CHAPTER 1

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES

1.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to find out the distribution (gradation) of
coarse and fine aggregates using various sieve.

1.2. BASIC THEORY

Functioning asphalt as aggregate glue in concrete asphalt mixture, of very
important to be defended the capability to its adhesiveness, the flabby point and
the flexibility. To defend or increase that asphalt characteristics, one of ways are
by using additional material. Gum Rosin which is result of distillation of pine gum
which is in the form pure yellow until bright yellow solid matter, tried to used as
an additional material of asphalt in experiment of mixed hot asphalt has type
Asphalt Concrete – Binder Course ( AC-BC ). From result of assaying of physic
characteristic pen asphalt 60/70 by adding variation Gum Rosin 1%, 2%, 3% and
5% to asphalt weight has effect to flabby point characteristic and penetration value
with pattern close to linier inversely proportional. The higher percentage of
additional material Gum Rosin will increase flabby point of asphalt and decrease
value of penetration but also decrease value of burning point. In testing of
Marshall characteristics, the beginning asphalt content 4,5% - 6,5% of Optimum
Asphalt Content (KAO) for pure asphalt, variation Asphalt - Gum Rosin 1%, 2%,
3% and 5% respectively amount 5, 8%, 6.5%, 5.8%, 5.7% and 5.9% from mixed
total weight. Using influence at additional material Gum Rosin with variation 1%,
2%, 3% and 5% at Optimum Asphalt Content (KAO) with soaking term 24, 48,
72, and 96 hours for 2x75 pounds give influence at weight loss of content/density,
percentage VMA and VIM decrease, percentage VFB increase, stability value and
flow disparage, MQ value is higher and to 2x400 pounds are content/density have
an increase, percentage VMA and VIM have an increase, and percentage of VFB
have a decrease, stability value and flow disparage, MQ value is higher so that
mixed concrete asphalt is stiffer and easy to crack and also its power and
flexibility are lower if they are submerged. The result of durability experiment
 research either condition 2 x 75 pounds or condition 2 x 400 pounds, there is a
mixed damage faster compared to using pure asphalt. If Gum Rosin is used as
additional material at hot mixed asphalt AC-BC have good capability if it used in
dry way, the most optimal condition at Asphalt Gum Rosin are 2% and have the
characteristic of Marshall which is regarded to be the most optimal from the
balance of the hollow and the asphalt covering toward the aggregates in higher
stability mixing and more rigid mixing so that it can bear the heavier traffic burden
so as not to suffer from plastics deformation but at conditional of way is
submerged, using Gum Rosin as additional material is not recommended to use
these cause decrease of stability.

1.3. ERROR FACTOR

The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. When pouring the aggregate into the filter there are some aggregates that
fall / fall on the previous container;
b. researchers misread reading scales;
c. The aggregate amount before and after the test is different which is caused
by the aggregate falling when doing the weighing.

1.4. REFERENCES
Rianung,, Sih (2007) “Kajian Laboratorium Pengaruh Bahan Tambah
Gondorukem pada Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC) Tehadap Nilai
Propertis Marshall dan Durabilitas“. Masters thesis, Program Pasca Sarjana
Universitas Diponegoro.
 CHAPTER 2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

2.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to determine the bulk specific gravity,
saturade and surface dry specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absorption
of coarse aggregate.

2.2. BASIC THEORY

Emulsions dense graded mixture (CEBR) as flexible pavement has
structural characteristics, waterproofing and easy to implementations, because it
does not to need heating on mixing. The Process that happened in the cool mixture
is the existence of juxtaposition between particles aggregates that has alkali
characteristic and asphalt emulsion that has acid characteristic, after setting
process (separate of asphalt from water in asphalt emulsion). This stickiness
formed by process of evaporation cold mixture as long as during storage. This was
strengthen guess that as long as periods of evaporation will forming higher asphalt
viscosity, until air void in mixture more higher, so when mixture was compact will
cause forming CEBR in low level of dense mixture. Starting from this
phenomenon, the research will tray to see how much influence of variation of
storage duration (expressed in day) mixture before compacted to characteristic and
performances type Ill of CEBR by using filler of stone ash as standard and filler of
Portland cement as altemative. To find out performances and characteristic from
composition material of CEBR type Ill, examination of Modified Marshall test
was done. The Making of Mixture pursuant to special specifications of Bina
Marga 1991, the asphalt institute, 1979 ( MS 19). The Way of laboratory
examination and analysis of structural was shown by for example: determining
cold mix type by making variation of asphalt emulsion content. Beside of that for
cold mix IV, characteristics and performances of CEBR mixture type Ill in
variation of storage duration periods on 0 (zero) until 10 (ten) day after by using
examination of modified Marshall Test. The Result of research cold mix II eaming
job mix formula starting from asphalt emulsion content 8% until 11 % for stone
ash as standard filler and for Portland cement obtained the same of optimum
 asphalt emulsion content which is on 9 % asphalt emulsion content. As for result
research of cold mix IV for variation storage duration 0 (zero) until 10 (ten) with
interval 2 (two) day for each, pursuant to special specification Bina Marga 1991,
the asphalt institute, 1979 ( MS 19), obtained the tree of void ( VMA, totally void,
air void) fulfill requisite, same with air absorption, while the third of stabilization
show value of characteristic and performances only at storage duration in sixth
day, where as a whole value of characteristic and performance CEBR with
Portland Cement as filler much batter than stone ash as filler. From result of
above, using filler of stone ash and Portland Cement showing result of fulfilling
value of characteristic modified marshal for CEBR type III until storage duration 6
(six) day and quit satisfied, before speeded and compacted on field to be use as
layer of flexible pavement as valuable of structural

2.3. ERROR FACTOR

The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. The aggregate does not dry completely;
b. There may be a mistake during the weighing the sample;
c. Can’t keep the temperature during the practicum constant.

2.4. REFERENCES
MUJAHID, ABDULLAH (2003) PENGARUII KARAKTERISTIK DAN
IONERJA CAMPURAN ASPAL EMULSI BERGRADASI RAPAT ( CEBR )
TIPE III JENIS ASPAL CSS— I AE— 63 S TERHADAP MASA
SIMPAN. Masters thesis, PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS
DIPONEGORO .
 CHAPTER 3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATES

3.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to determine the bulk specific gravity,
saturade and surface dry specific gravity, apparent gravity, and absorption of
coarse aggregate.

3.2. BASIC THEORY

Emulsions dense graded mixture (CEBR) as flexible pavement has
structural characteristics, waterproofing and easy to implementations, because it does
not to need heating on mixing. The Process that happened in the cool mixture is the
existence of juxtaposition between particles aggregates that has alkali characteristic
and asphalt emulsion that has acid characteristic, after setting process (separate of
asphalt from water in asphalt emulsion). This stickiness formed by process of
evaporation cold mixture as long as during storage. This was strengthen guess that as
long as periods of evaporation will forming higher asphalt viscosity, until air void in
mixture more higher, so when mixture was compact will cause forming CEBR in low
level of dense mixture. Starting from this phenomenon, the research will tray to see
how much influence of variation of storage duration (expressed in day) mixture before
compacted to characteristic and performances type Ill of CEBR by using filler of stone
ash as standard and filler of Portland cement as altemative. To find out performances
and characteristic from composition material of CEBR type Ill, examination of
Modified Marshall test was done. The Making of Mixture pursuant to special
specifications of Bina Marga 1991, the asphalt institute, 1979 ( MS 19). The Way of
laboratory examination and analysis of structural was shown by for example:
determining cold mix type by making variation of asphalt emulsion content. Beside of
that for cold mix IV, characteristics and performances of CEBR mixture type Ill in
variation of storage duration periods on 0 (zero) until 10 (ten) day after by using
examination of modified Marshall Test. The Result of research cold mix II eaming job
mix formula starting from asphalt emulsion content 8% until 11 % for stone ash as
standard filler and for Portland cement obtained the same of optimum asphalt emulsion
content which is on 9 % asphalt emulsion content. As for result research of cold mix
 IV for variation storage duration 0 (zero) until 10 (ten) with interval 2 (two) day for
each, pursuant to special specification Bina Marga 1991, the asphalt institute, 1979 (
MS 19), obtained the tree of void ( VMA, totally void, air void) fulfill requisite, same
with air absorption, while the third of stabilization show value of characteristic and
performances only at storage duration in sixth day, where as a whole value of
characteristic and performance CEBR with Portland Cement as filler much batter than
stone ash as filler. From result of above, using filler of stone ash and Portland Cement
showing result of fulfilling value of characteristic modified marshal for CEBR type III
until storage duration 6 (six) day and quit satisfied, before speeded and compacted on
field to be use as layer of flexible pavement as valuable of structural

3.3. ERROR FACTOR

The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. There might be an error when weighing;
b. The aggregate sample did not dry completely;
c. SSD anggegate mixed with other aggregates.

3.4. REFERENCES
4. MUJAHID, ABDULLAH (2003) PENGARUII KARAKTERISTIK DAN
IONERJA CAMPURAN ASPAL EMULSI BERGRADASI RAPAT ( CEBR ) TIPE
III JENIS ASPAL CSS— I AE— 63 S TERHADAP MASA SIMPAN. Masters thesis,
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO .
 CHAPTER 4
EXAMINATION OF AGGREGATE ABRASION USING LOS ANGELES
MACHINE

4.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to examine the abrasion value of
aggregate used in asphalt mixture using Los Angeles Machine.

4.2. BASIC THEORY

Cracks and permanent deformation are the main types of damage to
pavement. The mechanism of cracking that occurs in the thin layer type pavement
(≤ 20 cm) is due to the tensile force at the bottom of the asphalt pavement due to
vehicle wheel loads. This tensile load causes an initial crack at the bottom of the
pavement layer which then spreads to the surface. This study aims to determine
the characteristics of the tensile strength of high school mixes using the ITS
testing system. The method used in this study is an experimental method
conducted at the UMS Civil Engineering Laboratory. This study uses variations in
asphalt content of 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8% to find the optimum asphalt content
from specimens compacted with Marshall Hammer, as a reference for ITS testing.
Preparation of high school test specimens for ITS uses variations of optimum
asphalt levels +1, 0, and -1, while the variation of additive roadcel-50 substances
is 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% of the total weight of the mixture. ITS testing
is carried out at a temperature of 250. Based on the results of preliminary research
shows that the addition of Roadcel-50 to asphalt can increase the softening point
and reduce the penetration value of asphalt, as well as show a strengthening effect,
this can provide benefits to increase resistance to permanent deformation at high
temperatures and increase asphalt consistency in preventing bleeding. The results
of ITS data analysis showed that the SMA mix in the variation of Optimum
asphalt levels without Roadcel-50 had the lowest ITS value of 579,228 kPa while
the highest ITS value was found in the SMA mixture with Optimum Asphalt
Levels (7.65%) and Roadcel-50 levels of 0.3% which is 779,417 kPa. Based on
these data it can be seen that the addition of Roadcel-50 tends to increase the value
 of ITS but at certain levels of Roadcel-50 the value of ITS has decreased. This is
because the addition of Roadcel-50 additives has exceeded the need for added
ingredients in the SMA mixture. C and before testing, all specimens are immersed
in a bathtub at a constant temperature.

4.3. ERROR FACTOR

The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. There were several falls during the sifting process;
b. Error in weighing aggregate & reading scale.

4.4. REFERENCES
Samantha, Robby (2012) Analisis Kekuatan Tarik Material Campuran Sma
(Split Mastic Asphalt) Grading 0/11 Menggunakan Sistem Pengujian Indirect
Tensile Strength. Skripsi thesis, UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH
SURAKARTA.
 CHAPTER 5
EXAMINATION OF ASPHALT COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN
AGGREGATES

5.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to find out the coverage and exfoliation of
asphalt to aggregates after submersion in water for 16 hours.

5.2. BASIC THEORY

Structural damages of road pavement in Indonesia often occur before end of
its service life. Increased investment for managing road pavement does not show
positive linear relationship towards quality achievement of road pavement in many
sections of national and provincial road networks. This condition leads to a
fundamental question of how application of quality standards for road pavement is
monitored and evaluated. Though, there are some conceptual models for
controlling application of quality standards however those models do not describe
comprehensively hierarchy of every single element of the application of quality
standard systems. Therefore, a hierarchycal, comprehensive, and systemic
monitoring and evaluation system for the application of quality standards based on
logic model structure is required as one of alternatives to improve previous
existing models. This research aims to develop a model of monitoring and
evaluation system of application of road pavement quality standards application
for national and provincial road networks in Indonesia. The development of the
conceptual model was undertaken deductively using a systemic approach of logic
model and structured into Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). This approach is
to represent structure and hierarchy of subsystems including factors, variables and
indicators as well as parameters in the form of systemic chains: input-process-
output-outcome-impact. Furthermore, the conceptual model was verified and
validated by using four survey stages of expert opinions with more than 200
respondents of practioners, academicians, experts in the field of road pavements
from 28 provinces in Indonesia. The first survey identified current performance of
the application of quality standards and structural damages of road pavements. The
second survey identified and verified 14 factors, 131 variables including indicators
and parameters of quality standards application. The third survey verified cluster
of 131 into 50 variables and validated their influence. The fourth survey validated
comparative level of importance among 50 variables towards factors of quality
standards application. Finding of the identification show that structural damages of
road pavement both national and provincial mostly occur in the beginning of its
life services. It is due to inappropriate procedure of construction and quality
control towards quality standards application. Types of those structural damages
are: (i) displacement and corrugation of surface pavement newly constructed, and
(ii) cracking and pothole of surface pavement as a results of improvement and
maintenance. Monitoring and evaluation of road pavement quality standards
application was therefore modelled into hierarchy which is comprehensive based
on systemic approach, consisting of 5 (five) subsystems, 14 factors and 50
variables. Proportion of subsystems toward the quality standards application
sytems is that (i) Input 32,5% consisting of : human resources of quality control
(15,1%), utilisation of testing instruments (7,9%), utilisation of testing materials
(6,4%), dan peformance of standard form (3,1%); (ii) Process 19,7% consisting of:
socialisation (8,0%), implementation (5,9%), data management (3,1%), and
distribution (2,8%); (iii) Output 19,1% consisting of: achievement level of quality
(11,2%) and achievement level of socialisation (7,9%); (iv) Outcome 15,0%
consisting of: level of structural strength (9,0%) and level functional strenght
(6,0%); Impact 13,7% consisting of: level of stable road (7,8%) and comfortable
road (5,9%) respectively. Findings of this research show that 5 factors are
significantly dominant to lead to application of quality standards. Those factors are
(1) human resource, (2) quality standard socialisation, (3) quality achievement, (4)
structural strength and stable road. In this research, the result of modelling was
transformed into a software based on Delphy programming called
MESTAM_JALAN (Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pemberlakuan STAndar Mutu
JALAN). This software is used to determine influential trend of variables towards
factors of quality standards applications and to suggest solutions and
recommendations for improving performance of the quality standards application
further. The findings of the research can be practically utilised to describe any
results of road pavement performance evaluation for any road sections in a certain
region as part of fundamental basis for improving road pavement management x
 sytems of national and provincial road networks in Indonesia. Practically, the
result of the research can be used to show findings of quality evaluation of road
pavement between road sections of any region as a basis of further improvement
of national and provincial road management in Indonesia.

5.3. ERROR FACTOR

The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. Aggregate samples are not completely covered in asphalt;
b. Aggregate samples are not completely covered in asphalt;

5.4. REFERENCES
Mulyono, Agus Taufik (2007) MODEL MONITORING DAN EVALUASI
PEMBERLAKUAN STANDAR MUTU PERKERASAN JALAN BERBASIS
PENDEKATAN SISTEMIK. Masters thesis, program Pascasarjana UNIVESITAS
DIPONEGORO.
 CHAPTER 6
EXAMINATION OF ASPHALT COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN
STONES

6.1. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this practicum is to find out the coverage and exfoliation of
asphalt to stones after submersion in water for 16 hours.

6.2. BASIC THEORY

In general, flexible pavement construction in Indonesia uses crushed stone
aggregates produced through the stone breaking industry because it has a rough
and angular surface that has excellent adhesion to asphalt. However, due to the
large costs involved in processing and transporting them to the project site,
sometimes it is found that the use of natural aggregates that meet the requirements
to be used as aggregate materials in pavement. With this in mind, the authors felt
the need to test and analyze the effect of the presence of natural aggregates in
concrete asphalt mixtures. This study examines the effect of variations in the
levels of natural aggregates on the performance of asphalt concrete mixtures and
determines the levels of natural aggregates that can produce optimum concrete
asphalt mixes performance. This research method is based on experiments in the
Road Engineering Laboratory, Civil Department, FT-UMI. The main testing
component is testing the characteristics of asphalt concrete mix using pavement
material in the form of natural aggregate, broken stone aggregate, and or a
combination of both. The type of laboratory testing carried out is the examination
of material properties followed by Marshall testing to obtain optimum asphalt
content values which will be used as fixed asphalt content in core testing, namely
Marshall testing on mixed compositions with variations in the addition of natural
aggregates. Based on the test results it is known that the presence of natural
aggregates in concrete asphalt mixes affects the performance of the mixture where
natural aggregate levels are obtained which can produce optimum mixture
performance of 10% -50% of the total weight of coarse aggregate.
6.3. ERROR FACTOR
The following are error factor that happen in this practicum:
a. The surface of the stone is not completely covered by asphalt;
b. The stone did not become fully covered with asphalt.

6.4. REFERENCES
Bulgis Bulgis, Rani Bastari Alkam(2017) PEMANFAATAN AGREGAT
ALAMI DAN AGREGAT BATU PECAH SEBAGAI MATERIAL
PERKERASAN PADA CAMPURAN ASPAL BETON. Master Thesis,
POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG.