The document provides a list of 20 references used as sources for a thesis or paper. Some of the references are websites while others are published materials. The references cover topics related to cement, concrete, use of waste materials in concrete production, and concrete technology. The list includes author names, publication details, website URLs, and page numbers for some of the cited sources.
The document provides a list of 20 references used as sources for a thesis or paper. Some of the references are websites while others are published materials. The references cover topics related to cement, concrete, use of waste materials in concrete production, and concrete technology. The list includes author names, publication details, website URLs, and page numbers for some of the cited sources.
The document provides a list of 20 references used as sources for a thesis or paper. Some of the references are websites while others are published materials. The references cover topics related to cement, concrete, use of waste materials in concrete production, and concrete technology. The list includes author names, publication details, website URLs, and page numbers for some of the cited sources.
The document provides a list of 20 references used as sources for a thesis or paper. Some of the references are websites while others are published materials. The references cover topics related to cement, concrete, use of waste materials in concrete production, and concrete technology. The list includes author names, publication details, website URLs, and page numbers for some of the cited sources.
1. www.kapanlagi.com/h/0000182852.html 2. http://eprints.ums.ac.id/579/1/1._subroto.pdf 3. Lea, F.M., The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Edward Arnold Publishers, 1956 4. www.fhwa.dot.gov 5. Martirena, J.F., et.al, Use of Wastes of the Sugar Industry as Pozzolana in Lime- Pozzolana Binders: Study of the Reaction, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.28, No.11, 1998 6. Sugiri, Saptahari. 1997. Diktat Kuliah Teknologi Beton. Lembaga Penelitian Insitut Teknologi Bandung. 7. Imran, Iswandi., Diktat Kuliah Pengenalan Rekayasa dan Bahan Konstruksi Sipil. Penerbit ITB. 8. ASTM C-150. Standard Specification for Portland Cement. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 9. ASTM C-125. Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 10. ASTM C-618. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 11. Frias, Moises, et.al, Characterisation of sugar cane straw waste as pozzolanic material for construction: Calcining temperature and kinetic parameters, 2006 12. Sukma, Nurhadi. 2006. Analisa Awal Pemanfaatan Bottom Ash Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Semen dalam Campuran Beton. Teknik Material ITB. 13. Elvery, R. H., Concrete Practice, Vol.II , C.R. Books Ltd, 1963 14. matse1.mse.uiuc.edu 15. http://www4.eas.asu.edu/cement/Blended_cements/blended_cements_1998_a.htm 16. http://ciks.cbt.nist.gov/menu0001.html 17. http://www.tomralstonconcrete.com 18. www.whd.co.uk/Concrete/concretebysem.html
1. Kategori Jenis Struktur : Kolom 2. Kuat Tekan Rencana : 35 MPa 3. Slump : 75 – 100 mm 4. Ukuran Maksimum Agregat : 12.5 mm
Data Absorbsi Kadar Air Berat Jenis Berat Isi Modulus 3 (%) (%) (kg/m ) Kehalusan Agregat Halus 5.04 3.09 2.62 (SSD) 1580.39 2.58 Agregat Kasar 5.85 3.22 2.48 (SSD) 1419.03 -
Semen 3.15
A. Estimasi Kebutuhan Air Pencampuran
Perkiraan kebutuhan air pencampuran diperoleh dari tabel 1 seperti yang tertera di bawah ini :
xiv Tabel 1. Kebutuhan air pencampuran dan udara untuk berbagai nilai slump dan ukuran maksimum agregat.
NON-AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE Approximate mixing water (kg/m3) for indicated nominal maximum sizes of aggregate 12.5 37.5 Slump (mm) 9.5 mm 19 mm 25 mm 50 mm 75 mm 150 mm mm mm 25 to 50 207 199 190 179 166 154 130 113 75 to 100 228 216 205 193 181 169 145 124 150 to 175 243 228 216 202 190 178 160 - Approximate amount of entrapped air in non-air-entrained concrete (%) 12.5 37.5 Slump (mm) 9.5 mm 19 mm 25 mm 50 mm 75 mm 150 mm mm mm All 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2
Dari tabel diatas diperoleh data :
Berat air = 216 kg/m3 Udara terperangkap = 2.5 % Volume udara terperangkap = 0.025 sehingga dapat kita dapat menghitung besarnya volume air yaitu : Volume air = 216/1000 = 0.216
B. Perhitungan Rencana Kuat Tekan Beton Rata – Rata
ƒm = ƒc’ + 1.64 Sd Sd = 2 = 35 + 1.64 x 2 = 35 + 3.28 = 38.28 MPa Keterangan : ƒm = nilai kuat tekan beton rata – rata ƒc’ = nilai kuat tekan karakteristik ( yang disyaratkan ) Sd = standar deviasi ( lih. tabel standar deviasi )
xv C. Pemilihan w/c ratio Rasio air semen diperoleh melalui tabel di bawah ini :
Tabel 2. Hubungan rasio air semen dan kuat tekan beton pada beton tanpa penambahan udara (* Nilai nilai selain yang ada pada tabel dapat diperoleh melalui interpolasi ). Kuat Tekan Beton Umur 28 hari (MPa) * Rasio Air Semen (dalam perbandingan berat) 40 0.42 35 0.47 30 0.54 25 0.61 20 0.69 15 0.79 Melalui Interpolasi diperoleh w/c = 0.45
D. Perhitungan kandungan semen
Dari data w/c ratio kita dapat menghitung : Kandungan Semen = 216 / 0.45 = 480 kg/m3 Volume Semen = 480 / 3150 = 0.15
E. Estimasi Agregat Kasar
Berdasarkan Tabel 3 dan data ukuran maximum agregat kasar = 12.5 mm dan modulus kehalusan agregat halus = 2.6 kita dapat memperoleh data volume agregat kasar per satuan volume beton sebesar 0.57
xvi Tabel 3. Volume agregat kasar persatuan volume beton untuk beton dengan slump 75 – 100 mm.
Volume of oven-dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete
for different fineness moduli of fine aggregate Nominal maximum size 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 of aggregate (mm) 9.5 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 12.5 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 19 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 25 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 37.5 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69 50 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 75 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76 150 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
Berdasarkan tabel 4 serta data slump dan ukuran maksimum agregat kasar diperoleh nilai faktor koreksi sebesar 1.00 Tabel 4. Faktor koreksi tabel 3 untuk berbagai nilai slump Slump Faktor koreksi untuk berbagai ukuran maksimum agregat ( mm ) 10 mm 12.5 mm 20 mm 25 mm 40 mm 25 – 50 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.06 1.09 75 – 100 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 150 – 175 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00
Dari data – data diatas, dapat dihitung :
Berat agregat kasar per m3 beton = 0.57 x berat volum agregat kasar x faktor koreksi = 0.57 x 1419.03 x 1.00 = 808.85 kg/m3 Volume agregat kasar = 808.85 kg/m3 : b.j Agregat kasar = 808.85 : 2480 = 0.33
xvii F. Estimasi Agregat Halus Dengan menggunakan metode volume absolute kita dapat menghitung kandungan agregat halus sebagai berikut : VA.H = 1 – [ Va + Vu + Vs + VA.K ] = 1 – [ 0.216 + 0.025 + 0.15 + 0.33 ] = 1 – [ 0.72 ] = 0.28 Berat agr. halus per satuan vol beton = 0.28 x berat volum agr. kasar x faktor koreksi = 0.28 x 1580.39 x 1.00 = 442.51 kg/m3
Berdasarkan perhitungan – perhitungan di atas, dapat dituliskan
Kondisi sebelum dikoreksi : Semen = 480 kg/m3 Agr.kasar = 808.85 kg/m3 Agr.halus = 442.51 kg/m3 Air = 216 kg/m3 Total = 1947.36 kg/m3
G. Koreksi Kandungan Air
Koreksi penambahan air pada agregat : Agr. Halus = ( kadar air – absorpsi ) % x berat A.H = ( 3.09 – 5.04 ) % x 442.51 kg/m3 = - 8.63 kg/m3 Agr. Kasar = ( kadar air – absorpsi ) % x berat A.K = ( 3.22 – 5.85 ) % x 808.85 kg/m3 = - 21.27 kg/m3
xviii Kondisi setelah dikoreksi Semen = 480 kg/m3 Agr.kasar = ( 808.85 – 21.27 ) = 787.58 kg/m3 Agr.halus = ( 442.5 – 8.63 ) = 433.88 kg/m3 Air = ( 216 + 21.27 + 8.63 ) = 245.9 kg/m3 Total = 1947.36 kg/m3
Ukuran Spesimen ( silinder )
φ = 5.7 cm t = 11.4 cm r = 2.85 cm Luas Alas = π r2 = π ( 2.85 cm )2 = 25.52 cm2 Volume = Luas Alas x t = 25.52 cm2 x 11.4 cm2 = 290.9 cm3 = 0.0002909 m3 Komposisi tiap spesimen Semen = 480 kg/m3 x 0.0002909 m3 = 0.1396 kg ≈ 140 gr Agregat Halus = 433.88 kg/m3 x 0.0002909 m3 = 0.1262 kg ≈ 126 gr Agregat Kasar = 787.58 kg/m3 x 0.0002909 m3 = 0.2291 kg ≈ 230 gr Air = 245.9 kg/m3 x 0.0002909 m3 = 0.0715 kg ≈ 72 gr
Agr. Kasar Agr. Halus Air Semen Abu Ampas Tebu
( gr ) ( gr ) ( gr ) ( gr ) ( gr ) B1 230 126 72 140 0 B2 230 126 72 133 7 B3 230 126 72 126 14 B4 230 126 72 119 21
xix Keterangan : B1 = Beton tanpa penambahan Abu Ampas Tebu B2 = Beton dengan penambahan 5 % Abu Ampas Tebu B3 = Beton dengan penambahan 10 % Abu Ampas Tebu B4 = Beton dengan penambahan 15 % Abu Ampas Tebu
xx Hasil X-Ray Diffraction 1. X-Ray Diffraction gabungan ( B1 dan B4 ) I an p - portlandite a - albite a c - calcium silicate hydrate q - quartz p c p q an - anorthite a a p an an c c
a an
c a p p an p an c c a p
2 theta
2. X-Ray Diffraction B1 (Beton Normal)
B1-1 44-1481 Portlandite
xxi B1-1 03-0594 Calcium Silicate Hydrate
B1-1 01-0739 Albite
B1-1 02-0523 Anorthite
xxii 3. X-Ray Diffraction B4 (Beton dengan substitusi 15% semen dengan abu ampas tebu )
Checking verticality works would encounter during building construction at several stages such as during installing vertical formworks of columns and transferring levels up successive floors of multi storey structures
Download Asset Management of Bridges Proceedings of the 9th New York Bridge Conference August 21 22 2017 New York City USA 1st Edition Khaled M Mahmoud ebook All Chapters PDF
Checking verticality works would encounter during building construction at several stages such as during installing vertical formworks of columns and transferring levels up successive floors of multi storey structures
Download Asset Management of Bridges Proceedings of the 9th New York Bridge Conference August 21 22 2017 New York City USA 1st Edition Khaled M Mahmoud ebook All Chapters PDF
