
if not 2/8 extra.
satisfied P. &On/
in 7 days. P. K.V.A. ELECTRONICS (Dept. p.e.) enthusiast.
WEST LONDON DIEECT SUPPLIES (PE/3) 40-41 Monarch Parade POSTAGE WITH ORDER PLEASE; P.S-
169 KEh'SINGTOK HIGH STREET, LONDON, W.8 London Road, Mitcham, Surrey Our new catalogue is now available at 1/6 per
01-648 4884 copy

328
 TRIO COMMUNICATION TE111.
DECADE
TO-3 PORTABLE Sin. OSCILLOSCOPE.
tube. Y amp. Sen- RECEIVER MODEL 9R-59DE RESISTANCE 3354
sitivity -Iv p-p/CM. 4 band receiver covering ooOKc/s to SOMc/s. ATTENUATOR
BandwiiUh 3-5 cps-l-S continuous and electrical bandspread on 10,15.20, Variable range
MHZ. Input imp. 2 40 and 80 metres. 8 valve plus 7 diode circuit. 0-llldB. Con-
4/8 ohm output nections. Un-
meg 13 25 PF.-flv p-p/CM.
sensitivity, X amp. IIJMPHB # Variable BFOand•phone jack.• SSB-CW
S meter • ANL
Sep. bandspread balanced T and Bridge T. Impedance
600
as# bandwidth 1-5 cps-SOO
KHZ. Input imp. 2 3 'O' gi A.C. dial •
Variable IF 445Kc/s •
Mains.RFBeautifully
Audio
and AF designed. output
gain controls. 1-5W. •
Size: 71I5/250V
x 15 x + 30Qrange
+20 +(0-ldB x 10) -f (IdB
30 + 40dB. x 10)
Frequency:
d.c. to 200kHz (—3dB). Accuracy:
—- 5megO 20 PF.10Time
ranges base.
cps-300 lOin. With instruction manual and service data. £39.15.0. ^nage paid. 0-05dB. +indication dB x 0 01. Maxi-
mum input less than 4W (50V). Built in
KHZ. SynchroniratSon. .Internal/external. TRIO COMMUNICATION TYPE HEADPHONES- Normally £5.19.8. 600 Q load
Illuminated wale 140*x2l5x320 MM.
Weight 1511b. 220/240 V. A.C. Supplied OUR PRICE £3.15.0 if purchased with above receiver. external switch.resistance
Brand with internal/
new £27.10,0.
brand new with handbook. £35.0.0. Carr. P. A P. 5/-.
10K MARCONI TEST EQUIPMENT SINCLAIR EQUIPMENT
R209 MK. M COMMUNICATION EK-MI3.ITAKY RECONDITIONED. Z12 12 watt amplifier, 89/6
RECEIVER TP 144G STANDARD SIGNAL
85KC/B-25MC/8, £25, carr. 30/ GENERATORS,
TF.885, VIDEO PZ4 Power Supply Unit 89/6
OSCILLATOR. 0-5MC/8, £45. Carr. 30,-. Stereo 25 Preamp., £9.19.6
TO-IOKc/b,
P 195M.2001250Va.c.
BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR Q14 Speakers, £7.19.8
Distortion Factor Meter.£20.£20.
carr.carr.
30/-. TF.142I,.
20/-. All Micromatic Radio Kit,
49/6. Built 59/8
above oflered in excellent 110 eonditlon E lully ALL POST PAID
tested and
METER. Brandchecked. TF. ® -,p9vc"
MISSION TEST New,
SET,£50.
BrandT.F.New £75. Lt.iJii Wide Band Millivolt Meter, £50. SPECIAL OFFER
II valve highforgrade communication re- TwoZ12 Amps., PZ4
25 Preamplifier, £22,Power Supply,
or with twoStereo
Q14
ceiver suitable tropical use. 1 -aOMc/son speakers, £37.
4 bands. AM/CW/FM operation. Incorpor-
ates precision vernier driver,
trimmer, internal speaker and 12V d.c. BFO. Aerial
internal power supply. Supplied in MULTIMETERS fo NEW SINCLAIR 2000 SYSTEM
excellent condition, fully tested and 35
checked. £15. Carr. 20/-. LAFAYETTE DE-LUXE TE-900 20,0000 Selfwatt Integrated
powered Amplifier£25.
F.M. Tuner. £29.Carr.
Carr.5/-
5/-
TE-65 VALVE VOLTMETER "LAB 1006iin.
Giant
KO/V0LT
TESTER"
scale.
VOLT GIANT
MULTIMETER
6in. ECH0 HS-606 STEREO
High quality instrument Built-in
tection. meter pro-
0/-5/2-5/10/60/ colourfullscale,
view meter.
overload2 HEADPHONES
•with 28 ranges.A.C.
D.c. volts 250/500/1,000V d.c. protection- 0/2-5/10/
250/1,000/5.000V a.c. Wonderfully com-
1-5-1,500V. volts 0 / 3 10 / 50 / 250 /600 fortable. Light- -
1-5-1.500V. Resistance /1,000V a.c. 0 / 25 / 12-5 I 10 / 50 /
up to 1,000 megohms. 100luK I 100 0/101
110/ 10A.0/ IIK500/ 250
d.c. / 1,000 / I5,000V weight headband.
vinyl adjustable
220/240V a.c. operation.
Complete with probe and MA
10K/ !2-610OK / 10M / 100 O/ / 50fxA
500mA 110 10A/ 6ffc.
stereo cable
jack and
plug.
instructions. £17.10.0. lOMfi-- 10to49-4dB£18.18.0.P- A- P. 5/-. d.c. 20K / 200K / 20 25-17,000 cps. 8
P.Probes
& P. available;
6/-. Additional MO. £15. P. A P. 5/-. ohm
R.F. MODEL LAFAYETTE P. & P.imp.
2/6. 67/6
35/-. H.V. 42/6. lOOKDVOLT.AS-100D. Sin., 57
TO-2 PORTABLE mirror scale. Built- 60,000Range
O.P.V. Super AM/FM SIGNAL GENERATORS
OSCILLOSCOPE in0 / 3meter
/ 12 /protection.
60 / 120 / Multimeter. D.c. Oscillator Test No.
Volts 125 V-1,000V
Acostgeneral purpose Iom- ' 300 / 600 / 1.200V A.C.
1,000VVolts 1-3V-
D c. Current 2.precision
A high quality
instru-
economy d.c. 0/6/30/120/300/
scope for everydayoscillo-
use. 600V a.c. 0/10^iA/
6/60/300MA/12 Amp. 25/iA-10 Amp.
Ohms. 0-15 Megfi
ment
ministry made
by for the
Airmec.
2Y CPS-1
amp.MHZ. Bandwidth
"Input 0/2K / 200K / 2M /
200M O . —20 to
dB.—20 to+8ldB.
Overload Protection. £12.10.0. Carr. 3/6.
Frequency cover-
age 20-80Mc/s.Incor-
.AM/
imp. 2 megOscale. 25 P.F. C.W./FM.
Illuminated
tube. 115 x 180 x
2in P.+ 17dB.
& P. 3 6. £12.10.0. PROFESSIONAL 20,000 O.P.V.
LAB. TESTERAutomatic porates precision dial, level meter, precision
230mm. Weight 81b. attenuator IptV-lOOmV. Operation from
220/240V a.c. Supplied MODEL TE-90 50.000 overload pro- 12V d.c. or 0/110/200/260V a.c. Size
brand new with hand- O.P.V.
OVERLOAD MIRROR
PROTECTIONSCALE tection, mir- 12 x8) x9in. Supplied in brand new
book £22.10.0. Carr. 10/-. 0^3/12/60 / 300 / 600 / 2,200V ror scale. condition complete with all connectors
d.c. 0/6/30/120/300/1,200V Ranges; 1/10/ fully tested. £45. Carr. 20/-.
TE-2pD RF SIGNAL GENERATOR d.c. 50 / 250 / 600/
Accurate
range
wide 16k Q0-03/6/60/600MA
to/ I60kn / 1-6/16M d.c.
O■ 1,000 volts, d.c. ana a.c 0-500/iA.
10mA, 260mA. Current: 0/20K, 200K. MARCONI CT44/
erator signal gen-
covering i\ —20 P. & P. 3/-.
+63dB. £7.10.0. 2 megohm. Decibels: —20 to +22dB,
£5,19.8. P- A B- 2/6.
TF956 AF
ABSORPTION
120kc/8 to SOOMc/s WATTMETER
on
Directly 6 bands. MODEL TE-70. 30,000 MODEL TE 80. 20,000
© Variable calibrated.RF O.P.V. 0/3/15/60/300/
600/1,200V. d.c. 0/6/ 0O.P.V.
/ 30 / 50 / 100 / 600 / 1 filvalt to 0 watts.
attenuator, audio 30 / 120 / 600 / 1,200V. 1,000V. a.c. 0/5/25/50/ £20. Carr. 20/-,*
output. Xtal a.c. 0/30mA / 3/30 / 250 / 500 / 1,000V d.c.
socket for calibra- 300mA.
tion. 220/240V
a.c. Size 140 x 1-6M / 0/16K/160K/
ISmegohm. 0-5/iA, 5/50/500mA/
O/6K/6O/K/60OK/6 Meg. I
216 x newITOmro. £5.10.0. P. & P. 3/-. £4.17.6. P. A P. 3/-. FIELD TELEPHONES TYPE L
Bi-and with MODEL PT-34. MODEL TE12. 20.000 Generator ringing, metal eases. Operates
instructions. £15. O.P.V. 0/0-6/30/120/600/ from two l-ov. batteries (not supplied).
. 0 • • 1,000 O.P.V.0/10/
50 / 250 / 500 / 1,200 / 3,000 / 6,000V d.c.
1/6/30/120/600/1.200V a.c.
Excellent
Carr. 10/-.
condition. £4.10.0. per pair.
TY75 AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR 1,000V a.c. and 0 / 60/jA / 6 / 60 / 600MA.
Sine Wave 20c/8 to \ ?l:b; d.c. 0/1/100/500
mA d.c. 0/100 0Megohm
/ 6K / 600K / 6meg./60.
60PF." 2 MFD
T.E.40
200kc/8. Square Wave HIGH SENSITIVITY
20c/8 to 30kc/8. High ,/£^ Fff KG
1/6. 8. P- &P-
39,' £5.19.6. P. & P. 3/6. A.C. VOLTMETER
and lowOutput
impedance / A.} [.fl 10
output. vari-
able up tovolts6 volts. U [. ■301/ meg.
/ -003input 10 ranges;
' 30// -1100/ -3/ 300Y-
/ '1 /
220/240 a.c. A y r J 10
R.M.S. 4c/8.-1.2Mc/3.
Size
120mm.210 Brand
x 150newx JHH
! NEW CATALOGUE Decibels—40 to +50dB.
with instructions. Nearly 200 pages giving full Supplied brand new
1
details of a comprehensive range complete
instructions. with Operation
leads and
£16. Carr. 7/6.
of COMPONENTS, TEST 230V a.c. £17.10.0.
LAFAYETTE TE46 RESISTANCE EQUIPMENT, COMMUNICA- Carr. 5/-.
CAPACITY ANALYSER TION EQUIPMENT AND HI-FI
2pF-2,000 mfd EQUIPMENT. AUTO TRANSFORMERS
ohms-200 Each section greatly enlarged and 01115/230V. Step up or step down.
megohms. mpe-Also O fully illustrated. Thousands of Fully150shrouded.
yy. £1.12.6, P. 4 P. 3/0
turns items many at bargain prices. 300 W. £2.7.6, P. 4 p. 3/0
ratio. FREE DISCOUNT COUPONS 500 IV. £5.10.0,
£3.10.0, P.P. 44 P.P. 76/66
tion, 200/250V VALUe; 10/-. 1,000 W.
1,600 W. £6.10.0, P. & P. 8/6
Brand Hew £17.10.0. S&/P MOM-ONLY 7f6 PeP!'- 3.000 W. £7.10.0, P. 4 P. 12/6
7,600 IF. £15.10.0, P. 4 P. 20/-
Carr. 7/6.
(RADIO) LIMITED
3 and 34, LISLE STREET, 01-437 8204
LEICESTER SQ.,LONDON ,W.C.2 01-437 9155
SII.EDGWARE RD.,LONDON,W.2 01-2620387
I All MAU ORDERS TO '- 3.llStE STREET, IEICESTER SQUARE .LONDON, W.C.I)

329
 VARI-STAT

THERMOSTATIC

SOLDERING IRON Goodmans High Fidelity '69

HIGH PRODUCTION MINIATURE

MODEL D. 50 WATT
Weight 2 oz.
Heating time 50 seconds
Bit Sizes .. 1116", 3132", 1 /8", 3/16", 1 /4"
Nickel or Iron Plated
Voltage . . 250 to 12 volts
Price 60'6
HIGH PRODUCTION INSTRUMENT
MODEL H. ISO WATT
Weight 6 oz.
Heating time 1 min. 45 sec.
Bit Sizes .. 3/16", 1/4", 3/8", 7/16"
Nickel or Iron Plated New Edition-Now Out
Voltage .. 250 to 24 volts Thinking of High Fidelity—first read Goodmans 28 page High Fidelity
2 Price 87/6 Manual. It contains interesting articles on Stereo; an Introduction to High
Z Fidelity; Stage-built systems; as well as full details of Goodmans High
5C OTHER VARI-STAT IRONS: Fidelity audio products.
Miniature Model M 50 watt Push-in Bits 1 '32", Send for your free copy
pa 1/16", 3/32"
O r} Instrument Model B 70 watt Bit Size 11/64" Please send me a free copy of Goodmans Manual
2 Industrial Model I 500 watt Bit Size 5 /8" Name——
Address
CARDROSS ENGINEERING CO. LTD.
Woodyard Road, Dumbarton Goodmans Loudspeakers Limited
Phone: Dumbarton 2655 Axiom Works, Wembley. Middlesex. Tel; 01-902 1200

MARTIN IS HIGH-FIDELITY

The first and still the most

satisfactory unit assembly system
For many years now Martin Electronics When new units are introduced, they
mf have been producing highly efficient are designed for adding to those pro-
F.M TUNER and dependable prefabricated module- duced so far, .making it easy and
type units for simple assembly into economical to extend arid improve
reasonably priced high fidelity systems. your existing Martin Audiokit set-up.
Many purchased at the time of the Anyone can assemble Martin equip-
introduction of the Martin Audiokit ment with ease and the fore-knowledge
system are in regular use to this day, that when finished, he will be
completely justifying our claims for possessed of a true hi-fi assembly of
years of trouble-free service. No the very best kind which looks and
system gives you wider flexibility in sounds completely professional in
the choice of units available than every way—and MARTIN AUDIO-
Martin and all equipment conforms KITS remain as ever, the units that
precisely to stated specification. have true add-on-ablllty.
STEREO CONTROL
ASSEMBLY
AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS • TUNERS • RECORDERS
ONLY FROM MARTIN UNITS INCLUDE:
■ 5-stage input selector
Cover the widest possible range of MARTIN ELECTRONICS
requirements. They are available for
■ Pre-amp tone controls
Mono, and can be doubted up for 154 High Street, Brentford, Middlesex
■ 10 watt amp. (3 ohms)
conversion to stereo, or as complete
stereo units. 3 ohm and 15 ohm
Please send RecordakitjF.M. Tuner!Audiokit
Hi-Fi Leaflets. (Strike out items not wanted)
■ 10 watt amp. (15 ohms)
systems. Special pre-amp for low out-
put pick-ups. Escutcheon panels to
H Mains power supply Name
suit the arrangement you choose. ©
■ F.M. Tuner
Tuner is styled to match. Address
Start by sending for leaflets at once
Trade enquiries invited
154/5 HIGH STREET, BRENTFORD P.E^io/68
MARTIN ELECTRONICS LTD . MIDDLESEX. ISLeworth H6I/2

330
LI MO-AIR OPTROIMICS LTD
STEP EC AMPLIFIERS Visit cur Brand New
See our vast range of Hi-Fi Demonstration Room,
Electronic Components ORAL STEREO AMPLIFIER MODEL DULCI STEREO AMPLIFIER MODEL 207 Tape Bar, Scientific Show of
at our new TS-135. SOLID STATE. 18 TRANSISTORS. Microscopes, Binoculars,
Component Centre Telescopes also Watches at
25 Tottenham Court Road P O 18 Tottenham Court Road
r"~" i I
i-iir J watts per channel. Integrated high fideli-
Battery ty transistor Stereo amplifier. An attrac- COMPACT 2-WAY INTERCOMS
Eliminator. tive free standing
mounting unit withcabinet.
in equipment provision for
Finish
Enables 13-5 watts per channel. Free standing unit Dark Grey vinyl simulated leather grain.
.<S3 transistor with black crackle case and satin alloy Front panel satin alloy. Specification:
equipment front panel.to 2aKc/3
range 30c/8 Specification:
(±3dB).Frequency
Harmonic Sensitivity, Radio/Tape lOOmV into
to be opera- distortion 2% at 10 watt (IKc). Cross talk IMohm, Phono lOOmV into IMohxn. 3
ted from AO position
mains. 6/9/
12v. output
45dB at IKc/s. Signal to noise ratio
Inputs: Aux. 100mV, Phono 3mV, Tuner 60dB. response:selector
40c/8 toon16Kc/8
front panel.
±2dB.Frequency
Separate ©
150mV, Tapehead 4mV. Tone controls: bass and treble controls
balance control, Mono/Stereowith boostFunction
and cut, 9
selector switch and on/off switch. Case size
4 x 2} x 2m. complete with mains lead, con- Treble lOKc/s at iiOdB. Loudness switch
necting leads and instructions. 59/6. P. & (medium
pedance 8frequency
ohms. Mains cut).operated.
Output Size
im- Normally(both£23.2.0.
channelsLIND-AIR
work in parallel).
PRICE For
P. 3/6. 4? x6J x 12|m. Price £28.5.0. P. & P. 9/6. £19,19.0. Plus P. & P. 9/-. greytable
casesor wall
size mounting.
3t x 1J x 2Jm.SmartComplete
two tone
S-DeC BREAD with lead, staples and 9v battery. 65/-.
SPECIAL PURCHASE! BOARD P. & P. 3/6.
LIGHT DIMMER AND SWITCH
DE-LUXE STEREO 600 watts. 250 v.
HEADPHONES Fully
complete suppressedwith
control knob and
fully, assembled,
With softImpedance
earpieces. rubber less cas ing.electrical
Will fit
8-16 ohms. Frequency most
response 23-13,OOOcps. fittings. Uses 4
With lead and stereo silicon rectifiers,
5RP22 less cartridge £5. 9.6 Plug- 2 transistors and
1025 Stereo/Mono with cart. ... £7.19.6 Only 59/6. P. & P. 3/6. Solderlesa breadboard panels, for fast re- 1otheruaes.
thyriatrr. Many
2025
80008 Stereo/Mono with cart. .. £8.
Stereo/Mono with cart- . . . 9-6
£9.19.6 NEW STEREO/MONO liable
Singlecomponent
DeCs. Oneconnections.
S-DeC with Control P. & P. 2/-.£3.15.0
HEADPHONES Panel, MODEL MAKER'S MOTOR
3000D Stereo/Mono
8P25 less cartridge with cart. , . £10.19.6
£10.19.8 8DH-7.
earpieces Soft
with rubber
slide connexions and
Jig Accessories
to controls, etc.,forwithsolderless
booklet No.Current
16RN. 400niA.
Voltage Torque
11-5v.
SP25 with Decca Deram cart.... £17. 4.8 "Projects on 8-DeC" giving construction 12gIf
8L56 switch for mono/ tcm. Body size
8L85 less
Covet^ with
for
cartridge
Decca Deram cart.. ..212.
above
9.8
£18.14.6
£2.10.0
stereo listening .and
ind. vol. controls.
details for
P. & P. 2/6. a variety of circuits. 29/6. long
Shaftdia.# x f dia.
/18'Ideal
longforx
Bases for above ...£19.19.0
£3. 0.0 Impedance 8-16 ohm 4-DoC KIT. Four 9-DeCs with two Control
Panels, Jigs and Accessories and the book- / -s. Vj,,'
AP75 less cartridge Freq. response 25- let "Projects on 8-DeC" all contained in a small models and
8L76 less cartridge
cartridge .£38.19.8
£28.19.6 15,000cps. With lead strong attractive toys. 5/6 each.
SL95 less
Bases for above £4.19.8
and stereo
£8.6.0. P. &plug.
P. 3/6. professional user.plastic
£5.17.6.case.P.Ideal
& P.for3/6.the P. & P. 1/3. 3 for 16/-. P. 4 P. 2/6.
NEW TRANSISTOR
SPECIAL OFFER! CHECKER.
8P25 less cart., with base
P. & P. Decks 12/6, Cover 4/6, Base 4/6. £18. 2.6 For measuring alpha,
HI-TONE RECORDING TARE beta and Ico.
P. & P. Deck/Cover/Base 17/-. BRITISH MADE. TOP QUALITY transistors also factors
for check-of
EMI COMBINATION Long Play ing germanium and sili-
LOUDSPEAKERS.
13ix8iin. elliptical with
J1001
J1002 Triple PlayPVCPoly SOOft. 10/6 & P. 1/2.
10/- P. & P. 1/8 0}
900ft. 15/-
con diodes.Wide
battery. Internal 9v.
reading
two 2Jin. tweeters.
impedance. 15 ohm
Power handling
J1003
J1004 Double PlayPVC
Long Play Poly :22/6, ;
scale. Moulded case
7x4tx3iln. size
Ranges:
10 watts. Brand new J1005 Long Play PVC rsfggei Alpha 0*7-0*9967; Beta
guaranteed. &and
99/6. P.without
7/0. (Also available P- J1006
J1007
Double Plav
Standard PlayPoly
PVC 1200ft. 12/6 0-300;
Diode test:Ico 0-50-5,000A.
forward and
Long Plav 17/6
tweeters. 59/6. P. & P. 7/6.) J1008
JI009 Double PlayPVC 18001t. 25/-
Poly 2400ft. reverse
200 internal resistance. Resistances:
"HI-TIH" J1010 Triple Play Poly 3600ft. 50/- nectors and instruction booklet.with
ohm-1 megohm. Complete con-
£7.19.6.
British madeLOUDSPEAKER
full range lOin. NEW TRANSISTOR MODULES
P, & P. 3/6.
unit handles
Ceramic np to Freq.
magnet'. 10 watts.
re- SHIEA 62D MULTI-
sponse: 40-10,000 cps. Imp: TESTER 20,000 o.p.v.
18O. Flux dentsiy: 10,000 E.1311. PHONO PRE- E.1814. POWERwith AMPLIFIER. When used DC voltage:
600-2-5K 6-25-56-250-
(20,000 ohms per
lines. 49/8. P. & P. 4/6. AMPLIFIER. Size inE.1313 conjunction
units this E.ISli, module
amplifier E.1312 and
pro- volt). AC Voltage: 10-50-
2xlxSin. Built-in duces about(8-16
300mW output fornecessity
speaker 100-500-1000 volts (10,000
R.I .A .A. characteri- connection ohms), without ohms per volt). DC Cur-
stics
output enabling low for an output transformer. Input imp.
magnetic rent: 0-50{jtA, 0-2-5mA, 0- ©
pick-np cartridges 1,000 ohms: Gain 20dB: Output SOOmW: 260mA. Resistance: 0-6K,-
to be amplified up Distortion 3% (at 200mW output level). 0-6Mg
at centre(300 ohmCapacitance;
scale.) and 30K lOpf. to -OOl
toMax.1 output
volt. Input lOOKohm: Gain 28dB: Freq.
Currentres.20mA50Hz-10KHz. Power
at no signal, 80mAsupply 9v.
at max. mfd, -001Size{Xf 4i
to xTfif. Decibels: —20withto
SOLDERING GUN 3v: Max. input 50mV. Dis- output. 29/6. P. & P. 2/-. +22dB. 3} x lin. Complete
Comfortable grip with tortion 0-15%P.(at& P.iv2/-.
jevel). Power supply E.1317. MINIATURE MORSE TRANS- case 77/-. P. & P. 3/6.
trigger control, "U" fr-12v. 29/8. TTC.C1001 MULTTTESTER
shaped
mise SJin.Tight
wear. bit tobeam
mini- E.1313.
EnablesMICROPHONE
a low output PRE-AMPLIPIER.
MITTER. Willalsotransmit
makes atouseful
any oscillator
adjacent 20,000 inopv.leather case.
AC volts
automatically directed ison used with an amplifier
microphone to be for
or radio. Input imp.
AM Receiver,
trouble shooting. Audio tone 400c/8. 10, 50, 250, l,000v.
DC volts
to end of bit when ON/OFF
trigger is in use. 230-250 volts. 85 i lOOKohms: Gain 28dB; Max. output 3v: Radio frequency
Max. input 50mV: Distortion 0*15% (at Power supplv 9vrange DC.400c/8 to SOMc.'
Current 35mA.s. 500, 2500v.6-25, 125.
D.C Cur-
watt element. 49/6. P. & P. 3/6. Iv level): Freq. response lOHz-SOKHz. 25/-. P. <s P. 2/—. rent 0-50[iA, 0-250niA
Resistance 0-60K, 0-6
"ADASTSA" SOLDERING IRON. Power supply 9-12v-. 29/6, P. A P. 2/-. E.1312. TAPE PRE-AMPLIFIER. Incor- Megohm. Decibels -29
30 £.1318.
module DUAL LAMP FLASHER. A switch
as watt. Employs
a handle. its protective
AC 230,'250v. Withcover
4ft. ! for electronically alternating
miniature bulbs, 6V, I00-200m A. Ideal for this
two porating N.A.R.T.B. curve characteristics,
amplifies tape head signals up to 1 volt
tometer4-22dB.
4} x3f Size
x lin. of
lead. 12/6. P. & P. 2/6. models, toy security
boats and displays, 15KHz. Inputfrequency
planes,communica- within the range Gain
of 30Hz- 85/-. P. & P. 3/8.
NEW—VHP AIRCRAFT warning and devices, imp. lOOKohm: 25dB:
BANDplaced
When CONVERTOR.
within lin. tion signals, etc. Flasher time J sec: Max. output 2v: Max. input 50mV: Dis-
of a MW band radio full Power supply 6v DC: Current 150mA: tortion 0*15% (at Iv level): Power supply
9-12 volts. 29/6. P. & P- 2/-. NEW-
SINCLAIR
coverage of VHF Air- Lamp 6v 150mA. 25/-. P. & P. 2/-.
E.1310. MORSE IC-10
craft Band 108-135Mc/8 .
can be obtained. All
E.1315. ELECTRONIC ORGAN TONE transistorised
OSCILLATOR. Used in conjunction with an morseCODE OSCILLATOR.
code oscillator (buzzer)A CIRCUIT
INTEGRATED
transistor,
operation. Fully9v tunable
batter^ organ keyboard, variable resistances and a to
9 volt power supply, this module acts as key.
be used in conjunction with an operating
Suitable for direct' connection to a 0-4 x 0*2m.10Awatt
trueAmplifier. Size complete
hi-fi amplifier only 1 x
the loudspeaker. Tone freq. 400Hz: Power with manual giving details of a wide range
18Jln. x7
scopic aerial.section tele-
Size 4x2} Toneoscillator unit for200-1,000Hz:
Frequency: an electronicOutput
organ. output 80m W: Power supply 3-9v.; of applications
teed and instructions.
5 years. ONLY 59/8. P- 4 Guaran-
P. 1/8.
x I Jin. 79/6. P. & P. 3/6. 80mW: Current 15mA. 25/-. P. & P. 2/7. Current 45mA. 25/-. P. & P. 2/—

LIIMID-AIR OPTROIMICS LTD plAli

18, 25 & 53 TOTTEIMHAM COURT ROAD. LONDON W.I. 4V fes
Telephone: 01-580 2255/4532/7679
Shops open 9-6 pm. Monday to Saturday Thursday until 7 pm.

331
 THE DORSET (600mW Output)
T-tranaiator fulij* tunable M.W.—L.W. superhet portabl
YOUR with baby alarm facility. Set of parts. The latest moduliaed
and pre-alignment techniques make thia simple to build
S.E.S. COMPLETE SUPPLIER Sizes: 12'x8'x3'. MAINS POWER PACK KIT: 8 6 extra.
Price £5.5.0 plus 7/6 p. & p. circuit 2/6 free with parts.
196 Regent Road, SALFORD 5, Lancashire THE ELEGANT SEVEN MK. Ill (350mW output)
7-transi8tor fully tunable
of parts. Complete withM.W.—L.W. portable.
all components, Set
including
TELEPHONE 061-872 5187 ready etched and drilled printed circuit board—back
(Member of the Harrop industrial Group) printed
MAINS for foolproofPACK
POWER confitruction.
KIT: 9/8 extra.
C.W.O. please I/- p. & p. for orders of components under £1 Price £4.9.6 plus 7/6 p. & p.
Orders of Lektrokit: 2/— handling charge on orders under £1 ' Circuit 2/6 FREE WITH PARTS.
5/- handling charge on orders under £5 50 WATT AM PL! Fl E R A.C. MAINS 200-250V
! xwS!:?TORS:5 7 ohm .brand 2dHi-Stab, orlow
,5 noise, 5% tol. carbon film,
An extremely reliable general purpose valve amplifier
tox ' each —with six mics,
electronically
guitars, mixed
gram, inputs. Suitable etc.
for
E24 5 ^ 4-7 V, ohm
I" to I0M,
1i?1 2d. each or 15/- per/- 100
Per of100oneof value.
one value.
-iW iW
£12 use with: tuner, organe,
t0 3 0hrT?,8d Ca h W EI2series ,0ohrnto l0M Separata bass and treble controls. Output impedance
tol.), 3d. ^
each. ^3W—wmcwound—0-5
w - ei - nL ohm4. to 12 ohm, 1/6 each. 5W— (10% 3, 8 and 15 ohms.
wrewound—IS
each, ^csrrtora ohmfrom
to 8-2kohm.
4-7 ohm 1/9 each.either
to IM S.E.S.i or
Pre-Pack
i watt.gives65 you 5 off
different Pnc»3 27 gns. plus 20/- p.
Toohmtl, 100°^ POCKET MULTI-METER
Size
O.P.\.3tcurxonreilt
2|both
X llin
A.C. Meter size volts,
and B.C. 2 J x Hin.
0-15,Seneilivily 1000
0-150, 0-1000
S,jb-Min Ln
M Jrf?"
9d. 'If-H -i iW
|-tratk,: Ik,Lin:2'5k,10 5k,'etc.','to SM,each
only'
3Weach.
wirewoundSliderfully
presets wirewound
enclosed Lin. tracks. rating
10 ohm to 30k,ohm3/9.to 5k, 2/3 •h: test
, . prode,
3/6. FREE QIPTbattery
O-lfiOmA. Resistance
and full
for limited
0-100k
instructions,
period
fi.
only, 3042/6.
Complete
P. & P,
watt Electric
T T,0 ET S Soldering Iron value 16/- to every purchaser of the Pocket
f/?. w^
2/6; Values—Lin: ?1 ^f Ik. 5,2-5k.
Min.5k,enclosed,
etc., tocarbonI0M; track
Log: and 5k.wiper
10k 25kcontactetconly
to Multi -Meter,
irtsulated
I —Lm. 25k._50k, 100k; Log; 3k, 5k. I Ok, 250k, 500k.spindles
IM.2M.only 3W5/6.' VaYues
wirewound OUR
I Lin. tracks 50 ohm to lOOkohm. 7/4 each. w.rewouno PRICE for CYLD0N 4 TRANSISTOR
CAPACITORS: New genuine Mullard Electrolytics I2for30/ U.H.F. TUNER. BRAND
(Min.) (Small) Postage 4/6
6-4V
46-4 25 16 50 32 100 Postage 4/6 NEW. COMPLETE WITH
10V
16V 2-5 10 20 64 200 125 200 320 640 1,000 1,600 2,500
400 640 1,000 1,600 extra
G.E.C. 13 amp surface W. S; D. 13 amp CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
40
24 50 125 80 250
, 40V
25V 16
I 6-4
4 125
8 16 32 80
50 160 250 400 640 1,000
400 640 inmounting
brown. switched
Listed atsockets
6/6. flush
green.
sockets in £2.10.0 + !/• p. & p.
100 160 250
64V
Prices: I/- 0-64 2-5 10
lOd. each20 32 64
1/3 100
1/6 160 400 250 THE CLASSIC
(Large) 119 2/6 Controls: Selector switch. Tape speed
, 25V 800 1,250 2.000 4,000 6,400 (Multi pics) equalisation
Volume. Treble.switch Bass.
(31 and 27*position
i.p.s.)
40V 500 800 1,250 2,500 4,000 500V 16—IOjUF 500V 8-8 uF scratch filter and 2 position rumble
64V 320 6/6 500 800 1.600 2.500 350V 32-32/iF filter. _
Prices: 5/- 8/- 12/6 15/-
(all values in Microfarads) 350V 50-50//F Specification:
at IKHz. Sensitivities
Tape head:Pfor3mV10 watt
(at 31output
i.p.a,).
0^047,'"O-OW/IF/M?
Polyester Film
3 6
eac"and"©.Foil
)^ O^fsfo^^l^d!
400V. 0 001, 0 each*'' 0015. 0 0022 ■ •0 0033 ' 0 00X7'
0 0,5 0022 0033
Aux 100m\.
U : 80mV Jiadi0
??' otaput:
Tape/Ilee - lOOmV. - Equalisation
- lOOmVfor each input
0 047 , 0 is correct to within ±2dB (R.I.A.A.) from 20Hz to 20KHz Tone
?/-:• (Eric) 500V, 1,000, 4,76opF
D'sc Ceramies ,/ , 1«»5d.o-^. each. Silver ^.0Micas W 0
1°/ SS:
tc\ iu
10 ^ nt HZ Treble 4d at 1£iKH2 Total
watt, output) <1-6%. Siffnat
^ ; none: ~} <—60dB.
^ A.C. 'mains 200-250v.
Portion: (for
P 0 2 pF
NOw R 5 Tantalums ea h
T ' '/" /(polarised)
* Polystyrene 160V.0-68,lOO-I.OOOpF. 5d. each* Sizel2r iopg, 4i' deep, 2}'high. Teak finished case. Price 8^- gHS. p. & p. 7/G.
-3-3,_ MOW—-Bead
4-7, 6-8//F.Drsc3/4 Ceram.cs
each. 20V20V—0 35V,
I0//F,01.15V022/iF, 0-47, I//F, 2/6 each 2-2.
Lew Voltage
1/3 each. Midget Tubular Ceramics—0 002, 0I0V
022.0-003/lF.
047/iF.SSuF.^V
lOd.each.
lOd.
47«F 03/9I each
each 0 22 THE RELIANT MK II I0W SOLID-STATE HIGH QUALITY AMPLIFIER
SpeclflatioM: Oitfpul: lOTratts P..M.S. Output imptdmct: 3 to 4 ohms Input,-
DOCTORS: All OA2 New and Unused (with tone controls central,: Minns iSI pS/t^L sOHzand YoKHz^s/ZT"
orxVlv
OC45 6/-,? BC107, 109 3/9 each; 022/3 BCI08: OC7I 4/-; OC724/6;
3/6; BFY5I 4/6- MPFOC44 105 7/9-
916
S^cpn P,V
Rect.fmrs—(0-5A) 400piv 2/9; SOOpiv 3/-;6j61,500 piv
00PIV 7I6; (2 A) P
3/6- fl-2A>
I0?6 r-ii and ^
I 2N2924 3/^7N7Q7i?7R '/P" are stud mounted—Anode). •••NOW— *! ' 800p v 7/6?' I joo^iv piCE-upa
RELIANT MARK II 6*gni -f 7/6 p. & p. In tesk-flniihed case
fed hfaJk3 O 0f I?"5 crx" e 3/H each (push but£oPs available in white* THE VISCOUNT
Miniature Maka-Switch also'swaiM.le-—Shafts ^-/"v/afene^/lfeach' eac^* IntegratedStereo
HighAmplifier
Fidelity
Transistor
I fris"rPfs^f^rdi"'dP-J"-Cs- 10 watta er
P channel into 3 to 4 ohms speakers (20 watts
ia/lnRl«7a"ln'e.tranJleJi in 10 colours) 3d. yd. Solid Core 3d yd
iaW^d. C^-Ax cabfe ^yd"'"' Main5 L"d "3 M^pho^
1 1 Pil
L^'+Wuib^ ^ia^di^V^'bu^T./L^ " - «
I PP^ratedfs^eciafl'y sh^ eYhan 1 S d rat
dl' e , 35 - Spare m
ifits B.S.R. TD2 TAPE THREE.IN.0NE HI-FI 10 WATT SPEAKER
e tS V a A,s st:ands for p A complete Loud Speaker system on one frame,
1 SOLnPR H M U,u °
e at Rcdu d above irons, 11/6 each'. ••♦NOW DECK combining three matched ceramic magnet
!?fc coU 6S/4Q Anr ^
3/- OUR PmCE 2)9 <;f;riL^A « Prices
Pens to Everyone!
n^r R«Of""icnded Size A-Appro7
retail price- speakers with power
a low 10losswatts.
cross-over network.
This tape deck takes 5i' spools Peak handling Impedance 15
complete with two-track heads. ohms. Flux density 11.000 gauss. Resonance
without
Size 13i* long by 82' wide. 40-60c, s. Frequency range SOc/a to 20kc/s.
rittifprice f/'fi.-OUR Size 131' x 8-jV' x 4|". By famous manu-
facturer. List price £7. Our price 74/6 plus
£8.19.6 plus 7/6 p. & p. 5/- p. &. p. Similar speaker to the above
2 bLt?M^chas^is^l^^^llrd—Tchassi^ra^d^d/IO ^each* mmus tweeters in 3 & 16 ohma 44/6 + 6/-p. & p.
Pe^t«s/rhi mI fler ; a labIe hortl
lltAo?",^°,^
Size :'i o S i 9lgns. T-+ A.C.
101 longx4J'widex2i'deep. 7/6 p.Mains240v.
& p. in feak-flnlshcd c
Oooii not despatched ontgide U.K. Termi C.W.O. All enjniries S A E
S KSi- FS 'vfS:
lead throug^26d.t^«h. Pins^orVSRBP board" 4/6rT|0O?)ard ^ <C>°^!"' HADIO & TV COMPONENTS (ACTON) LTD.
For full details of all our stocks send 3/6 for our bright explanatory 120 page 2ld High Street • Acton • London W.3
catalogue, or fid. stamp for Data Sheets. 323 Edgware Road • London W.2
ORDERS BY POST TO OUR ACTON ADDRESS PLEASE
332
 EXCLUSIVE PURCHASE ! TRANSISTOR STEREO 8 + 8 MK II SPECIAL OFFER 1
Now using Silicon Translators in first five stages on each
PORTABLE channel resulting in even lower noise level with improved
eensitivity. A really first-class Hi-Fi Stereo Amplifier Kit. A great oppor-
AMPLIFIER Uses
channel14 transistors
(16W mono). giving 8 watts pre-amp.
Integrated push pull with
outputBaas,
per tunity to pur-
UNIT Treble and Volume controls. Suitable lor use with chase a first class
GENERAL
Ceramic or Crystal cartridges. Output stage lor any P U R POSE,
By wellMaker.'
known p speakers from 3 to 15 ohms. Compact design, all parts HIGH
British
Aatluxury unit
supplied including drilled metal work. Cir-Kit board,
attractive front panel, knobs, wire, solder, nuts, bolts— HIGH GAIN, SEN-
a bargain ■ no extras to buy. Simple step by step Instnictions enable
any
SITIVITY".
PORTABLE
price. Only
35/- P. & r. Briefconstructor
specification:to Freq.
build response
an amplifieri3dB.to 20-20,000c/8.
be proud of. AMPLIFIER.
Completely
Designed as a Telephone Amplifier but can be used in
Bass boost approx. to +12dB. Treble cut approx. to
— 16dE. Negative feedback 18dB over main amp. contained and self
can
many different ways — a booster amplifier for transistor Power requirements 25V at 0-6 amp. be used for a variety
PRICES: of purposes, i.e. Intercom,
radios,
High gaina babyfouralarm, intercom,amplifier
transistor paging system, etc., etc.in
unit housed KIT £3.0.0;AMPLIFIER
CABINET £8.0.0.KIT £10.10.0; POWER PACK
All Post Free. Baby Alarm,
transistor Booster
radios unitideal
etc., also for for claesroom
attractive leathercloth covered wooden cabinet with Circuit diagram, construction details and parts list (free unit etc. Works perfectly with our special offer
upward facinggrille.
3' high flux P.M., speaker coveredanilby with kit) 1/8. (9.A.E.). ACOS Stick Microphone (21/-). Optput lOOOmW. Uses
neat plastic control.FittedSizenr3.5 mm 4J"jack socket SPECIAL PURCHASE! standard 9 volt battery. Smart two
volume/on/off
Operates on standard PPO 7'VTfi
x battery. 31"Supplied
high. E.M.I. 4-SPEED PLAYER
Heavy 82in.performance
metal turntable. case size 12x4x9in. fitted standard inputtonejackcarrying
socket,
complete with telephone pick-up induction coil fitted Low flutter 200/ volume controls. 7 x 4in. speaker. Completely built and
suction pad, lead and 3.5 mm Jack plug. V F 250 V shaded .motor (90 V tested, brand new with full maker's guarantee.
Our Special price 35/- '4% ' tap). Complete with
type lightweight pick-up arm latest
Or as above with 3.5 mm plug and DLE5 unit for use as and mono cartridge with t/o Only 79/6 S.
sensitive microphone for baby alarms, communication e stylii for LP/78. LIMITED
systems, etc. Will operate over distances of up to 200ft NUMBER ONLY 68/-. P. &
or more when connected with twinpflex orp bell wire. P. G/G. STEREO AMPLIFIER
PRICE 40/- 4^ 4-SPEED RECORD PLAYER BARGAINS Incorporating 2 EQLSG's and 1 EZS0, heavy duty, double
(Batteriea and flex not Included) wound mains transformer. Output 4 watts per channel.
Mains models. All brand new in maker's packing. Full tone and volume controls. Absolutely complete.
BRAND NEW 3 OHM LOUDSPEAKERS E.M.I.
mountedMODELpick-up arm999 and
Single
monoPlayer with unit £5.6.0
cartridge Outpnt impedance 3 ohms. ONLY
6in.l4/-; 6 jin. 18/6;
E,M.I, 8 xsin. 8m.27/-;
with high flux 7x4in.l8/8;
magnet 81/-.10x6in.
E.M.I. 1327/6.
Jx B.S.R. UA25Allwith latest mono compatible cart,.. £6.19.8 £5.9.6
Sin. with high flux ceramic magnet 42/- (15 ohm 45/-), plus Carriage and Packing 8/6. P. & P. 8/-.
EAf.I. 13x85n. with two inbuilt tweeters and crossover LATEST GAREARD MODELS. All types available 1000 Super De-
network. 3 or lu ohma 4 gna. P. Sc P. oin.2/-, GJ & 8in. 2/6, SP25 , 3000, AT80 etc. Send S.A.E. for Bargain Prices I luxe
sion "ver-
10 & 12in.SEW.
BRAND 3/6 per
12in.speaker.
15W H/I>Now
Spejikers, PLINTH
2000, 3000,UNITSAT60,cutSP25.
out "With
for Oarrard Modelscover.
1000, OUR
1025, E C Lwith
86
By well-known British maker. with Hi3Flux or 10ceramic
ohms.
PRICE 5 gns. complete. P. & P. 8/6.
rigid perspex O valves,
sep. bass,
ferrobar magnet assembly. £5.10.0. P. A P. 6/-. Guitar treble and
Models: 25w. £8; 85w. £8. SONOTONE 9TAHC compatible Stereo Cartridge with balance con-
E.M.I. 3iin. HEAVY
mic magnet. AvailableDUTY in 3 orTWEETERS.
8 ohms 15/-Powerful cera-
each; 15 ohms diamond stylus 60/-. P. & P. 2/-.
LATEST RONETTE T/0 Stereo Compatible Cartridge for trols. Full feedback.
18/6 each. P. & P. 2/6. EP/LP/Stereo/78. 32/8. P. & P. 2/-. 8 gns. P. & P. 8/-.
12in. "RA" TWIN COKE LOUDSPEAKER. 10 watts peak LATEST
handling. 3 or 35 ohm, 35 OHM35/-.SPEAKERS
P. & P. 3/0. EP/LP/78RONETTE T/O Mono
mono or stereo Compatible
records on monoCartridge
equipment.for
HIGH GAIN 4 TRANSISTOR
3iin. 12/8: 7 x4m. 21/-. P. & P. 2/- per speaker. 30/-. P. & P. 21: PRINTED CIRCUIT
QUALITY RECORD PLAYER AMPLIFIER MK II AMPLIFIER KIT
VYNAIR AND REXENE SPEAKERS AND CABINET A top-quality record player amplifier employing heavy Type
• PeakTA1out-
FABRICS app. 54in. wide. Usually 35/- yd., our price 18/6 duty double wound mains transformer, ECC83, EL84, put in excess
yd. length. P. & P. 2/6 (min. 1 yd.). S.A.E. for samples. EZ80
Complete valveswithSeparate Bass, Treble and Volumeforcontrols. of li watts.
LATEST COLLARO MAGNAVOX 383 STEREO TAPE speaker. Size Tin.output
w. x 3d.transformer
x 6 h. Readymatched
built and 3tested.
ohm • All stan-
dard British
DECK. PRICE 75/-. P. & P. 61-. components. ^3^
£18.0.0. Three
Carr.speeds
10/-. 4 track, takes up to Tin. spools. ALSO AVAILABLE
transformer and speakermounted
ready toonfitboard with output
into cabinet below. • Builtcircuit
printed on panel size 6 x Sin
QUALITY PORTABLEmade.
Brand new. Beautifully TAPE RECORDER
Only 49/8. P. & P. 8/6.CASE. PRICE 97/8. P. & P. 7/6. • Generous size Driver and Output Transformers.
DE LUXE QUALITY PORTABLE H/P CABINET MK H • Output9transformer
Dual Purpose Bulk
iter 35/-. P. & P. 3/-. Tape Eraser and Tape Head Demagnet- Uncut motor board size 14i x 12m., clearance 2 in. below, speakers. Transistorstapped
(GET114foror331ohm and AC128D
Mullard 16 ohm
5}in. above. Will takeorabove
Singleamplifier and anyAT60
B.S.R.andor and matched pair of AC128
ACOS CRYSTAL MIKES. High
High sensitivity, 18/8. P. & P. 1/0. imp. for desk or hand use, GARRARD changer Player (except
SP25). Size 18 x 15 x Sin. PRICE 79/6. P. & P. 9/6. • Everything supplied, wire,o/p).
battery• clips,
9 voltsolder,
operation.
etc.
ACOS HIGH IMPEDANCE CRYSTAL STICK MIKES. 9 Comprehensive easy to follow instructions and circuit
OUR PRICE 21/-.INSERTS.
P. & P. 1/6.Brand New. 2}m. dia. 5/-. FM/AM TUNER diagram 2/6 (Free with Kit). All parts sold separately.
CARBON
P. & P. 1/6.
MIKE Beautifully designedHEADand pre- SPECIAL PRICE 45/-. P. & P. 3/-. Also ready built and
tested. 52/6. P. & P. 3/-.
cision engineered by Dormer A
NEW Wadsworth Ltd. Supplied
12 volt.S.T.C.
4 e/p, TYPE contacts.
ohms.c/o Size
25 MINIATURE
approx.1 fXliXlJin.
RELAYSCoil
amp rating. ready fitted with twin -0005
tuning HARVERSON'S SUPER MONO
resistance
10/- each.
165
P. & P. to1/6.above but coil resistance 5,800
high, nection.condenser
Prealignedfor AM
FM con-
sec- AMPLIFIER
tion covers 86-102Mc/b. I.F. Amains
supertransformer,
quality gramEZ80
amplifier usinganda double
Also some similar
ohms 48 volt operation. 8/- each. P. & P. 1/6. output 10-7Mc/b. Complete
with ECC85diagram
(6L12) valvetuner
andhead. Another special bulk rectifier ECL82 wound
triode
full circuit pentode valve as audio amplifier and power outputVolume
stage.
SPECIAL OFFER I PLESSEY TYPE 29 TWIN TUNING purchase enables us toofoffer these at 27/8 each. P. & P. 3/-. Impedance 3 ohma. Output approx. 3-5 watts.
and tone controls. Chassis size only Tin. wide x Sin. deep x
GANG. 400pP + 146pF. Fitted with trimmers and GORLER P.M. TUNER HEAD. 88-100 Mc/s. 10-7 Mc/s. Gin. high overall. AC mains 200/240V. Supplied absolutely
5:1 integral slow motion. Suitable for nominal 470 kc/s I.F. 15/- plus 2/6 P. & P. (ECC85 valves, 8/6 extra). Brand New completely wired and tested with NUMBER.
valves and
I.F. Size approx. 2xlxl5in. Only 8/8. P. & P. 2/6. 3-VALVE AUDIO good quality output transformer. LIMITED
AMPLIFIER MODEL HA34 OUR ROCKPRICE
BARGAIN BOTTOM /Q/C *t\J/ U P. 6/-
& P.
TRANSFORMER BARGAINS Designed for Hi-Fi reproduc-
MAINS
separate TRANSFORMER.
-J wave secondariesPrimary □00.240V16Vtwo
giving approx. at
tion of records. A.C. Mains
operation.heavyReady built on
plated 10/14 WATT HI-FI
1 amp and 20V at 1*2 amp; sees, can be connected in
series for 36V at 1-5 amp. Ideal for transistor power chassis, size 7 jingauge
w. x 4m.metal
d. x AMPLIFIER
Amonaural
KIT
stylishlyamplifier
finished
supplies. Drop through mounting. Stack size 25 :< 3i 4Jin. h. Incorporates ECC83,
Jin. IS!-. P. & P. 61-. EL84, EZ80 valves. Heavy- with an output of
MAINS TRANSFORMER. duty, doubleandwound mains
PrI. 200/240V. Sec. 9-0-9 For transistor11/-.power
at 600mA. P. &supplii
P. 2/6. transformer
former matched output
for 3trans-
ohm
14 watts from 2
EL848 in push-pull.
Pri. 200/240V. Sec. 32-0-12 at 1 amp. 14/6. P. & P. 2/6. speaker, "separate Bass, Treble and volume controls. Nega- Super reproduction
Pri. 200/240V. Sec. 10-0-10 at
MATCHED PAIR OF 2* WATT TRANSISTOR DRIVER 2 amp. 27/8. P. & P. 3/6. tive feedback line. Output»4J watts. Front panel can be ofspeech,
both with
musicnegli-
and
AND OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS. Stack size 14;<lix detached and leads extended for remote mounting of gible hum. Separate
gin. Output trans, tapped for 3 ohm and 15 ohm output. controls. Complete with knobs, valves, etc., wired and inputs for mike and
10/- pair plus 2/- P. & P. tested for only £4.5.0. P. & P. 6/-. gram allow records
7-10 HSL
HA34"FOUR" AMPLIFIER KIT, Similar in appearance to
ECLi86'watt
8 inOUTPUT
push-pullTRANSFORMERS
to 3 ohm output. to match
ONLYpair11/-.of above but employs entirely different and advanced
circuitry. Complete set of parts, etc. 79/6. P. & P. 0'-.
and announcements
to follow each other.
P. & P. 2/6. Fully shrouded section
BRAND
Rectifier.
NEW MAINS TRANSFORMERS
240\r at10/8.
for Bridge BRAND NEW TRANSISTOR BARGAINS. GET 15 match 3-15 Q speaker andwound outputvolume
2 independent transformer to
controls,
1-5 amp. Pri.Stack240VsizeAC".22xSec.jx2|in. 50mAP.and G-3V at
P. 3/6. (Matched Pair) 16/-; V15/l0p, 10/-: OC71 6/-; OC7fi 6/-;
AF117 7/6.
and separate bass and treble controls are provided giving
good lift and cut. Valve line-up 2 EL84s, ECC83, EF8G and
(Special quotations for quantities). Set of Mullard G transistors OC44, 2—OC45, AC128D, EZ80 rectifier. Simple Instruction booklet 2/6 (Free with
matched parts). All parts sold separately. ONLY* £7.9.8. P. & P. 8/6.
HIGH GRADE COPPER LAMINATE BOARDS
8 :< G x ism. FIVE for 10/-. P. & P. 2/-. istor PackpairAC128D
ACI28 25/-;
and Mullard
matchedLFH3 pair Audio
AC128Trans-
12;r6; Also available ready built and tested complete with std.
input sockets, £9.5.0. P. & P. S/G.
ORP12 Cadmium Sulphide Cell 10/6. All post free.
Open all day Saturday HARVERSON SURPLUS CO. LTD. (Please write clearly)
Early closing Wed. 1 p.m. PLEASE
QUOTEDNOTE:
APPLYP.TO
& P.U.K.
CHARGES
ONLY.
A few minutes from South Wimbledon 170 HIGH ST., MERT0N, S.W.I9 Tel.01.5403985 P.
Tube Station CHARGED EXTRA. ORDERS
& P. ON OVERSEAS
SEND STAMPED ADDRESSED ENVELOPE WITH ALL ENQUIRIES

333
 o Trade
Mark

Home Radio CCDMPONENTS) LTD

Formerly Home Radio (Mitcham) Ltd.

DDRESS&
234-240 ■ LONDON ROAD-MITCHAM - SURREY - CR4 3HD
0nly 500 from our old
Telephone: 01-648-8422 Premises —but now
we have much more space, much .more stock!

ewc.
mueem

New catalogue ? Well—yet another edition of the " old

X. faith.ul ' that for over eleven years has presented to an
ever-growing army of enthusiasts the latest and best radio
and electronic components. This latest edition is no
exception to our policy of making every new edition better
and bigger than the one before! It has no less than 530
pages, lists over 8,000 items, illustrating over 1,500 of them.
slCtP
ic! ?
With each catalogue you get a 30-page Price Supplement,
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form. All for only 8/6 plus 3/6 post, packing and insurance.
Incidentally every catalogue contains 6 vouchers, each
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334
 PRACTICAL

:' rn ELECTRONICS

THIS MONTH
Thanks to advances in audio engineering and the
availability of quality sound reproduction systems,
listening to music has become a popular but highly CONSTRUCTIONAL PROJECTS
civilised form of home entertainment. With this wide-
spread appreciation of good music it is not surprising that INFRA RED BURGLAR ALARM 336
many non-musicians feel the urge to become music makers
themselves and thus extract the ultimate of pleasure this P.E. ORGAN—I 356
art can offer. In looking for the ideal instrument many
turn to the electric organ. Certainly this offers a source VERY HIGH IMPEDANCE
of limitless pleasure to performer and listener alike with AMPLIFIER 366
its flexibility in tonal expression and wide dynamic range.
Electronic organs of musical compass to satisfy the most TONE FILTER FOR
fastidious of organists, while sufficiently compact in RADIO CONTROL 381
physical form to be compatible with the average home, can
be purchased. There is a healthy business in this market,
yet because the price of these instruments is comparable
with the cost of a family car, such organs are a luxury SPECIAL SERIES ■
beyond the reach of countless would-be music makers.
Realisation of this hard ecomonic fact has spurred on COLD CATHODE TUBES—1 343
many intrepid enthusiasts to the formidable task of
designing and building an organ for themselves. It is also
abundantly clear that there exists an even greater number GENERAL FEATURES |
of music lovers who would like to build an organ, but who
do not wish (or perhaps are not able) to indulge in pro- CHOOSING AND USING
tracted experiments with circuits and systems. 350
An organ is a far from standardised instrument. The A MULTIMETER
musical compass can be wide or limited, the voices can be ELECTRONIC SPIROGRAPH
arranged to suit classical works or lighter romantic music, PATTERNS 369
and various musical effects may be included or excluded,
according to individual preference. When considering a INGENUITY UNLIMITED 377
design for publication, many aspects had to be taken into
account in order to satisfy the widest number of potential
constructors. Investigations made by the designer of the
Practical Electronics Organ showed that the romantic NEWS AND COMMENT |
sound characteristic of the theatre organ would be the
more generally preferred sound amongst amateur EDITORIAL 335
organists: so this kind of voicing has been adopted.
This decision almost automatically solved another major NEWS BRIEFS 349, 368
question which always has to be faced when drawing up an
organ design, i.e. the type of tone generators to be em- AUDIO TRENDS 363
ployed. Divergent views are heard on this subject. There ELECTRONORAMA 364
are, for example, those who claim that only the free phase
oscillator is satisfactory; this is undoubtedly true if the MARKET PLACE 373
intention is to synthesise closely the characteristic sound
of a pipe organ. For technical and economic reasons, SPACEWATCH 378
the frequency divider method has much to commend it,
although it produces an "electronic" sound which some READOUT 389
purists amongst organists might object to. But this
method lends itself admirably to the romantic type of
organ, so it is used in this present design. \ Our June issue will be published on
F. E. Bennett—Editor Thursday, May 15

All correspondence intended for the Editor should be addressed to: The Editor, PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, IPG Magazines Ltd., Tower
House, Southampton Street, London, W.C.2. Advertisement Offices: PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, IPG Magazines Ltd., Fleetway House,
Farringdon Street, London, E.G.4. Phone: 01-236 8080.
Subscription Rates including postage for one year, to any part of the world, 42s. (g) IPG Magazines Ltd., 1969. Copyright in all drawings, photo-
graphs and articles published in PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is specially reserved throughout the countries signatory to the Berne Conven-
tion and the U.S.A. Reproductions or imitations of any of these are therefore expressly forbidden.
 * RELIABLE * SENSITIVE
1
* FAIL-SAFE ACTION
* TAMPER PROOF

By D.BOLLEN

Perhaps the most efficient and versatile method of A tungsten filament bulb will radiate about 75 per
detecting the presence of a burglar is by means of an cent of its input energy in the infra-red region of the
invisible beam of light, positioned in such a way that the frequency spectrum; only some 6 per cent will appear as
intruder must interrupt the beam to gain entry. visible light, if a gelatine filter, with good infra-red
Unfortunately, the modern criminal comes equipped acceptance properties, is used to block the visible light
with tools and considerable know-how. He may be output from the bulb, there will be very little attenuation
able to nullify the alarm before it can give a warning. of the effective infra-red output.
To be completely effective, an infra-red alarm system The same applies when a germanium photo-detector
must be fail-safe, and proof against knowledgeable —such as the OCP7), which has a peak response at
tampering. The equipment described here has several 1-55 microns—well inside the infra-red region—is
novel features, and is'designed to combat the efforts of arranged to pick up the filtered light from the bulb.
an astute burglar. The effect of removing the visible light from the beam
will be insignificant and there will be virtually no loss of
DESIGN PRINCIPLES efficiency.
A light bulb is powered from a 50Hz supply giving It is usual to employ three units in an infra-red alarm
rise to modulated light at a frequency of 100Hz, system; a bulb and lens unit to project a narrow beam
because the bulb is switched off twice per cycle and will of light, a photo-detector and amplifier head mounted
glow on both negative and positive waveform peaks. opposite the projector, and a remote electric bell.
When the light bulb is small, and its filament has a short This design, however, combines projector and
thermal delay, the modulated light output at 100Hz will amplifier into one unit, the beam of light being reflected
have a useful amplitude. back to the detector by a small mirror, or collection of
Conventional a.c. methods can be employed to mirrors (see Fig. la). Note that the'beam length is
detect and amplify the light signal from the bulb at a doubled when a mirror is used, and this is where the
distance somewhat greater than can be achieved using high sensitivity of a modulated light beam system comes
d.c. amplification of a steady light signal. in useful.
With modulated light, a long beam path is obtainable;
typically 150 feet. PRACTICAL DETAILS
Quite often an infra-red alarm unit is required to
detect the presence of an intruder passing along
a passageway between two buildings, where the
property on one side of the passage belongs to another
person. With a small mirror mounted on the opposite
wall, all the wiring can be confined to the owner's
property, and there is no need to run wires under the
floor of the passageway.
Figs, lb, 1c, and Id show how alternative mirror
arrangements can operate. Jn Fig. lb the mirror is
fitted to a movable object, which could be a money box
or a safe door. The slightest mirror movement will
deflect the beam and sound the alarm.
Fig. Ic depicts a method of lacing the beam back and
forth acrqps a doorway, for added protection and to
detect the passage of small objects.

336
BURGLAR

n r

11

In Fig. Id an area is enclosed by the beam, for

instance a room with several doors and windows.
Entry of an intruder through any door or window
. would interrupt the beam and trigger the alarm.
The lamp and amplifier must be mains powered if
they are to operate continuously for long periods, but
provision should be made for sounding the alarm in the
event of a supply failure. The bell is therefore
furnished with its own battery, and the latching relay is
mounted close to the bell.

PHOTOTRANSISTOR
.z
.ENS T
°l*L maximum
MAM PATH
JIoft.

LENS /
BULB MIRROR MOUNTED
ON OPPOSITE WALL

UP TO 75FT.-

Fig. la. Principle of operation of the infra-red alarm

SMALL
MIRROR
Fig. /b. Mirror mounted on moveabfe object
jK

STRIPS OF MIRROR
PLASTIC, OR'
POLISHED
^ALUMINIUM
V/

SMALL MIRROR IN

SMALL^
MIRROR

Fig. lc. Method of lacing beam across doorway Fig. Id. Mirrors arranged to enclose an area
337
 If the mains supply is cut off, the relay will close
DETECTOR AND AMPLIFIER and the bell will ring. In normal operation, the
100Hz signal from the beam projector holds the relay
contacts open. If wires leading to the relay are cut or
shorted, the relay contacts will close, and remain closed
even if the 100Hz signal is restored later.
PHOTO-DETECTOR AND AMPLIFIER
BLUE CIRCUIT
R1 -9V
A-lkCi Fig. 2 shows the photo-detector and amplifier circuit.
220ft i-zkn Phototransistor TR1 is coupled to the amplifier by C2.
68 uF C1 is included across the normally open-circuit base of
HP TR1 to prevent high frequency instability.
TR4 Light falling on the collector-base junction of TR1
2N29E6 will cause an increase of collector current, and an a.c.
r® signal will appear at the collector when the light is
TR1 TR2 TR3 modulated.
0CP71 2N2926 AC154 SLACK
■C1 OUTPUT To eliminate bulky electrolytic capacitors, keep
0*047^F R3 R7 components to a minimum, and ensure a uniform low
4-7kft 820ft frequency response. The amplifier, composed of
RED+ TR2. TR3, and TR4, is d.c. coupled.
X Voltage gain is better than 200, and d.c. negative
I0-68pF R6 feedback is applied via resistors R4 and R6, to stabilise
the amplifier against temperature drift. Capacitor C3
—w decouples the feedback network to a.c. and thus
prevents attenuation of the signal.
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the detector and amplifier
stages AMPLIFIER CONSTRUCTION
Colour coded wiring is included in the diagrams to
simplify connections to the' circuit panels. The
amplifier circuit panel layout and underside \yiring
appears in Fig. 3.
R4 -LR3 f It is important to note carefully the connections to the
•-HIM-* B 1=*. npn and pnp transistors when wiring them into circuit.
T TR2 B = : The panel is drilled and components wired up under-
C3 = H3 C1 ^ neath, using tinned copper wire where the component
leads are too short to make a direct connection.
TR4 R5H R2
—HTM-
R1

c\ p
MOUNTING HOLES

BLACK
O O BLUE
RED "

r-c
«

RED

O O c
TR3
4
Fig. 3. Component layout and wiring for the amplifier
board

338
 POWER SUPPLY

6-3V +. v BLUE 02 —
250V C -AAA-
o 01 R8 30n
230V BO-« § R5210AF iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiilinT
o
210V AO- O o
o
o o ov ■ C4 iC5
o< ;a
o2 31000pF 31000}iF
o< o
o< o
o o o
o
o< o
P6-3V+. > RED BLUE
MAINS COM 1 02 RED —9V
RS210AF GREY
TO AMPLIFIER
LPl
(P)6--8V
GREY \sy o-:•3A
GREY
A F, TO BULB
Fig. 4, Circuit diagram of the power supply o) O :;o) (o
250V 230V
210V MAINS
POWER SUPPLY COM.
A standard 6-3V—0—6-3V filament transformer Fig. 5. Component layout and wiring of the power supply
(T1 in Fig. 4) is used. After full-wave rectification
(D1 and D2) and smoothing (C4 and C5) a d.c. voltage
of approximately 9V is available to feed the amplifier. POWER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION
The bulb is wired to one half of the transformer Rectifiers D1 and D2, resistor R8, and smoothing
secondary. capacitors C4 and C5 are positioned on a small s.r.b.p.
Although RS210AF silicon rectifiers are specified for panel which bolts to the transformer tag panel, forming
D1 and D2, almost any silicon diode with a p.i.v. of a compact assembly. Panel layout and underside
100 volts and a maximum current of 500mA or more wiring, together with numbering details of the trans-
could be used instead. former tag panel, are given in Fig. 5.

COMPONENTS...

Resistors Transformer
Rl 4-7ka R5 l-2kn XI 6.3V—0—6-3V, 0-5A mains centre tapped heater
R2 220 n R6 mn transformer
R3 4-7kn R7 820a
R4 3-3Mn R8 30a 3W wirewound Relay
All 10%, carbon, except R8 RLA reed switch (Radiospares type 7RSR) and
8000 reed operating coil
Capacitors
Cl 0 047jiF polyester 2S0V
C2 0'68fiF polyester 250V Miscellaneous
C3 0-68/xF polyester 2S0V LPl 6V-8V, 0-5A m.e.s. bulb
C4 I.OOOfiF elect. 12V BY1 4-SV battery (type 1289)
C5 1,000/xF elect. 12V SI single pole on-off switch
C6 IOOjuF elect. 9V "L" shaped signal lampholder
C7 2/iF elect, 9V S.r.b.p. panels, 2in x 2fin, IJin x 2in, l^in X 3in
(I off each)
Transistors Lenses 3in focal length—see text (2 off)
TRI OCP71 or equivalent phototransistor Infra-red filter No. 87, 2in square gelatine sheet
TR2 2N2926 (orange spot) (Kodak)
TR3 AC 154 or OC7I Electric bell, 45V
TR4 2N2926 (orange spot) Magnet (see text)
jin plywood, two off 3fin x 2in, two off 7in x 2in,
Diodes one off 8jin X 4in
Dl, D2 RS210AF (STC, see text) Aluminium 7m x 4^in, 16 or 18 s.w.g. (2 off)
D3, D4 OAS I 4B.A. and 6B.A. fixings

339
 A.C. LATCHING RELAY AND ALARM BELL partially smoothed by C7. About 2 to 3 volts d.c. is
CIRCUIT developed, under normal long beam path conditions,
It will be remembered that the relay must respond to across the relay coils, not enough to close the reed
a low level a.c. signal, and latch on permanently when switch contacts.
the signal is cut off. There are a number of ways of If now a permanent magnet is brought close to the
achieving a.c. operation with latching, but in this reed coils, and orientated in such a way that its field
instance a twin coil reed relay is employed, and is opposes the field induced by the signal voltage, cancella-
magnetically biased. tion will occur. Then, when the magnet is brought
The circuit shown in Fig. 6 operates in the following closer still, the magnetic field will begin to increase in
manner. The low level signal from the amplifier the opposite direction, but will now consist of the
output (black lead) is rectified by D3 and D4, and is permanent magnet field minus the signal induced field.
Therefore, with the magnet positioned just at the point
where the reed switch contacts are on the point of
RELAY AND ALARM BELL closing, removal of the signal will increase the field and
the contacts will close.
If the signal reappears it will not be able to re-open
the contacts, due to inherent backlash in the reed switch
mechanism. The reed relay can be re-set in two ways;
IOOjjF either by placing a small sheet of ferrous metal between
BLACK the magnet and the reed coil—which acts as a magnetic
shunt—or by counteracting the effects of the bias
ir D3
4- magnet with another magnet.
] [0A8i A OA 81 After triggering the reed relay will remain closed and
BELL needs no power to keep it in that condition; the bell
Ul '' WHITE
o will ring until its battery is exhausted or until the relay is
REED SWITCH re-set or switch SI is turned off.
- 7 RSR
A.C. LATCHING RELAY CONSTRUCTION
LI L2 >o MAGNET BY1 The layout of the latching relay is shown in Fig. 7.
■4-5V Once again, a simple s.r.b.p. panel form of construction
REED xo is employed, although etched circuits could be used if
OPERATING
COIL RLA RED considered worthwhile. The only points to watch are
RED hi: the capacitor and diode polarities.
The magnet can be taken from an old moving
Fig. 6. Circuit diagram for the a.c. latching relay and armature headphone. In the original construction, two
alarm bell ' such magnets were glued together, to increase the
magnetic field so that the magnet could be conveniently
TO AMPLIFIER positioned about iin from the exterior of the reed coil.
OUTPUT
A range of magnets are available from technicai
BLACK suppliers and a jrin square by 2in long bar magnet
would be suitable for biasing the reed switch.
OPTICS
A pair of lenses with a focal length close to 3in
MAGNET are needed. The approximate focal length can be
03 i checked by focusing a sharp image of a window on to
the wall of a room and measuring the distance of the
iiiimiiP7iiiiiiii|iti lens from the wall. Fortunately, the lenses need not be
of good quality in this particular application. Plastic
RLA lenses taken from two postage stamp magnifiers, were
used for the prototype system.
REED SWITCH TERMINALS BENT OVER It is false economy to fit very small lenses, as this
would tend to reduce the overall sensitivity. Some-
thing of the order of I^in diameter, or diagonal in the
RED case of rectangular lenses, can be taken as a reasonable
TO SI
WHTE size to use.
o o Tu BELL
LENS BOX
The box can be made up from four pieces of jjn
plywood; two off 3fin x 2in, and two off 7in x 2in.
Holes are cut for the lenses in the front panel using a
fretsaw, and the joints are glued with epoxy resin.
The box sides are 16 s.w.g. or 18 s.w.g. aluminium
sheet; one side is permanently glued to the box, while
the other side should be detachable, to give access to
circuit panels and wiring. Box details, giving positions
o o of i mphfier, bulb, and power unit, are shown in Fig. 8.
t he amplifier circuit panel is bolted to the s.r.b.p
Fig. 7. Component layout and wiring for the relay board partition using stand-off spacers. Holes must be
drilled in the partition to take amplifier supply and
340
 V4" plywood'r
LENS5 TR1
(1 ;
TRTR TR
4 3 2

Wlixws
INFRA-RED FILTER PARTITION
L" KODAK N° 87 LP1
ff~Si
LENS ii

^ol IQ)' "aP W~W GROMMET FOR /T

16-18 SWG ALUMINIUM MA NS ANu
^ SIDE PLATES n. n RELAY LEADS
■ n
n

Fig. 8. Positioning of components inside the lens housing case

Vj' PLYWOOD. BUCK// ^RED

/O1" RELAY panels ~l7/m output leads. Phototransistor TR1 is roughly
r~ rr positioned at the focal point of the lens, and can be
precisely aligned afterwards by bending its leads.
1 1 It is important to ensure that the partition between
^0j 1 j the amplifier compartment and the bulb compartment is
L x'-~ -J completely light-proof.
)><2> Black insulation tape can be glued to the edges of the
© REED SWITCH-fER^MINALS~— partition panel to mask off the joint between panel and
box. The inside of the amplifier compartment can
^ / 4 B.A.SCREW CONTACT ,} WHITE also be painted matt black, to cut down reflections.
Equally important is the elimination of stray light from
BY1 SCREW chinks in the lens box, which could be visible to the
EYE burglar in the dark. Painting all joints with matt
black paint should stop most of the stray light, and the
r removable aluminium side can be fitted with a soft
SCREW EYE RUBBER ■plastics or rubber gasket.
BAND The bulb holder is an "L" shaped signal lampholder,
and provides a range of adjustment to deflect the beam
at an angle to the axis of the lens box.
4 B.A. SCREW CONTACT The inexpensive gelatine filter (No. 87) is 2in square
and can be ordered from any supplier of Kodak
photographic equipment. A small card frame can be
RED made up to take the filter, so that it can be quickly
y BELL removed to facilitate initial beam alignment with
visible light.
RELAY AND BELL MOUNT
The bell mounting can take the simple form depicted
in Fig. 9. Latching relay panel, battery, switch SI,
and bell are fixed to an 8+in x 4in x iin piece of
plywood.
A plastics cover may be placed over the relay panel to
protect it from dust. Two 4B.A. screws serve as
battery contacts, and the battery is held in position by a
rubber band. Switch SI is mounted on a small angle
Fig. 9. Details of relay and alarm bell unit bracket and can be any single pole on-off type switch.
341
 SETTING UP
It is advisable to pre-set the infra-red alarm before
installing it in its permanent position. After com- DI5CDVEF
pleting all wiring, check that the amplifier consumes
approximately I OmA.
If there is a serious departure from predicted con- A FEW FDLNEi
sumption, this might be caused by a fault or by spreads
in the gain characteristic of the transistors used. If
necessary, the amplifier working point, and con- IMACE
sumption, can be adjusted by altering the value of R4 Build these two popular
(Fig. 2).
All tests should be conducted away from the light of practical projects
mains powered lamps when the lens box side cover is in next month's
removed.
Place the lens box on a flat surface, switch on, and set Practical Electronics
the lampholder to throw a level beam, and a well defined
image of the glowing filament on a wall about 20ft
away from the unit. If the image is out of focus, bend
the lampholder to move the filament to the focal point
of the lens.
The next step is to place a mirror where the image
occurs on the wall, and deflect the beam back to the
photo-detector lens. With a small piece of white card
held near the phototransistor, pick up the returned t %
image and find the true focal point (where the image is
smallest and brightest), then bend the phototransistor
leads until the collector-base junction is at the focal
point and is receiving the image.
If all is well, connect an a.c. volt meter to the amplifier
output; a signal of about 2-5V r.m.s. should be
indicated. This can be reduced by placing a hand
across the light beam. STROBOSCOPE
A high residual voltage will indicate that hum is Check the speed of a rotating shaft or recipro-
occurring in the amplifier, and can usually be reduced by cating object — a drill, car engine, machine,
earthing tag 2 on the transformer (Fig. 5). A residual loudspeaker cone, etc. The stroboscope gives
voltage of up to about 0-5V r.m.s. is acceptable for the illusion of a rotating object appearing
optimum performance. stationary so that dynamic phenomena can be
observed. A valuable aid in non-destructive
FINAL ADJUSTMENTS testing.
The lens box can be mounted in its permanent
location, on a wall bracket, and mirror adjustments
made in dull light, or after dark. When satisfied that
the beam is correctly aligned, the infra-red filter can be a
slipped into place, behind the projector lens, and the
lens box side screwed on.
It only remains to find a siting for the latching relay jT
un an<
should , j be ^'
"behindI 1° fix
theitbeam"
in place.so that
This part
it is of the unit
protected
trom the burglar by the beam. The bell must of course ENLARGER EXPOSURE METER
be audible to the householder and/or others. The Determine the exposure time for any enlarge-
correct position for the bias magnet is then found and ment quickly, easily, and accurately by
the magnet is glued in place. building this valuable aid to darkroom work.
fhe unit is then ready for use and can be tested by Easily operated in low light conditions; high
breaking the light beam. As soon as the beam is stability under fluctuating supply voltages;
bro cen the bell should ring and continue to ring after suitable for use with several different grades of
the beam has been restored. The relay can then be printing paper. Save the cost of guesswork
reset as described earlier. ^ failures with this reliable, versatile, and
inexpensive instrument.

/ June issue on sale Thursday May 15

ORDER YOUR COPY NOW! 3/-

PRACTICAL

electronics

342
 i

» CATHODE
COI

TUBES

By J.B.Dance m.sc.
Cold cathode gas filled tubes are widely used in industrial
electronic equipment for automation, control, and for other
purposes involving switching. Although larger than transis-
tors, simpler and more economical circuits can often be
designed using gas filled tubes than is possible with transis-
tors. In the form of numeral character display devices, they
are as yet unchallenged by solid state counterparts.

Most cold cathode tubes have a failure rate which is The basic principles of gas discharge ionisation will be
much lower than that of thermionic valves, but discussed in this, the first part; subsequent parts will
they do have the disadvantage that they cannot be used look into the more important types of cold cathode tube
to carry out very high speed switching operations. in detail, with practical circuits for their use.
Gas filled tubes are not much used by amateur
enthusiasts interested in radio as a hobby. Neither are fundamentals
these tubes normally found in commercially manu- If a potential is applied between two electrodes-in a
factured radio and television equipment produced for gas, no current will flow if the applied voltage is fairly
the domestic market. There are two main reasons for small, since a gas is an almost perfect insulator. As
this. scon as some charged particles (ions) are formed in the
Gas filled tubes are on/off devices which, unlike gas, however, these ions will be attracted to the elec-
thermionic valves and transistors, are always fully trodes. Their movement to the electrodes constitutes
conducting or completely non-conducting. Such the flow of an electric current, since a current is the
devices which do not have states of partial conduction movement of charged particles.
cannot be used to amplify the sine waves or signals of Therefore, two conditions must be satisfied before
random waveforms that are found in domestic radio conduction occurs in a gas: a voltage must be applied
and television equipment. between the electrodes present in the gas, and ions must
In addition the positively charged ions in gas move be present in the gas at the time the voltage is applied.
much more slowly than do the electrons in a high Ions can be formed in a gas in a number of ways.
vacuum thermionic valve, precluding the use of most All materials contain a very small quantity of radio-
types of cold cathode tube at frequencies much above the active atoms.
audio range. Nevertheless the simplicity of many cold If the radiation emitted by a radioisotope passes
cathode tube circuits is an attractive feature for the through matter, ions will be created as the radiation
average amateur experimenter. gives up its energy. In some types of cold cathode tube
Cold cathode tubes are especially useful as function a small amount of a radioisotope is incorporated into
indicators; for example, they may be used for indicating the tube during manufacture to provide the ions
when the potential between two points exceeds a required to initiate a discharge.
certain value or for indicating the number of electrical In addition to the radiation emitted by radioactive
pulses counted by a circuit. They can be used for materials, cosmic rays pass through all materials and
operating relays, generating waveforms (other than sine also form ions. Therefore, even if no ions are
waveforms) and timing circuits (for example, photo- artificially introduced into the gas in a tube, the ions
graphic timers). formed by cosmic rays and naturally occurring radio-
Various types of voltage stabiliser circuit have been isotopes will enable a discharge to take place when a
developed using these tubes. Special types have been suitable potential is applied.
produced for counting electrical pulses. However, natural sources of ionising radiation do not
provide a continuous source of ions and some method of
creating ions artificially in a tube which must conduct
promptly is required. These methods will be discussed
later.
Part
. STRIKING AND MAINTAINING VOLTAGES
Cold cathode tubes must be used in series with a
ONE resistor in the type of circuit shown in Fig. 1.1. The
resistor imposes a limit on the maximum current which
can flow. At low applied potentials the current flowing
through a gas discharge tube is very small (less than a
343
 tv volts F'g- Basic circuit for
operating a cold cathode
y-v
o m tube
JcRode space
Fig. 1.3. Tubes operating Pharqe
oO in the normal glow region
have a space charge sur-
cathode rounding the cathode
I
—o0 tage
I 3 !4 ! 5/1

Fig. 1.2. Regions of

£1 typical gas discharge !■
§ f1 ==l _gi
S5-=.i'=.2 e-S.i is
ESI
e- e i s; ^
ae
The S.T.C. GJ5//K miniature glow current
stabiliser tube (log scale)

micro-microamp), but when the applied voltage FORMATION OF GLOW DISCHARGE

reaches a certain value known as the ignition or V hen the potential applied to the tube reaches the
striking voltage, the current suddenly increases striking voltage, Ks, a new phenomenon becomes
(typically to some milliamps if the series resistor is of a important. Positive ions are accelerated in the region
suitable value). Simultaneously the potential across
the tube falls. surrounding the cathode of the tube and strike the
This process is known as striking or ignition. The cathode with such force that they knock electrons from
voltage across the conducting tube in the circuit of its surface.
Fig. 1.1 is known as the maintaining or running voltage These electrons will undergo gas amplification, thus
Vm. If the voltage across the tube is reduced below Km' iormmg further ions. These in turn bombard the
the discharge will cease and the gas will become an cathode and cause more electrons to be emitted. Thus
insulator again. once the normal glow discharge has occurred, the
It must be emphasised, however, that striking can discharge is self-sustaining and no further ions need be
only occur when ions (or, more precisely, electrons) are created in the gas for the discharge to continue The
present in the gas. process is one of positive feedback.
The current flowing through the tube is no longer
limited by the number of ions introduced into the gas
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE but is determined only by the value of the series
The general form of the relationship between the
current flowing in a gas filled cold cathode tube and the resistor and the value of the applied potential, Kb (see
potential difference across the tube is shown in Fig. 1.2. Fig. 1.1).
It is assumed that a small number of ions are present Once the applied potential reaches the striking
in the tube at all times whilst this curve is being plotted. voltage of the tube, breakdown is said to occur and the
The current is plotted on a logarithmic scale so that a discharge quickly passes through regions 2 and 3 of the
very wide range of current can be accommodated on a curve (Fig. 1.2) to the normal glow region marked 4.
single graph. In^ region 3 the discharge shows a negative resistance
As the applied potential is gradually increased from effect. That is, the current flowing through the tube
zero, a very small current flows through the tube. decreases with an increase of the applied voltage
This current increases with the applied voltage and with If the discharge reaches this region, any random
the number of ions being introduced into the gas. increase in the potential difference across the tube will
If the applied voltage is increased, the electrons reduce the current flowing. The voltage drop across
present in the gas discharge can give rise to more ions by the series resistor (Fig. I.I) therefore falls and this
a process known as gas amplification or gas multiplica- resu.ts in a further increase in the potential across the
tion. E ectrons are accelerated by the applied electric tu e
° - T™s uthe negative resistance region is unstable
held towards the anode and gain enough energy to and the discharge quickly passes to the normal glow
knock further electrons out of atoms of the gas, thereby region (region 4) of the characteristic.
lorming positive ions. In the normal glow region the voltage across the tube
is almost independent of the current flowing through it
The electrons removed from gas atoms by this process Tubes operating in this region can therefore be used for
can, after further acceleration, knock other electrons out
of other molecules of the gas. This multiplication of voltage stabilisation, but this subject will be discussed in
.he number of electrons present in the tube enables a more detail in a later article.
much greater current to flow than would otherwise be SPACE CHARGE
possible. The type of discharge which occurs in
region 1 of Fig. 1.2 is known as the Townsend discharge The properties of tubes operating in the normal glow
after the English physicist who worked on it. region of the characteristic are largely due to the
formation of a positive space charge around the
344
 PRACTICAL!

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345
 DELUXE PLAYERS BARGAIN STEREO/MONO SYSTEM BAKER 12m, DE-LUXE MK II
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trated. To fit standard "jri Autochanger 4 + 4 AMPLIFIER and TWO matched
player or antochanger. ' J/" LOUDSPEAKERS.
(Only 4 pain of wires to ioin), Carr. 10/6 i" IO IO
fc I 7. I 7.0 A LOUDSPEAKER
ECS AMPLIFIER 3 WATT. NEW TUBULAR ELECTROLYTICS Suitable for any Hi-Fi System.
Ready made and tested. CAN TYPES
This is a 2-stage unit using a
Iriode pentode condenser 4 350V 100/257..
250/25V .. 2/8 2/- 8/600V
16/600V .. 12/6 9/6 Provides truly rich sound
recreating the musical spectrum
coupled valve, giving 8/450V 500/25V .. 4/- 18 + 16/500V 7/6 virtually fiat from 25-
3 watts output 18/450V 8+8/450V 3/6 32 + 32/250V 3/6 16,000cpi. Latest double cone
into a 3 ohm 3225/25V
450V 8+18/4507 3/94/3 50 + 60/350V 7/- with special "Ferroba" ceramic
loudspeaker.
Tone and volume 50 50V 16+16,'450V
32+32/350V 60 + 100/350V 11/6 magnet. Flux density 14,000
controls mounted on SUB-MIN. ELECTROLYTICS.
250mF 15V 2,-; 500, lOOOmF 12V 1, 2,4/64, 3/6;
5, 32+
8,16, 32+S2/350T.8/6
2000mF25, 30,25Y50,100. gluss. Bais resonance 32-38cp8.
7 - 15 watts British rating. Voice
chassis with knobs. Supplied Post
CERAMIC. 500V IpF to O.OlmF, 9d. Discs 1/-.
with loudspeaker and valve IJCL82. coils available 3 or 8 or 15 ohms.
Frequency
Sensitivity response
200niV. 50-12,000 cps. 59 6 itemeach
PAPER 350V-0 1 9d, 0-5 2 6; Imp 3/-; 2mF 150V 3'-.
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SINGLE
EMI Junior PLAYERS MONO AUTOCHANGERS MONO
Mains £2.19.6 SILVER MICA. Close tolerance 560-2,200pF 48-page Enclosure Manual
Garrard SRP22 . .£8.19.6 Balfour Auto £5.19.6
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Garrard SP25MkII £14.19.8 BSR SuperslimGASS £6.19.6
TWIN GANG. "0-0" 208pF+176pF. 10/6; 365pF. minia- LOUDSPEAKER CABINET WADDING 18ia wide. 2f61t
ture 10,-; 500pF standard with trimmers, 9/6; 500pF
UA70Stereo^Mono £12.19.6
GarrardAT60 Mk.II £12.19.6
midget less trimmers, 7 6; 500pF slow motion, standard 9/-; BAKER " GROUP SOUND » SPEAKERS—POST FREE
small 3-gang 500pF 18,9. Single "0" S65pF 7/6. Twin 10/-. 'Group 25* 'Group 35'
1 3000 Stereo .'Mono £12.19.6 'Group 50'
All fitted LP/78 stylii and pickup crystal complete. SHORT WAVE, Single
180pF, 200pF,10/6 each. lOpF. 25pF, 50pF, 75pF, lOOpF, 25 watt ^QHS. ss^att
GARRARD TEAKWOOD BASESP25,WB.l. TUNING. Solid dielectric. lOOpF, 300pP, 500pF, 7'- each. SOwatt
cut out for mounting 1025,3000, AT60,Ready
TRIMMERS. etc. Zr "
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CONTACT COOLED { wave Quality Horn Tweeters 2-18kc/8. 10W 29/6. Crossover 16/6»
Full wave Bridge 75mA 10/-;60mA
150mA 7/8;19/6;
85mATV9/6. rects. 10/-. LOUDSPEAKERS P.M.lOin3 OHMS.
DE LUXE STEREO GRAM CHASSIS V.H.P. MW, SW
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21/-
6 valve plus rect. SizeMagic 15 xeye,73 push
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high. IA
RESISTORS. Preferred values, 10 ohms to 10 meg. 12in. Double cone 3 or 15 ohm 39/6; 10 x 6in, 30/-.
E.X.I. Doable Cone 131 x 8in, 3 or 15 ohm models, 45/- or
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XTAL GP67ARM 17/8;Complete
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35/-. PowerPointSTABILITY, i w. 1% 10 ohms to 10 meg., 2/-. with twin tweeters, X over and ceramic magnet 79/6.
15 -
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CRYSTAL MIKE 105 watt
INSERTS watt ): WIRE-WOUND 0.5 to 8.2 ohmRESISTORS 8 w.
'{it i^/R EACH type 25
15 ohm,ohm,10 6x x4m;
2Uo., 7x354in.ohm. Sin;
11
™ -COIL
aOYlBG
im
«■'••* MIKE
ACOS liwithX Remote 15 watt J
l!m. 8/6.Control
BM3,Switch1" dia.19/6
10K.U5K.
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tor 6 or 12v.. 1/ amps., 17/6; 2P.amps..
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Output, 121 8/6.
6/-. AMPLIFIER
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transistor Uses one watt
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PP9
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Osc, P50/1AC 5/4 Printed Circuit, PCA1 .. 9 6
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Long spindles. Midget Size BRITISH AERIALITE MIDGET 220 200
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20 mA..6.3 v.6.32 v.a. 1 a.x2i2ixx22in.liin.. - 17/612/6 BARGAIN 4 CHANNEL TRANSISTOR MIXER. Add
5 K. ohms to 2 Meg. LOG or AERAXIAL-AIR SPACED HEATER
Ditto tappedTRANS. sec. 1.46.3v.,v.2.1J3,a.,4, 8/6;
5. 6.38.3v. v.'4
11 ampa .. 12/6 12'6 musical highlightsrecords,
and sound effects to with
recordings.CQWill
LIN, L/S 3/-. D.P. 51- 40 yd. 20/-; 60 yd. 30/-. GENERAL PURPOSE LOW mix Microphone, tape and tuner /A
STEREO
5K. S.P.L/STransistor,
10/6, D.P. 14, 5/-.6 FRINGE
Ideal 625 LOW
lines LOSS
6, 8, 9,10. 12.yd. I1 0Z
15. 18. 24 andVOLTAGE.
30 v. at 2 a Outputs 3, 4,30/1 5 separate controls into single output. 9 volt.
BARGAIN FM TUNER 88-108 Mc/s Six Transistor. Ready
37/0
1 amp., 6, 8,10.12, 18, 18, 20, 24, 30. 36, 40, 48, 60, 35/-
VEROBOARD 0 15 MATRIX3 amp., 0-12 v. and 0-18 v. iq/r built. Printed Circuit. Calibrated slide dial XL I 0 A
AUTO
2; x Sin. 3/8. 21 X SJin. 3/2.. 33 SJin. 3/8. 33 5in. 5'2. TRANSFORMERS 0-115-230 v. Input/Output tuning. SizeS x 4 x 2Un. 9 volt. fc.U»i7«0
EDGE CONNECTORS 18 way 5 24 way 7/6. 60w. 18'6; 150w. 30/-; 500w. 92/6; lOOOw. 175/-. BARGAIN 3 WATT AMPLIFIER. 4 Transistor AO/A
PINSBoard
36 perOpacket 3/4. FACE Push-Pui] Ready built, with volume control. 9v, "7/ O
S.R.B.P. 15 MATRIX 21m. CUTTERS
wide 6d. per7/6.lin.. 33in.
COAXIAL PLUG 1/3, PANEL SOCKETS 1/3. LINE
OUTLET BOXES.
wide 9d. per lin.; Sin. wide 1/- per lin.3 (up
-, to 17in.).
BALANCED TWINStd.SURFACE
FEEDERS OR
1/- yd.FLUSH
2/6,80 ohms
4/6. 300 ohms.
closedorcircuit
45-PAGE EAGLE CATALOGUE 5/- Post free
S.R.B.P. nndrilled i't in. Board 10 Sin. JACK SOCKET
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13 9iD.. 9/6; PANELS 14 ■ llin., 12/6; SOCKETS
15 14m.,12in.2/6;15-.
Chassis 3-pin 1/6; 5-pin
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3/6; 812 6in.
WAVE-CHANGE 6 6-6 4in..
14 1/6."
2 p. 2-way, or 2 p.SWITCHES
9in
6-way, or 3WITH p. 4-way LONG 4/8SPINDLES
each. RadioFidelity SpeakerBooks
Valve Gnide, Enclosnres
1, 2, 3,and
or 4Plans
es. 5/- No. 5 ea. 6/- 51-
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Q MAX CHASSIS CUTTER Wavechange Shortwave Transistor Receivers 51-
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17/6 19/68anliin.
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. ?; : wafers
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SURPLUS! TAPE RECORDER 7C
A3

Renter Tape 2/6.

HeadsTape Splicermodels
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2 trackTape 21/- 4'8
15 in, x 8f in. Separate Bass,
pair.
Middle and Treble loudspeakers and • ifr. POCKET MOVING COIL MULTIMETER. AQ !A
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ERASER AND Range
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346
 ABNORMAL GLOW
If the resistor Rs is gradually decreased in value, the
current flowing through the tube will increase until the
a =- © ©i discharge covers the whole of the surface of the cathode.
A further increase in current will then cause the dis-
charge to move into the so-called "abnormal glow"
region of the characteristic; this is marked 5 in Fig. 1.2.
In the abnormal glow region the voltage across the tube
increases with the current flowing.

ARC DISCHARGE
a A further increase in current results in the discharge
passing through a secbnd negative resistance region
(marked 6 in Fig. 1.2) to the arc discharge region (marked
0 7 in Fig. 1.2).
The arc discharge region is characterised by very high
current densities (amps/sq cm of the cathode surface
covered by the glow) and by a low potential across the
* tube (typically 20 volts).
There are believed to be two kinds of arc discharge.
If the cathode is made of a material with very high
boiling point (for example, carbon), it becomes so hot
The Marconi TFI4I7 counter/frequency meter which under intense bombardment of positive ions that
employs cold cathode tubes to provide a display of the electrons are emitted from it and they sustain the
count in digits discharge. The emission is like the thermionic
emission of electrons in a thermionic valve.
cathode. At the low currents which occur in the If the cathode is made of a material of relatively low
Townsend discharge the number of ions which are boiling point (for example, mercury), the electrons are
present in the gas at any time is relatively small and the believed to be drawn out of the cathode by the very
electric field strength is uniform at all points in the tube. intense electric field which can be formed in these
(This is strictly true only for the case of plane and circumstances.
parallel electrodes.)
In the normal glow region, however, large numbers of TUBE OPERATING REGIONS
positive ions are formed. These ions are relatively A few cold cathode tubes (such as nuclear radiation
heavy and therefore move comparatively slowly detector tubes) operate in the Townsend region where
towards the cathode. This results in a net charge of the discharge is not self-sustaining. Such tubes pass a
positive ions being formed around the cathode (Fig. 1.3). current only when a particle of radiation creates ions in
The positive space charge acts somewhat like an the tube.
anode and is therefore often called a "virtual" anode. Most cold cathode tubes operate in the normal glow
The effect on the performance of the tube is similar to region. Such tubes include miniature neon indicators,
that which one might expect if one used an anode close ordinary trigger tubes, decade stepping tubes, most
to the cathode. The electric field strength in the voltage stabiliser tubes, and numerical and character
neighbourhood of the cathode is considerably increased indicating tubes. Some voltage reference tubes operate
by the presence of the space charge and is greater than in the abnormal glow region.
that in other parts of the tube. Some types of high current tube operate in the arc
The high field strength around the cathode enables a discharge region, but most of them are designed for
high gas amplification factor to be obtained and as a pulse operation only. That is, they are not capable of
result of this the maintaining voltage of the tube is passing a large continuous current without being
considerably less than the striking voltage. However, a damaged. Such tubes include flash tubes for photo-
high gas amplification factor alone is not sufficient to graphic and stroboscopic work and various types of
render the discharge self-sustaining; electron emission tube for protecting high voltage power lines; the latter
from the cathode by ionic bombardment must also types of tube conduct when the voltage surge across
occur. them exceeds a certain value.
In the normal glow region of the characteristic of
Fig. 1.2, the area of the cathode covered by the discharge
automatically adjusts itself so that the ionisation CONSTRUCTION OF COLD CATHODE
efficiency is a maximum. The area of the cathode TUBES
covered by the glow is thus proportional to the current The composition of the gas employed in cold cathode
flowing through the tube. tubes greatly affects the characteristics of the tubes.
In the circuit in Fig. 1.1, the voltage across the tube Most types are filled with a mixture of inert gases at a
remains almost constant at the maintaining voltage, low pressure (neon/argon/helium, etc.), but decade
km, as the current passing through it is altered. Thus stepping tubes are normally filled with pure neon.
if the supply voltage is Vt,, the voltage across the series Under certain conditions the use of a small amount of
resistor is (kb — Vm) and, applying Ohm's Law to this hydrogen in the gas mixture enables a tube to operate at
resistor, a higher speed. Some types of arc discharge tube are
Kb Km = IRs filled with gas at a pressure exceeding atmospheric, but
these tubes are not very common.
Thus the current 1 can be changed by altering either The reasons which determine the choice of a gas
Kb or Rs or both. mixture for a certain type of tube lie beyond the scope of

347
 this article, since they are connected with the ionisation PHOTOPRIMING
potentials and metastable energy levels of the gases Coated cathodes will emit electrons very readily when
concerned. Further information on this subject can be ordinary light falls onto the cathpde surface. Such
obtained from reference books. tubes often rely on light for priming. For this reason
one may often read in a data sheet, for a tube employing
CATHODE MATERIALS a coated cathode, that the ambient illumination should
The properties of cold cathode tubes are particularly not be less than a certain value (for example, 20 lux).
sensitive to the materials elected for the cathode, but If the illumination is low or if the tubes are operated
the composition of the other electrodes hardly affects inside a dark instrument case, there may be a delay in
the behaviour of the tubes. The reason for this is that the firing of the tubes when a potential exceeding the
the processes which sustain the discharge (ion bombard- striking potential is applied to them. In addition it is
ment and gas multiplication) occur mainly in the region important that tubes employing coated cathodes
of the cathode surface. Some types of cathode material should not be operated in bright direct sunlight, or the
lose electrons easily (that is, they have a low work number of electrons emitted from the cathode may be so
function). Such cathodes will emit electrons readily great that the striking voltage falls almost to the main-
under positive ion bombardment and tubes employing taining voltage of the tube.
them can therefore operate at a relatively low voltage Some tubes employing coated cathodes contain a
The type of cathodes that emit electrons easily
normally consist of a metal surface covered with an little radioactive gas, usually tritium (hydrogen of
atomic weight 3), or another radioactive material such
oxide coating (similar to that used to coat the cathodes as nickel-63, to provide the priming electrons. Such
of thermionic valves) or with a metal of-low work tubes can be operated in complete darkness but should
function such as potassium. not be used in very bright direct sunlight. The radia-
The other type of cathode used in cold cathode tubes tion cannot penetrate the walls of the tube, but even if
has a higher work function and does not emit electrons the tube is fractured, the amount of the radioactive
so readily. Such cathodes normally consist of a pure material employed is so small that it is relatively
metal (usually molybdenum or nickel). Although harmless.
tubes employing these cathodes must necessarily work Visible light will not cause photoemission from tubes
at a higher voltage than those employing coated employing pure metal cathodes. Although ultra-
cathodes, they are much more reliable and have a violet light can cause the emission of electrons from
longer life than coated cathode tubes. They also have such cathodes, ultra-violet radiation cannot pass
closer tolerance characteristics, but may be rather more through the glass walls of a normal cold cathode tube.
expensive. Some other method of priming must therefore be
employed if a tube with a pure metal cathode is required
SPUTTERING to strike within about a millisecond of the application
The positive ion bombardment of the cathode of a potential exceeding the striking potential of the
results not only in electrons being emitted, but also in tube.
atoms of the cathode material being ejected from the The use of a radioisotope is not a particularly satis-
cathode surface. This phenomenon is known as factory method of priming in tubes which are to be used
"sputtering". It results in a deposit of the cathode
material being formed on surfaces near to the cathode;
this may result in failure of the tube by the shorting of
two of the electrodes. i
Sputtering can also result in premature tube failure if
it causes the surface of the cathode to be damaged; this
is especially liable to occur with tubes employing coated
cathodes. However, sputtering is used to good effect
in the manufacture of tubes with pure metal cathodes.
Heavy sputtering is allowed to occur during the manu-
facture of these tubes. This not only leaves the cathode
surface very clean, but the sputtered material on the r*.
glass envelope of the tube retains foreign gas impurities i
very effectively. Such impurities can affect the e;
characteristics of the tubes.
.The rate at which sputtering occurs increases con-
siderably with an increase of the cathode current. In
many types of tube the maximum cathode current is set
by the need to prevent excessive sputtering • from * &
shortening the life of the tube. m m id.
4% m §
PRIMING % •d
Although a limited number of ions are formed *
intermittently in any gas by natural radiation, if no
other ions are artificially introduced, there may be a
delay of up to a minute or so between the application of
a potential exceeding the striking voltage and the
establishment of a discharge. The greater the applied
voltage, the smaller this delay. ^icho N6I0A Automatic Sealer. This nucleonlc counter
There are various ways in which the required ions employs decade stepping tubes for counting, but the two
can be introduced into the gas. The introduction of fjbes on the upper right are point indicators. The lower
such ions is known as "priming". group of decade stepping tubes are used for timing and for
stopping the count after a preset time
348
 Ham Main Mam Primmg
mode anode anode anode
Priming
-"anode NEWS BRIEFS
cathode
iMain
Icotfjode, Main
Printed Circuit Production Increased
Fig. 1.4. Methods of priming using an auxiliary
discharge By using a new spray-etching plant—developed by
APV-Kestner Ltd., of Greenhithe, Kent, for mass
production of rigid or flexible printed circuits and small
at very high speeds. One of the most common methods electrical components—a manufacturer of television sets is
of priming involves the use of an auxiliary. priming currently obtaining 110 square metres of finished circuit
discharge. The latter generates ions which diffuse to boards per hour and will be able to increase this output at
all parts of the tube. will to meet future demands.
Commonly used forms of priming electrodes are The installation shown below, consists of separate p.v.c.
shown in Fig. 1.4. An additional cathode known as the cabinets which are linked by a variable-speed conveyor
priming cathode is used in the system in Fig. 4a. A and can be assembled in whatever order or number is
small priming discharge takes place to this electrode required for different applications.
whenever the equipment is switched on, no matter
whether the main cathode is conducting or not. This
type of tube is not really suitable for use in circuits in
which the anode voltage is liable to fall considerably,
since the priming discharge would then be extinguished
A somewhat similar system in which an additional
priming anode is employed is shown in Fig. 1.4b. ■ II
Although this type of tube can be used in circuits in
which the main anode potential is liable to fall suddenly, FS
it is not really satisfactory for use in circuits in which the
mam cathode potential is liable to rise suddenly, since
this could result in the discharge being extinguished. *
A third type of tube employs two auxiliary priming
electrodes (see Fig. 1,4c); this may be used when the r
potentials of the main anode and cathode change by any
reasonable amounts. The priming currents are
normally a few microamps.
In one type of tube with two separate priming
electrodes, a mica screen is placed between the priming
electrodes and the main gap electrodes; ultra-violet
photons generated in the priming discharge can then
pass into the region of the main gap where they cause
lonisation.
CARE OF COLO CATHODE TUBES Displacement Measurement by Laser
Cold cathode tubes are extremely reliable components I Jsing an interferometer in conjunction with a specially
when they are used in correctly designed circuits. They ' modulated laser beam, members of the Philips
can, however, be permanently damaged by incorrec Research Laboratories at Eindhoven have obtained an
use just as easily as transistors. All users should extreme degree of accuracy in measuring displacements.
.herefore check that the conditions under which they This facility is required for automatically controlling high-
use cold cathode tubes do not violate the recom- precision metal-working machines or for making integrated
mendations in the tube manufacturers' data sheets. circuits.
In particular it should be noted that most cold higher , The apparatus will make it possible to achieve even
precision in automated machining techniques than
cathode tubes should not be allowed to pass a reverse was previously possible.
current from cathode to anode. If any electrode which
has not been designed as a cathode is allowed to act as a
cathode, the electrode will probably be permanently Gun Sound Ranging System
damaged by positive ion bombardment and the charac- "ollowing three years of development work under a
teristics of the tube affected. Any reverse voltage contract awarded by the British Government, and
applied to a cold cathode tube should therefore be kept extensive users' trials overseas, the Plessey Electronics
below about 90% of the voltage at which striking will Group has received an order from the Ministry of Tech-
occur. nology for a Gun Sound Ranging System which incor-
However, a few types of tube (mainly miniature neon porates radio links.
This equipment represents the most advanced method of
diodes) are designed so that they will not be damaged locating hostile artillery, known to be the cause of some
if a reverse current passes through them. Indeed, in 80 per cent of battlefield casualties.
some miniature neon diodes the anode and cathode are The principal of sound ranging is based on the assump-
identical and such tubes can be operated from an tion that sound travels uniformly at a known velocity.
alternating supply voltage. Thus if a line of microphones, each at a known location, is
placed across the line of fire, the intervals between the time
Next month: Gas filled diodes—their properties of arrival of the gun sound at each can be transmitted to a
and applications. central "command post" to be converted to bearings whose
intersections will give the source location.

I 349
 Today, the would-be purchaser of a multi-range would apply when the impedance of the voltage source
testmeter has a considerable range of instruments such as a battery or h.t. supply, is very low relative to
to choose from. There are models to suit almost that of the meter.
every purpose and pocket. Consider the case though, where there are, say, two
As good an instrument as can be afforded should be 1 megohm resistors in series across a voltage supply
obtained, as it is considered to be the engineer's best (Fig. 1); the voltage at their junction will be half that of
friend. The meter should be accurate and have a the supply.
fairly wide range of facilities. The robustness of the If we now connect the meter, set to 100V range
service engineer's instrument may not always be across the lower resistor R2, we are putting another
necessary, and so some saving in cost can be achieved in 1 megohm in parallel across it. Hence the combined
this direction, although the ranges may be more resistance of R2 and the meter will be megohm. The
limited. voltage ratio now between R1 and the meter +R2
A second test meter can be very useful where it is often combination will be 211 so the actual voltage registered
necessary to take two voltage readings simultaneously on the meter will be one third of the total supply
or a voltage and current reading at the same time. voltage.
Also^ a second instrument is a valuable asset as a When measuring a voltage through a resistor, there is
standby in case of accident or breakdown with the first. bound to be an additional voltage drop due to the
The meter needs to be reliable otherwise the whole current drawn by the meter. When the value of the
point of having a measuring device is lost. Economy resistor is small relative to that of the meter, the voltage
should be along the lines of restricting the ranges drdp is so small that there is little effect on the reading,
rather than choosing an instrument that offered many but when the value is of a similar order, then quite
acilities but with a poor basic meter movement. large errors will occur.
When comparing the specifications of various multi- It follows from this that a very high resistance
range meters it may be noticed that some of the cheaper instrument should be chosen to obtain the highest
ones offer nearly as much as more expensive ones, and accuracy; 10,000 ohms/volt is about the minimum for
it is tempting to question the necessity of paying so best results, but 20,000 ohms/volt is regarded as the
much. better standard for most applications except high
Sometimes users of meters of doubtful worth, when impedance signal voltages (see later).
faced with an unexpected or unexplained reading, will
say. Perhaps it is the meter playing up again " While it may seem that higher values are better, there
This should never be; the test meter should always be are mechanical limitations to consider. The meter
above suspicion; if it is in any way unreliable, it is movement has to be made more delicate to overcome
ae eating its purpose. With test equipment as with so friction, since less power is available to move the
many other things, you get what you. pay for. pointer and return spring.
A meter will only indicate r.m.s. values on a.c.
METER RESISTANCE ranges, so only pure sine waveforms can be measured
The most important feature in the manufacturer's accurately in these circumstances.
specification is the meter resistance. Two figures are SCALE MARKINGS
usually quoted, one for the d.c. ranges and one for a c
The d.c. resistance is the highest and the most The scale should be as large as the instrument
important. It is quoted as so many ohms-per-volt and dimensions will allow so that the divisions on the scale
is related to the range being used, thus a 10,000 ohms- are well separated and easily seen. Various means
Pe '-volt meter will have a resistance of 1 megohm on the have been used by makers to give maximum scale
100 volt range and 10 megohms on the 1,000 volt length.
range. Some have made the scale cover the whole of the
Beginners often ask what difference the meter rr eter width, and put the range selector control and
resistance makes; if the meter is accurate it will surely test prod terminals at the side to make room for it.
read the correct voltage whatever its resistance. This Others have mounted the meter scale diagonally with
the pointer pivot in one corner instead of in the centre of
350
the instrument. These aim at giving the largest a tenth of a volt with a reasonable standard of accuracy.
possible scale within small case dimensions. If it is intended to measure signal voltages in
Poor scales are not sufficiently numerated and the amplifiers, one or two factors will have to be con-
user must sometimes mentally multiply the scale sidered. A low range will be needed for this as signal
reading by the range factor. This not only slows down voltages from low impedance amplifier outputs are also
measurements, but increases the possibility of error. low. A decibel range would be useful here, but it is
The resistance ranges are not linear on the scale, so better to employ a transistor or valve voltmeter, with
check to see how cramped the divisions are at the high high input impedance, since the frequency response of a
resistance end of the scale. Some meters boast a multi-range meter may not be adequate for measuring
resistance range extending to 10 megohms, but the over the required frequency range.
spacing between 5 and 10 megohms is so small, that Of course, if audio measurements are not con-
interpolation between these values are impossible. templated it can be assumed that most a.c. measure-
Take a look too at the lower end of the scale; it should ments will be at mains frequency (50 and 100Hz).
be possible to read 1 ohm easily and with better
instruments lesser values should be interpolated fairly RESISTANCE RANGES
accurately. The resistance range should be at the top Next to the d.c. voltage ranges, the most important
of the scale to give maximum scale length. are the resistance ranges. These should cover a wide
A well designed scale can be quickly read in con- range. Values down to 1 ohm and at least up to
junction with the range setting without confusion. All 5 megohms should be measurable.
range numerators should be inscribed on the scale, so if Some meters offer extended upper ohms ranges by
we have voltage ranges of, say, 0-3, 12, 60, 120, 300, using external batteries and resistors. Manufacturers'
600, 1,200 volts, the scale should have three numerators instructions should indicate how this is done.
scales, 0-3, 0-6, and 0-12. The majority of instruments incorporate a "set zero"
control, which is a variable resistor set to compensate
PARALLAX ERRORS for the falling battery voltage. This setting is usually
One possible source of error when taking meter different for each ohms range, so the zero calibration
readings is due to parallax effect. This is when the should be checked when switching from one range to
pointer appears to occupy a slightly different position another.
relative to the scale, due to viewing it at an angle With time and use, the "set zero" potentiometer can
greater or less than 90 degrees to the scale, see Fig. 2. beccme worn and it becomes increasingly difficult to find
In most cases, error is small because the distance the zero spot. Some thought has been given to this
between the pointer and the scale is small, but it can be inconvenience by some makers and there are at least
significant when reading the cramped upper end of the two methods of overcoming this problem. One is to
resistance range. use separate controls for each "ohms" range. Once set
Also when comparing readings of very small voltage up, the ranges can be switched without further adjust-
or current differences, parallax errors could be ment until the next occasion the meter is used.
important. For this reason high grade meters incor- Another method is to use mercury cells instead of the
porate an anti-parallax mirror behind the scale. When usual carbon/zinc cells to prolong battery life and
taking a reading, the scale is viewed so that the pointer reduce the necessity for adjustment at frequent intervals.
appears to be exactly above its own reflection, which Some models can be switched from one "ohms"
then indicates the true reading on the scale. range to another and used immediately without any
The pointer should move smoothly over the scale and adjustment. Any meter that has one of these or a
come to rest without much, if any, oscillation to and fro. similar arrangement is well worth considering, provided
other features are as required.
VOLTAGE RANGES
Now we come to the actual ranges. Even on low CURRENT RANGES
priced meters, the d.c. voltage range nowadays is quite
extensive and can be as high as 1,000 volts or more. The current ranges are much less used than the others;
For solid-state electronics though, it is the lower end in several models a.c. current ranges are omitted
which is the most applicable, particularly for measure- altogether. The lowest d.c. current range is usually the
ments of less than 1 volt. It should be possible to read basic current rating of the meter movement without
shunts, i.e. for a 20,000 ohms per volt movement, 50/iA.
Although little used, a.c. current ranges can be very
useful at times. A transformer with a short-circuited
' | o> turn, for example, can most easily be checked by measur-
imii wn I] is ing primary and secondary currents and comparing
W\ *s»i (taking into account the turns ratio of course).
I'so»
\ H is.
OTHER FACILITIES
r V A polarity reverse switch is very useful when working
IMQ
needleV^ Ji on apparatus that has both positive and negative
scale i^ voltages to chassis. This saves reversing the leads and
changing over the chassis-clip and test-prod each time
an opposite voltage is encountered.
Fig. I. False readings can be obtained Fig. 2. Parallax Some meters include a capacitance range, but these
by a poor meter resistance error due to in- usually involve the use of external circuits and are less
characteristic, (a) The true reading correct position of satisfactory than using a capacitance bridge.
across R2 is equal to half the supply the eye in relation
voltage, (b) The meter resistance to the meter needle One facility that should be provided is some form of
presents an additional shunt path overload protection. This may be a mechanical
reducing the voltage across R2 plunger, which jumps up and disconnects the meter

351
 when the pointer exceeds a certain speed, or it may be a te most accurate part of a meter's range is in the
fuse, or some electronic overload device. A fuse is centre portion of the scale. Again, where extreme
perhaps less convenient because it will need to be accuracy is needed, select the range which brings the
replaced when it blows, and one may not be readily pointer into this part.
available, However, make sure that the meter is With high-grade instruments very little difference
protected in some way. will be noted in accuracy over the whole scale, but the
less expensive ones may show a discrepancy when a
CONNECTIONS TO CIRCUIT voltage is measured on two ranges. This is particularly
COMPONENTS true of the ohms range, where, in addition to the
The correct use and connection of any test meter inaccuracy of the meter movement, we have the
must be strictly observed or damage may result to either unavoidable scale cramping at the higher end.
the meter or the circuit under test. Fig. 3 shows the
correct methods of connecting the meter to a circuit or MEASURING CURRENT
component for measuring current, voltage, and Special care is needed when measuring current; not
resistance. Remember, always start the meter range only may a fault condition exist in the equipment
setting on the highest range before switching on power causing a current flow many times higher than expected,
supplies. but it is possible that a mistake may have been made in
If the polarity is unknown, connect the test leads, connecting the leads.
switch to the highest range, have your finger on the A crocodile clip may be touching two parts of the
"polarity reverse" button, then switch on. If the circuit and either give an erroneous reading or even
needle kicks backwards, i.e. to the left of zero, press the damage the meter or circuit. Double check con-
button quickly to indicate the correct reading. nections and put the meter to its highest range before
switching on.
GRAVITY INFLUENCE
It should always be remembered that the meter is a MEASURING RESISTANCE
delicate instrument. Never leave it in a precarious Inaccurate results can be obtained by overlooking
position where it may topple over. Never leave the some influencing feature of the circuit under test. This

/?_r + (c) Resistance

4 ()

(b) Voltage Mri» »Rofctanc* to

bomessurtd
wwnt
Load AAA
Load stria

Fig, 3. Correct
(a) Current connections for
the meter

test leads dangling over the edge of the workbench as is frequently the case when taking resistance readings.
they could easily get caught in clothing and pull the It is very easy when checking the resistance of a com-
meter off the bench. Mechanical shock can dislodge ponent in circuit, to overlook some part of the circuit
the movement bearings necessitating repair. which is effectively in parallel with that being tested.
The meter may have an effective overload protection The result is a lower reading than expected.
device, but this is no reason to become careless and An example of this type of error is shown in Fig. 4.
frequently overload the instrument by selecting the If we attempt to measure R1 in the base-bias divider,
wrong range. Few if any of such devices are 100 per there will be two additional circuits that will affect the
cent fool-proof; they are intended to minimise the risk reading.
of damage on the rare occasions a mistake is made. The first will be the base/collector junction in the
Inaccuracies may be small when the meter is used in transistor itself with R3, which will give a high or low
the vertical position, but for the greatest accuracy the resistance reading depending on the meter connection.
meter should be horizontal. When vertical, the needle Secondly there is a circuit through resistor R2 and the
must overcome its own weight when operating in the power supply. This latter may consist of leakage
first half of the scale; it is in fact moving upward. paths through electrolytic capacitors and other net-
Readings taken here will be under the true value. In works across the supply line or the supply battery
the second half of the scale, the needle is moving back itself. Any reading attempted will therefore be much
down and so is assisted by gravity, hence readings will be lower than the actual value of the resistor. As a
slightly more than they should be. general rule resistance readings should only be made
While the needle is very light in weight, the power when disconnected from the associated circuitry.
available to move it is also very small, especially in high When checking a diode, it is usually sufficient to
impedance instruments. The degree of error is small, compare readings taken backwards and forwards, that
but it should be remembered if highly accurate work is is, with the meter leads first one way round and then
required. reversed. The reading in the forward direction should
352
 FOLLOW THE LEADERS
ANOTHER CROWNING SUCCESS-
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353
 XCEUTE
ITELEY Precision made hand tools
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capacity 10 watts. MIXER UNITS. Type 18. H.F., M.F., L.F. Valve V882. 10
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CHASSIS UNIT. 13 valves. ECC82(5j. EB91(6),'EF91(2). 60
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Plus PT surcharge of £2.16.0 30/—. P. & P. 6/—.
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to 14,000 c.p.s. Bass reson- We can supply just about everything you are
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impedance speech coil MANUALS: 3, 4 and 5-octave
providing instantaneous PEDALS: 13, 25, 30 and 32-note
matching at 3, 7.5 and TONE SOURCES; Square-wave, 4-8 octave
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CONTACTS: Blocks and 'printed circuit
PRICE: £5.10.3. assemblies
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354
be much lower than in reverse. Diodes working as a adjustment being needed to the "set zero" control, it
pair, such as in a discriminator circuit should have could be the leads giving trouble; a poor contact can
closely matched forward resistance and any large add quite a few ohms to the circuit. Try shorting out
discrepancy will produce fault symptoms. the meter terminals on the ohms range with a piece of
When using the ohms range make sure that there is bare thick copper wire and see if stability is restored; if
no current being supplied to the circuit other than that it is, then the leads are at fault.
from the meter battery. For this reason, nearly all re- Another source of trouble could be the internal
sistance checks, unless there are special circumstances, battery contacts; these can also be cleaned up and
should be made with the equipment switched off. lightly greased in cases of erratic operation.
Even so, it may be possible that a voltage with a high The potentiometers themselves can become worn or
current potential may persist. For example, with a dirty. If access can be obtained to the track, a few
power supply unit that has an open-circuit smoothing drops of switch cleaner may help. In most cases dirt is
resistor, the reservoir capacitor will be fully charged the answer, but an instrument that has been in use for
with no load to "bleed" the charge away (Fig. 5). Even many years may be worn and a new control from the
when switched off for some time it would not be safe to makers may be the only satisfactory cure. Of course it
check around this circuit with an ohmmeter.. will be a long time before a new meter gets to this stage.
When in doubt, check with the meter on the voltage Oscillator circuits can be prevented from oscillating
range first, then discharge the smoothing capacitors by the application of the meter or the frequency of
through a low resistance path. oscillation can be radically changed. As voltages in an
Whenever finishing work, always make, a point of oscillating circuit differ considerably from those
leaving the meter switched to the highest voltage range. existing when the circuit is not oscillating, it can be
In a workshop where others are present, there is the seen that completely false readings can be obtained.
possibility that someone else may borrow the meter To minimise the damping effect of the meter, it is best to
for a quick test on something else; re-check the range take measurements in such circuits on the highest range
settings before connecting to your circuit. that will give a readable indication.
The meter should never be left switched to one of the R.F. circuits can be made unstable by the application
ohms ranges. It is possible that with the test leads left of the test prod. As they are then behaving as an
oscillator, it follows that voltages will be abnormal. If
W Tq reqtitkf measurements are confined to points that are decoupled,
vVV i this problem will not arise.
Smoothing
rewstof VOLTAGE READINGS
arcyrts In the case of voltage measurements, one must take
into consideration the effect that the meter itself may
TRi have on the circuit, which may affect the operation,
hence the reading.
When measuring through a high impedance, the
meter will draw current and thereby produce a voltage
drop. This must be allowed for, but it can be cal-
T culated by finding the ratio of the meter impedance
(ohms-per-volt multiplied by the voltage range) to the
Fig. 5. The charged capa- source impedance and then applying the same ratio to
Fig. 4. Misleading errors citors can give incorrect
occur, when measuring readings when measuring the source voltage.
resistance in circuit, due in circuit, even when the
to other resistive paths supply is switched off MAINTENANCE
Apart from replacing the batteries once in a while,
connected, one prod may touch the other; this will there is very little maintenance that is needed. Contacts
result in a full scale deflection of the needle and a between the meter terminals and test-lead plugs may
continuous drain on the battery until the leads are need occasional attention. These can be cleaned with
moved. It may not be realised for some while during methylated spirit and then smeared sparingly with thin
which time the battery may be considerably depleted, grease.
if not run right down, by the time the instrument is used The leads themselves are the most likely cause of
again. trouble because, in spite of being made of special high-
flexibility cable with a large number of thin strands of
BATTERY LIFE wire, they can go open-circuit with constant flexing.
The life of a battery in a meter can be surprisingly Generally the site of the break is near the ends and
long. Even with regular use, life spans of several sometimes a repair can be made.
years are quite common. Really, the conditions of use Other than the points mentioned, the only
are ideal for the carbon,'zinc cell. maintenance is to keep the case clean. A rub over with
When a battery has finished its useful life, it will be a barely damp cloth and a polish with a dry cloth will
found that it is not possible to obtain a "zero ohms" clean most flat plastic surfaces. To clean rough
(full scale) deflection even with the ohms set zero control pimple finish surfaces or grooves use an old toothbrush.
full out. It may be found that this condition is reached Avoid letting any moisture into any of the apertures
on one ohms range before the others. in the case or damp may start to cause rust on some
Some meters use more than one battery, a single-cell parts of the interior.
torch unit for the lower ranges and a higher voltage So then, by carefully selecting the most suitable
battery for the highest range. multimeter, giving it reasonable treatment and making
the best use of it as we have discussed, we will have a
CAUSE OF ERRORS valuable aid in the testing and repair of electronic
If the ohms range should prove erratic, with constant equipment, whether for business or pleasure.

355
 i
& i I
U

" i
"''j1® ELECTRONICS organ is based on a number of
distinctive solo stops or theatre voices, with a flute or tibia
chorus of extended pitch range. Provision is made for an accom-
paniment manual and in this case, the manuals are reversible by
means of a separate expression pedal for each; so that, for
example, an 8ft solo tibia can be reduced in volume to accompany
a 4ft flute on the lower manual. The useful expressiveness is
thus much extended, great volume not being required in the
average home.
The pedal section provides the ground bass one octave below
the manual pitch, but there is also 8ft tone so that the monotony
of 16ft can be relieved. This section of the organ has its own
amplifier and loudspeaker to reduce intermodulation.
No electronic vibrato is provided, but a Leslie type rotor is
applied to the manual loudspeaker, thus achieving both frequency
and amplitude modulation, as in a pipe organ.

r-i

— — •-W

n
 H
I' I

lii

By Alan Douglas, Sen.Mem.i.e.e.e.

In presenting a design for a small electronic organ, we that he has made and played pipe organs for very many
must remember that the present day concept of this years, and in this way we know the limitations beyond
class of instrument is far removed from the classical which a simple generator cannot go.
instruments which have relied on pipes for hundreds of This particular instrument has a generating system of
years. Current tastes in the field of entertainment bear extreme simplicity, since the general use of silicon
no relation to those of 50 years ago, and we have' planar transistors throughout removes the need for
largely electronics to thank for this; , it is only circuitry essential to confine germanium transistors to
because of electronics that we can enjoy sound and their correct working characteristics.
music of all kinds in our own homes.
However, in the electronic organ we have a special FREQUENCY DIVIDER SYSTEM
case; for it is an adaptation of old tone colours to a We can define this organ as being a square wave
new method of producing them. So that if one is not frequency divider system, generating one single type of
well acquainted with the original sounds and how they waveform from nearly 8kHz to 32Hz, distributed over
were formed and combined, there is little likelihood of two manuals and pedal. The use of a single waveform
obtaining realistic synthesis. The author is fortunate in severely limits the tonal synthesis possible, but it does so

Wl kVII IVM1IWI1 • • • ■
Solo Accompaniment Pedal
61 notes, CC to C 61 notes, CC to C 30 notes, CCC to F
contra tibia 16ft flute 8ft sub bass 16ft
contra viole 16ft viole acute 8ft major bass 16ft
double horn 16ft clarinet 8ft bass flute 8ft
tibia 8ft trumpet 8ft
viole. 8ft flute 4ft
echo horn 8ft violina 4ft
oboe 8ft
tibia 4ft Expression pedal
violina 4ft
piccolo 2ft
Expression pedal
Circuit
All transistorised. Square wave frequency divider system
Output
Manuals: I5W amplifier driving lOin W.B. unit with Leslie tremulant
Pedal: 7W amplifier driving 12in W.B. unit
Loudspeakers housed in separate two-compartment enclosure
Dimensions
Width Depth Height
Console: 53in 20jin 4Sin
with pedalboard 36iin
Loudspeaker enclosure: I5|in 24in SSin
Finish
Arborite Superdec Sapele laminate
■ ,, : . l ip . jrjv,
 EMITTER COKSOLE 1
GENERATOR FOLLOWERS PREAMPLIFIERS
UNITS STOPS
2 FT. POST
AMPLIFIERS
4FT-
SOLO TONE
MANUAL NETWORKS
BFT.
12 16FT.
7-OCTAVE SWELL MANUAL
DIVIDER UNITS STOPS PEDALS [ ) BALANCE
4FT.
ACCOMPANIMENT TONE
MANUAL 8 FT, NETWORKS

STOPS
TO GENERATOR 8 FT.
AND DIVIDER -CD-
UNITS PEDALS 16 FT. TONE
4 -CUD— NETWORKS
P.S.U. \ P. s.u. P. S.U.
1 j 2 3 P.A.1 P.A.2
FX (PEDAL AMP) (MANUAL AMP)
T1 LESLIE
TREMULANT
I ra
A.C. MAINS I -K
INPUT |LOUDSPEAKER i
I ENCLOSURE
Fig. I.I. Block diagram of the complete organ
happen that all the tone colours or voices required for a any balance whatever between the two manuals is
romantic entertainment organ can be formed from a possible and it is surprising what extra flexibility and
square wave. It would not do for a church or concert tonal range this gives.
organ, which would have to have sine and sawtooth One would find this, of course, on a theatre pipe
waves as well. organ as a matter of normal design. It certainly
Naturally, the high harmonic content of a square makes the organ a little harder to play, but then any
wave requires careful handling; a common method organ has to be carefully studied before the best results
being to use such heavy filtering that little is left but can be obtained.
fundamental tones. Such instruments, whilst sweet
and attractive at first, soon pall as there is no life in the KEY AND PEDAL COMPASS
sounds. Another common failing is that the generating Many small organs have a keyboard compass of
system does not go high enough in pitch. 3, 3} or 4 octaves which is admittedly a help for the tone
In most small organs, the top octave, or even the top circu.ts, since it eliminates many technical difficulties.
two octaves, double back in pitch so that in fact stops But if we can provide sufficient tone colours to interpret
labelled 4ft and 2ft are misleading because they do not a great deal of organ music, then the legitimate 5 octave
cover the compass stated. Such instruments cannot keyboard is much more useful.
have any brilliance of tone. It seems a pity, when the The same applies to the pedals, and we have fitted-a
basic cost is naturally high, that an extra octave or two is full 30 note pedalboard here which can be pulled out
not added—it makes such a difference. and stood on end; but of course, the short compass
boards of 13 notes could quite well be fitted if desired.
TONAL SPECIFICATION
It is the prevailing custom to divide the small MODIFICATION
domestic organ into an upper keyboard having pre- In any organ, we can degrade the system much more
dominantly solo voices, and a lower manual really for easily'than improve it, therefore we start with a full
accompaniment. The pedal section supplies the bass, scale system and this can be simplified in some respects
and we have followed this scheme in the specification as will be apparent later on. The question of space
shown, but with one very important difference. may be the deciding factor, but it must also be
Whereas it is customary to have the whole organ on remembered that all electronic tone generators can be
one expression pedal, we use a separate one for each modified or enlarged, so that if, at some future date
manual and the pedal is riot controlled in volume except it is decided to extend or revise the tonal scheme, then
by the stops. This facility enables us to reverse the if all the playing facilities are there in the first place, it
organ, as it were, and subdue the upper keyboard voices will be much easier.
whilst making the lower ones louder if desired.
In this way, extra solo voices are obtained at SIGNAL PATHS
negligible cost, and we have, added a clarinet and If we look at Fig. 1.1, a block diagram of the com-
trumpet to the lower keyboard for this reason. Thus, plete system, we can trace the path of the signals and
358
see how the sections are co-ordinated. The 12 holes should be drilled and countersunk to take single
oscillators are powered by the same unit as the 12, Lin No. 4 woodscrews. The rail can now be affixed.
7-octave dividers. The divided signals reach the manual The rear keyboard support rail C, which is of hard-
resistive contact switches and are applied to busbars of wood, has similar batten mounting pieces, the only
the correct pitches by printed circuit wiring. difference here being that two fixing screws, l^in No. 8,
The signals now pass through an emitter follower for are used for retention as shown in Fig. 1.5.
each pitch and through a preamplifier to their respective
tone networks. Each manual mixed tone net outlet OBTAINING THE KEYBOARDS
goes to a post amplifier and so to a balancing network. The next step is to obtain and fit the keyboards.
From this, the expression pedals route the tones to the These are of five octaves compass, 61 notes, CC to C,
manual power amplifier. and are obtainable as single units from J. J. Goddard
The pedal signals are derived from the upper manual Ltd., or the same but made throughout in plastic and
and have their own tone nets and preamplifiers. There extruded metals from Kimber-Allen Ltd. This is
are no post amplifiers and the 8 and 16ft tones pass again a single unit set and is made in Sweden; it is
direct to the pedal power amplifier. much superior to the Italian sets available from some
The manual speaker has a Leslie type rotor tremulant; sources.
.the pedal loudspeaker of course has no vibrato. As we are going to use key switches actuated by their
These units are contained in a separate enclosure. own integral plungers, one might be lucky enough to
Three power supplies, all well regulated, serve the pick up a second-hand matched two manual set from an
different sections. The pedal contacts have provision organ builder or even from an old harmonium. The
for sustain, although this is not fitted; similarly a small amount of side play cannot affect the kind of key
reverberation device can be applied after the balancing switch proposed, though it might be quite serious with
network if desired. The tone networks are enclosed in some other forms of contact.
a screening box as are the post amplifiers and the
balancing circuit. Otherwise no screening is used MOUNTING THE LOWER KEYFRAME
beyond that on the signal cables. The Goddard keyframe is not very strong and is
intended to be mounted on a more substantial material
which in our case is the steel support rail F and rear
GETTING STARTED batten C, no further reinforcement being necessary.
Now the circuitry associated with a transistorised Centrally position the lower keyboard on the support
frequency divider organ is quite light in weight, so that members then secure it with four short screws through
the whole system can be fixed to the kneeboard of the the steel and four long ones through the batten.
instrument and this means that no cumbersome building When purchased the Goddard key will not have any
frame is required. springs fitted. These can be obtained from Henry's
We can start with the preliminary console details Radio Limited. If plastic keyboards are purchased it
which are nearly all woodwork. A cutting list of will be found that springs are integral to these assemblies.
materials required is given on page 360. Ultimately the Examination of the keys at this stage will show a
woodwork can be clad with one of the popular slight upward tilt. By slightly rotating forward the
imitation wood finish laminates. Our prototype steel angle and rear batten the keyboard position can be
organ is finished with Arborite Superdec Sapele. made parallel with the floor.
For convenience, cheapness, and strength we make
the sides from Jin plywood. After cutting off the KEYBOARD THUMPER BARS
corner pieces as shown in Fig. 1.2, the cut-outs for lower The upper keyboard rests on two end pieces as in
frame members should be made. Fig. 1.6. Here again we must tilt the keys forward with
To provide a secure base for the sides, two hardwood a 10 degree slope, which facilitates certain types of
feet as shown in Fig. 1.3 should be fixed. Prior to this a playing,
decorative Lin chamfer is made along the edges. It is
essential to countersink fully for the three Hin No. 12
woodscrews fixing these hardwood strips so that the 4rrongement of upper and lower manuals. Full details and
screw heads cannot catch in a carpet. measurements appear on next two pages
Attachment of the lower frame member D, with two
2in No. 12 countersunk wood screws at each of the
sides will enable the frame to stand upright. Additional
support is provided when the kneeboard support batten
E is slid into the cut outs of the side panel and glued as y w
shown in Fig. 1.4.

KEYFRAME SUPPORTS
It is surprising how much force is sometimes un-
wittingly applied to a keyboard. Usually the pair of
manuals are carried on a heavy wooden plank, but it is
easier, and in many ways more convenient, to use a
piece of lin x lin x Lin rolled steel angle with a
hardboard rear keyboard support rail. Deformation
of the keyframes would certainly lead to contact
trouble.
Attachment of the front keyboard support rail F is by
means of two 2in lengths of lin x lin batten which are
first screwed to the sides A with a 1 Lin No. 8 wood-
screw. Where the steel angle meets these battens,
K
 iz X2 XI KEY PIECES

-ZVj ^ANGLE IRON

. ^^3 screwsCK^]!:® I
SCREW t "
2X1X1 FIXING BLOCKS-

CONSOLE CUTTING LIST

Sides (A) (2 off) Ift B^in x 3ft 7^in x |in ply
Top (B) 4ft Sin x 9^n x iin ply Keyboards
Rear keyboard support rail (C) 4ft 3^in x 2in x I in hardwood 61 note keyboards (2 required)
Lower frame member (D) 4ft Sin x 3in x lin hardwood J. J. Goddard Limited,
Support batten for kneeboard (E) 4ft Sin x Ifin x jin wood 37 Union Street, London, S.E.I.
Front keyboard support rail (F) 4ft S^-in lin x lin x ^in steel angle The same but made throughout in plastic
Top fillet (G) (2 off) S^in x 3jin x ^in ply
Feet (H) (2 off) Ift 9in x l|in x fin hardwood Kimber-Allen Limited,
Kneeboard (I) 4ft 3£in x Ift lOin x fin ply London Road.
End cheeks (J) (2 off) ' Of in x 4jin x Ifin woou Swanley, Kent.
Upper keyboard supports (2 off) Tin x 3fin X fin rood
Lower thumper bar 2ft I Ifin x Ifin x |in wood Key springs (not required for plastic keyboard)
Upper thumper bar 2ft llfin x fin x fin duralumin Henry's Radio Limited,
Quantity of I in x I in batten as required 303 Edgware Road, London, W.2.

360
 DURALUMIN SECTION
77777/;SSA

KEY PIECES- FIG 1.10 FELT

UPPER KEYS

FRAME OF UPPER KEYBOARD DURALUMIN CHANNEL

. ® Tj
THUMPER BARlViX^g
FELT FELT

LOWER KEYS -

W 1.7

Fig. 1.2. Case sides (K)

Fig. 1.3, Hardwood feet
Fig. 1.4. Sides positioned by frame FIG
and keyboard supports
Fig. 1.5. Fixing method for keyboard
supports
Fig. 1.6. Upper keyboard supports
Fig. 1.7. Lower keyboard thumper 33/i
bar in position on keys (K) 2 0FF
Fig. 1.8. Upper keyboard thumper-
bar shown bolted to lower keyframe %
via woodblock
Fig. 1.9. Ornamental end cheeks
F G 1.6
Fig. 1.10. Panel for case top
Fig. I.I I. Kneeboard
I

23/4

53/4
LOWER KEYBOARD

1-9 FIG 1.3 FIG 1.9

ANGLE IRON SUPPORT RAIL

®
361
 bolt length being 2Jin. Again the height is adjusted to
give a touch of if in. To prevent mechanical clicks, the
MANUALS underside of both bars is covered with a strip of red or
green felt Jin wide by f6in thick which is obtainable
from Goddard Ltd.
When the top keyboard is in position, a wood screw
can be passed through the lower thumper bar into the
frame of the upper keyboard, which will stiffen this
STOOL assembly.
[ZZD Plastic keys have limit stops moulded in, so require
no bars, but ornamental strips of wood may be attached
to conceal the metal frame. .
zoVj-soV The complete assembly can be seen in the photograph.
Finally make two ornamental end cheeks as in Fig. 1.9
from I fin thick wood such as oak or mahogany. The
illustration shows how they are fitted and they can be
seen in the introductory photograph of the organ.
SWELL All the foregoing requires great care, but should be
PEDALS persevered with, since if there is any uncertainty about
the keys, the organ will never be a pleasure to play.
8-0 TOP AND KNEEBOARD
The last two major items of woodwork that complete
I HIDDLE D PEDAL KEY the console will now be described. Both are essentially
rectangular so the carpentry is simple.
Fig. 1.12. Preferred console dimensions First, the top B which is of Lin ply is shown in detail
in TFig. 1.10.
When the springs are attached to the keys, these or reasons of easy access to electronic subassemblies
latter will rise at the front, as will those of the lower it was decided not to make this a fixture. A simple
keyboard. method of locating the top to the sides is by the use of
To check the lower keys a strip of wood called a triangular key pieces shown dotted.
thumper bar is fixed across the side members as in The actual glueing of these pieces should be delayed
Fig. 1.7. The height of this is adjusted until the depth of until the organ is complete. This will ensure a more
touch, the distance a key will depress, is about ^in. In precise keying of the top.
time, this will fractionally increase due to compression The two fillets G are an optional decorative extra.
of the felt. Fig. 1.11 gives the dimensioning of the fin ply knee-
Now we can try the touch resistance of the lower board I which will take the bulk of the electronic
keys and if need be, stretch the springs slightly if too assemblies.
strong. To fix this, first cut two lengths of lin x lin batten.
For the upper keyboard we need a stronger thumper These should now be attached as shown in Fig. 1.4, one at
bar and this is made from a piece of duralumin channel either end of the cross members E and C.
section |in x -Jin x fin wall thickness. Fixing should be at the sides A and forward of the
A two point anchorage is required at each end as rear support rail C using Ifin No. 8 woodscrews.
shown in Fig, 1.8 using 4B.A. nuts and bolts, the The kneeboard can now be retained by the battens
using six lin No. 8 woodscrews.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Whilst the case geometry could be modified to
conform with different tastes, one thing is essential, that
the keys and stops should be properly related to the
pedalboard. We give the preferred measurements in
Fig. 1.12 which conform closely to the agreed inter-
national standard.
Comfort is essential when playing especially with a
full size pedalboard. One can see that the whole
physical design is related to the pedalboard, and this
also refers to the extent to which the sharps on the
Hi5 pedals are set back from the front of the manual keys.
This in turn determines the position of the expression
pedals. So that, if no pedals were fitted, or in the case
o^a 13 note pedalboard, the dimensions of Fig. 1.12 will
still prove to be the most suitable.
Therefore in the console design, we have allowed for
me use of the proper full scale parts, and if the pedals
are not fitted at once, one can be confident that they will
mate with the console at a later date.
Next month we will start on the attachment of the key
Both keyboards in position on contact system and some of the electronic sub-
keyframe supports assemblies.
To be continued
362
 MISLEADING SPECIFICATIONS
SOUNDREPfto^ On the same topic is the publication of a specification
cy for so-called hi fi equipment, worded in such a way
9- A that the customer, who is perhaps only moderately
A acquainted with the jargon, sees no reason to suspect
!»:' < that the equipment is anything but hi fi. But on com-
* parison with much better gear he finds that the "fi" is
not as "hi" as he was led to believe.
% So he looks again at the specification. Perhaps he
o A cannot understand what is wrong. Usually it is the
i phrasing of the specification that is not acceptable.
For instance, a frequency response of, say, "30Hz to
20kHz" means absolutely nothing. If it was termed
frequency range then this quotation could be correct,
but it says nothing about the sound levels at the ends of
i this spectrum in relation to the mid-frequency range
(1kHz). True, the level at 10 or more kilohertz could
n be audible, but only just.
Similarly a power rating of so many watts means very
little unless some indication of distortion is given with
the correct loading. The importance of an accurate
description is as important as diagnosing an illness
correctly before applying suitable treatment.
If you are not absolutely sure you understand every
word in a specification consult an acknowledged expert
By M. A. Colwell in high fidelity audio before committing yourself to a
purchase.
But you may think: How do I tell where low fidelity
ends and high fidelity begins? Experience will tell,
but in the meantime, go along to some of the several
hi fi showrooms up and down the country and-ask for a
demonstration of several combinations of equipment.
The dealer will either be very willing to do this for your
What is the true definition of stereo (in the domestic own sense of satisfaction, or will blush at being behind
hi fi world)? A strange question one may the times.
think, but this was recently brought home to me by
recent comments in an article in a Sunday newspaper. SOUND REINFORCEMENT
It seems to be a not uncommon practice for some In addition to the hi fi fraternity, another body, the
recording companies to cut discs and label them stereo, Association of Public Address Engineers, is equally
when really the recording has been made by judicious concerned with moral ethics and standards in specifica-
juggling of faders, to control the relative sound levels of tions, and are always willing to help potential clients of
each instrument and feed them into two independent their members in obtaining satisfactory equipment and
channels. The result can be quite pleasing and the facilities for the purpose for which it is required.
unsuspecting listener is probably unaware of how his Sound reinforcement is the preferred term these days
recording was produced. and modern equipment has been designed to assist
the audience with the absolute minimum of unnatural
TWO-AND-A-HALF DIMENSIONAL electronic phenomena imposing on aural comfort.
"So what!" you might say—"the effect is three- Some of this equipment and talks were held at the
dimensional, it sounds like stereo, so what does it annual exhibition at the King's Head Hotel on the Hill
matter!" But is it really three-dimensional or only at Harrow from March 11 to 13.
two-and-a-half dimensional? Does it seem to have
depth as well as width. ON SHOW?—NOT YET!
This is an all important aspect of stereo, but it can The rather different appearance of this article this
become a cheap and easy means for any Tom, Dick, or month, with no news of new equipment, is partly
Harry to set himself up to record music, that is not a deliberate, partly accidental. The fact is that in the "
true facsimile of the original performance in terms of few months prior to the Annual Audio Festival and
instrumental positioning. But is this important? Fair (Olympia, London, October 16 to 21), manu-
Well, conductors and composers think it is important in facturers put on "cloak and dagger" and are very
order to put over the message they are trying to recreate. reluctant to release details of new developments too
The only genuine method is for recording companies soon, for fear of being too helpful to competitors.
to use (as many do) the very simple arrangement of twin Last year, the Fair showed some interesting advances;
microphones in the centre of the proceedings. this year we hope we shall be equally surprised. None-
But it is claimed that there is a serious risk of "hole- theless, the main interest will be to see if the new venue
m-the-middle" effects, i.e. the balance of the two proves acceptable (audibly) and successful (com-
channels is such that what goes on in the centre is mercially).
reproduced in equal magnitude by both channels, It is expected that P.E. will be represented there after
leaving a certain air of uncertainty as to its precise another hair-raising stint at the R.S.G.B. exhibition.
location. This problem can and is being overcome in What are we going to show? Wait and see—we can
some circles, but is only "small-fry" in comparison with be just as secretive as the manufacturers, but it will all
deceiving the customer. be worth while.
363
 British Computers Help Europe's Satellite
The European Space Research Organisa-
tion's HEOS-A satellite successfully lifted
off the launch pad at Cape Kennedy after
being thoroughly checked out by two British
computers. These systems, a Honeywell t -v t
DDP 516 and DDP 116 (shown right), have -S;-
been closely involved in the "Highly Eccentric V 't't
Orbit Satellite" project from first test to final
countdown and launch.
The computers provided two complete
and identical check-out systems which, via s ar-.B: -3
telemetry equipment, were responsible for all
communications with the HEOS-A space- mw
craft. Messages transmitted under keyboard =:
control included up to 200 variable commands
for switching experiments on or off, and for
changing experimental modes.
Among the experiments being conducted by
HEOS-A are investigations of the earth's ii f
magnetic and electrical fields, interplanetary
magnetic fields, high energy cosmic ray
protons, and low energy solar protons, the
flux and spectrum of cosmic ray particles and
the so-called solar wind.

Water Pollution Study

Dollution
1
of beaches around our coast is a subject of ' ,, V
public concern. The Water Pollution Research Labora-
tory at Stevenage, a department of the Ministry of Tech-
nology, have been carrying out experiments to examine the
effects of environmental factors on the dispersion of
sewage from sea outfalls.
A radioactive tracer (Bromine 82) is added either to the
sewage as it enters the sea or directly to the sea at the site K.
of an existing or hypothetical outfall. The dispersal of the
tracer is then determined by a number of radiation counters
towed at constant speeds and different depths by the 0?
survey vessel shown right. ^v ■
The output from the counters is fed to a recorder housed
in the vessel (see photograph below). The recorder, which t ^
is battery powered, has five tracks for recording countei
output and three other tracks for a recorded controlled- i
(Crown Copyright, Water Pollution Research Laboratory)

(Crown Copyright, Water Pollution Research Laboratory)

a frequency pilot tone, an audio "notebook" containing

readings of the position of the vessel, and an event marker
channel for pinpointing the audio position "fixes".
On completion of the sea survey the recorded tape is
replayed in the laboratory on a similar instrument feeding
a timer-counter, a paper tape punch and, if required, a
decimal printer.
I The recorded controlled-frequency pilot tone is used as
the time base for the timer-counter to allow for differences
in the speeds of the two tape transport systems. The event
marker signals corresponding to shore "fixes" appear on
the punched tape as serially numbered identification
characters.
 e
Electronic Sorting —sm
As a major step towards establishing fully 1.
automated postal sorting offices in
Britain, The Plessey Company has completed
its first production test of electronic coding
desks and translators. This equipment sub-
stitutes the written postal code/address on
letters with a code that can be understood by
machines used for mail handling in an
automated post office.
After being sorted for size and then letter
faced, the mail is presented to an operator on
a coding desk who copytypes the six character
code on the electronic keyboard, similar to a ■
typewriter. Information is then fed as an
electronic signal to the translator which
changes the data into two 12 bit binary
code patterns, one representing the "post
town" of the address and the other the street
or road in which the recipient lives.
The binary code patterns are printed on the
envelope as two rows of luminescent dots
which are almost indiscernible to the human
eye. All mail sorting machines are designed
to read these dots thus enabling a letter to be
processed completely automatically.

Mr. N. C. C. De Jong, Director of Postal Mechanisation for

the GPO, accompanied by Mr. j. Piggot, Deputy Director
of Design and Development and Mr, J. H, Nicoll, General
Divisional Manager of Plessey Automation Divisions at
Poole;examines mail being processed through the electronic
code translator
CCIV for Concorde
Closed circuit television equipment has been installed in
Concorde prototypes 001 and 002. Pictures from
any of the cameras can be selected for viewing on two
monitors and can also be recorded on a video tape recorder.
IL
This very rugged camera head, specially designed for
aircraft use, is completely sealed in a strong aluminium i
alloy casting. The lens, housed internally, looks out I
through a sealed window which incorporates an electrical
heater. The camera incorporates a sun shutter and when
used with the EMI Camera Control Unit type CC1106
provides a fully automatic camera system. The rugged
EMI 26mm (1 inch) Vidicon Tube type 9730 and printed
circuit scanning coils are used in this unit.
Two of these cameras, one facing aft and one facing
forward, are used on each Concorde aircraft for taxiing
and landing aid applications.
j
s,

V. <a

Three of these cameras have been

fitted within various small spaces available
in engine nacelles to enable possible in-
flight icing conditions to be observed and
recorded. Special optical devices have
been engineered to give the necessary
viewing angles required in the confined
spaces available.

365
 J

\
VERY HIGH

IMPEDANCE

AMPLIEIER
Before delving into the technicalities of this particular Fig. 1, a voltage generator in series with a capacitance>
circuit, it is necessary to explain just how important usually in the order of 1,000pF. This capacitance is in
a very high input impedance is in certain applications, series with the input of the amplifier.
and just what is meant by the expression "high Since C and R are in series, they act as a potential
impedance". divider network, the attenuation of the circuit depending
The terms "high" and "very high" impedance are, of on frequency. When the reactance of C equals R, the
course, relative terms. In valve circuits, for example, signal appearing at their junction will be half that at the
impedances in the range of several hundred kilohms are generator terminals (or 6dB down). Thus, for a good
normal, whereas, in transistor circuits, impedances in low frequency response, R should be as large as
the range of a few kilohms are considered to be possible.
common. Generally, in transistor circuits, impedances
in the range of several tens of kilohms are considered HIGH IMPEDANCE TRANSISTOR
to be "high", while impedances of greater than a few CIRCUITS
megohms are regarded as "very high". One transistor circuit which will give a high input
impedance is the emitter follower or common collector
INPUT IMPEDANCE amplifier, shown in its basic form in Fig. 2a. Another
The higher the input impedance of a unit, such as a method is to use the Darlington or super-alpha pair,
voltmeter, valve voltmeter or oscilloscope, etc., the shown in Fig. 2b. Here, TR2 is connected as a normal
lower will be the power that it takes from any circuit emitter follower, as in Fig. 2a, but an additional
under test and thus the lower will be any error in transistor, TR1 is interposed between the input and
the readings that are obtained due to loading effects. TR2. The additional transistor has its emitter directly
coupled to the base of TR2; this way the effective gain
CRYSTAL MICROPHONE of the circuit as a whole is equal to the product of the
When a crystal microphone or pick-up is to be fed to two individual transistor gains.
an amplifier, it is very important that the amplifier
should have a very high input impedance, if low BOOTSTRAPPING
frequency attenuation is not to take place. The In Figs. 2a and 2b the base-bias is shown as being
effective circuit of the crystal microphone feeding into current derived via a single resistor.R2; this method of
the amplifier input is shown in Fig. 1. The equivalent base-bias results in poor temperature stability. For
circuit of the crystal microphone is shown dotted in good stability, a voltage-divider base-bias network

Crystal i R2 R2<
t Mic
>TRI TR2 TRI
^OOOpF R4
f-AAA
r®
Amplifier
v. input Input Input Input
Output
a R3
Output > Output

Fig. I. Effective circuit Fig. 2a. Basic emitter 4

of a crystal microphone follower or common Fig. 2b. Basic Dor- Fig. 2c. Basic boot-
connected to the amplifier collector circuit lington pair connected strapped emitter follower
input emitter follower

366
 100

TR TR2 TR3 TR4 TR5

R5
—VV"
100 kn
NKT277 NKT277 NKT277 NKT277 NKT277
—it- C6
16uF
1uF 1
—111-?
Input VR1 RIO Rfl/ ,6MF |
560 2-7/ Output
kH kfl\

Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the very high impedance amplifier

should be used. Such a network would shunt the input PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
circuit even more and so reduce the input impedance Referring to the full circuit diagram shown in Fig. 3,
further. the input is connected via C1 to the base of TR1. TR1
This difficulty can be overcome by employing the and TR2 are connected as a super-alpha pair in the
technique known as "bootstrapping", as shown in emitter follower configuration, the emitter load being
Fig. 2c. Here, the voltage-divider base-bias network VR1. The base-bias network, R1 and R2, is coupled
comprises R2 and R3. The input signal is fed directly toTRl base via R3. Capacitor C2 feeds the bootstrap
to TR1 base. voltage from TR2 emitter to the potential divider
The voltage gain of an emitter follower is nearly 1, junction. The effective'leakage impedance of TR1 is
and virtually the same signal injected at the base will be also bootstrapped, via R4 and C3.
reflected at the emitter, both signals being in phase. To prevent the emitter load of TR2 from being
The a.c. emitter signal is coupled back to the junction effectively shunted by the input impedance of TR4, an
of R2, R3, and R4 via C1; thus, the same a.c. signal additional emitter follower stage, TR3, is inserted in the
is present at each end of R4 and no a.c. current flows in circuit. The base biasing of TR3 is controlled by
this resistor. It follows that the resistor acts as an resistor R5.
extremely high impedance to a.c. (but not to d.c.) and Resistor R10 is the emitter load for TR4 which is
thus eliminates the shunting effect of the base-bias connected as a common emitter amplifier. As RIO has
network! no decoupling, negative feedback is applied to this stage,
The final circuit of the very high impedance amplifier and TR4 produces a voltage gain of approximately
has an input impedance of approximately 5 megohms 8^ times.
and the output impedance is one hundred ohms. Finally, another emitter follower, TR5, has its base
-BY1 -ve
Input F_TR3
Wl'la UleblalW • • • R7 R9
Resistors O
Rl 47kn R7 82kn C4
R2 '47kn R8 47kn C5 TR4.TR
R3 lOOkQ R9 5-6kn Output
R4 68kO RIO 56012 TRI TR2
R5 lOOkQ Rl 1 2-7kn err
R6 l-2kn
All ±10%. i watt carbon VR1 link RIO
Potentiometer s link
VFU SkO miniature skeleton preset -BYl+ve ^Zholes'A'No32drill
Capacitors 4 5 /6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Cl I uF elect. 15V C4 I ^F elect. 15V OoO
C2 16/xF elect. 15V CS I6^F elect. 15V
C3 16/iF elect. ISV C6 16/^F elect. 15V or*
Transistors o * (o)o o o •
TRI, 2, 3, 4, 5 NKT277 (Newmarket) (5 off) 9 • •QIoio O' o • • • o o
Miscellaneous • • c
o ' jQ o ) o o • • jojj: 9 •
BY I 9 volts, type PP7 or PP9
Veroboard, battery connectors, p.v.c. lJOT JolHCE
covered wire, screened input lead, • • • •
metal case and coaxial plug and
socket (if required)
Fig. 4. Layout of components on the board and underside
view showing the breaks in the copper strips
367
directly coupled to TR4 collector and gives a final out-
put impedance of approximately 100 ohms, via C6.
The emitter load of TR2 is the volume control VR1.
NEWS BRIEFS
CONSTRUCTION
Start by cutting the Veroboard to size and breaking
the copper strips as indicated in Fig. 4.
Wire up the first two stages of the unit—TR1 and Rapier Anti-Aircraft System to get Radar Eyes
TR2. With a voltmeter, check that the voltage on the The Ministry of Technology has placed a contract with
base of TR1 and the emitter of TR2 is about 4} volts. the British Aircraft Corporation and Elliott Space and
Carry out a simple function check on this stage. Weapon Automation Limited to develop and manufacture
Wire up the rest of the unit, one stage at a time, equipment to extend the capability of the BAC "Rapier"
checking carefully the wiring and carrying out a anti-aircraft missile system. About 70 per cent of the
functional check on each stage. value of this contract will go to Elliotts who will manu-
When used in high impedance applications, it is facture the Elliott-designed tracking radar units.
The "Rapier" system, using optical guidance, has been
essential that a screened input lead be used, and that the successful during its trials and has been ordered for both
completed circuit board be enclosed in a metal case. the Royal Air Force and the British Army. Substantial
Two 6B.A. mounting holes are shown in Fig. 4; the overseas sales have also been made. The new radar
board should be mounted on insulating spacers with tracking system will permit engagement of targets during
two 6B.A. screws. Clear away surplus copper around the hours of darkness and in poor visibility.
the screws to avoid the risk of short circuits. A coaxial
socket can be mounted on the case if desired or the
screened lead can pass through a hole in the case directly Pocket Paging fop Stock Exchange
to the board at points 2A and 2G. If the input lead is Pocket paging receivers, measuring only 1 -ft-in wide by
passed through a hole in the case, a rubber grommet 5-Jin high by fin deep, are to be used at the London
should be fixed in the hole to protect the lead from Stock Exchange to call dealers immediately they are
chafing. required by their offices. Initially 1,200 pocket receivers
will be installed but the system can be expanded up to
VARIATIONS OF THE CIRCUIT 4,000 units.
If the unit is required to act as a straight forward The paging receiver uses copper-clad Bakelite laminate,
impedance transformer, without amplification, then supplied by BXL, for the circuit board.
TR4 and TR5 stages can be eliminated from the
circuit, the output being taken from C5 positive. Fifteenth VHP Convention
If greater voltage gain is required in the audio
frequency band, connect a 50/<F decoupling capacitor The fifteen VHF/UHF Convention will take place on
in parallel with RIO. If a voltage gain in the order of Saturday, April 26 at the Winning Post Hotel, Whitton,
approximately 8^ to 25 is required, with maximum near Twickenham in Middlesex. Tickets for the Con-
possible bandwidth, insert the decoupling capacitor as vention can be obtained from Mr F. Green at 48 Borough
Way, Potters Bar, Herts. Tickets for the whole day are
above and also break the connection between R7 and priced at 32s 6d, for the afternoon 5s, and for the banquet
the negative line and re-connect the top end of R7 to only 27s 6d.
TR4 collector. Adjust the values of R7 and R8 until
the required value of gain is obtained, consistent with a
no-signal voltage of approximately 4j- volts at TR4 Central Training Council Report
collector.
It may be necessary, in both of these cases, to insert a The third report of the Central Training Council, under
decoupling network in the negative supply line be- ♦he chairmanship of the Rt. Hon. Frank Cousins, was
published on March 3. The report deals with many
tween the TR3 and TR4 stages, to prevent instability. aspects of Industrial training and gives recommendations
This would be a 47012 resistor in series with the for the training of computer staff.
negative supply line between R7-R9 and TR3 collector A second Committee was set up to look more closely at
A 100/tF capacitor is then connected between TR3 the problem of computer staff training, its recommenda-
collector and the Common positive line. tions for the training of systems analysts (commercial) has
now been published and work is in hand on the process and
APPLICATIONS OF THE UNIT scientific areas of training. Both the "Central Training
The unit is ideal for use as a buffer stage between a Council" report and "The Training of Systems Analysts"
are available from HMSO at 4s and 5s respectively.
high impedance crystal microphone and the low
impedance input to a transistor amplifier. If the TR4
and TR5 stages are eliminated from the unit and VR1 is Cricket by Computer
replaced with a fixed 4-7 kilohm resistor, the resulting
unit will be small enough to be built into a crystal People in South Africa are reading ball-by-ball accounts
microphone case. The crystal microphone unit win of the test series with England that never took place.
then have an effective output impedance of 100 ohms The games are being played by an ICL 1900 computer
and thus overcome the hum troubles that normally which has been programmed with the records of batsmen
over their past 50 first class games and for bowlers 25
occur when these have long connecting leads to matches have been used.
amplifiers. Even the small variables have not been left out; the
Because of the very low value of input capacitance of computer is programmed for such items as the new ball and
the circuit, input impedances some 10 to 15 times the state of the pitch. Team tactics are governed by a
greater than are possible with normal test equipment, captain who programmes the computer on team positions
are available at frequencies above about lOOKHz. and play tactics.
The voltage rating of CI will, generally, have to be At the start of the first match John Edrich, the England
increased to suit the application. opener, was clean bowled by the first ball—proving even a
computer can keep the surprises in the game.
368
 electronic

SPIROGRAPH

'patterns

By W. W. McLEAN, B.Sc.

Of the many methods of comparing frequencies and STAGE I

phase difference, the phase splitter circuit At the mention of frequency comparison, the
provides all the visual advantages of the L ssajous familiar display of Lissajous figures immediately
figures, but provides a clearer display of phase difference springs to mind. The two frequencies are connected, as
and allows a wide range of measurements of even in Fig. 1, to the X and Y plates of the c.r.o. One
numbered frequency ratios (as high as 50; 1) and a very member of each pair of plates is common to both
precise determination of odd-numbered frequency deflecting circuits.
ratios. The simple circuit consists only of resistors and For two sources of the same frequency (and the same
capacitors. amplitude), the c.r.o. spot traces out a straight line, an
This article describes a development of the ideas ellipse or a circle depending on the phase difference
behind the circuit in four stages. The cycloid patterns between the sources. If the two sources have slightly
are produced, in effect, as if the spot of the c.r.o. were on different frequencies, the phase of one will gradually
the tip of a vector rotating on the tip of another rotating overtake that of the other and the pattern will slowly
vector. The shape of the patterns depends on (a) the change through the complete sequence 0-360 degrees.
frequencies of the rotating vectors, (b) the amplitudes of This is shown in Fig. 2.
the alternating voltages, and (c) on whether the vectors
are rotating in the same or opposite directions. STAGE 2
One pattern which we will follow up is for the 1; 1
ratio with a phase difference of 90 degrees (Fig. 3).

SINUSOIDAL
A.C. SUPPLY

-L. X
Ti f0i

Fig. I. Simple method of Fig. 3. Vector diagram Fig. 4. Simple phase splitting
displaying Lissajous figures indicating phase difference circuit
on an oscilloscope connect- of 90"
ing to the X and Y plates

0)^
\ J? x N |
\ / \ //
\ / \ /
/7\\ / \
/\
// V\ X i
U) ^^
Fig. 2. Basic Lissajous patterns indicating phase differences (a) 0° (360°), (b) 180°,
(c) 90' or 270", (d) 45° or 225% (e) 135° or 315°

369
 HYPOCYCLOIDS
YKiJ-
■Mk.
lv
EPICYCLOIDS ¥'
JKSF
10=1
Hypocycloid with full loops
PHASE DIFFERENCE $! - (*
AS* 90* 135* 180*

Epicycloids

o
Comparison of cycloid patterns with Lissajous figures *1
for certain frequency ratios. Note that the shapes
of both forms of figure depends on the phases of the % ik
input voltages, frequency and magnitude

r
ht oscilloscope is set up with an a.f. signal generator and
phase splitting circuit for displaying cycloids
Assuming that when the voltage source is positive,
the spot is deflected as indicated by the arrows for the
appropriate sources, and further that the voltages have
the same amplitude and the c.r. tube the same deflection
sensitivity on both of its axes, the application of the
'mains (sinusoidal) voltage for /, will produce a circle
with /i if their phase difference is 90 or 270 degrees.
ik STAGE 3
x With only one frequency source, the same pattern is
obtained with the circuit of Fig. 4, which serves as a
EPICYCLOIDS HYPOCYCLOIDS simple phase splitting circuit. The voltage across C
Fig, 5. Basic circuit for cycloid frequency measure- (taken to the Y plates) being 90 degrees out of phase
ment. Here the numbered outputs refer to the with that across R (taken to the X plates).
oscilloscope connections for horizontal and vertical If the value of R is equal to the reactance of C and if
amplifiers the X and Y gain controls (sensitivity, of deflection)
ha^e been adjusted to equality, the spot traverses a
360 -8 circle at the frequency of the supply source. The
»r+A angular displacement (rotation) of the spot is
proportional to the time (1//) and the radius of the
circle is proportional to the peak value of the voltage
across C and that of the voltage across R.
If C = 0-I/iF, then its reactance at mains frequency of
50Hz is MilnfC) = 31,840 ohms. The voltages
across C and R are equal. Otherwise a circular trace
would be obtained if Vc x Ygain = Fu x Ygam.
THE EPICYCLOID THE HYP0CYCL0ID
Fig. 6. One segment of a polar oscillograph or STAGE 4
spirograph The basic circuit for frequency comparison with
cycloids is shown in Fig. 5, The 50Hz reference
370
 Epicycloids, loops now peaked
#
4 <£ e

/» A
liv^ mmt
xmr- t .M',
-ssrrfsl

i:
Epicycloids
ft £ *
«• iS
5S
awEta
*h\m ■««-
sa yci s"-'.•;«» BBB
«K» -aWM ISiil
ssa mi stp.ass
*•

Epicycloids, loops now peaked Outside loop patterns showing ratios of less than I

frequency is /, and /(2 is adjusted to the reactance and

of CV in — - — I (hypocycloid)
7?! may be adjusted to be equal to the reactance of P
Cj for the unknown frequency /]. If the voltages where s is the number of loops or cusps in the pattern,
across R and C are applied to the c.r.o. the spot should and p is the number of complete revolutions of the spot
trace out a circle in each case. for a complete pattern. This can be found by counting
If the pairs of voltages are applied simultaneously, the the number of intersect ons along a radius from the
spot traces out the cycloids. The epicycloid is for the centre of the figure. If the radius goes through a cross
vectors rotating in the same direction; the hypocycloid over point, count 2. Cross-over points are easily
for the vectors rotating in opposite directions. distinguished from peaks or sharp loops.,
PRACTICAL CIRCUITS
INTERPRETING THE CYCLOID PATTERNS The basic circuit in Fig. 7 is practical, of course, and
Fig. 6 shows part of a polar-oscillograph or spiro- is easily set up on a circuit board of perforated hard-
graph. For one complete loop-the-loop cycle, the board, size lOin x Sin, using spring connectors.
reference vector rotates through an angle oj while the If the whole audio frequency range has to be coped
added vector rotates in the same time through an angle with, capacitors of value 01,0 05, 0 025, 0-010,0 005/tF
360 + (o (for the epicycloid) or 360 — w (for the can be inserted at C2. If a reference frequency other
hypocycloid). The frequency ratio /n = /j /2 is pro- than 50Hz is to be used, a similar set of capacitors can
portional to the ratio of these angles; be used at C1 (Fig. 7).
360 + m _ 360 Whether you will get an epicycloid or a hypocycloid
(epicycloid). depends on the phase of the voltages arriving at the
to ~~ to
and oscilloscope. By throwing the reversing switch SI you
360 - to 360 can change from one kind of cycloid to the other.
oj = — — 1 (hypocycloid). A 0-20V a.c. supply is suitable for the reference
If the ratio frequency. It is possible by switches (not shown
in the diagram) to switch off either of the signals and
360 .? adjust the circles individually and then to switch over to
to = then 1 (epicycloid)
P both frequencies to produce the combined pattern.
371
 0%5
POTENTIOMETERS 500kn LIN
= O-ljjp
C2 SEE TEXT

-90 FSEQUENCY KATIO

= 4:2=2:1
Fig. 9. Vector diagram Fig. 10. The determina-
23 showing phase angle tion of frequency ratio by
accuracy counting intersections of
the trace on an imaginary
axis
^2 = 50H2
0-20V fi-2 s=7

Fig, 7, Circuit for. showing epicycloids and hypo-

cycloids

4=3 «=7
o
o O-lpF { «=2 P=2
o
o 3Mkn
o
o
r7 = 50H2
o /v\ 1
o 31-4kil I O'luF .= |41 = | + , = | 1 = I-
2 U12
o
o HYPOCYCIOID
, 50 125K
^ =«/ 2 = 2 * = »
T
lOOkfl, I I s =J
t yvv—-j f
1
= 40-1000 H 2 —H1--4. i 0*05pF
O-OijiF
MOOkn THE HIGHER FREQUENCY VOLTAGES THE HIGHER FREQUENCY
HAS THE ARE EQUAL HAS THE
LOWER VOLTAGE LARGER VOLTAGE
Fig. S. Alternative circuit to that shown in Fig. 7 Fig, II, Cycloid patterns of various frequency
ratios.

In an alternative circuit, Fig. 8, the R-C components As the frequency of one source is increased, the rate at
are duplicated again for convenience in superimposing which the pattern changes is increased, but at certain
the unknown frequency on the reference frequency to frequency ratios, stationary patterns appear. These
produce epicycloids. The components can be patterns are known as Lissajous figures, from which the
rearranged on the circuit board to produce the hypo- frequency ratio can be obtained.
cycloids. In general, if vertical and horizontal lines are drawn
For sources of equal frequency and equal amplitude, (in imagination) on the pattern and the number of inter-
in the case of hypocycloids, there will be a stationary sections counted, the ratio of these numbers gives the
straight line trace which will show an angle of rotation frequency ratio of the two sources. If the line is
with the vertical. The phase angle is twice the angle of drawn where the trace crosses itself, two intersections
rotation of the trace and is accurate to within 5 degrees on that line are counted (see Fig. 10).
(see Fig. 9). If the frequencies are not in the exact ratios above,
the pattern goes through a complete precession of
INFLUENCE OF SIGNAL CIRCUITS figures. The frequency of repetition is equal to the
The loops at first on the screen can be made into difference between the frequencies of the two sources.
peaks by reducing the amplitude of the voltage with the The determination of larger frequency ratios such as
higher frequency. 14: 3 is not easy because of the difficulty of separating
If the patterns are not stationary, the frequency and counting the number of loops in the complex
difference corresponding to the nearest frequency ratio trace produced; phase comparison is almost impossible.
represented by the pattern, can be determined from the The transformer in the practical circuit has three
number of peaks (or loops or cusps) per second passing separate windings, each of 100 turns of 38 s.w.g.
a given point. An extremely accurate determination of enamelled copper wire, on two C-cores. By reversing
frequency ratio can be made in this way. Some typical the connections A and B the epicycloids can be changed
examples of these patterns are shown in Fig. 11. to hypocycloids. ' -jL
372
 Spring contacts are of heavy gauge
phosphor bronze either silver plated
or gold over nickel plated finish. The
layout of the parallel contact strips
nMRKEI are arranged on two panels, the rows
being 5mm apart. This spacing
enables short lead devices to be easily
inserted directly into the boards. ■J
piniE All DeCs may be interlocked to mA
give a greater working area; full
Items mentioned in this feiture are usually details of the new boards can be
available from electronic equipment and com- obtained from S.D.C. Products (Elec- DAVIAN
ponent retailers advertisinf in this majaiine. tronics) Ltd., The Corn Exchange,
However, wheire a full address is jfven. Chelmsford, Essex. if.
enquiries and orders should then be made direct
to the firm concerned. WIRING BOARD CASE
Two new width sizes have been
added to the Chilworth range of port-
able module cases manufactured by
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Vero Electronics Ltd. Making six new
Many of our readers showed great sizes in all, these cases are designed Davian dry joint meter from
interest in our Rhythm Generator for use in conjunction with standard Techmation
published in the November and modules from the Vero modular
December 1968 issues, but seemed to rack system 1A. Guides are located
have been deterred in some cases by in the cases on special trays, and fitted
the complex wiring appearance of the to allow either single or multiple com-
prototype. binations. A detachable rear panel is
It should be of interest to many, supplied as standard.
therefore, that a "printed circuit board
has been developed to make easier, DRY JOINT LOCATOR
neater and quicker construction.
Designed and supplied by Almary To counter the problem of solder
Designs, 12 Lattimore Road, joint failure (i.e. "dry" connections),
Wheathampstead, Herts., the printed Davian Instruments are now manu-
board is supplied undrilled with a facturing a continuity measuring
circuit layout plan and costs 29s 6d device to detect dry joints.
including postage. The unit is basically a linear-
The board measures 14Jin x SJin scaled ohmmeter of variable
which is approximately the area of the (normally preset) sensitivity, and Wiring board case manufactured
four Letrokit panels used in the either mains or bat'ery powered. by Vero Electronics
original design. With all the com- The meter uses low voltage and high
ponents mounted on one side of the current to measure low resistances. 0-5 ohm minimum and 5 ohms
board, all parts of the circuit are By using the high current to measure maximum. In order to protect the
easily accessible for testing and fault low resistances any dry joints will be meter and circuit under test, the
finding. shown by the high joint resistance. maximum applied voltage is limited to
S.D.C. Products (Electronics) Ltd., A good soldered joint should have less than 1 volt. The applied current
have extended their range of modular a resistance of less than 50 milliohms is 250mA on the minimum range and
solderless breadboarding systems to and dry joints normally have a 25mA on the maximum. Resolution
include two new boards, intended resistance greater than 0-5 ohm. at I per cent f.s.d. is 5 milliohms at
primarily for integrated circuits and Other possible applications are: minimum and 0-05 ohm at maximum
discrete components. investigating earth loops and return reading.
The n-DeCs can accommodate two paths; testing coils for shorted turns The Davian Dry Joint Locator
16-lead digital integrated logic (DIL) and measuring relay contact costs £17 for the battery version and
modules or four 10-Iead TOS resistances. £19 10s for the mains version; postage
modules. The T-DeCs, intended Sensitivity is continuously adjust- and packing is extra. The meters and
primarily for discrete components, can able with a minimum accuracy of further information are available from
also accommodate one DIL module 5 per cent f.s.d. The meter has an Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way,
or two 10-lead TOS modules. adjustable full scale deflection of Edgware, Middlesex.

P.E. Rhythm Generator printed circuit board and circuit fi-DeC experimental circuit board marketed by S.D.C.
sheet supplied by Almary Designs Products (Electronics) Ltd.
 MINIATURE There are two models in the series:
the LM 50/30 is a 0 to 30V d.c. at
TRANSFORMERS 0-5A model and the LM 100/15
A new "off-the-shelf" range of which is a 0 to 15V d.c. at 1A model.
miniature mains transformers has Each model includes both coarse
feEfik recently been introduced by the and fine panel-mounted potentio-
Belclere Co. Ltd., 385/7 Cowley meters for accurate adjustment of the
Road, Oxford. output voltage. A built-in meter can
Outputs range from 3-0-3 volts to be switched to read either the output
20-0-20 volts and each transformer voltage or current. The output
delivers up to 600mW. The current terminals are completely isolated or
output ratings vary from 30mA to "floating" and either terminal may be
\ 200mA. By not using the centre tap earthed.
you can obtain 6V at 100mA, I2V at The output impedance is less than
BELCH 50mA, 18V at 33mA, 24V at 25mA 5 milliohms at d.c. and less than
or 40V at 15mA. 500 milliohms at 500kHz. The ripple
These transformers are varnish voltage is less than 1 millivolt peak-
impregnated and supplied with printed to-peak.
Miniature mains transformers circuit pin mounting terminals, or can Complete details and specification
from Belclere be obtained with clamp mounting of the LM series can be obtained from
fixing with or without an electrostatic Coutant Electronics Ltd., 3 Trafford
screen. Road, Reading.
Belclere also run a special sub-
miniature transformer design service
to order and e tperimenters are FILM FOR EDUCATION
recommended to write to them for A new, 36-frame, 35mm colour
further details. film entitled "Integrated Circuits" is
now available to schools, colleges,
SWITCH evening institutes, clubs and training
A new type of rocl.er switch is now establishments from the Mullard
being manufactured by Carr Fastener Educational Service, Mullard House,
Co. Ltd., Stapleford, Nottingham. Torrington Place, London, W.C.I.
The switch press-fits into a rect- The film is intended as an intro-
angular hole and is rated at 13 amp duction to the subject for students of
250 volts a.c. A useful feature of the semiconductor technology and for
switch is that a number of these those with a wider interest in elec-
switches can be ganged together in tronics. Although an elementary
one hole, a self-retaining push-on knowledge of semiconductors is
linking bar can be supplied when it is desirable, it is not essential. The notes
Carr Fastener press-fit switch required to link any switches elec- accompanying the film can easily be
trically. edited to suit a wide range of
academic levels.
FUSEHOLDERS The filmstrip commences with a
The incorporation of fuses in brief introduction to integrated
electronic apparatus is always a circuits and illustrates the great
recommended safety precaution, par- reduction in size that the integration
ticularly for experimental work. technique has made possible. Then
The best type of equipment fuse follows a step-by-step description of
holder is probably that intended for the manufacturing processes; pre-
panel mounting paring the silicon slice, oxidisation,
Panel mounting fuseholder pro- A new range is being produced by photo-etching, diffusion of the n- or
duced by A. F. Bulgin A. F. Bulgin & Co. Ltd., Bye Pass p-type materials, cutting the windows,
Road, Barking, Essex, that follows etc. and finally a description of the
this style. When the screw cap is testing and encapsulation of
withdrawn with the fuse, the circuit is integrated circuits is given.
automatically disconnected; it is The filmstrip costs £2 from
virtually impossible to short out the Mullard Ltd., and a set of slides can be
contacts accidentally. purchased for £2 10s, including
A These new moulded construction postage, from The Slide Centre Ltd.,
fuseholders carry -Jin diameter fuses Portman House, 17 Brodrick Road,
and are rated at ISA at 250 volts or London, S.W.17.
20A at 32 volts. Heavy overload tests
carried out with a 20A fuse under
direct "short circuit" conditions AGENT
resulted in no damage to fuseholder The West German firm of Richard
or fuse cartridge ferrules. Hirschmann have appointed Elec-
POWER SUPPLY troustic Ltd., 73b North Street,
Guildford, Surrey, their sole U.K.
A new additional range of stabilised agents.
power supplies have been added to the Amongst the wide range of com-
■41 Coutant electronic products. Known ponents are terminals, panel mount-
as the LM series of power supplies, ing and spade types; single-pole
these units use cascade connected sockets, insulated and non-insulated;
^ & voltage amplifiers to provide the high banana plugs and sockets; five styles
gain necessary for maximum stability of test prods; crocodile clips,
and minimum noise. A fast acting insulated and non-insulated; and
Coutant series LM stabilised current limiting circuit protects the continental plugs and sockets.
power supply power supply from damage in the Catalogues and full information is
event of an overload or short circuit. available from Electroustic Ltd.
374
 ELECTRONIC
^ COMPONENTS i SI* m

IN9U
IS 113 H- 2S024
3/-2/4 25034 efl67
8F173 6/67/4 OAZ246OAZ269 CHEAPEST EVE I S-DeCs
I$I20 AC 107 BF184
BFW57 7/4
7/47/4 OAZ270
OAZ27I Je« manual 29/6
ISIM
15131 2'2,'*i ACAC 127
126 BFW58 OCI9 SOLID-STATE SALE "l-OeC"
component kla containsaccessories.
two "DeO",
15132
2GJ0I 241-6 ACI76
AC 128 BFW59
BFW60 6/6
6/6 OC20
OC22 structive book,tray,all packed In-
in attrac-
2G302 3/9 ACI87 BFXI1
BFX29 488,5 003 tlre plastic box ., 69/6
2G339A
2GJ74 Sj-
5/- AC
SI-3h ACYI7
188 i1 BFY50 SI-
SI-St- OC2S
OC24 «BESTSiliconVALUE
Similar PUmr
V40SA.
IN BRITAINTO-18 aie. NPN »nd PNP mtytd.
Tnciiitorj.
P346A. etc. Not tested or coded. Guaranteed
"4-DeC"
accessories,kitmanual,
containsetcfour "DeO",117/6
20381
2037) ACY1B
ACYI9 11 BFYSI BFY52
BFY53 SI- OC29
OC26
OC2B minimum
40 Silicon 50%
Plimr good
Transistors. -• similar..18/- BOOKS FROM STOCK
2N38SA1
2N188A / ..'" ACY20
,s
ACr2l 1 BSX20 3/3
tl-41- OC30 2N706.
minimum BSY9SA,
50% good etc. Not.. TO-18
tested.. case- NPN type
or ..coded. .. Guaranteed
"General
circuits Electric Transistor Manual". 660 pages of data and
... 28/-
29/6
2N496
2N697 si-
SI- AO ACY22
AO 140 I BTX39/600
BSX2I
BSY27 18/-3/4 OC41
OC3S
OC36 10 Silicon Planar PNP 3 watt similar BSX40 2N2904/A. etc.--10/-
18/- "RCA
"DesignersTransistor
Guide Manual".
to 554Transistors".
British pages includesExcellent
SCR circuits
data book
2N696
2N7M
2N2N7O0
706A
4/6
3/-
6/6
149
ADI6I
AO) 62 BSY9SA
6UYII IS/-SI- OC45 OC42
OC44 30 TESTEO.
Silicon
BC107/8/9
Not coded
Planar Transistors. TO-18 case. NPN
range. Not tested or coded. Guaranteed minimum«/- type similar lists over 1.000 common types plus computer selected substitu-
tion chart
4/-
7/6 ADTI40
AM 0214 1 BYIOO BYXIO 4/9 OC7I 50% goodPower
3 Silicon Transistors (ADD 2/6 POST S PACKING FOR ALL BOOKS) 25/-
2N7II
2N7IIA 7/6 Af) II BYZIO si-Si- ocn OC73 tested or coded. platedsimilar
GoldTransistors, easestoTO-IBUYIcase.
I. TO-3
.. Typecase... simitar
Not-- 18/- NEONS
Signal
2N929
2N930 5/66.6 AFI1S
AFII6 II BYZI2 BYZD 5/-
Si- OC75 100NKT274/6.
Germaniumetc.PNP Not tested or coded, Minimum 50% usaWe.. 10/- Price 1/6neons
eachfororSuitable
many types of circuit type "N"
16/- dozen
2NI131
2Ni
2NI301132 9/6 AFII7
7/64 6 AF124
AFI IB I GET102 GET
GETI103(3 4si-6 OC76 OC77
ocaio
20 Germanium Transistors 2G37IB.
tocodedmakers specifications
.. PNP. ..EqualCaseto50-2. Fully tested
OC7!■ • range. Not* - I®/" HEATS
mercial INKS.
equipment. Type foriOD2 x OC35,«c. As used In com- 6/-
2NI303 4/6 GETS73 7,4SI- OC82DOCS2 ALUMINIUM withCHASSIS
2N1304
2NI305 5/SI- AFIAFI 2739
AF239 GM0378B
MATIOO SI- OC83
30 coded-
Micro alloyPNPdiffused Transistors- (MAT type) Not tested or- 10/- 6Allyx 4panel
x 2|into fit. reinforced corners 6/9 each {P. & P. 1/6).
IN 1306
2NI307 6/6 AFZi2
6/6 AFI 86 fI MATI2fl MATIOI 5/6 OC84
S/l5,4 OCI39
OCI23
25 silicon
etc. NotNPN
20 Silicon testedVHFTransistors.
Planar orTransistors.
coded Plastic TO-18 case. Similar to BST27,'0/- sizes in stock up to1/6.12 XPaxolin8 x i^inpanel(seetocatalogue)
fit, 2/-. Many other
2N130fl
2N1309 I/-
8/- ASY26
ASY27 I( MATi2l MPf 103
102 91- OCI40 2N37057
50% good range. Not tested or coded-type.Guaranteed NPN. Similar
minimumto..10/-
IN 1613
2N2147 6/6
17/- ASY29ASY28 4- MPF MPF 104
MPflOS
91-
91- OCI69
OCI70 20 Silicon Planar Transistors. Plastic
2N 3702- Not., tested or coded.. -Guaranteed type. PNP.
■ ■ + @•minimum
Similar
■100-1.■ 0■ 0050%
to _ MODULE?
2N2I48
2N2I60
IN2368
12/6
14/-
6/6
ASZ2I
AUYIO
BAIIS 6I NKT217 NX72I6 18,18/55 OCI7I
91- OC200
OC20I 16 good
Silicon
GuaranteedRectifiers.
minimum Top-Hat case.
80% good.. 7S0mA - - '®/
pi*. 10/-
X'LIINiE
YOU CAN
S/6 NXTIBI 4/54/3 OCMl X—161 ZW»«Amplrfi«r 35/- □ PEN !
2N2349
2N2369A
2N1646 7,6 BAI30
!•/- BAY3I
BAY38 6 NXT262 NKT264 4/34/3 OC203
OC204
11 Silicon Avalanche
1,200 pi*.Epitaxial
15 Silicon Guaranteed Rectifiers.
Planar minimum Top-Hit
80% good Type. SDI9to.. 10/-
Diodes—Sub-mlolaturo.
ait H amp @ Op X—441
X—471 SIBurgiw ran AJsrm B;- 35-
2N2496
2N2924 6/6
SI- 6CI07
BCI06 99 NX7271 NKT272 OC20S
4/343 OC207
OC206 Ptessey. Exact substitute for IN9I4. etc 100% perfect- Not 1®/- X—741 Mori* Owlteor 28-
2N2915
2N2926 5/6 BCI09BCII3 9 NKT274 NKT27S 32/66 OCP7I 30 coded
Part
plenty made
room80%Top-Hat
togoodsolder)Rectifiers
7S0mA(top connection broken, but X—491
X—261 Ump
Mir. FMHishB- (Double) XB.-
Tranrmieef
-up to 800 pi*. Guaranteed18/- X—271 Telephone TraramioerB;-
Yellow 21- BCII4
21-
2/- BCI IS
eciia 6- NKT28IN10276
NKr403 15/-5/6 ORP63ORP60
0RP6t 2G371B
Other
minimum and SDI9
un-coded are Manufacturers
stock are given type tested
numbers devices.
as a guide only.
X—241
X—291 APIsyerTrammmer
Guior Transmitter 35B/-
21- 8CI2S NKT405 15/-5/6 5X631 Money X—371 Wireless Sentry B-
2N3053
2N30S4 I/-
IS/- BCI344726
BCI - NX77I3
NKT773 SX636
5/45/4 SX6J8 l aboverefunded
AlEXPORT packs if notfreesatisfied.
post
SPECIAL; In UK.
10% of the above SALE goods are reserved for Generaus. d
ondeojis«ll -now. iscouna to Retiilera Jtven
X "4in« products. Send (or
2N30SS
2N3702 15/41- BCI BCI 48 NXT774
OAS 3/81/6 SVCSZ20CI export until August 1969.
2N3703
2N37M 41-
4/4 BC149
BCI54 OA47
-- 0A7D C246
1(61/4 V405A
PJ46A
2N3705
2N3706 4/-
3!- BCY3IBCY30 OA73
OA79 1/1/64 EC40I
2N3707 4/4 BCY32 OA8I EC402 SILICON RECTIFIERS/^ THYRISTORS-SCRs ZENER DIODES
2N370e
2N37OT
2N3710
31-
4,31-
BCY33
BCY34
BCY38 48- OA91 OA85
OA90 1/61/ 6 C400
CM IE
1/1/66 2cm i Watt 10% Tolerance—
2N37tl 41- BCY39 44 0A9S 2C425 PIV 200mA PIV50 iA 3A
2N3819 8/- BCY40 3 OA200 2/- EA403 6d9d 750mA 2 Amp 10 Amp
1/6 2/3 100 7/6 91- Voltages:4-7 75 12 ALL
2NJ820
2N40S8
2N4059
23/6
7/-
Sj-
BCY54
8CY70
BCY7I
OA202
846 OAZ20I
OA2IO 42/-3/64 EB383
MJ«I
MJ48I 10050
200
2/3
2/9 5/-
4/6
200 8/6 10/-
— 5-1
5-6 8-2
9-1 131516 PRICE
ONE
2N4060 SI- BCY72 OAZ202 3/63/6 40361 400 1/3 *1- «/- 300 — M/- 62 10
2N406I SI- BCY87 94 OAZ206 60362 2/- 9/6 400
2N4062 SI- BCZII 6- OAZ207
OAZ24! V-3/* STI4E
ST140 600
800
4/6
— 3/- 5/- IV3 600 9/6 12/6 20/-
15/- 6-8 for (1 1 watt 3/6typesea.
2N42S4
W42SS 9/6 BDI2I
81/64 BO
BFIS2114 OAZ242
6 OAZ243 3/6 1000 3/-
— 6/6 14/- 800 — — Full rangePanel
5 watt also In stock
2S0I8

80107/8/9^2/9 ji LOGIC ^ COMPONENTS HI-

RESISTORS
FILM i OR } WATT 5% LOW NOISE CARBON
uL900 1-6
II/- 7-11
9/6 12+
8/4 10. 10.12. *100.
IS. 18. 22.1.027.00.33. 10.39.000)47. 56.I Meg68. etc.
82 ohmifl-jnd2 Hegohmt
SOLAR (n(10% 1-25. 4d. 26-99. 3d.toI CO-.
2N3819r 8/- UL914 11/- 9/6 8/4 B2M 0-2-0-4CELLS
volts (5/2mA Selenium type J+® «electio"toJtrance).
• and/or PRICES:
f w»rt mixed) 2d (your
5uL923
page Data14/- and12/6Circuits
11/9 B3M 0-2-0-4 volts + 1+2^mA Selenium type
SIM
"|/- SKELETON
Available in PRESET POTS.or standard
sub-mirnatve 20% TcJ- iize,Unexr.horizontal
Urn none.or
article ..
Larger1,000--
quantity 2/6
prices (100+ S4M 0-3-0+ volts !& 2S-+0mA
0-3-0+volts IO-l6mA Silicon
Silicon »»/-
"/» vertkaf-
5001. ( Meg.
selection
100. 250. S00. I5k.Meg.
122-5pieces
of>LYT1C Meg. 2-5k. 5k. I Ok.PRICE:
10,-. NEW(Mullxrd).
2Sk. 5%. 100k.or250V:any.
I/- each
2N2B4BiJ0/- and on application) SOLAR DRIVE ELECTROLTl : CAP2
CAPACITORS - 4T0I.
EP50A Runs fromMOTOR
sunlight activity on S4M cells (above) 39/6 Submlniatur* (all values (o
GRS3/40AF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL inc^ „
SIC JVMK SCR LINEAR AMP. ICS CSI20 20V 0+ watt= BOO
(g. 100FC Res I lOkohms Min. R0 @ I0FC
darkohms — 7-2k R
W3i 12/61 CA3020 | watt output 9 volt
25+ II/- 100+ 10,30 ' supp'y includes free circuit30/6 SOLAR CELL KITS
DDI90 Contains 4 Selenium photocells and free 24 page 'Z'' Price I/* t/l If- l/« 1,1
(price for I50V
Guitar/PA Amplifier!!) handbook
K+21 Super assortment each,d.e.0-068.
tdVEROBOARD working.
0-10. Ml.
9d. 0-0IS, 0-022. 7d each. 04333. £
CRS3/40(3Hl)™i» 7/G TAA263 Tiny Mullard linear 2 Cadmium Sulphideofplus
7 cells.
24 page3 Selenium.
manual 2 Silicon 58/6
and
2iin OlSin Matrix
Sin. 31FLUX * 3Jln.COATED
3/11. 34 x -Sin. 5,4.
BOH EATE ggmer only 17/6—data on request 3i X *Iftn.3i.n,PACK
BARGAIN 18 I Xof2136xsquare Inches all good size pieces only
CA30I2 Wide band with TRANSISTOR KITS 18/- pack
VEROBOARD
built in regulation..,..27/6 DDI80 Contains
manual 2 audio and .I RF transistor plus free VEROPIN5
VERO-CUTTER, for 8-lin
0191-Sin.Matrix, 3}*"3 -* 2)In.3,9
each36 pieces
plus Frae sample pieces
TD71Bff 12/- CA30I4 3 stage amp. with DDI84 Contains audio. RF.diode.
cell and germanium and power transistors.
With FREE manualSilicon solar
33/6
Darlington output 32/6
RCIQnHUlLARDVRf C/ SL70I Plessey Im. amp. for SILICON RECTIFIER KITS .|;(0ST£eriO
PE circuits IB/- DDI75
DNOUAMPLinER 0/- DD176 Contains
Conuins 42 200
100 piv
piv ^i amp
amp diodes
diodes 9/11
5/11
DDI77 Conuins
ALL INCLUDE FREE diodes
2 400 piv i amp 24 PAGE MANUAL 9/11
115 WATT ULTRASONIC
POWER SILICON NPN ZENER
Available InDIODES
the following voltages with a dissipation of I Watt and
15/- TRANSDUCERS tolerance
interestingonprojects
10%. All• supplied with free manual describing many
25+ 13 - 100+ 11/- 3-9V, +7V, 5-6V, 6-8V. 8-2V. 10V. 12V. 15V. 18V. 22V. 27V. 7/11 7 C0PTF0LD ROAD
Operate at 40kc/s. Can be ALL ONE PRICE: LST BRENTW0O0
WPBLW used for remote control sys- ESSEX
PLAHW 2/- tems without cables or elec- ZENER KIT Pripressces andquoted arebe lubisci
currenttoit vsristion.
time of goingSemi-to
in tronic
ducers links.
can Type 1404 trans-
transmit and DDI70 Bargain pack—conuins 5 popular t watt diodet plus ff« may
conductors offered bear Msnufscturers' orlgind
receive. project manual 17/6
FREE: With each pair our TRANSIStOR SUBSTITUTION We
conductors. DO NOT off (1968) free on request.
Cstslotue
complete transmitter and re- Our TR0I-C toTRIO-C range are universal replacetnencs for over 1949 editionJ shortly
TIS43A ceiver circuit. 700 JEDEC {2N ) types.CENTRE Prices In our FREE Caulogue. (first '-elm) per svaitable.
I/-Export order. Poet andandPmckmx
Retail
enquiries Trade
OKIJlfflCTION PRICE £5.18.0
in pairs) Pair (sold only FULL SEMICONDUCTOR
INTERESTING DEVICES IN OUR CATALOGUE.
LISTINGS. DOZENS OF GIRO No.parsicularir
MAJIlV
sin m/

375
 How do yon
pnepane now

measurethe
for tomorrow's
extra quality
world

of EMI -
Today there is a huge demand for technologists
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376
 MORE PLAYERS FOR "STOCKMARKET"?
I have just built the Electronic Stockmarket shown in
your December 1968 issue. In doing so I have
found it possible to accommodate several players at low
cost. The "bank" and "current" account capacitors
can be connected to a two-pole multiway switch. By
this means only one set of push buttons and one
detector circuit are required and the number of players
is only limited by the number of positions on the switch.
In practice I have used a three-pole six-way switch, the
i other pole being used to light low powered indicator
m lights to show which player is "dealing". The switch
must of course be a break-before-make type.
Added interest is achieved by using 100/tF, 200wF and
300/iF capacitors in the commodity bank, introducing
three types of shares; (1) "guilt edged"—with small
gains and losses; (2) "normal"—with average gains
j and losses; (3) "high risk"—with large gains and
& e* losses.
B These are easily marked by using different coloured
lettering.
E. B. Eves,
mi East Grinstead,
Sussex.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT HOLDER
I have noticed that many of your contributors who
UNLIMITED! use integrated circuits have warned constructors to
A selection of readers' suggested circuits. It should be emphasised that be absolutely sure of the circuit's correct position
these designs have not been proven by us. They will at any rate stimulate before soldering. I have an idea that might save
further thought.
This is YOUR page and any idea published will be awarded payment accord- integrated circuits from destruction during desoldering
ing to its merit. of a faulty circuit.
If the integrated circuit is soldered into a 5-pin
continental plug (as used on many tape recorders), five
of the eight leads are accommodated. The earth
shield can be used as another connection, leaving two
more leads. If needed these can be soldered to flexible
leads and taken out of the top of the plug
The socket can be soldered onto a circuit board.
TRANSISTOR CHECKOUT The metal inner case can also be used as a heatsink
The cirpuit shown in Fig. 1 has proved very if desired.
useful for checking gains of "surplus" type L. M. Newell,
Woodbridge,
transistors. The battery BY1 is connected by a switch Suffolk.
S2 for pnp or npn types. The middle position is olf.
To set up the tester, the 5 kilohm potentiometer VR3 A B9A valveholder and plug would provide the required number
is adjusted so that an external voltmeter, connected of connections.—Ed.
across points (a) and (b), will read 6 volts. A known 1 (a)
good transistor is then connected to the test socket or
test leads, and a multimeter switched to its 50^A range
connected across point (a) and position 2 of switch SI. V83> 51dl
9* 1 RIA3
With switch SI in position 1, VR2 is adjusted for a /
reading of 25/tA. Then the test lead on position 2 is
transferred to position 3 and VR1 adjusted for a W-D40A81
reading of 50/iA.
Operation is now fairly simple; a sample transistor is Sib
connected into the circuit and pnp or npn selected by S2. S2Q
When SI is in position 1, /ceo is measured. When the RU VRf
switch is in position 2, d.c. p or /zfe can be measured, 5551 3 150
i ka BYI t
assuming f.s.d. on the meter is 100. For a.c. p or fee,
with the switch in the same position, the reading in RUi RLAZ
milliamp's is taken. Call this /j. Then the reading in
milliamps is taken with the switch in position 3. This
is /2. Then, fee is calculated from: 52b
h — 7i (mA) Transistor
fee 0-025 (change in h) undertest
C. Woods,
Oadby,
Leicestershire. Fig. I. Circuit diagram of the transistor checker
377
 THREE MILE
RADIOTELESCOPE a level of accuracy of one milli-
Sanction has been given by the metre. The resolving power of the
Science Research Council for the new telescope will be of the order of one
telescope requested by Professor Sir to two seconds of arc.
Martin Ryle for the MuIIard Radio The new telescope will operate in
Astronomy Observatory of Cam- By Frank W. Hyde the same manner as the present one
bridge University. The cost is .mile telescope and works on the
expected to be of the order of £2-1 principle of aperture synthesis, which
million and the work will take about has been the special technique
two years to complete. pioneered by Professor Ryle and his
The old proverb that "It's an ill are necessary for equalising phase group.
wind that blows nobody good" is delays which arise as a result of the Aperture synthesis is based on "(he
exemplified here. The ideal site for displacement of individual aerials covering of large areas using two or
the aerial array is one of the Beeching along the baseline. more individual aerials. If one
redundant sections of the Cambridge- aerial is fixed and another moved in
Bedford railway track which runs in a TRACKING SYSTEM specific relation to it, and a plot over
straight line almost due east and west Each aenal is mounted on a tripod 24 hours is made of the sky in each
at Lord's Bridge. Named after this system which is fully steerable, and position (see Fig. 2), then the results
station, the Observatory site and the are grouped on a fixed and moving in digitised form can be fed into a
railway is on the northern boundary pairing plan. Four of the dishes on computer. The result is a map of all
of the site. The straight stretch of the western side of the system will be the sources seen. If the maximum
track is about three miles long. fixed in positions on concrete plat- distances so used are, for example,
Lord's Bridge station which has forms 1-13km apart. On the eastern one kilometre in extent east to west
stood derelict and is roughly in the side the other _ four dishes will be and north to south, this is equivalent
centre of the three mile stretch will be fitted with bogies and travel on an to an aerial one kilometre square (see
used as a control room. It is indeed 8-5 metre vide railway track which Fig. 3).
fortuitous that this was available, for will be lT7km '^ng (see Fig. 1).
had it not been so there would have These four will be used to make up RESEARCH NEEDS
arisen much controversy over any the combinations of interferometers The one mile telescope which has
negotiations if more farmland had to together with the four fixed dishes. already shown its value in the
be taken over. Altogether there are 32 specific resolving of small sources (or very
positions which will be available to an distant sources) made the need for an
RECEIVERS accuracy of less than one millimetre. ever larger telescope desirable. The
_ The new telescope will consist of The railway track itself will be held to resolving power of this telescope is
eight dish aerials each 42ft in diameter. about 20 seconds of arc but it has
These aerials, to be supplied by the shown that there are more sources
Marconi Company, are the direct Lords bridge
station which require the higher resolution of
descendents of the 40ft dishes built the new telescope. The need to
for a military programme. Each dish understand the mechanism of quasars
is made up of aluminium sheets □□□□ and galaxies is of great importance to
mounted on a quasi-paraboloid steel Fixed Moveabie cosmologists and astrophysicists so
structure. They are to be of the M3km that this new venture is another
Cassigrain type where the ray path is 3 miles important step in the understanding
from the source to the dish then to a 5 km of the Universe.
secondary reflector, which is quasi- Fig. I. Layout of the three mile The advent of the new telescope
hyperboloidal, and from there the ray telescope does not reduce the work of the one
passes through the main dish to the mile telescope, for this will continue
two detachable receiver horns. Rotation ot with source counting when the three
One receiver will operate at Earth mile unit comes into operation.
2-7GHz, the other at 5GHz and will be Now that the intention of the
mounted on the hub structure. These FIXED Science Research Council to support
receivers will be provided by Pro- only two schools of radio astronomy
fessor Ryle's own group. The front FXED MOYEABLE has been announced, there will be an
end of the receiver, consisting of a end to delay on the Mark 5 telescope
parametric amplifier and mixer will for Jodrell Bank. This is to be a
be mounted at the telescope. The i.f. 400ft diameter dish with full facilities.
signals will then be fed to the control The 250ft dish is to be over-
room for combinations determined Fig. 2. How the aperture is hauled and modified. The modifica-
by the programme of work. "filled" by the rotation of the tion will be the upgrading of the
earth and the change of position reflecting surface to make it suitable
COMPUTER CONTROL of the moveabie aerial on for wavelengths as short as 3cm. This
In the control room there will be a successive scans of the sky will be accomplished by resurfacing
Marconi Myriad II time sharing com- of the central area to a diameter of
puter. This will, besides calculating- -E/W- 100ft.
the linear and angular positions of the
movable aerials, combine the in- DRESS REHEARSAL
coming signals in each of the 16 Portable
possible pairings of the dishes in a □ Aerial Apollo 9 was successfully landed
simultaneous interferometer arrange- IN/S at the time of going to press and
ment. marked a significant step forward to
The output of the computer drives man landing on the moon.
an X-Y plotter which provides a map Mechanical manoeuvres included
of the radio sources in equal energy taking the moon landing craft through
c its own orbit and redocking to the
contours. The result is a map looking FIXED AERIAL main spacecraft. Two astronauts
somewhat like a contour relief map Fig, 3. An example of aperture
where sources are easily located. transferred to the lunar landing vehicle
The computer will also control a synthesis such as was used in early through a connecting tunnel. Lunar
complex network of delay lines which Cambridge work landing with Apollo 10 and U is
expected in May and July.
378
but you can own a circuit tester for under £15
THE HEATHKIT TEST TWINS are now available at just a Full specifications of these and many other units will be
fraction of the price of comparable models. How come ? found in our 1969 catalogue — it's yours for the asking.
Because we have eliminated our assembly costs by giving
YOU the satisfaction of building your own equipment.
I |—| I don't believe it — please send me your
j I—I catalogue immediately.
HEATHKIT IT-18 PORTABLE
IN-CIRCUIT TRANSISTOR TESTER I I I Include me on your mailing list.
I
Heath engineers have brought about a breakthrough in
transistor servicing. They have taken the high cost of I NAME
transistor testers and brought them down to earth. The 1
IT-18 has all the facilities you need for fast, in-circuit
transistor testing. | ADDRESS

HEATHKIT IIVM7 PORTABLE ! PE101

SOLID STATE VOLT-OHM METER

Transistorised 'valve-voltmeter' with an 11 meg-ohm input I ,====_==== DAYSTROM LIMITED.

impedance. Battery powered to work anywhere. Features | - ^*1 Gloucester GL2 6EE England.
zero-adjust controls, a DC polarity reversing switch to
eliminate switching leads, plus continuous rotation 12 Tel.Glos.29451. Telex 43216
position function switch.
379
 NEW LABORATORY TEST
RADIO COIiUNICATION
EQUIPMENT AT BARGAIN PRICES
SCOOP/
PORTABLE MULTIRANGE METER By R.S.G.B.
PORTABLE 63/- Postage 4/-
W H E ATST ONE
BRIDGE
. transistor transmitters for
Specification. Type: THE AMATEUR, by Donald L. Stoner.
Moving Coil Galvanometer. Ranges: . 21/-. Postage I/-.
I 0.05 to 5 ohms 2 0,5 to 50 ohms 3 5 to 49 EASY TRANSISTOR PROJECTS, by
500 ohms 4 50 td 5,000 ohms 5 500 to 50,000 Robert M. Brown. 16/-. Postage I/-.
ohnis. Scales: Switched.
Slidewire: 0.5 to 50. Galvanometer FET PRINCIPLES, EXPERIMENTS
Scale: 10-0-10. Case: Moulded plastic. AND PROjECTS, by Edward M. Noll.
Internaj Source: 4V, Dry battery.
Operating Temperature: +10 to +35cC. 40/-. Postage I
Operating Humidity: Up to 80% R.H. COLOUR TELEVISION, by G. N.
Dimensions: 200 x 110 x 65mm. Weight: Patchett. 40/-. Postage I
0.9kg. List price £25. Our price £9.19.6
Ranges: 0-60 &Specification.
0-300^A D.C. 0-3, 0-30 & BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO TELE-
PORTABLE RECORDING MILLIAMMETER 0-l20mA D.C. 1.2 & 12 amps D.C. 0.6-3 & VISION, by Gordon J. King. 16/-. Postage
Specification. Type; 6-30mA A.C. 24-120mA A.C. 0.24-I.2A A.C.
Moving Coil, D.C, Range: 3-12-30-300-600-1,200
2.4-12, 6-30, 60-300, &120-600,
6,000 V.240-1,200
D.C. 0 6-3,& RADIO AND ELECTRONIC HAND-
0-500 milliamps. Chart 1,200-6.030 V. A.C. 3-333 ohms. 0.3-30 BOOK, by G. R. Wilding. 17/6. Postage
Width: 100mm. Scale aKohms, 0.03-3 megohms D.C. Resist-
Length: 127mm. Chart ^ce—'2 to +78 Decibels. Frequency:
Speeds; 20, 60, ISO, 600, 50 c.p.s. Input Resistance D.C.; 20,000 RADIO AMATEUR OPERATOR'S
1800 & 5400mm/hr. Pre- ohms/volt. Input Resistance AC..: 2,000 HANDBOOK. 6/-. Postage 6d.
cision: 1.5%. Shunts; ohms/volt. Temperature Range: —10 to
75mV (Internal). + 50 C. Dimensions: 255 x 215 x 170mm. GEC TRANSISTOR MANUAL. 21/..
Operating tempera- Weight: 8kg. Supplied with; 2 voltage Postage 2/-.
ture: + 5 to -f S0oC. dividers, H.V. leads, spare rectifiers, 1.5 &
Dimensions: I80h x 22.5V battery. List price £25. Our price CATALOGUE. 2-.
I63w x 245mm. Weight; £12.19.6
| 5.5kg. Complete with;
10 chart rolls, gears, inks,
pipette, scale template and DECADE CAPACITANCE BOX TYPE
component case. R.7004 THE MODERN BOOK GO.
List price £65, Our price £35 BRITAIN'S LARGEST STOCKIST
of British and American Technical Books
TYUPIURA7L00,5NDUCTANCE BOX 19-21 PRAED STREET
Specification. • LONDON, W.2
* Range:
n 0-i i.l lOmH
^ » ' 0.002mH divisions. Phone: PADdington 4185
| A Accuracy: Closed Saturday I p.m.
Specificatio". Range: O.MOOcmMpF in
L ,• > 0.00002t:F steps. Accuracy: 0.05%. Fre-
where M = value of quency Range; 40c s-10 Kc/s for all decades
mutual inductance except XI ^ enamel.
40< 's-5Kc/s. Case: Hammer
in mH set on the box. finished stove
Frequency range List price £60. Our price £22.10.0 COMPONENTS
0-2.5 Kc/s for all
decades except HIGH VALUE RESISTANCE BOX ...... AX-RETURN
HULLARD
OF po
POLYESTER CAPACITORS ST
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Maximum
M current 0.SAXIfor =decades
0-1.5 JAKc/s.
for TYPE R.7003 01
variometer (both primary and secondary /J™ V ' : 0-0D47(iF.
OOOJJtiF O M'jtP. 0 0068uF,
O-OOlS/rF,0 01/tF,
0 0'022(tF,
So.
windings). Case; Polished teak.
List price £65. Our price £26.10.0 o o oe^fp, ^^V 033^ 7d- " ^ 8d-
"iiXLR.7006
LA,L 'NDUCTANCE COIL Value: 6 * c* m n6-?, 'i'F'P' O OISpF,
F, 068ilFl 7d 0 022/tF, 6d. S1
TYPE Specification. F nnn F? l0d
0.01 H. 0.001 H. ?'/i5' h2o+ 2/-.
l/4d. 0*68/4F, a, .AI' *0/48,2/68.
' PP' '1 2d,"''fP.
0 33
0-47UF< -
Accuracy: +0.3%. a v
Operating Fre- FMounting Miniature; OOlaF,
quency: 5 Kc/s, 10 Kc/s. Specification, Range: 0.01-11.10 Megohm in
0.01 Megohm divisions. Accuracy: 0.05%. P-022^8d.
0-068/4F, O-luF, . 6d.0*15/48.10d.
0 033/4F. 0*047/4F, 7d!
0*22/48,1/-.
Maximum current: Maximum power rating: O.iW per step.
I A, 3A. Resistance of Case: Hammer finished stove enamel.
coils; 4 ohms, I ohm. List price £60. Our price £22.10.0' ^yiAri,£!i^TURE
CAPACITORS ELECTROLYTIC
Case: Moulded plastic. all values(-10%.
in /zF +50%)
List price 8 gns. Out price 50/- PLUG type resistance box 6 Volt SO 100 200 320 1
OVo ' ,'■» 10 12516 200 20
POTENTIOMETRIC 6 POINT STRIP Specification. ISt Ve
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CHARTJRECORDER. For use wich thermo- Range* 0.1 to 25 Volt 6*4 10 16 25 '
couplers, R pyrometers and other e.m.f. sources. .III, 111.0 ohms.
6porn: t.l art
ange(- IOO)-CH-r I00)mV;0-l,600oC; JtSteps: 0.1 ohm. DISC
CAPACITORS
.±0.5%;
« t o / 0 chare Pen speed ' Accuracy: 0.1%. v" UMTS)
speeds8 sees. Accuracy
20-720mm/hr. Rated Power Per 3
i 2P& 680P8,
^PP- (I000p8,
= 20%){ 330pF, .
Trcpicalised. Including tools and spares. Step: 0.5 W. 470p8, — 20% +80%)
Listed at over £200. Our price £79.10.0. _Operating Temperature:Coils:
12 point version available at £99.10.0. +10 toManganin.
+3S0C. 5d. each
Operating Humidity; Up to 80% R.H FILM) JTA?LowRESISTORS
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PLEASE NOTE. Alljtems are genuine brand Dimensions:
List Vice320£20.x 190
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Weight;
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4kg. O0-SS watt
watt 5%
10%4*7
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ohmstoto2*210 MM ohms 2d each
ohms 2d each
uest SET OF MEASURING
SPECIAL OFFER. If1^purchased - Carriage
togetherextra.
the INSTRUMENTS DIODES—OA85, OA9I, 1/6 each.
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inclusive price of £65 Type: Moving Coil, D.C. BY236 O S amp 800 volt 3/- each 4 for II/-.
High ^ Value Resistance Box, Decade
Capacitance Box, Mutual Ranges: 0-75mV, 0-3V,
Box, Mutual Inductance Coil. Inductance 3-15-150V, 3-150- C.W.O.
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£F, ADD I/-
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Scale Length: 82mm. YATES ELECTRONICS (FLITWICK)
P. F. RALFE RADIO Accuracy: 1.0%.
10 CHAPEL ST., LONDON, NWI Shunts: I 0.3-0.75 amps 2 1.5-7.5 LTD.
amps 3 15—30 amps. Case: Moulded plastic. 29 LYALL CLOSE.
Tel. 01-723 8753 Carrying Case; Stove enamelled' metal. FLITWICK, BEDS.
Price £30. Our price £12,19.6
 TINE FIIIIR

iiriniinmii

By J.J.A. TENNANT

Tie simplest radio control system uses an un- a servo motor which develops a torque or displace-
modulated carrier, and can control only one relay ment proportional to the change in frequency of the
in the model; the addition of a modulator stage in the modulated tone.
transmitter and filters in the receiver not only improves A filter is necessary for each channel of the system;
selectivity, particularly with super-regenerative the filter module illustrated consists of four sections
receivers, but allows the control of a number of relays. which may be connected in series, tandem, or separately
The modulation "tone" is normally detected, as four filters. Banks of filters may be made up as
amplified and either applied to a reed bank (mechanical desired, the module being designed to be divided on
resonant switches) or is electrically filtered and operates either axis for packing, each filter weighing less than a
switching transistors. Thus, a three tone transmitter half-ounce.
(three channels) can independently control three
operations in turn, or can control more than three if CIRCUIT DESIGN
they are linked (sequential). The circuit of the tone filter (Fig. 1) is relatively
simple but many factors affect its design and should be
PROPORTIONAL CONTROL considered when "tailoring" the unit to meet individual
If the transmitter has multiple modulators then needs.
simultaneous modulation by different tones allows The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit is given by
simultaneous control of two or more operations; a /= Il2n\/(LC) and will be the same" provided the
further development of this is the "proportional" product of L and C is maintained constant; there is,
system in which the receiver output is directly applied to however, an optimum value for the L to C ratio.
The frequency range considered is from 1 to 7kHz and
for values of L less than lOOmH, capacitors greater than
0-5/tF would be required. Since electrolytic capacitors
-9V may not be used, the size of the capacitor needed would
be excessive for radio control applications.
3o < Output A reasonable compromise for minimum size and
weight of both inductor and capacitor is obtained over
Input the range 0-3 to 1-0H and O OOOl to 0-05/tF. Series
TRl tuned circuits only are considered due to the ease with
KjOUF which the necessary low impedance matching is
0 obtained and the fact that there is no d.c. component in
JOOur 1SZ2 the inductor; there is no need to use a larger core with
an air gap to off-set the effects of saturation.
Q-FACTOR
The Q of the circuit is the most important factor and
Iktl 00 for a single stage filter is determined by Q = fIB where/
is the filter frequency and B is the bandwidth
(acceptance range) for the low frequency "proportional"
signal.
For a tone frequency of say 3 kHz and a bandwidth of
Fig. I. Circuit diagram of the basic tone filter 100Hz, the Q-factor will be 3,000/100 = 30.
381
 BANDWIDTH the d.c. resistance at low frequency. A fixed length of
The performance of such a circuit is shown in Fig. 2, wire wound on different magnetic formers wilTproduce
the bandwidth being measured at the 3dB down point values of Q related to the inductance produced at the
(at approximately 70 per cent of the peak signal level). frequency used: the Q will also be proportional to the
For a large bandwidth and good adjacent channel frequency provided that the core material is suitable.
rejection, only two channels can be accommodated in the As an example, the table in Fig. 2 shows the (Mactor
range 1 to 6kHz (the approximate range of a receiver). for 710 turns of 44 s.w.g. wire on two types of core (d.c.
To improve upon this two stages are used. If both are resistance is 66 ohms).
tuned to exactly the same frequency the effective Q is The core material chosen (FX2236) has a Q range of
greater than that of the individual stages, but if one approximately 2; 1 (Fig. 3) for the frequency range I to
stage is detuned the effect is to give a wider bandwidth 6kHz. The stage Q is determined by the total effective
with better rejection of adjacent frequencies. It is series resistance I?tot, i.e. the sum of the coil resistance
therefore possible to use five "proportional" channels or Ri, the source impedance Rs and the load resistance Rj..
more simple "reed" tones having a narrow bandwidth. The driver output impedance (Zo) is approximately
The frequency range available is limited by the cut-off
frequency of the receiver—say 7kHz for a good superhet ™ Rs~\- /"bb
Zo ^ re ^ ;
hiQ
receiver—and by approximately 10 times the channel
bandwidth, for example, 1kHz for a bandwidth of and is in parallel with the emitter swamp resistor R.3.
100Hz, allowing a minimum factor of 10 to 1 (carrier to The emitter resistance is
modulation) for detection purposes. (26)
re — + 7?s + /"bb
-*e
DESIGN CALCULATICJ^IS where h is the emitter current in milliamps, R% is the
The Q of a coil is defined as ojLjRi or InfL'Ri. signal source resistance and rbb the intrinsic base
Where R\ is the effective resistance of the coil—largely resistance.
continued on page 385
TABLE 1 Q
FrBouency ® ^5r ^2708
,,I.C inductance Q for FX2236 100 j
ROmH t
1kHz 1056 38-5 96 ^
6kHz 75
92
88
— 84
80 .X
76 ^
72-
11
It l\ 68 y
/l
ll 11 \\ 64 yC
1 \
/ i 1 \ 60 -f-
// ii 11 \\
/ i 11 v 56 y
X i 1 52 J-
1 1
1 1 48 J-
t1 t | 44 f
•
3-5 4.0
13-3 r*-Bandwidth
90 Hz
40
Frequency kHz
0 i 2 j 4 5 i
Fig. 2. Frequency response curve of the basic tone filter
circuit. Bandwidth, measured at the 3dB down point, is Fig. 3. Graph of Q against^frequency for a coil of 510
90Hz at a frequency of 3-3kHz turns of 40 s.w.g. wound on an FX 2236 ferrox core
382
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT m
• NEW RECOMMENDED LINES AT VALUE FOR MONEY PRICES •
SEE BACK COVER OF THIS MAGAZINE FOR FURTHER ADVERTS
it STEREO HEADPHONES it EXPERIMENTER'S MODULE
Adjustable head- * QUALITY PANEL METERS Terrific
new STCoffertimeof brand
delay
band. High
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phones 8+8 with ohm .■
38
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DHOIS,FrequencyPrice 69range
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Price 35/-.
25/- each; |A and 5A, 25/-
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384
COMPONENTS

ONE TONE FILTER ONLY

Resistors
Rl 5-6ka
R2 S-6ka
R3 IkH
R4 5-lkn
R5 l-2kn
R6 3-3ka
• R7 Ikn
All ± 10%, iW carbon
Capacitors
Cl lOOjttF elect. 12V
C2 100/nF elect. 12V
C3 I00fF elect. 12V
Cx see text Arrangement of
four tone filters in one
Transistors printed circuit board, see Fig, 7
TRI.TR2 ASZ2I (2 off)
Inductor Choosing a high gain ASZ21 (hie =-70), standing at a
FX2236 Ferrox pot core—see text for coil details current of about 3mA (/e) and with a source impedance
of less than 300 ohms, gives an output impedance of
Miscellaneous 1 kilohm in parallel with 25 ohms.
Copper clad s.r.b.p. jinx I Jin (for each section) Similarly with the grounded base stage (TR2) where
Plastic covered wire Rs is kept low by C2 (100/tF) in order not to attenuate
6B.A. fixings (for pot core) the low frequency component.
CALCULATION OF Q
The effective 2 of a stage can now be calculated.
Assume a winding of 510 turns of 40 s.w.g. wire: from

Inductance
Henrys
0-9 r f

0-01 pF /
2 kHz /
J
3kHz O
I
Z_0.047
ir
UF
fr IF

/
0-0lpF r o-oos MF
5kHz y •— 4kH Input R2/ltN R3
Output

bA
0 OlyF X 0-047pF -
kHzX " 2kHz rw if R6| Cj.

100 200 300 400 500 000 700 BOO

Turns Fig. 5. Layout and wiring diagram of the printed
circuit board for one complete tone filter capacitor.
Fig. 4. Graph for determining inductance of coil and value Capacitor Ct may be needed if two units are
of capacitor Cx, for various frequencies used in series—see text

385
 %. 6. Circuit diagram of a two stage un;t. 4rea enclosed by the broken „ne indicates one stage

Sli 4=' 69.

3kHz 'nductanc
As Q e==ojL/Ri,
0-5H; then
from Figg' 3 ' n2 at
at
6 Dc
ojL 277 x 3,000 x 0-5 f^m'tiTfi
from the firstf'stage,
t - RI,
- coap'ing
R2, andisCIused,
fromomitting C3
the second
ft--. = stage, and linking between TR2 collector and TR3 base
69 — 128 ohms. Fig 7 shows the board layout for four units and
may be used for two channels if divided vertically
Know that 6Ri
teoT'thatb ^5-0128
!''^'8'11ohms,
fin traRDsnsistors
~ 25 asohms,
above,and
we or one or two double stage units if divided horizontally'
Rt t , 78 ,7 r®ft0re' the totaI series
resistance 34dB
IdB hot'this
but this can be ^ st,age
U reduced, unit
is approximately
if necessary, by annroxi-
e=vZmot+ 25 + 20 = 173 0hms
- ^ effective
™agefpia
stage 81 yThis
(Fig. 8). ing th
Tu- avoidsf clipping if thegrounded
alternative input sianal k
base
277 x
O = 3,000 x 0-5 _ 53
" ]73 - omnmr unpedance
output
than 0 4 V ltS eak
. ' ?for coupling
P -t0-peak and
into the g"yes aTower
discriminator.
C3
The bandwidth at 3kHz is given by B = fjQ. There- and C5 and(Figs, 1 and 6) aretoelectrolytic
uplmg capacitors should be wired suit input
„ 3,000 IS set by detuning one1SVels
mTHS""" - The
stage of the two stageAS unit
£ =
'ir-60Hz In practice the tolerance of cheap polyester or similai
capacitors is sufficient to achieve this directly but the
CONSTRUCTION use of a small value capacitor Ct as shown in Fig 6
e printed cir
gives accurate alignment.
/M,Tr
out for one stage. cuit board shown in Fig. 5 is laid emperature stability is principally dependent on the
When two stages are used the output from the first temperature coefficient of. Cx and Cy; oSum results
stage forms the bias for the emitter follower of the second are obtained by using a parallel combinatio^of posiUve
and negative temperature coefficient capacitors. ^

o o
11 B ill
ikn
TO TR3
base

from ASZ
o o
L B ill
lUUl1.
"T

Fig. 7. Printed circuit board layout for four tone filter ei. "Z-J-
circuits to reduceAlternative
gain in thegrounded base
two stage unitstage used
 d'wbook

for 1®®®,

sssss^S^"

Mullard Mullard Limited, Distributor Sales Division, Mullard House,Torrington Place, London WC1.
CED72
387
 USE THE

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the professioha:

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model () bit - 2 interchange-
able spare bits (A and A")
- reel of resin-cored solder - heat
sink for soldering transistors - felt
cleaning pad - soldering iron
CN 15 watts, fitted -fy" stand' - storage space for lead
Ferraclad bit. The leading and plug. 49/6
iron for miniature and
micro miniature assem- Model G — 18 watts. Fitted
blies: 18 interchange- with bit. Interchangeable
able bits from .040
FROM spar© bits iT, ■&" and TV
(1 mm) up to -ys" for For 240, 220 or 110 volts. 32/6,
240, 220, 110, 50 or / 32/6 Model E —20 watts. Fitted
24 volts. ACTUAL SIZE with T' bit. Interchangeable
spare bits A", i" and tV.
For 240, 220 or 110 volts.
FROM 35/-.
PRECISION Model ES — 25 watts. Fitted
MINIATURE with V bit. Interchanggable
A N T X spare bits iV and TV
SOLDERING For 240, 220,110. 24 and
IRONS 12 volts. FROM 35/-.
Made in England
Model F —40 watts. Fitted
Antex, Mayflower House, Plymouth, Devon. with bit. Interchangeable
Telephone: Plymouth 67377/8 spare bits V, -k".
Telex: 45296 Giro No. 258 1000 For 240, 220,110. 24 and
20 volts, FROM 42/6.

To; Antex, Mayflower House, Quantity Mode! Bit Size Volts Price NAME..
Plymouth, Devon.
ADDRESS..
Please send me the Antex
colour catalogue. □
Please send me the
following irons. n I enclose cheque/P.O. cash value Telephone . PE.5

388
 PEAC discussion
Sir—Although I am still only con-
sidering building PEAC, I do not
Mii= anticipate having any serious tech-
nical difficulty in its. construction.
Your articles on the subject appears
A SELECTION FROM OUR POSIBAG to cover the subject adequately.
However, not having had any
experience in the operation of com-
puters, I envisage having some
difficulty in putting it to proper use.
It is for this reason that I would like
time he can gauge whether to to discuss PEAC with someone who
Battle of the waves transact or to bank his cash. I feel has had some practical experience in
Sir—We had to reply to the comment that provision of a separate button using it.
in Report from America—bedlam would lead to abuse, and also might D. Grime,
(see February issue). Of course we lower the skill level of the game as a St. Mary Cray,
agree that it is ridiculous to allow whole, not to mention a reduction in Kent.
anyone to use up to lOOmW without the surprise element.
a licence, but how about showing the Incidentally, to those who consider
other side of the coin for a change. a battery-level button is necessary, I
It is equally as stupid to allow the should mention that tax provides a
importation of CB gear over a long useful guide to battery state. Simply
period of time and the sale of tens of set rotary switch to tax and press the
thousands of 27MHz transceivers. check shares button. A half-scale
Later the dealer could still sell them reading should be obtained, which "I.C." a problem
but had to tell the buyer " GPO could be marked on the meter dial
licence required" but not that it was for quick checking. Sir—I have recently had cause to
unobtainable, then they have to state Brian H. Baily. wonder if, in fact, it is going to be
"not licenseable in the U.K." but worth the trouble to accept a modern
they can still sell them, then the type of transistor radio for servicing.
import is banned (theoretically) but With the one repaired this week, the
dealers are still allowed to sell off total goes up to five, all of which had
their vast stocks. Who's for dice developed faults in an i.f. module.
With a bit of forethought we Sir—1 must commend Mr Baily on Over the years spanning the
could have a Citizens Radio Service his design of the Electronic Stock- increasing popularity of the transistor
over here and use the experience of market (Dec. 1968). I have one radio, I have been able to offer a
others to our advantage. Let's face suggestion' could not some sort of reasonable repair, but at the fantastic
.it, anything would be an improve- electronic dice be designed to take the cost of replacing modules it is small
ment on the state of anarchy that we place of the ordinary throw dice? wonder that my customer today has
have today one can hardly be a This would make the game entirely gone away believing that 1 am trying
pirate when there is no legal means of electronic and more interesting. to get rich quick—1 think that the
conforming. Brian R. Dellow, boffins who dream up such things
Ken Kates (G3 PHS), Wellington, should guarantee them for life.
U.K. Citizen Band Society, New Zealand. I know that this is regarded as
Caterham, progress by the fact that it speeds
Surrey. servicing, and initial assembly at the
factory, but it is also fact that I could
Obviously there are a number of points replace a component and be fair with
one could debate on- in this connection. No i.c.'s please! the customer regarding cost. As
I will confine myself to just one point, that Sir—I look forward to the Practical things are now, with the natural swing
the 27MHz band in this country is the Electronics Organ very much, over from conventional to modules,
prerogative of radio control modellers. though my constructional activities the customer faces the possibility of
I do not agree with your statement that are of necessity confined to repair, having to find pounds instead of
these people would welcome a Citizens tuning and servicing a few organs as shillings just for the replacement
Band Service. Communications we have an offering to some Northumberland module, and before the engineer
received from radio control enthusiasts churches. makes his charge. So the days of the
indicate quite the opposite.—Ed. But please inform Mr Alan transistor radio being a fair pro-
Douglas that I will boycott the position are drawing to a close.
reading of his articles if he has used To those who think that it is
i.c.'s in his design. The integrated possible to service one of these
Bank on memory circuit seemed to start in the computer modules I say good luck, and trust
field, and as I see some not remote their curses are not as numerous
Sir—I should like to reply to one resemblance between binary counters as were mine.
point raised by Ken Greenberg con- and organ dividers, there is just a R. W. Craig (Tin Box Rebel),
cerning the Electronic Stockmarket danger that the i.e. figures in this Bexley,
(Readout, March issue). organ. If it does I hope that there is a . Kent.
The bank level can be observed transistor alternative, but my "down"
throughout the game every time the on i.c.'s will have to be the subject of
player banks cash, if he is also another letter. Suffice it to say that 1 Your tale of woe is certainly revealing and
pressing his check cash button. He feel they are not for the public at I wonder if any other readers have been
will notice the meter level fall as large! victims of the widespread use of integrated
charge is transferred into his bank, Meanwhile thanks for an interest- modules in present day equipment.
and its final resting-level represents ing magazine, and keep up the good Obviously many other service engineers
his bank level at the time. It is work! and general public will feel the impact
surely part of the game for him to try James W. Robson, and you certainly have my sympathies.
to remember this level, so that next Newcastle upon Tyne. —Ed.

389
 6 PUSH-BUTTON STEREOGRAH CHASSIS
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS M.W.; S.W.I; SW.2; V.H.F.:
G.E. Type PA234 I WATT AUDIO AMPLIFIER 23/- Grajn: Stereo Gram; vol/
Single
G.E. Type PA230 22LOW
supply line, ohm LEVEL
load, dual-in-line package.
AMPLIFIER
Single supply line, audio pre-amplifier in dual-in-line package
21/- I on-ofl; tone; double wound
mains trans.; 2 o.p. trans, lor
RCA Type CA3020 WIDE-BAND POWER AMPLIFIER 32/- 3-ohm. Also operates with two
Very popular i Watt amplifier, DC to video, Motor control etc. speakers on Radio.high.Chassis
size: 15x7xSJin. Dial
RCA Type CA3035 ULTRA HIGH GAIN AMPLIFIER 30/- silver
3G.E.
amplifiers in I TO-5DARLINGTON
Type 2N5306 (multilead) can, overall
PAIR gain over 1,000,000 times 11/6 550M;and18-61M;-
black 16x3in. 190-
60-187M;
2Mintransistors VHP 86-100 Mc/s. Valves:
/3 = 7,000 at lc = 2mA (i.e. base current aslessDarlington
in one package connected pair.
than 290 Nano- ECC85, ECH81, EF89, 2 x
ECL86, EMS4 and Rect.
amps!!)* Ideal as low
level switch, fx = 60MHz level, low noise input stage for pre-amps or low Price £20.0.0, carr. paid.
MULLARD Type TAA3I0 LOW NOISE AUDIO STEREO
extra. DECODER £7.10.0
PRE-AMPLIFIER 32/-
Intended as a record and playback amplifier in tape recorders Fully built stereo amplifier; 2x3 watts; mains trans.;metal rect.;2 x UCL82; 2 o.p.
Add I/— each for data sheets if required. Data sheets only 1/6 each post free trans, for 3-ohm; vol/on-oft; tone; balance; chassis type with 3 controls on front.
31- x 3J* x 4' high. £8 (8/- p. & p.).
Write for details of our F.M. (V.H.F.) tuner, self powered, mains, valves ECC85,
TEXAS SILECT TRANSISTORS (SILICON) EF89, 6BW7. ECC82. Fully built £7.10.0 or as kit £6. book of instructions 2/8 (free
NPN Fast 20V,
TIS4-4, switches50mA, /3 = 20 (min) 1/9 with kit).
TIS49, 15 V, 200mA, £ = 40-120 2/6
NPN Low level, low noise
2N3707, 30V, 30mA, 0 = 100-400 41- GLADSTONE RADIO 66 ELMS ROAD
ALDERSHOT, Hants.
2N3708, 30V, 30mA, 8 = 45-660 2/5 (2 mlns. from Station and Buses). FULL GUARANTEE. Aiderahot 22240
BCI82L. 50V. 200mA, 0=100-480 3/3 CLOSED TUBS. & WED.
BCI83L, 30V, 200mA, 0=100-850 2/5
BCI84L, 30V. 200mA, 0 = 250 (min) 3/2
NPN Medium power
2N3704, 30V, 800mA, 0 = 100-300 3/9
2N3705. 30V. 800mA, 0 = 50-150
PNP Fast switch 3/4
TIS50, 12V. 200mA. 0 = 40-150 3/9 BUILD YOUR CIRCUITS
PNP Low 30V,
2N4058, level, low30mA,
noise 0 = 100-400 4/6
2N4059, 30V. 30mA. 0 = 45-660 3/5 on
BC2I2L, S0V. 100mA, 0 = 60-300 ..... 3/9
BC2I3L, 30V, 100mA, 0 = 80-400 3/9
BC2I4L.
PNP 30V, 100mA, 0 = 140-400
Medium 4/-
2N3702, 25V.power200mA, 0 = 60-300 3/6
2N3703,
N Channel30V. FET 200mA, 0 = 30-150 3/3
2N38i9. VER060ARD
P Channel25V, FET 10mA. gm = 2-6-5mA/V 9/-
—the Universal Wiring Board-
2N3820, 20V, 10mA, gm = 0-8-5mA/V 18/9
Send 2/— now for brand new Components Catalogue packed with details of obtainable
r
from your local Retailer
professional components at prices you can afford. rade enquiries to;
DISCOUNTS—Order value over £5-10%; order value over £10—15% NORMAN ROSE (ELECTRICAL) LTD.
POST & PACKING—1/6 CASH WITH ORDER PLEASE 8 St. Chad's Place, Gray's Inn Road, London, W.C.I
KINVER ELECTRONICS LIMITED Technical enquiries to:
STON.E LAN E, KINVER, STOURBRIDGE, WORCS. VERO ELECTRONICS LTD.
Industrial Estate, Chandler's Ford, Hants

YOURS FREE tor7oeys

The New Picture-Book'way of learning

*0
DACI^ ELECTRICITY(5VOLS)
DJAwlW ELECTRON ICS (6VOLS.)
You'll find, it easy to learn with this out- the latest research into simplified learning
standingly successful NEW PICTORIAL techniques. This has proved that the
METHOD—the essential facts are explained PICTORIAL APPROACH to learning is the
in the simplest language, one at a time, and quickest and soundest way of gaining mastery
each is illustrated by an accurate, cartoon- over these subjects,
type drawing. The books are based on TO TRY IT, IS TO PROVE IT
The series will be of To The SELRAY BOOK CO., 60 HAYES HILL, HAYES, BROMLEY, KENT BR2 7HP
exceptional value in |
training mechanics and Please send me WITHOUT OBLIGATION TO PURCHASE, one of the
technicians in Elec- i above sets on 7 DAYS FREE TRIAL, I will either return set, carriage paid,
tricity, Radio and , in good condition within 7 days or send the following amounts. BASIC
Electronics. I ELECTRICITY 75/-. Cash Price or Down Payment of 20/- followed by 3
fortnightly payments of 20- each. BASIC ELECTRONICS 90/-. Cash
WHAT READERS SAY Price or Down Payment of 20/- followed by 4 fortnightly payments of 20/-
each. This offer applies to UNITED KINGDOM ONLY. Overseas
"/ am highly delighted with the books; I customers cash with order, prices as above.
didn't know a complicated subject could be so H
easily presented" Tick Set required {Only one set allowed on free trial)
J. K., Harlsfield. I
BASIC ELECTRICITY Q BASIC ELECTRONICS □
"/ am pleased to say how understandable your books are. I have ® Prices include Postage and Packing.
now quite a sound knowledge of Electronics."
P. S.3 Southgate. Signature
"/ know your Manuals will prove invaluable for my training and ® {If under 21 signature required of parent or guardian)
career as a technician." ■ NAME
J. L., S. Shields. BLOCK LETTERS
A TECH-PRESS PUBLICATION FULL POSTAL
ADDRESS
390
 RADIO ELECTRIC TIME SWITCH Set in the Dark INFRA-RED BINOCULARS
STETHOSCOPE Made by Smiths these are a.c. mains operated, NOT
Easiest way to fault find—traces CLOCKWORK: ideal for mounting on rack or shelf or
signal from aerial to speaker— can be built into box with 13A socket. Two completely
whenfault.
the signalUsestops
it onyou've
Eadio,found
TV, adjustable time periods per 24 hours, 5 amp changeover
amplifier, anything—complete contacts will switch circuit on or off during these
kit comprises two special transis-
tors and all parts including probe periods. 59/6, post and ins. 4/6. Additional time
tube and crystal earpiece. 29/8— contacts 10/- pair.
twin stethoset instead of ear- These
piece 11/- extra —post and ins..
2/9. Made motorised
by the famous meter cam switch
company Chamberlain voltageInfra-red binoculars
source will when fed
enable objects to befrom
seenainhigh
the
and Hookham, these have a normal mains 200-240v dark, provided the objects are in the
infra-red beam. Each eye tube contains a complete rays of an
motor which drives a ratchet mechanism so geared optical lens system as well as the infra-red cell.
towithgive one ratchet
60 teeth; thus aaction
complete perrevolution
minate onofathewheel cam These optical systems can be used as lenses for
MAINS MOTOR takes place in one hour. The cam operates 8 TV cameras—light cells, etc. (details supplied).
Precision made—as switches (6 changeover and -2 on/off thus 480 circuit The binoculars form part of the Army night driving
used in record decks changes per hour are possible). Contacts, rated at (Tabby) equipment. They are unused and believed
and tape recorders— 15 amps, have been set for certain switch com- to be in good working order but sold without a
ideal also for extractor binations but can. no doubt, be altered to suit a guarantee. Price £3.17.8, plus 10/- carr. and ins.
fans, blower,
etc. New heater,
and perfect. special job. Also other switch wafers or devices Handbook 2/6.
Snip at 9/6. Postage can be attached to the shaft which extends
3/- for first one then approximately one inch. 47/6, post and ins. 4/6. 5A,excellent
3 PIN SWITCH SOCKETS
1/- for each one An opportunity to make
that bench dis board yon have
over ordered.
post free. 12 and VARYLITE needed or to stock up
jobs. This month we offer 6 British
for future
Will dim fluorescent or incandescent lighting up to 600 watts made (Hicraft) bakelite flush
from full brilliance to out. Fitted on M.K. flush plate, same mounting shuttered 5A switch
size and fixing as standard wall switch so may be fitted in • « sockets for only 10/-
R0TISSERIE MOTOR
place of this, or mount on surface. Price complete in heavy
plastic box with control knob £3.19.6. and insurance. (20 plus
boxes3/6 post
post
free.)
Very powerful 7 r.p.m., operates
from standard AC Mains. 29 '8, plus NICAD RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES f Panel INDICATORconsists LAMP
3/6 P. & P. 3-6V 500mA size li x IJin. dia. really powerful will
deliver 1 amp for J hour. Regular price 32/6 each—our in red mounting,
plastic lens with resistor of neonin lamp
lead
price 18/8 each. New and guaranteed. Other voltages for mains operation 2/8 each, 24/- doz.
available. Single cell 1-2V 6/6. S cell 6V 29/6. HEADPHONES
230 VOLT SOLENOID ELECTRIC CLOCK WITH 20AMP SWITCH Ex-W.D.
band 4/8. unused
Doubleand withperfect,
headband single8/6.with head-
iin. xstroke,
2m. size 21in.
l}in. 14/6, postageX Made by Smith's these units are as fitted
to many top quality cookers to control the 16 RPM GEARED MOTOR
oven. The clock is mains driven and Made by but
running, Smith's Electrics,
are very theseThey
powerful. are almost
operatesilent
from
frequency controlled so it
accurate. The two small dials enable is extremely \ normal to 240V. mains and the final shaft speed is
switch on and off times to be accurately 16 r.p.m. 15/-. Post & ins. 2/9.
SNIPERSCOPE set—also on the left is another timer or
alarm—this may be set in minutes up to QUICK CUPPA
fr inha-IUFTS Famous 4sound.
hours. At the end
for ofswitching
the period aonbelltape will Mini Immersion Heater, 350w.
MNSITIVt LAVt I forcat'sseeing eyewar-time
'' used recorders.
Ideal
Offered atandonlyunused
a fraction of45/-,
the 200/240v. Boils full cup in about
in the regular price—new only two minutes. Use any socket or
PLUOOtSCEAT dark. This is an less than the value of the clock alone—post and ins. 2/9. lamp
for tea, baby's Have
holder. at bedside
food, etc. 19/8,
•CBCIM infra-red cellImage
converter with post and Insurance 1/6 12v. car
a silver caesium THIS MONTH'S SNIP model also available.
screen
^ JWWWtWMOOW _ up (like a cathode which lights Recording Tape
ray tube) when the Quadruple tape on Sin. spool giving 600ft. Of the finest quality by very MINIATURE WAFER SWITCHES
famous maker. price
Especially 4 pole, 2 way—3 pole, 3 "way—4
for thesome
by infra-red A electrons
strike it.experiments. released
golden opportunity ment. Regular 30/- persuitable
spool. forOurmessage
price 7/6tapes
plusand
2/9 portable
p. & p. orequip-
3 for pole,
4 way—23 way—2 pole,way—I
4 way—3 pole,
interesting 7/6 each
post 2/6. Data will be supplied with cells, if 22/6 post paid. way. All atpole,3/66each. 86/-pole, 12
dozen,
requested. your assortment.
MAINS TRANSFORMER SNIP HI-FI BARGAIN WATERPROOF HEATING
Making a power pack for ofFT7LL
the FI12
finest INCH LOUDSPEAKER.
loudspeakers that we have This
ever is offered,
undoubtedly one
produced 26 yards lengthELEMENT
TOW. Self-regulating
ment ? orThese
amplifier other equip-
trans- by one of the country's most famous makers. It has a die-cast
metal frame and is strongly recommended for Hi-Fi load and temperature control. 10/- post free.
formers
mains primaries normal
have (230/ Rhythm Guitar11,000
and public address. Flux 44,000 Maxwells-
40v.) and isolated Flux Density gauss—Total
secondaries two types Power Handling 15 watts R.M.S.—Cone Moulded fibre—Freq. TELESCOPIC
(1) 12v. 600mA. at 8'6: response 30-10,000 c.p.s.—specify
sonance 60 c.p.s.—Chassis Diam. 12in.—12|in. 3 or 15 ohms Main re-
over mounting AERIAL _
(2) 15v. 500mA. at 8/6. lugs—Baffle hfje 11 in. Diam.—Mounting holes 4, holes—Jin. for portable, car radio
diam. on pitch circle lljin. diam.—Overall height 5jin. A £6 or transmitter.
ted—six Chrome from
sections, extends pla-
speaker offered for only £3.9.8 plus 7/6 p. A p. Don't miss
SPRING COIL LEADS
this offer. 15in. SOW £7.19.6. screw. 7/6. Hole in bottom for 6BA
7| to 47in.
as4 corefitted to telephones, DRILL CONTROLLER
2/8 each, 3 core 21- CONTROL Electronically changes speed from Be first this year!
each. DRILL approximately 10 atrevs, tospeeds
maxi- SEED AND PLANT
SPEEDS mum. Full power all
by finger-tip control. Kit includes RAISING
PP3 ELIMINATOR. Play your pocket all parts, case, everything and full -a? Soil heating wire and trans-
radio from the mains! save £s. Com- instructions. 19/6 plus 2/6 post and former. Suitable for standard
plete component kit comprises 4 insurance. size
Post and ins.frame,
garden 3/6. -fIw/D
Q /C
rectifiers—mains dropper resistances,
smoothing condenser and instruc- 29/8, plus 2/6 Or post.available made up
tions, only 6/8 plus ] /- post.
^ PROCESS TIME CONTROLLER DOOR INTERCOM
AC FAN Made by Smiths, motorised and mains driven, enables toKnow who is calling and speak
Small but very and or them without
powerful mains
motor
15A
to circuit
stay on toforbea started
period up
fromto 1815 hours in advance
minutes to 3 hours. chair. Outfitleaving bed,
comprises
blades.with
Ideal6 Jin.
for Totally enclosed in metal box with glass front and microphone with
button, connectors call push
cooling equip- chrome surround. 49/8, plus 4/6 post and ins. inter-com. Simplyandplugs
master
to-
ment
tor. orSilent
as extrac-
but MAINS TRANSISTOR POWER PACK gether. Originally sold at plus
£10.
very efficient. Special snip price 49/8,
17/6, post 4/6. Designed to operate transistor sets and amplifiers. Adjustable output 6V, 9V, 3/6 postage.
12y for up to 500mA (class B working). Takes the place of any of the'
orMounts
front from
with back
4BA ' following
prises: batteries:
mains PPl,rectifier,
transformer PP3, PP4. PP6, PPT,
smoothing PP9,resistor,
and load and others. Kit com-
condensers and MAINS TRANSISTOR POWER PACK
screws. instructions. Real snip at only 16/8, plus 3/6 postage. Designed to operate transistor sets and amplifiers.
TRANSISTOR Adjustable output Takes
(class B working). 6V, 9Y,the12Vplace
lor ofup any
to 500mA
of the
SET CASE REED SWITCH following batteries: PPl, PP3, PP4, ppg, PP7,
Very modem cream Suitable for dozens of different applications, such as burglar alarms, conveyor PP9 and others. Kit comprises:
belt switching. These are simply glass encased switches which can be operated rectifier, smoothing and load resistor, condensers mains transformer
cabinet, size 51 x 3 x by a passing permanent magnet coil. A special buy enables us to offer these at and instructions. Real snip at only 18/6, plus 3/6
IJtn. withknob
tuning chromeand handle,
scale- 2, 8 each, or 24/- a dozen. Suitable magnets are 1/- each. postage.
Price 4/8Printed
postage. pluscircuit
2/-
board for this case TRF Where postage is not stated then orders
circuit 2/6, superhet 3/8. over £3 are post free. Below £3 add 2/9. ELECTRONICS (CROYDON) LTD.
Soil Warming Semi-conductors add 1/- post. Over £1 post Dept. PE, 266 London Road, Croydon CRO-2TH
covering 12/6. element, SOyds., heavy P.V.C. free. S.A.E. with enquiries please.
Also 102/3 Tamworth Road, Croydon

391
 ORGAN BUILDERS! SILICON N.P.N. TRANSISTORS TESTED
AND APPROVED BY DESIGNER FOR USE IN "PRACTICAL ACCURATE HOLES IN BRASS, STEEL, ALUMINIUM,
ELECTRONICS" ORGAN CIRCUIT—1/6 each or £5 per 100.
LATEST LIST OF TRANSISTOR STOCK. ALL BRAND NEW FIBRE, PLASTIC
AND TO MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATIONS ACCURATE - FAST
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10/- 2N2219 10/9 2G371
4/- speci/icqtions to Dept. P£ T03 D 120/- from is" at !3/6, to
3" dia. at 120/-.
NKT219 10/9
61- NKT406
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13/3
40/- 22/3 BSY95A 3/9 2N22I9A12/6 2G378 4/- 4/- TOMPKiNS AND LONGMAN LIMITED
NKT223 6/0 NKT451 18/8 NKT16229 2N696 SI- 2N2220
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NKT225 4/6 NKT453 61- SKT20329 2N706 2N697 2N2221A OC44 61- 61-
NKT229 6/- NKT603F 8/6 12/612N706A 10/- OC45 61-
NKT237 7/3 NKT613F
NKT238 4/6 NKT674F 7/3
6/- NKT20339 t/8 2N914
2N703 2N2222 10/9 ASZ17
2N709 11/62N2222A Quantity10/-
NKT239 61- NKT677F 4/8 BC107 4/6 5/- 12/6 Discount :-
NKT240 4/6 NKT713 5/- BC108 8/-:2N918 11/6,2X2297 9/3 50/99
7/3|2N2368 4/6 25/49 ..10%
.. 6%
NKT241
NKT242 8/51- NKT717 61- BC109
NKT734 81- BCY55 in4/812X929
i nxroon 8/-2N2369
70/-j'2N930
, 4/6; 100/299 16%
8/8:2N2369A 6/-| 300/999 20%
-1 ELECTRONIC BROKERS
NKT243
NKT244 14/- 6/6 iBCY70 5/-i2NllSl
8/- NKT736 4/8;BCY71 9/3 2N1132 10/J2N2483 8/61.000 ..25%
NKT246 8/9 NKT773
NKT781 6/-1BCY72 4/9S2N1302 4/62S2484 10/9j all one type. LOW COST ELECTRONIC & SCIENTIFIC
Unmarked transistors (tested) similar to: EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
2N753 1/6, BSY28 1/6, BSY65 1/6, OC44 1/6. OC71 1/-, OC72 1/-.
LIGHT SENSITIVE TRANSISTORS (similar to OCP7I), 2/- each. PORTABLE MULTI-RANGE
ORP12. CADMIUM SULPHIDE LIGHT-SENSITIVE RESISTORS
91- each. METER
MINIATURE METER tipecijicalion.0-3, 0-30
Hanges:
GIANT-SIZE SELENIUM SOLAR CELLS—PRODUCE UP TO 0-60 and U-300mA
6inA AT 0-6V FROM DAYLIGHT! f DIGITAL
DISPLAY COUNTER 0-120niA d.c. 1-2d.c.and 12A and
d.c.
67mm diameter, 10/- each, 50mm x 37mm 2 for 10/-. 0-6-3 and 6-30mA a.c. 24-120mA a.c.
0-24-1-2A a.c. 3-12-30-300-600-
MULLARD POLYESTER CAPACITORS FAR BELOW COST pilot lamp.on There
Operates a rearisprojection
quick and 6-3Veasy 1,200 and 6,000V
6-30, 60-300, d.c. 240-1,200
120-000, 0-6-3, 2-4-12,
and
PRICE! disconnect at rear for lamp replace- 1,200-6,000V a.c. 3-333 ohms
0-00ImF, 400V, 3d; 0-00I5/iF. 400V, 3d; 0-001 8mF. 400V, 3d; ment.
buildingThese counters
digital are auitable
counters, or forin 0-3-30kn, 0*03-3mfld.c. Resistance
0-0022aiF, 400V, 3d; 0'01/iF, 400V. 3d; O'lS/^F, 160V, 6d; 0-22mF, apparatus where numericallinor■wother — 12 to +78 decibels. Frequency:
displays 50c/s. Input Resistance d.c.: 20,000
160V, 6d; 0-27^F, 160V, 6d; l/xF, 125V, 1/-. 3-i5rin deep.areItfcinhigh.
needed. Weight SJoz.idth. ohms/volt. InputresiHtancea.c. 2,000
ohms/volt. Dimensions:
Temperature255range:.—10
RECORD PLAYER CARTRIDGES. COMPLETE WITH Character size Jin high. List
6 gns. Our price 49/8 + p. & p. 5/6. price "to-hSO^G. 215
NEEDLES Also IvOmm. Weight: 8kg. Supplied
leads, with:
GP67/2, Mono, 15/-, GL91/3, Compatible. £1, GP93/I, Crystal displayavailable lin digital
unit by Counting in-line
Instruments 2V dividers, H.V.
rectifiers, 1-5 and 22-5V battery.
spare
Stereo, 25/-, GP94/I, Ceramic, 25/-. giving lin high characters, fitted
24V 2-8 watt lamps. Brand new. 56/-. with List price £25. fc/ ■I A . II O7 . OA
TRANSISTORISED SIGNAL INJECTOR KIT 10/-, SIGNAL Our price
TRACER KIT 10/-, CAR REV. COUNTER KIT 10/-. HYSTERESIS
CLUTCH MOTOR REPEAT
VEROBOARD
2iin x lin, 0-15 matrix, 1/3 17m x 3Jin, 0-15 matrix, 14/8 allowingintegral
With the motorclutch
to CYCLE
3|in x 2j[in, 0-15 matrix, 3/3
3|in x 3|in, 0*15 matrix, 3/11
3iin x 2110,0*1 matrix, 4/2
3iin X 3|in, 0*1 matrix, 4/9 with the drop gearouttrain,of engagement TIMERS
thereby These timers repeat a set cycle of
Sin x 2iin, 0-15 matrix, 3/11 Sin x 2|in, 0-1 matrix, 4/7 facilitating
in timers oreasyin resetting
conjunction whenwith
useda switching operations via a cam and
Sin x 3|in, 0-15 matrix, 5/6 Sin X 3|in, 0*1 matrix, 5/6- light spring. Goz torque at 1 r.p.m. micro is energised. forSingle-cam
switch, as long as the motor
RE21 in
17in x 2iin, 0*15 matrix, 11/- 240V. 69cIs left-rieht- Available in 2min, 3min, 4nun, 5min, 6mm cycles
Spot Face Cutter 7/6. Pin Insert Tool 9/6, Terminals Pins 3/6—36, the following tj-pes: 15,1, i, i, 1/5, @ 45/-. Twin-cam BD22 in Imin,
Special Offer! Spot Face Cutter and Five ijin x lin boards, 9/9 only! i.p. 1/10, 1/12 r.p.m. Only 25/- +
& p. 2/6. Low Torque Hysteresis 2mm, 3mm, 4ram, 5min cycles (j? ,
Motor MA23.6oz/in
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instrument
240V, 56/-. Four-cam
5min cycles ED24Six-cam
(J1. 75/-. in 4niinBD26
and
PAPER CONDENSERS, Mixed bags 0-00ImF to 0-5aF, 12/6 per 100, 60c/s. Available in the following in Imin, 2mjn, 3miu, 4niln. "5min
jSILVER-MICA, Ceramic, Polystyrene Condensers, Well assorted. types: 10, U,
Mixed types and values. 10/- per 100. 1/20,1/60, 1/40,1, i,1/180,
i, 1/5,1/10,1/12,
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RESISTORS. Mixed types and values, i to 1 watt. 6/6 per 100. C*) 26/- -f p, & p. 2/6. #5115/-. All + p. & p. 5/-.
55/- per 1,000. Wire-wound resistors. 1 watt to 10 watts. Mixed
values. 20 for 10/-. ELECTRONIC BROKERS LTD 5! PANCRAS ROAD
Transistors. Mixed, unmarked, mainly O.K. 7/6 for 50. LONDON, N.W.I Tel. 01-837 7781/2
12 VOLT TRANSISTORISED FLUORESCENT LIGHTS. HALF
NORMAL PRICE!
8 Watt 12in tube. Reflector type £2.19.6. 15 watt 1 Sin Batten type
£3.19.6. PARKERS SHEET
IDEAL FOR CAMPING OR CARAVAN HOLIDAYS!
A BRIGHT LIGHT FOR VERY LITTLE CURRENT!
METAL FOLDING
ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSERS
0-25^F 3 volt 4/rF 4 volt lOaF 25 volt 64MF 9 volt MACHINES
luF 6 volt AfiF 12 volt 20M F 6 volt IOOmF 9 volt
ItiF 20 volt 4nF 25 volt 25/iF 6 volt 320/iF 4 volt HEAVY VICE
\-2SnF 16 volt 5nF 6 volt 25MF 12 volt 320mF 10 volt
2nF 3 volt 6li¥ 6 volt 25nF 25 volt 400uF 6*4 volt
2uF 350 volt 8nF 3 volt 30mF 6 volt All at 1/- each. MODELS
2-5/iF 16 volt 8nF 12 volt 30MF 10 volt 20 assorted W/th Bevelled Former Bars
3uF 25 volt 8#zF 50 volt 50(iF 6 volt (our selection) Carr. free
3-2nF 64 volt 10/xF 6 volt 64/iF 2-5 volt 10/-. No. i. Capacity 18 saufe mild steel x 36ln. wide £14.0.0
No. 2. Capacity ISsaufe mild steel x 24in. wide £8.0.0
Orders by post to: No. 3. Capacity 16 sau^e mild steel X i8in. wide £8.0.0
G. F. MILWARD, DRAYTON BASSETT, NEAR TAMWORTH, Also new bench models. Capacities 48in. x 18 gauge £40, 36in. x 18 gauge
STAFFS. £27.10.0. 24in. x 16 gauge £26.10.0. Carriage free.
Please include suitable amount to cover post and packing. Minimum End folding attachments for radio chassis. Tray and Box making for 36in.
2/-. Stamped addressed envelope must accompany any enquiries. model, 5/6 per ft. Other models 3/6. The two smaller models will form
For customers in Birmingham area goods may be obtained from Rock flanges. As supplied to Government Departments, Universities, Hospitals.
Exchanges, 231 Alum Rock Road, Birmingham 8. One year's guarantee. Money refunded if not satisfied. Send for details.
A. 8. PARKER, FoldinqMachine Woriu, Upper Georqe St.. Hetkmondwike, Yerks. H«kmondwfte3997
392
 LIMITED
FULLY TESTED AND MARKED TRY OUR X PAKS FOR PRE-PAKS
AC 107 3/- OCI70 21- UNEQUALLED VALUE Selection from our lists
AC 41-
AC 126
127 2/4
2/4 OC 171
OC200
OC201
216 No. Price
AC 128 2/4 2G30I 71-
2/6 XA PAK Bl 50 Unmarked Trans. Untested - 10/-
ACYI7
AFI 14 3/-
41- 2G303 2/6 B2 4 Photo Cells Inc. Book of Instructions - 10/-
AFI 1516 3/6 2N7I 1 10/- Germanium PNP type transistors, equivalents to
AFI 3/6 2N1302-3 41- a large part of the OC range, i.e. 44, 45, 71, 72, B6 17 Red Spot AF Transistors - 10/-
AFI 17 3/6 2N 1304-5 5/- 81, etc. B6A 17 White Spot RF Transistors - 10/-
AFI 18 3/6 2N1306-7 61- PRICE £5 PER 1000 B9 I ORP 12 Light Sensitive Cell - 9/-
AF239 12/6 2N1308-9 91- B53 25 Sil. Trans. 400 Mc/s \Brand New - 10/-
AFI 86 10/- 2N3844A 51-
AFI 39 10/- Power XB FAK B54 40 „ „ NPNToS tTrans Voltage - 10/-
BFY50 41- Transistors Silicon TO«I8 CAN type transistors NPN/PNP B55 40 „ .. NPN To 18 j&Gain Fallouts 10/-
BSY2S 7/6 OC20 10/-
BSY26
BSY27 21- OC23
OC25 10/- mixed lotSr with equivalents to OC200-1, 2N706a, B56 40 „ .. NPN/PNP /All Tested -10/-
BSY28 V- 81- BSY27/29, BSY95A. B68 10 Top Hat Recs. 750 M/A 100-800 P1V - 10/-
BSY29 21- OC26
OC28
51-
7/6 PRICE £5.5.0 PER 500 B69 20 Diodes. GId-Bnd. Germ Sil. Planar - 10/-
BSY95A 21- OC35 51-
OC4I 21-
2/6 OC36 7/6 PRICE £10 PER 1000 B74 5 GId-Bnd. Diodes. 2.0A9, 3-OA5 - 10/-
OC44 . I/II AD 149 10/- B75 3 Comp. Set. 2G371, 2G38!, 2G339A -10/-
OC45
OC7f 1/9 AUYI0
Diodes
30/- XC PAK C2 I Unijunction Transistor 2N2I60 - 15/-
2/6 Silicon diodes miniature glass types, finished black B79 4IN4007 Diodes. I00OPIV. I AMP. -10/-
OC72
OC73 2/6 AAY42 21-
21- with polarity marked, equivalents to OA200, B77 2 Comp. Pair AD 161-AD162 -10/-
OC8I 3/6 OA9S
2/6 OATO 1/9
OC8ID 2/6 OA79 1/9 OA202, BAY3I-39 and DKIO, etc. C35 3 Unijunction Transistors = to2N2I60- 15/-
OC83 41- OA8I 1/9 PRICE £5 PER 1000 Al 7 Silicon Rectifiers BY 100 Type - 20/-
OCI39 2/6 OA73 21- A3 25 Mixed Marked and Tested Transistors - 20/-
OCI40 3/6 IN9I4 1/6 A2I 5 Power Transistors i-ADI49/l-OC26
ALL THE ABOVE UNTESTED PACKS HAVE and 3 others - 20/-
AN AVERAGE OF 75% OR MORE GOOD SEMI-
CONDUCTORS. FREE PACKS SUSPENDED
FREE! WITH THESE ORDERS. ORDERS MUST NOT
BE LESS THAN THE MINIMUM AMOUNTS JUST INTRODUCED
PACKS OF YOUR OWN CHOICE UP TO QUOTED PER PACK.
THE VALUE OF 10/- WITH ORDERS P/P 2/6 PER PACK (U.K.) 2 BRAND NEW ITEMS •/ •f •1
OVER £4 PAK B.78
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.
41 A
IJ MIXED
CLUDE:UNTESTED.
MIC930. 932,TYPES 1N-
936, 944,
TRANSISTORS ONLY 1/- EACH I / 945,946, 948.950.951 and 962.
| gj These are STC Type Numbers. 10/-
SILICON • PLANAR N.P.N. P.N.P Data and Circuits Supplied with
All these types available Orders.
PAK 82
2N929 2N706 2SI3I 2SI03 2N696 2NI6I3 2S733 BFYI0 M INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.
2SS0I 2N706A 2S5I2 2SI04 2N697 2NI7II 2N726 25731 EX-COMPUTER, ON PANELS.
ALL GOOD. DATA AND 10/-
BC108 2N30II 25102 2N2220 2NIS07 2NI893 2N2484 25732 CIRCUITS WITH ORDERS.
All tested and guaranteed for gain and leakage—unmarked.
Make a Rev. Counter for your Car. The
'TACHO BLOCK'. This encapsulated block
r
NEW UNMARKED UNTESTED PAKS will turn any 0-1 mA. meier
meter mu
into a linear
and accurate rev.
counter for any car.
2S BSY95A
NPN Silicon TRANSISTORS 10/- State 4 or 6 cylinder. 20/ each
OC45—-OC81
10 Mull. Glass Type TRANSIST0RS 10/-
FREE CATALOGUE AND LISTS
25 8SY26-27
NPN Silicon TRANSIST0RS 10/- for: —
10 Walt Silicon
10 AH Voltages ZENERS 10/- ZENER DIODES
Stock ^Reiects. BFYS0-I-2 TRANSISTORS, RECTIFIERS
anU< 25 NPN Silicon TRANSISTORS 10/-
mited?Nu%bet.
Nu units- 4 amp. Stud. FULL PRE-PAK LISTS
iHFIVHF T0un|'AFl86.2 1 10 Silicon RECTIFIERS 10/-
& SUBSTITUTION CHART
•onsistinO . * conden- BC107-8-9
25 NPN Silicon TRANSISTORS 10/-
compS 1 1N914-50A200/202 HinnF^ in/. MINIMUM ORDER 10/- CASH WITH
1 40 Sub. Min. Silicon UlUUt&lU/- ORDER PLEASE. Add 1/- post and packing
■ 150 High
Min, Germ.
Quality DI0DES 10- per order. OVERSEAS ADD EXTRA FOR
AIRMAIL.
1 25 2N706 A
NPN Silicon TRANSIST0RS 10/-
PRE-PAK. N.605 POWER THERE IS ONLY ONE
TRANSISTOR EQUIVALENT 5/- each
TO NKT30I-2-3-4 BI-PRE-PAK LTD
COMPLIMENTARY SET BEWARE OF IMITATIONS
NPN/PNP GERM. TRANS.

FREE! A WRITTEN GUARANTEE WITH ALL OUR TESTED SEMICONDUCTORS

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393
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394
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for indoor/outdoor
Absolutely brand new. communication up to 10permiles.
Price only £5.19.6 pair, S.W.I 1.
carriage and insurance 16/-. House, London, SW11.
19 Set
order. Headphones and Hike. Not new but in working
TannoyOnlyMikes.7/8Moving
per set.coll.p. &Asp.new,
4/6.9/6 each, p. & p. RADIO & TELEVISION SERVICING
3/6
High (heavy duty.moving
Quality Ideal for P.A.
coil work). and hand
headphones RADAR THEORY & MAINTENANCE
microphone. Brand new, only 25/-, p. & p. 6/-. TELECOMMUNICATIONS
.Suitable
pair). for most applications (cost approx. £3 per
|ec This private College provides efficient theoretical and practical
training in the above subjects. One-year day courses are available
AtkSBA Tms/&c. for beginners and shortened courses for men who have had
previous training. Write for details to:—
tt.escub The Secretary, London Electronics College, 20 Penywern
Compact Road, Earls Court, London, S.W.5. Tel. 01-373 8721
Consists VHP Trans./Rec. Fits
of Mike/Speaker, in the pocket.
amplifier, aerial,
transmitter
operate up to 100 miles depending onmade
and receiver. Were to
terrain.
Operates from dry batteries. Completely self- SITUATIONS VACANT
contained. Cost Govt. over £50 each. Regula-
tions
pleasestate most "For
mention not beDismantling
operated inpurposes
UK so
only"
each, p.when A p.ordering.
10/-. TwoPrice sets
£2.10.0
for
£5.0.0, post free. Fourofsets £8, TECHNICAL TRAINING by
carriage.free. Bulk sale 10 sets
£15, carriage £1, Export enquiries
invited.
IN RADIO, TELEVISION AND
43^3=
PRECISION ICS
Brand new, PANELboxed andMETERSfully guaranteed. With ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
fixing nuts and bolts. Size approx. 3Jin square.
0-500 volts F3D. As used by leading laboratories. First-class opportunities in Radio and Electronics await the ICS trained man.
Ex-stock, only 85/-. p. A p. 6/-. Two for £3, poet free. Let I C S train YOU for a well-paid post in this expanding field.
HEAVY
Bulk DUTY POWER
Purchase. Famous SUPPLY UNITSMust have
manufacture.
cost nearly I C S courses offer the keen, ambitious man the opportunity to acquire, quickly and
Output 260 £40
voltseach.
d.c. atInput 200/250
approx. volts6-3/12
175m.a. 60c/8volts
a.o. easily, the specialized training so essential to success. Diploma courses in Radio/
TV Engineering and Servicing, Electronics, Computers, etc. Expert coaching for;
at approx. 4 amps a.c. Robust metal rack mounting
cabinet,
carriage sire
andapprox. 19 x15/-.
insurance 36 x 8in. Price only
All units are 85/-,
fully • C. & G. TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNICIANS' CERTS.
fused and metered. • C. A G. ELECTRONIC SERVICING.
SMOOTHING UNITS • R.T.E.B. RADIO AND TV SERVICING CERTIFICATE.
Beautifully made pieces of equipment. 12 volts or • RADIO AMATEURS' EXAMINATION.
24 volts d.C.
regulated d.c. input
output.givesWorth
a fully
£30 smoothed
each. Robustfully • P.M.G. CERTIFICATES IN RADIOTELEGRAPHY.
metal cabinet with provision for standby battery. Examination Students Coached until Successful.
Brand
16/-. new in maker's cartons. Price 85/-, p. A p. NEW SELF-BUILD RADIO AND ELECTRONIC COURSES
New walk-round scientific store now open at 38 .Build your own 5-valve receiver, transistor portable, signal generator, multi-
Brldgend, Meadow meter and valve volt meter—all under expert guidance.
9 a.m.-6 p.m. PlusLane, Leeds
all day 1. Open weekdays
Saturday. All items POST THIS COUPON TODAY and find out how I C S can help YOU in your
available for inspection and demonstration. career. Full details of I C S courses in Radio, Television and Electronics will be
sent to you by return mail.
gcoorfutcm MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGES
TkAN£fOfM£k^~^ I International Correspondence Schools 1
INTERNATIONAL (Dept. 152), Intertext House, Parkgate Road,
London, S.W.I 1.
"Bulk purchase enables us to offer the following
transformers at these ridiculously low prices. Made CORRESPONDENCE NAME
by a famous manufacturer and fully tested and Block Capitals Please
guaranteed. Charger Tramformen. 0-9-16V 2A.
9/6 each, p. AType*.
Power p. 2/6.6-3V
Twoatfor2A,
17/07/8postfree.
each, p.Traniiftor SCHOOLS
12V atPack
2A, 12/6 each, p. A p. 2/6. A p. 2/6. ADDRESS

A WHOLE WORLD
DEPT.
1TTT.P.E., CAWOODS
T. STREET, LEEDSYARD,
9 OF KNOWLEDGE , 5/69
All mall orders to Globe Scientific Ltd., 24 Cawoods AWAITS YOU !
Yard, Mill St., Leeds 9.
395
 SITUATIONS VACANT (continued) RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS (continued)
A.M.I.E-R.E., A.if.S.K. (Elec,), City &
Guilds, G.C.E'. cfc., on "Satisfaction or Kefund
of Fee" terms. Wide range of Home Study TERRIFIC TRANSISTORS ! TRANSISTORISED REVERBERATION
Courses in Electronics, Computers, Radio, High-gain low-noise npn planars Six transistor circuit, all components
T.V., etc. 132-page Guide—FREE. Please 20V, 220mW, 200mA peak Ic, hfe up to 900. £7.10.0. post free. (Case 34 - extra, P. & P.
state subject of interest. BRITISH 2/6). Circuit and construction details 1/-
INSTITUTE OF EXGIXEERIXG TECH- BC168-BCI48 (sim. BCI08, BCI70, BCI83. (free with kit).
NOLOGY (Dept. 124K), Aldennnston Court, 2N2925, 2N2926).
Aldermaston, Berks. BC169 BCI49 (sim.BClOg, BCI5I. BC154. TRANSISTORISED SIGNAL INJECTOR 19/6
2N3391A etc.) P. & P. 1 /6. Catalogue of components etc.
Prices: BCI68, 5 for 10/-, 50 for 90/-. I /-. Wilsic Electronics Ltd, 6 Copley Road,
BC169, 5 for 11/3, 50 for £5. Doncaster, Yorks.
CENTRAL Brand new, mint, makers' trade iparks.-Full
list with data, components, circuits, kits 6d. BRAND NEW ELECTROLYTICS, 15 volt, 1. 2,
FREE WITH ORDERS. 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 mfds. 7/6
ELECTRICITY dozen, postage 1/- The C.R. SUPPLY CO.,
—H i'SV 127 Chesterfield Road, Sheffield, S8 ORX.
GENERATING MINI MAINS
NT '80
80 PACK KIT
BOARD ^|T\ I mA
TAPE HEADS
SOUTH WESTERN REGION Can be built to size of PP6 battery. Com- BSB BRAD.-SQ/A
ponents and data sheet, 17/6. Transformer 2 TRACK 7/O pair MICHIGAN HIGH IMP.
REC./PLAY
AC I
only,0-230-250/9-0-9V, 80mA, size IJxix I', 4-TEACK *3 "
ABERTHAW with datasheet, II/-. Eagle.transformen BSRMALL "JQ/A BOGEN ERASE
(same size) MT6. 6-0-6V 100mA, MTI2, 4 TRACK J' Vpair UL218/6 27/6
POWER STATION 12-0-12V, 50mA, 13/6 each. All these can be 4-TRACK
used with bridge rectifiers giving double the REUTER — COLLARO C0SM0C0RD ERASE
Ourref; 7/69/JAC/PAG. voltage at half the current. Submin. ERASE I C T.E. 2 9
13 1I 3
C/
selenium bridge to suit, 3/6. 4-TRACK >/" 4-TRACK "
Applications are invited for the TRANSISTORISED FM TUNER
following positions at Aberthaw AMATRONIX LTD. (Mail order only) 6SIZETRANSISTOR HIGH QUALITY TUNER.
Power Station, St. Athan, Nr. Barry,
Glam. CF6 9ZW. 396 Selsdon Rd., South Croydon, Surrey tuned ONLY 6in x 4jn Ample
discriminator. x 2Iin output
3 I.F. stages.
to feedDouble
most
CR20DE amplifiers. Operates on 9V battery. Coverage
88-108Mc/s. Ready built ready
use. Fantastic value for money for Xfa
' *"A T
INSTRUMENT SUB-MIN. TRANSISTOR LW MW FM TUNER
Similar to above.
tuners, dial Complete with aerial. fc£\A
and instnictions I "r
MECHANICS R & R RADIO TUNER DULCI FMT7S STEREO £23
Wage £24 7s. Id. per week. 51 Burnley Road, Rawtenstail COMPACT TRANSISTOR FM TUNER
The above quoted wage includes
Rossendale, Lanes panel,Walnut
Oiled verticalcabinet,
styling, brushed
internalgold front
batteries
payment for incidental overtime, FM MULTIPLEX STEREO ADAPTOR
•shift enhancement and premium Tel.: Rossendale 3152 Printed9Vcircuit
diodes biscuit,
with lull 4 trans. 6
Instructions "J A
time for weekend working. In
addition, a service increment of £20 VALVES BOXED. TESTED & GUARANTEED LOUDSPEAKERS
per annum is payable after two years BF80 31- 12* 20 watt, 15 ohm. 12" 25 watt. 15 ohm,
satisfactory service with a similar EBC4I 4/6 PY33 51- TWIN CONE £4.15.0 25-13K GUITAR SPEAKER/
EBF89 3/6 PCC84 31- PY8I 3/6 £5.7.0
amount on completion of the third ECC82 3/- PCF80 31- PY82 3h 2' 40 ohm
year. ECL80 3/- PCF82 3/6 UI9I 4/6 10" 10 watt, 15 ohm, 12* TWIN CONE 10 „ 9/6.
2i"80 ohm
The successful applicants will be involved EF80 1/6 PCL82 41- 6F23 5h CERAMIC — AQ I A. watt PEAK 15 or QR/,
in maintaining a wide range of electronic EF85 3/- PCL83 41- 30 FS 2/6 MAGNET Teak 232 "': 13O 39ohm
and mechanical equipment used on EY86 4/- PL36 51- 30LIS 51-
pressure, temperature and flow automatic EL4I 51- PL81 4/- 30PI2 4/6 HiiRINFT
unuiitui 4legs0 6for Tape=Recorderi'' contemp.
and Tuner 12' QQ ID^
control loops of advanced design. Main- EZ40 4/6 PL83 41- 3005 51- DCI A UO P x ' changeover, ideal for models. in ,
tenance is also performed on telemetering • POST. ONE VALVE »d. TWO TO SIX 6<l. KlLAiU 6-24v
U H j", 700ohm9-24v, 430ohm '|{jVl -
and analytical instruments. The modern OVER SIX POSTPAID. TWFPTFR
1 3" 16 ohm,
workshops are equipped with advanced L.r\ lOWCR/O.SkD, 26/9
testing and calibrating facilities. Horn type Hi-Fi 18,000 c/s
Opportunities exist for promotion and CROSSOVER NETWORK 14/-
for the advancement of technical studies. TELEVISION 3kc/s, 16 or 3 ohm
Consideration will be given to men with From BBC, I.E. STRIPS .leisideal for spares, contains
2 converters REFLEX CONE TYPE MULTIMETERS *3'I /
recent Forces experience in maintaining smoothing
I.F. capacitor,coildropper
transformers, realstors,
formers, 7 valveresistors,
capacitors, holders, WATERPROOF SPKR. CHARGER from
measuring/control equipment and also to diodes, 5 watt. 3 ohm. 300- TRANSFORMER.
those_with high calibre electronic servicing
experience. 3}in, no information or circuit. Brand new in boxes,llin
tag strips, chokes, etc., etc., on chassis 14/8.x 16,000c/s PA 4 Amp. I /X
MAI5S TRANSFORMERS Sr £3.10.0 2/6/12 volt Ai/w
National Joint Industrial Council Con- 250V
32V atinput,
lOm/A,outputs
size 2im10V:<atl{ln500mA,
x IJin24V(drop
at through
100mA, 3/- P/P
ditions including a basic 40 hour week SUPER SILICON RECT. T.V„ etc., 1.200 PIV
covering shift working. 250V input, output 22V at ISA, size 2m ;< 2in x paid.
type) ideal for transistor power supply, 10/- post 2lin, 800mA, 5/-;
condenser, 6/6; or400complete
PIV HW 6A, with6,'-;instr.
200 PIVresistor,
HW
11/- post paid. 6A, 6/-. BY100 type, 6 for 10/-.
Excellent . welfare facilities including MIXED bag of silver
approx. 150, 10/- per bag. mica and ceramic capacitors, VHF AIRCRAFT BAND CONVERTER 75/-
generous holidays and pension schemes. ERIE Place within lin. of MW radio
Applications in writing stating details 12/6. Thyristors for drill speed controls 400 p.i.v, at 5A BURGLAR ALARM/FIRE ALARM'
DOOR BELL. LIST 37/6. OUR PRICE 7/6
of age and previous experience to BUNTS O-lmF, 350vw
upright mounting, paper- percapacitors,
2/8 doz.,15/ P.C.pertvpe,
100, post paid 100,
TUBULAR ceramic capacitors, P.C. type, 3-3pF and CHANGER DECKS
500pF, only 6/- per 100. 1/5 doz. UA25 BSR with template, Mono. List £6.19.6
Statidn Superintendent MULLARD CAPACITORS 50 -(- 50 + SOmF, 350vw, 5/-. UA23 BSR with template, Stereo. List £7.9,6
TRANSISTOR ELECTROLYTICS 2mF 6d6vw,each.
4inF 64vw, 1025 Garrard with template, Mono.
1025 Garrard with template. Stereo. List List£7.17.6
£7,7.8
ABERTHAW POWER STATION 20mF 6vw,400mF
50mF 6vw, 500mF
lOOmF 9vw,6vw,
at the above address 25vw. 1/-. lovw, 9d. I.OOOmFlOOmF,
50vw PLINTH
Clearview rigid perspex cover for 1025. fI R fl
in simulated teak. Complete with r J
can type. 4/-. P/P on Decks, Plinth and Cover 7/6
SPEAKER COVERING Tin ; 4in perforated flexible
plastic. Simulated chrome on one side 1/8 each 12/- doz. SWITCH ROTARY RECIPROCATING 4
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS HUNTS 2,500mfdcapacitors
SILVER 50vw, brand80pF new size
8/8. only iin x lin Position, loamp. Single hole fixing, with Q 6
200vw, 4/-MICAper 100. instnictions. List 14/7
C6Q CASSETTE 10/3. COO 14/3
UNMARKED SX633 silicon diodes. 300 p.i.v. at J amp. Stamped envelope for full selection and bargain
TIMY TRANSISTOR RELAY for model Tested and guaranteed, 9d each, 6/- doz. offers in MULTIMETERS, RADIOS. BaSY
control, light switches, experiments, etc. Onlv GT45B equlv. to OC71. OC45. etc. 1/3 each. 12/- doz. ALARMS. INTERCOMS. WALKIE-TALKIES,
lin square, 330Q coll, 30/- post free. H.R. Manufacturers
P.C. BOARDS 21' marked,
x 3;'.not rejects.
Ideal for mock-ups. Ready RECTIFIERS, SINCLAIR. DULCI, AND EAGLE
RADIO, 174 Bramall Lane, Sheffield, S24RF. drilled and30vw.
etched,P.C.2/8disc
doz.ceramics, 8/-doz., £1 per 100. Lists. UNDER £1—P. & P. 6d., £1 to £3—1/6
0.47mF, over £3—2/6. C.O.D. 3/6. MAIL ORDER ONLY*
ELECTRONIC STOCKMARKET kit of most M AIL ORDER
Postal charges: upONLYto «1SAE+1/6;FOR£l-£2LISTS
+2/-; £2-£5 +3/6: DURHAM SUPPLIES
parts; also "Reuctalyser" and Waa-Waa pedal. over £5 FREE. 367F, KENSINGTON STREET
S.A.E. for list. D.E.W. LTD., Ringwood Rd., A.J.H. ELECTRONICS BRADFORD 8, YORKSHIRE
Ferndown, Dorset. 59 Waverley Road, The Kent, Rugby, Warwick!.
396
 RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS (ccntinucd)
TESTED 2N2926 (all colours)"2/S, 2X3819 8/6.
OC71 2/e. S. R. BAIX, Myrtle Cottage, ★ 2N706 ★
L.S.T. ELECTRONIC Maryburgh, Ross-shire.
COMPONENTS LTD. SILICON PLANAR NPN GENL.
PURPOSE RF & HI SPEED SWITCH
PLEASE SEE 0A8t 4d, OAS 6d EX-EQUIPMENT. Free TO 18 METAL -CAN, VCEO 20V
OUR DISPLAY ADVERTISEMENT ON lists. M. EDMUNDS, 62 Thornhill Park max, IC 200 mA max, PTOT 300 mW
Road, Thornhill, Southampton. (Iw with sink). (FT 300 Mc/s TYP)
PAGE 375 BRAND NEW. FULLY GUARAN-
TEED, UNMARKED, BUT COM-
TRANSISTOR PANELS PLY WITH FULL JEDEC MILITARY
New boxed, type
transistors size 9inOC4Sx 6inorx similar,
l^in withwith"Valvo"
full SPEC.
D.I.Y.—All materials and components for con- length leads, also an equal number of OA85 1/6 EACH, POST & PKG. I/-
struction of high fidelity loudspeaker systems diodes, H/S resistors,
board in a metal frame. etc. Built on perforated 8 OR MORE POST FREE
(empty enclosures, BAF wadding, -Tygah, Ponef of 20 transistors, diodes, etc. 20/- CASH WITH ORDER TO:
Vynair fabric, cross-overs, etc.). Many other 30 — 25/- 60 — 40/-
audio accessories and speaker kits. S.A.E. for 40 — 30/- 70 — 45/- Postoge 2/- per panel. J. L. CROWTHER
lists. P. F. & A. R. HELME, Dept. PE, Sum- 50 — 35;- 80 — 50/- 2 MANOR EARM, PURN WAY, BLEAD0N
merbridge, Harrogate, Yorks. TRANSISTOR CAPACITORS (ELEC-
TROLYTIC) WEST0N-S-MARE, S0MT.
500mF 4V 50mF 10V lOmF 25V
320mF tOV 30rnF .ov 8mfd 12V
250mF 4V ^ ml^ -Uvv 6-4mF 64V
200mF 10V •" ' " 4mF 64V BATTERY ELIMINATORS
lOO^f 40V
64mF 12V 20mF
l6mF 25V 12V 2mfd
lmF25V 12V The ideal way of running your TRANSISTOR
WE ARE BREAKING UP COMPUTERS I/- each. 9/- per doz. Min. order 10/- RADIO, RECORD PLAYER.TAPE RECORDER,
EX COMPUTER PRINTED CIRCUIT COMPUTER PANELS with 40 sil. pno or AMPLIFIER, etc. Types available: 9v: 7iv; 6v;
PANELS npn transistors, Diodes and res., 22/6 Post Paid. 4|v (tingle output) 39/6 each. P. & P. 2/9.
2in X 4in packed with semiconductors and top COMPUTER PANELS WITH SEMI- 9v + 9v: 6v + 6v: or 41v + 41v (two separate
quality CONDUCTORS.
8—OC42 or GET875Postage 6d per panel 7/6 outputs) 42/6 each. P. & P. 2/9. Please state
Our price. 10 boards 10/-. diodes,
resistors, capacitors, P. & P.etc.2/-. With a 24—A1678
+ 24—OA8I
(V405A) 550 mc/s PNP + 24 15/— output required. All the above units are
completely isolatedensuring
from mains by double
guaranteed minimum of 35 transistors. Diodes
4—OCI70 + 2—OCI39 wound transformer 100'L, safety.
SPECIAL BARGAIN PACK. 25 boards for £1.
P. & P. 3/6. With a guaranteed minimum of 85 9—AS220
4—OC42 ++6—GET875 I —T2040 +++27Diodes
2—OC42
Diodes .... 7/6 7/6
7/6
ILC.S. PRODUCTS (RADIO)
(Dopt. P.E.). 31 Oliver Road. London. LTD.E.I7
transistors.
100 boards 65/-. P. & P. 6/6. With a guaranteed 2—OCI70 + I—2G306 + OC42 4/-
minimum of 350 transistors. 5—OC23
6—2N388 -(-++ 8—GET
15—OA
2—2G403 10 25/-
PAN ELS with 2 power transistors sim. to OC28 on
each board + components. 2 boards (4 x OC28) 4—OC36 103 ++2—T2040
4—ZS3I A ... . 25/- 8/6 MINIATURE RESISTORS
10/-. P. &P. 2/-. 8—ASZ20 + 80 Diodes 7/6 LOW NOISE-CARBON FILM
NPN GERMANIUM TOS 1 WATT POWER 6—ASZ2I
9—SB240 ++ 18—OA47IS—OA91 106/-- SPECIAL OFFER
TRANSISTORS
panel. 5 for 10/-, onP. &small heat sink, on 2in x 4in
P. 2/-. 12—2G106 + &—OAI0
24 Diodes 9/6 UNTIL MAY 31st, 1969
POWER TRANSISTORS sim. to 2NF74 ex eqpt., 8—OC72
6—OC44 + 10/-
5/- i watt 5% E24 Series: 2d. each
4 for 10/-. P. & P. 2/-. 6—2N388 7/6 Minimum order 1 doz. — mixed values
POWER TRANSISTORS, sim. to 2NI74 on 8—OC76
12—2 N 388 + 8—OA 10 7/6
10/- Postage and packing 6d. but C.W.O.
Finned Heat Sink (I0D) 4 for £1, P. & P. 3/-. 12—A1678 (V40SA) 550 mc/s PNP + 22 ABRAHAM and PARTNERS
LONG13/6ARM
SPST doz..TOGGLE
DPST 15/- SWITCHES
doz. P. & P. ex eqpt.
all types Diodes 10/- 71 Kenley Road, London, S.W.19
2/- doz. 36—OAS 6/-
ORGAN BUILDERS* SPECIAL 500 TO I 6—GET872 + 8—OA 10 5/~
4—OC42 3/-
TRANSISTORS on panels. £4. P. & P. 6/-. 12—ASZ20 + 80 Diodes ♦ . . 9/6
OVERLOAD CUT OUTS. Panel mounting in the 4—GET872 +
4—2G106 + I—2N24I0 8—OA 10 3 for 12/-
4/-
following
P. & P. 1/6.values . , . 5/- each. 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 amp. 2—OC42 + +8—OA47 3/-
MINIATURE GLASS NEONS, 12/6 doz. 2—GET872 4—OA 10+ RF Chokes 3 for 10/- The RADIO AMATEURS
P.150& P.PIV.1/6. 10 amp. BRIDGE RECTIFIERS on 24—Sil. h.f. Transistors 15/—
3—GET872+ +6—OA
3—OC23 3—GEX54I.
10 + 2—OASETC 22/6
FINNED HEAT SINK. 12/- + 2/-. P. & P. ea.
LARGE CAPACITY ELECTROLYTICS TEST CARDS. 6 transistors 20 for 20/- 16/- HANDBOOK 45/-
4iin, ELECTROLYTICS
12V, 15.000 10V, 25.000 10.000 (f'>«:l 12V,
30V, 16,000
4.000 Col® 1969 Ed. by A.R.R.L. Postage 4/6
All at2in
4,000mF 6'- diam.
each Screw terminals.
-J- 1/6 each
72VP.d.c.& P.wkg. 60V. 3.000Paid.
(ff! 80V. 2.000 W 50V. 1.200 @ 180V. F.E.T. PRINCIPLES, EXPERIMENTS
10.000mF 25V d.c. wkg. 8 6 Post AND PROJECTS by Noll 40;- P. & P.
6,600mF 45V ZENER DIODES—2 4. 2 7. 3 6. 4 75. 5-25. 11-.
1,500mF 150Vd.c.
d.c.wkg.
wkg. 5-75. 6-2. 6-8. 7-5. (3. 15, 16. 18. 20. 27. 30. 33
volts. 3/6 each, mostly I watt 49 EASY TRANSISTOR PROJECTS
IS.OOOmF 25V d.c. wkg.
wkg. POLYSTYRENE CAPS. by Brown 16/-. P. & P. 1/3.
25.000mF 12V d.c. 820, 1,800, 2,200. 2.700, 6,800,125,350V. 270.680,
8,200, 1.200/125V. PHOTOFACT TELEVISION
3,900,0 01,0 012, 0 015 2/- doz. 4-40pf trimmers COURSE by Sams Eng. Staff, 40'-.
KEYTRONICS, 52 Earls Court Road 4/- doz.
BRAND Postage
NEW2—OC29 I/-.
BOXED12 CHASSIS contain- P. & P. 21-
ing 2—OC35. WW resistors 25/-. SERVICING DIGITAL DEVICES by
Postage 1/6. Kyle 26/-. P. & P. 1/6.
London, W.8. Mail order only NEW CROSS RADIO
6 0LDHAM ROAD, MANCHESTER 4 101 MORE WAYS TO USE YOUR
SCOPE IN T.V. by Mlddleton 24/-.
P. & P. 1/6.
COMPUTERS SELF TAUGHT
THROUGH EXPERIMENTS by
Brayton 30/-. P. & P. 1/6.
BASIC THEORY AND APPLICA-
SEND S.A.E. FOR WENTW0RTH RADIO 01-449 3087 TION OF TRANSISTORS new ed. by
U.S. Army 14/6. P. & P. I /6.
NEW STOCK LIST 104 SALISBURY ROAD
HIGH BARNET TAPE RECORDERS, PER-
FORMANCE ANALYSIS SERVICE
NKTI2I 8/6 SPECIAL NO. I SPECIAL NO. 2 ACYI8 4/6 TECHNIQUES by Spring 42f-. P. & P
NKTI22
NKTI23 5/11 BCioa 3/3 BY 127 ACYI9 5/-
NKTI24 4/11
8/9 OA200 2/- 2N22f 8 ACY20 4/9 AUDIO AMPLIFIERS new ed. by
NKTI25 5/9 OAS I 1/6 2N22I9 ACY2I 5/- DATA 10/6. P. & P. I/-
NKTI26
NKT135 6 3 OA95
OC44 1/6
2/6 2N2368
2N2369 ACY22 3/3 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
NKTI37 5/3
7/6 OC45 1/8 2N2369A ACY32 5/3 HANDBOOK by R.S.G.B. 63/-. P. & P.
NKT274 41- OC70 4/6 2N2926 ACY40 3/6 4/6.
NKT275 41- OC7I 1/3 2N3391 AC 126 4/- HI-FI YEAR BOOK 1969 ED. IS
NKT28I 5/- OC72 2/6 2N339IA AC 127 5/- P. & P. 1/9.
NKT453 8/- OC74 3/9 2N3392 AF1 14 4/3
NKT603F
NK.T6t3F 61- OC7S
OC78 3/9 2N3393
5/- 2N3394 AFI 15 3/9
NKT674F 71-
5/6 OC81 2/2 2N3402 API 16 2/6 UNIVERSAL BOOK CO.
NKT7I3 5/3 OC8ID 2/3 2N3403 AFI 17 2/3
NKT734 5/4 DC 170 2/3 2N3404 AFI 18 3/9 12 UTTLE NEWPORT ST., LONDON, W.C.2
NKT736 6/6 OCI7I 2/3 2N3405 BC107 41-
NKT773 4/9 OC172 4/6 2N34I4 BCI09 4/- (Leicester Square Tube Station)
NKT78I 5/9 RESISTORS jW 3d. Cash with order P. * P. I /- Phone 01-437 4560

397
 SEMICONDUCTORS ERPIN
BRAND NEW AND FUILY GUARANTEED
IN914 1/6 2N2696 6/6 ACYI7 51- BFI67 6/6 BYZi2
iN9l6 1/6 2N2904 8/- ACYI8 51- BFI73 7/6 BYZI3
1S0I0 3/- 2N2904A 8/- 8/- ACY20
ACYI9 SI- BFI80 8/6 GET 103
15020
15021 3/6 2N2905 4/- BFI8I b/6 GETII3
4{- 2N2905A 8/- ScY22
ACY2I 51-
IS025 5/- 2N2906
ISII3 3/- 2N2906A 8/- ACY28 4/- 8/- 4/- BFXI2
BFX13 5/6 5/6 MPFI02
MPFI03 7/6 JJ
IS 120 2/6 2N2907 8/- ADI40 8/- BFX29 BFXJ0
12/6 MPFI04 7/6
8/6 MPFI05 8/-
15121 2/6 2N2907A 8/- XdU9 5 CORE
15130 2/6 2N2923 5/- ah I fit 6/- BFX35 19/6 NKT2I6 10/6
7/6 BFX43 8/6 NKT217 8/6 SOLDER
15131
IS 132 2/6 2/6 2N2924
2 N2925 5/-
5/6 J?,,? 6T 7/6 BFX44 8 6 NKT26I
NKT262 4/6 Contains 5 cores of non-corrosive flux. Instantly
(544
2G30J 41- 21- 2N2926r- ^ j 5/-
Arllo 5/-
BFX68 13/6
BFX68A 14/6 NKT264
4/6
4/6 cleaning heavily oxidised surfaces. No extra flux
2G302 J : ^ 5/- BFX84 8/- NKT27I 4/6 required. Ersin Multicore Savbit Alloy also reduces wear
2G303 12/6 BFX85 10/- NKT272 4/6
2G37I
2N696 t * J^ 5/-
f BFX86 10/-
5*- BFX87 8/- NKT27S
NKT274 4/6 4/6 of copper soldering iron bits.
2N697 ' - Brown 2/6 ^5f " 6/6 BFX88 5/- NKT28I 5/6
2N3005
2N698 I 2N30I i 5 - AF239 M/-
6 IS/- AF186 BFX92A 12/6 NKT403 15/-
2N706 Vr 2N3053 6/6 AFZI2 12- 5/6
BFX93A 15/- SIZE 15
2N706A
2N708 2N305< IS- ASr26 4/6 -- BFYI0
—
BFY I 1 46
4/6 NKT405 15/-
4)6 NKT6f3
NKT674 5/- 6/6 SIZE 5
SOLDER
2N929 Wl 2N3702 V,' 8/6 BFY I / HANDY SOLDER DISPENSER
2N930 |{| 2N3703 4/6 AIYW 4/6 6/6 BFY 18 4/6 NKT677 5/- DISPENSER
2NI090 !! 2N3704 5/6 A/7/1 BFYI9 4 6 NKT773 NKT7I3 5/f 5/6 Contains 21 ft. coil
2NI09I I'l 2N3705 4/6 ^^3 4/6 BFY4I 13in-6 NKT78I 6/- Contains 10 ft. coil
2NM3I
2NH32 9 6 2N3706 4 6 2/6 BFY43
I 8AX 16 2/9 BFY50 4/6 NKT80111 5/6 of 18 s.w.g. Ersin of 60/40 Alloy,
2N1302 22 s.w.g. Idea! for
2NI303 JJ 4 6 2N3707
2N3708 4/- 4/- BAY3IBAY38 23/66 BFYSI BFY5I NKT80II2 Multicore Savbit
Alloy, 2/6 each. small components,
2NI304
2N1305 516 5/6 2N3709
2 37
^ j0 4/-
J/. 6 BCI07
BCI08 3/6
3/6 BFY76
BFY77 9/6 NKT80i 1319/6
11/6 transistors, diodes,
2NI306 616 i ti' 3/6 BFY90 12/6 OAS 22/6 etc. 3( - each.
2N1307 6/6 e}. 2N38I9
2N3820 23/6 9- BCI09 BC
BCI 1318 6/6 BSXI9 5/6 OA9 2/6
2NI308
2NI309 8/- 2N3823 17/6 BCI25 13/6 BSX2I 6/6 BSX20 5/6 OA70 21- l/«
2NI507 5/6 2N4058 5/- 6/6 BC 47 5y_ BSX26 10/6 g^ 8/' OA73 2/-
73 BIB MODELS i<'
2NI6I3 6/6 6/6 2N4059 BC 48 4/6 BSX27 ■o;* §A" 1/9
1/6 SIZE 12 WIRE STRIPPER
2NI7II 2N4060 51- 5/- BCI gc 49 5/_ BSX28 0 1/6
2NI689 8/- 2N406I 82 4/6 BSX29 10/6 OA90 A85 1/6 Ideal for home AND CUTTER
xihiojj
2NI893 13/6
2N2I02 8/— 2N4254
2N4062 9/6 6/6 BC BCI 84 83 4/6 BSX60 lilt OA91
2N2I47 17/6 2N4255 8/6 aryVr, 4/6 BSX6t lit 2/6 OA95 1/6 constructors. Strips insulation
2N2I48 12/6 2N4284 3'6 BCY3I 47/66 BSX76 4/6 OA 200 2/- 1/6 Contains 90 ft. cleanly and
2N2)60 14/6 2N4285 3/6 icY37 BSX77 91- OA202 21- of 18 s.w.g. Ersin quickly, fitted
2N2I93 5/6 2N4286 3/6 aCY3 3 5/6 BSX78 a,8/- OC2S 6/6 Multicore Savbit with unique 8
2N2193A 5/6 2N4287 3/6 BCY34 5/6 BSY27 BSY26 j(- OC28 6/6
2N2I94A 5/6 2N4288 3/6 nrv^ft 4/6 j- OC36 OC35 6/6 ESS* Alloy on a plastic gauge wire
2N22I7 9/6 2N4289 3/6 icY39 5/6 BSY28
6/6 BSY29
46
1a OC4A 6/6 51-
reel. 15/- each. selector. Plastic
2N22I8 10,6 3N4290 3/6 BCY40 7/6 BSY38 *l» OCAS handles. 9/6 each.
3/6
BCY42
BCY43 51- BSY39 A/6 OC7I 2/6 2/6 From Electrical and Hardware shops. If unobtainable, write to •
2 N 2220 SI- AAZI3 BCY54 BSY40 5/6 OC75 OC72 2/6
2N222I 5/- AAZJ5 2/6 BCY70 5 6 BSY5
BSY52' 10 6 OCB: 4/6 W Multicore Solders Ltd., Heme] Hempstead, Herts.
2N2722 51- AAZI7 ^/® BCY7i 106 4/.
2N2368 6/6 AC 07 ®/,6 BCY72 96 5/- BSY53 ''
oc
9 s ocae3id 4/6
2N2369 7/6 AC 126 27 ^/- BCZIO 4/6 BSY54 OCI35 6/6
3/-
2N2369A 5/- ^ 43/- BCZII 4/6 BSY95A 3 6 00140
2N2539 4/6 6hi~ BDI23
BDI2I 19/6 BY [00 4 6 6/6
2N2540 4/6 AC 187 12/- BDI24 23/6 BYXIO
BYZI0 5/6 OC200 5/6
2 N 2646 11/6 AC 188 12/- BFII5 12/- 4/6 BYZII 7/6 »/- OC20I 5/6
OC202 8/6 PHOTOELECTRIC KIT
THYRISTORS CONTENTS: 2 P.C. Chaasla Boards, Chemicals, Etching Manual, Infra-Bed Fhoto-
tranaistor. Latching Belay, 2 Transistors, Condensers, Eeaistors, Gain Control
RECORDING 3I AMP: AMP; S0V 50V 5/-, 100V 5'6.
7 6, 200V
200V 7'- S/-, 400V
400V O10A'
etc 111 fact
6/-. 100V rta
^r/"r:forK modulated-light
Pboto-Switch/Connter/Bnrglar ; everything yon need to build a
TAPES talent BYT 91 /100R 15 - each modified operation. Alarm, etc, (Project No. 1) -which can be
ZENERS. 14 WATT 2-7-33V 4/6 PHOTOELEaRIC KIT
Fully Guaranteed i WATT 2 0-16V 3/-
7' STD 1.200'
7' L/P 1.800' 12/3 R.C.A.7/3 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BELL 39/6
7' D/P 2.400' Postage and Pack. 2/6 (UK)
Sf STD 900' 19/- CA3005, 3020
6/6 gA30l9, 3013, 3014,
27/6 3018CA30II,3036
30/- 20/- PHOTOELECTRIC
Burglar alarm Commonwealth:
5J' L/P
Sf' D/P 1,200'
1.800' 91-
14/9 CA3023 32ys CA3012 fIMVISIBLE BEAU TYPE SURFACE MATT. 3/6
5* STD 600 5/3 FAIRCHILD L900. 914 11/- FORL923 14/- "'-I AIR MAIL £1.0.0
5' L/P 900' .7/3 ... DATA SHEETS RCA DEVICES 2/- per type Australia, New and
Zealand
5' D/P 1.200' 10/9 fj. Africa, Canada U.S.A.
3' D/P 185' 2/3 Presets std., hor iz. or vert. 1/6 Also Essential Data Circuits
33- L/P 225' 3/- MFD V Log/Lin and Plans for Building
7' D/P Concorde
D/P 300' 4/-
1 18 MFD
16 V 3/3
450 Price MFD V 3/3 Price each
10 Advanced Designs
3,000'6/3,33/6 25 6 4 I f6 100 25 11 /66 100 15
Spools:
2/6 Si-'
5i' 2/3. 5- 2/3,7' 2I 40 15 25 10 1/6 100 50 2/6 INVISIBLE BEAM OPTICAL KIT
2 350 25 25 1/6 125 4 1/6 ^ <e,x^ P'ST 0 3 , r b ldil
?" ' ° "i ^ 1 IiTisibk-Beam Projector and
i;-2,7io3r 3
- «■ 42-5 1516 1/9 32 25 5015 1/6 1/6 200
250 16 1/-
25 2/9 et? 3 '■ S'lit3b'e ,0r 3,1 =>"81" Alanne,
•'2 lenses,8 pl2'mirrors, 2 dS-degree wooden blocks, Infra-red filter, projector
4 40 32 40 1/6 250
CASSETTE TAPES 45 350
C-60 13/6. C-90 18/6 5-4 6-415
32 450
40 6-4 1/6 320 10 3/9 50
1/6 ,T?t(U.K.).
1/6 w , Commonwealth:
c ^¥' terlormance
Surface MaildaU, etc.Mail
2/-; Air Price8/-.19/6. Postage and P.tck.
40 16 1/6 400 16 2/9 LONG RANGE INVISIBLE BEAM OPTICAL KIT
Post and Packing up to 88 4018 50 12 1/6 500
1/6 500 25 3/9 6 2/6
CONTENTS; As above. Twice the range of standard tit. Larger Lenses, Filter.
3 jee/s 2/9 otherwise 8 450 50 15 1/6
4 Jo. 10 IS SO 25 1/6 500 640 5016 4/9
3/6 2/6 Sr'afil 10/- 3/6 (U K
■ •'■ CVjnin-.onwea!tb: Surface Mail
10 25 50
64 50
25 21- 1000 12 3/9
125 1/6 1000 16 41— JUNIOR PHOTOELECTRIC KIT
SPEAKERS (3 ohm) 16 25 »/9 80 6-4 1/6 1000 25 51- Versatile Invtable-beam,
Counter, etc.,Kelay-Ieas, Sleadr-ligbt Photo-Switch, Burglar Alarm,
10- x 5-37/6,
»- x 4- 23/6, 16 10 18 1/9 80 16
1/6 100 12 1/6 1/6 1000 50 91- Door
CONTENTS:
Opener,
Infra-Red
for the Experimenter.
Senaitive Phototranairtor, 3 Transistors,
8' x 5" 19/6, VEROBOARD RESISTORS Case, Resistors Screws, etc. Full Size Plans, Instructions, Data SheetChassis, Plastic
"10 Advanced
7'5* Yx 4- 5}' x 2i', 3/6 Photoelectric Designs .
3- 15/6,
12/6 W x 3f4/3 i watt 10%. 4d.
i watt 5%. 5d. Price 19/6. Postage and Pack. 1/6 (U.K.). Commonwealths/-; Air Mail 4/-
3'9/6.5-14/6, Cutter
3}' x 9/-5/6
5* ft and 1 watt, 6d. JUNIOR OPTICAL KIT
8-27/6, 12- 39/6. 3 watt. 1/6
Past and Pazkint 116 S*17'xx 3f*41516/- 5 watt 21- CONTENTS; 2 Lenses, Infra-red h d
Filter, Lampholder, Bracket, Plans, etc. Every-
E rZT?
receiver for use with Junior ^' 1 miniature
Photoelectric Kit.invisible beam projector and photocell
|P.P.NE>for6d.Components
STAMP FOR CATALOGUE |/6 per order Price 10/8. Post and Pack. 1/6 (U.K.). Commonwealth: Surface Mail 2/-: Air Mall 4/-
A. MARSHALL & SON YORK ELECTRICS
78 CRICKLEWOOD BROADWAY, LONDON N W1 333 YORK ROAD, LONDON, S.W.11
0MS2 0161/2/3 • CALLERS WELCOME Send a S.A.E. for full dtlalls, a brie} description and Photographs of all Kits and all
52 ifadto. Electronic and Photoelectric Protects Assembled.
398
 NEW PRICES ON NEW COMPONENTS
RESISTORS JACK PLUGS
High stability, carbon film, low noise. Capless construction, molecular fin. Type PI. Standard. Screened. Heavily chromed,
termination bonding. fin. Type P2. Standard. Unscreened. Unbreakable moulded cover,
Dimensions (mm): Body; ^W; 8 x 2-8 fin. Type SE/PI. Side-tntry version of PI plug.
iW; 10 4-3 3-5mm Type PS. Standard. Screened. Aluminium cover.
Leads; 35 3-5mm Type P6. Standard. Unscreened.- Unbreakable moulded cover.
10% ranges: 10 Ohms to 10 Megohms (EI2 Renard Series) Prices - each 10 off 25 off 100 off
S% ranges; 4-7 Ohms to I Megohm (E24 Renard Series) PI.' 3/ 24/8 62/6 233/4
Prices—per Ohmic value. P2. 2/6 23/4 54/2 200'
fW 10% each 10 off 25 off 100 off SE/PI. 3/6 30/10 44'8 230
tW 10% 2d 1/6 3/3 10/4 PS. 2/2 19/2 43 9. 158,4
JW 5% 2id 1/9 38 ! 1/8 P6. 1/8 15/ 33/C 114 8
iW 10% 2id 1/9 3/8 ||/7
|W 5% 3d 2/- 4/- 12/10
JACK SOCKETS
CAPACITORS fin. Type S.5. Standard. Moulded body. Chrome insert.
Subminiature Polyester film. Modular for P.C. mounting. Hard epoxy 3-5mm Type S.6. Specification as above.
resin encapsulation. Radial leads. Available with make'make, make/break, break/break, break/make contacts.
± 100% tolerance. 100 Volt Working. PricesW 5.5 2/9 25/- 56/8 216/8
Prices—per Capacitance value (/tF) S.6 1/4 13/4 33/4 100'-
each 10 off 25 off 100 off
0 001,0-002.0 005.0 01.0 02 6d 4/3 8/4 30/- ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS (Mullard). — 10% to 50%;
0?5 8d 6,- 12/4 41'8 Subminiature (all values in /xF)
O'l I0d 7/1 15/4 51/- W 8 32 64 125 250 400
5 1/2 10/- 20/10 48/4 6-4V 6-4 25 50 100 200 320
,
Polystyrene 2/-
film, Tubular, Axial leads. 17/4 37/4
Unencapsulated. 125 - 10V 4 16 32 64 125 200
±5% or rh Ipf tolerance. 160 Volt Working. 16V 2-5 10 20 40 80 125
Prices—per Capacitance value (/^wF) 25V 1-6 6-4 12-5 25 50 80
each l0off 40V 1 4 8 16 32 50
... .. —
10. 12, 15, 18,22,27,33,39,47, 56, 68, 25 off 100 off 64V 0-64 2-5 5 10 20 32
82, 100, 120, ; 80, 220,270, 330, 390 .. 5d 3/7 7/9 24 Price 1/4 1/3 J/2. 1/- 1/1 1/2
470,560,680,820,1,000,1,500 4d 4/- 8/8 26/8
2,200,3,300.4,700,5,600 .. 7d 5, 10 10 33 4 Small (all values in fif)
6,800, 8,200, [0,000, 15,000 . . 8d 6 13 4o' 4V 800 1,250 2,000 3,200
22,000 9d 6/9 18/ 45/4 6-4V 640 1,000 1,600 2,500
Polystyrene film, Tubular, Axial leads. Professional Grade. Hard Epoxy 10V 400 640 1,000 1,600
Resin encapsulation. 16V 250 400 640 1,000
± 1% tolerance. 100 Volt Working, 25V 160 250 400 640
Prices—per Capacitance value (/t^F)—except where stated) 40V 100 160 250 400
„ each 10 off 25 off 100 off 64V 64 100 160 250
100,120,150,180 1/3 10/2 21/2 64/4 Price 1/6 2/- 2/6 3/-
220, 270, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680,
820 |/3 |0/8 23'I 71/- POLYESTER CAPACITORS (Mullard)
1,000,1,200,1,500,2,200,2,700.. 1/6 13/10 29/11 92 Tubular. 10%, 160V; 0-01, 0 015, 0 022uF. 7d. 0 033, 0 047/iF, 8d. 0 068,
3,300, 3,900, ),700, 5,600 .. 1/9 14/1 31/- 94 O-lpF, 9d. 0-15/iF, lid. 0-22/iF, I/-. O-33/iF, 1/3. 0-47/iF, 1/6. 0-68//F,
6,8f0 8,200, 10,000, 12,000 1/9 15/2 32/10 101 2/3. l/tF, 2/8.
15,000,18,000 II- IS/|| 34/9 107/4 400V: 1,000, 1,500, 2,200,3,300,4,700pF.4d. 6,800pF, 0 01, 0-015, 0 022uF.
22,000,27,000 2/3 17/3 37T0 115 7d. 0-033/iF, 8d. 0 047/<F, 9d. 0 068, 0 IhF, I Id. 0 l5;iF, 1/2. 0-22iiF,
33,000, 39,000 2/4 20/1 43/4 133/9 1/6. O-33/iF, 2/3. 0-47/cF, 2/8.
47,000,56,000 2/9 22/1 47/10 147 (
68,000 ..3/- 24/9 S3'8 I65'4 Modular, metallised. P.C. mounting, 20%, 250V: 0-01, 0-015, 0-022pF, 7d.
82,000 3/3 26/1 56/6 173/9 0-033, 0-047/tF, 8d. 0-048, 0-l/rF, 9d. 0-I5mF, lid. 0-22(iF, I 0-33//F, 1/5.
OlfF 3/6 27/5 59/4 182,8 0-47-iF, 1/8. 0-68«F, 2'3. luF, 2/9.
OliyiF 3/9 30/3 65/10 202/-
0-15/iF 4/3 34/2 73/7 22f SEMICONDUCTORS; OAS. OA8I, 1/9. OC44, OC45, OC7I, OC8I.
O-'JaF 5/- 37/10 81/11 252/3 OC8ID, OC82D, 2/-. OC70, OC72, 2/3, AC107, OC75, OCI70, OCI7I,
0-22/tF 6/- 47/- 101/10 313/4 2/6. , ,FI 15, AF116. AFI17, ACY19, ACY2i, 3/3. OCI40,4/3. OC200,
0-27//F 6/9 53/9 114'8 358 4 5/-. OCI39, 5/3. OC25, 7/-. OC35, 8/-. OC23, OC28, 8/3.
O'33/.F 7/3 58/10 126/11 390
0-39,uF 7/9 45/- 140/10 433/4
0-47//F, 0-5/tF 9/9 75/2 137/7 500/- SILICON RECTIFIERS (0-5A); 170 P.I.V.. 2/9. 400 P.I.V., 3'-. 800
P.I.V.,3/3. 1,250 P.I.V., 3/9. 1,500 P.I.V., 4/-. (0.75A); 200 P.I.V,, 1/4.
POTENTIOMETERS (Carbon) 400 P.I.V., 2/-. 800 P.I.V., 3/3. (4A): 200 P.I.V., 3/-. 400 P.I.V., 4/-.
Miniature, fully enclosed, rear tags, carbon brush wiper.o Long life, low 600 P.I.V., 5/-. 800 P.I.V., 6/-.
noise. Body dia.. fin. Spindle, lin, x fin. fW at 70 C. +20% fM,
±30%. fM Lin. 100 Ohms to 10 Megohms, Log. 5 Kohms to 5 Megohms. SWITCHES (Chrome finish. Silver contacts): 3A 250V, 6A 125V..
Prices—per ohmic value. each 10 off 25 off 100 off Push Buttons; Push-on or Push-off 5/-. Toggle Switches: SP/ST, 3/6.
2/3 20/- 45/10 184'8 SP/DT, 3/9. SP/DT (with centre position) 4/-. DP/ST, 4/4. DP'DT, 5/-
SKELETON PRE-SET POTENTIOMETERS (Carbon)
High quality pre-sets suitable for printed circuit boards of OTin. P.C.M. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (Vero).
100 Ohms to 5 Megohms (Linear only). O-ISin Matrix; 3fin X 2iin, 3/3. 5fin x 2fin. 3/11. 3iin : 3fin, 3/11.
Miniature; 0 3W atTO'C +20% below fM,+30% above fM. Horizontal Sin x 3fin, 5/4.
(0-7m. X 0-4in. P.C.M.) or Vertical (0-4in. : 0-2in. P.C.M.). O^Matrix: 3fin x 2fin,4/-. Sin x 2fin, 4/4, 3fin x 3fin,4/4. 5inx3fin,
Subminiature: 0-IWat70'C. ±20% below 2-5M, ~30% above.
Prices—per ohmic value each 10 off 25 off lOOoff
Miniature (0'3W) .. I/- 8/9 18/9 64/8
Subminiature (0-IW) .. lOd 7/1 14/7 44/8 Send S.A.E. for January, 1969 Catalogue

DUXF0RD ELECTRONICS (PE)

97/97A MILL ROAD, CAMBRIDGE

Telephone: CAMBRIDGE (0223) 63687
(Visit u$-at our new Mail Order, Wholesale & Retail Premises) MINIMUM ORDER VALUE 5/- C.W.O. Post and Packing 1/6

399
 RAPID MAIL ORDER
SERVICE — EVERYTHING
ELECTROVALUE BRAND NEW AND TO STATED
SPECIFICATION
COMPARE OUR PRICES—AND REMEMBER OUR DISCOUNTS
G.E. 8*2928
Red spot = CfiPLASTIC
to 110 BAXGE
2/8; Orange spot - 90 to 180 KUTITSAITSISTOES
2N
428® WE 36 to 160 @ 10mA fT 7MHz min.. Transistor BAILEY 80 WATT AMPLIFIER
to 4708/9 * " 00 2/8; GreeD 01 236
"P - ^ x . £**♦ ;
5£4286 npn SOY hFE over 100 @ 10uA boards complement,
for main amp. 12/8 each27.8.0or free
perwith
channel.
channel PCof
All the above brand new stock. 100 ® ^280iIHz
lOO^A to typ.; fT2N4289
1mA pnp typ.;
170MHz 60V hFE over transistors.
2174291 November 1968 WW reprint giving
pnp 40V hFE0 over 100 @ 100mA, 2173794 npn 40V amplifier and power supply circuit
Power supply kit complete, £4.5.0. Amplifier kit1/- post free.
TEXAS SILZCT RAHOE BC107 45V
30V 800mA npn: - 125 to 600 8/9 fT *670MHz SifJsJa? npn® 30V 100mA,
UHFcomplementary
typ.; B5041 Power
NF
- - 14-3W driver/ont-
6dB max@ @lOOX 100MHz. complete including TE6 resistors where applicable
base £9.8.0. All components sold separately (see catalogue).
2N3704 - 90 to 330 8/8 BCi08 20V = 125 to 900 2/6 temp. 35V, hFE over 100 @ 0-6A. Insulated T066
2NS706 - 45 to 166 8/6 BC109 20V size mounting surface.
25V 200mA pnp: 900 2/9 Woes: 2N4285 to 2N4292 -nd 2N3794 till. B504X PEAK SODKD AMPLIFIER KITS
2N3702 = 60 to 300 3/6 BC167 =series 126 to(180mW lo/fl.
PA/12-13 12 watts kit15 ohms
30017HzIT,
2N3703 -= 30 to 160 8/8 BC187 45V T092): S J PraP01E KP/P2 Pre-amp £3.19.6 net
small signal npn; = 125 to 500 2/8 lSm\Sr *"rectifler sucnras type KP/C2 Tone control kit £1.7.0 net
2173707 low noise 4/- BC168 20V f 100V
type T 0
T84 H I^ milliafcure
2/8. type TS1 1/0; 400V PS/46/K Power Unit Kit 19/- net
£4.18.0
£4.19.0 net
2173711 = 180 to 660 8/11
small signal pnp; BC169 20V- 125 to 900 2/- HEW TBAHSISTOB BABQAXHS 9 Treble
> ila ' <for
co^rol 10Klinlog baes
ltl<)K I/P selector
!!20K switch
'log/antl-log 'to sink
<Ot
2174058 low noise 4/9 - 240 to 900 2/8 8
BC:48 8/6 5/"' a P"? strip 5It x *to., S/-. heat
S? ^i £51 rtereo) 10K
2174062 ~ 180 to 660 4/8 BC109 low and BC169 are SSIoS f 2N1711
noise. 47187/49 40211
2144030 154'3 EC1 CIK-KIT
BC107 series SOOnxW BC167, BC168 and BC169 HI5 SvJ SS2J ' '- " </»
300MHz
8 A
,,g «40| 16.2 BB128 24/6 ™v.id?tIiera lf9- 0°t,,u'C3P3CltOT
Tn.f7T,jfT,8' T018:
, above are arc plastic.
oSiSa t 2>42524 '/! S S' 8
5^?S12/8
Smbera/ > immediately after type 2^1304 4/~ 2N2925 5/9 AC176 6/- BFX84 7/6
PETi—Prictt maxreduced 2N1305 4/- 2173063 6/8 ACY17 |/3 BFX85 8/8 POTEWTIOMETEBS
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AUPW [OWPMEHT Acclaimed by etmryoneThe MAYFfl|R
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SEND FOR FREE BROCHURE (No. 21) TODAY! solo keyboard
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303 Edgware Road. London, W.2. Mail Order Dept
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If! 309 Edgware Road. London. W.2. High Fidelity
Sales. P A and Test Equipment. Record becks(Oi) 723 6963