This document discusses fluid machines called turbines. It focuses on hydraulic turbines, which convert water energy (hydropower) into mechanical energy through a rotating shaft. There are two main types of dynamic turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines fully convert the water's potential energy into kinetic energy before it hits the turbine's runner blades. Reaction turbines only partially convert the potential energy into kinetic energy at the turbine entrance, with the rest remaining as pressure energy. Examples of reaction turbines discussed are the Francis turbine and the propeller or Kaplan turbine. The document provides diagrams and explanations of how these different turbine types operate.
This document discusses fluid machines called turbines. It focuses on hydraulic turbines, which convert water energy (hydropower) into mechanical energy through a rotating shaft. There are two main types of dynamic turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines fully convert the water's potential energy into kinetic energy before it hits the turbine's runner blades. Reaction turbines only partially convert the potential energy into kinetic energy at the turbine entrance, with the rest remaining as pressure energy. Examples of reaction turbines discussed are the Francis turbine and the propeller or Kaplan turbine. The document provides diagrams and explanations of how these different turbine types operate.
This document discusses fluid machines called turbines. It focuses on hydraulic turbines, which convert water energy (hydropower) into mechanical energy through a rotating shaft. There are two main types of dynamic turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines fully convert the water's potential energy into kinetic energy before it hits the turbine's runner blades. Reaction turbines only partially convert the potential energy into kinetic energy at the turbine entrance, with the rest remaining as pressure energy. Examples of reaction turbines discussed are the Francis turbine and the propeller or Kaplan turbine. The document provides diagrams and explanations of how these different turbine types operate.
This document discusses fluid machines called turbines. It focuses on hydraulic turbines, which convert water energy (hydropower) into mechanical energy through a rotating shaft. There are two main types of dynamic turbines: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines fully convert the water's potential energy into kinetic energy before it hits the turbine's runner blades. Reaction turbines only partially convert the potential energy into kinetic energy at the turbine entrance, with the rest remaining as pressure energy. Examples of reaction turbines discussed are the Francis turbine and the propeller or Kaplan turbine. The document provides diagrams and explanations of how these different turbine types operate.
TURBINES Marcelino N. Lunag Jr. Topic Level Outcomes (TLO’s) • TLO 14: Study of hydraulic turbines and hydro-electric power plants. Minimum essential requirements of a water power system. Calculation of head, power and efficiency • TLO 15: Performance of reaction turbines with emphasis on Francis wheels. Specific speed of reaction turbines • TLO 16: Kinds of draft tubes and tube settings. Prevention of cavitation and pitting on turbine runners with proper setting • TLO 17: Performance of impulse wheels. Effects if nozzle diameter/number. Effective head, water horsepower, brake horsepower, overall turbine efficiency, head developed by jets • TLO 18: Generator specifications coupled to turbines Objective of this Topic
• After learning the TLO’s:
The students should be able to… Lecture Proper
Spare runner for the
Henry Borden power plant in Brazil. (Courtesy of Voith Hydro Inc.) INTRODUCTION
• A turbine is defined as a machine that extracts
energy from a moving fluid and convert it to a useful mechanical work. • Much of the basic theory and most similarity parameters used for pumps also apply to turbines. (Crowe,clayton et.al, 2009) – Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th edition. • Turbines have been used for centuries to convert freely available mechanical energy from rivers and wind into useful mechanical work, usually through a rotating shaft. Whereas the rotating part of a pump is called the impeller, the rotating part of a hydroturbine is called the runner. (cengel,2014). Types of turbine (based on Cengel)
• 1. Hydraulic Turbine/hydroturbine- used when
the working fluid is water and energy is extracted from water. • 2. Wind turbine(windmill)- when the working fluid is air and energy is extracted from the wind. • 3. Steam Turbines- the turbomachines that convertenergy from the steam into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft • 4. Gas turbine- A more generic name for turbines that employ a compressible gas as the working fluid. • 5. what else? Applications
• 1. To pump water • 2. To grind grains • 3. To generate electricity (Power Generation) HYDRAULIC TURBINES
• Hydraulic turbines may be considered as
hydraulic motors or prime movers of a water-power development, which convert water energy (hydropower) into mechanical energy (shaft power). • The shaft power developed is used in running electricity generators directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine, thus producing electrical power. • The hydraulic turbine is a rotary machine actuated by the impulse and/or reaction of a water current attacking the rotor (called the runner), which consists of a series of buckets or curved vanes or blades. Application of H.T
• Hydroelectric Power REPUBLIC ACT No. 7156 SEC. 4 • (1) “Hydroelectric power” shall refer to electric power produced by utilizing the kinetic energy of falling or running water to turn a turbine generator. World Electricity Generation, 2010
Other** includes geothermal, solar, wind, biofuels and waste, and heat Philippine Power Generation by Source, 2010 Operating Principles of H.T Classification of H.T
1. positive-displacement turbine-fluid pushes
into a closed volume, it turns a shaft or displaces a reciprocating rod ➢generally not used for power production, but rather for flow rate or flow volume measurement 2. Dynamic Turbines -rotating blades supply or extract energy to or from the fluid. Dynamic Turbine Dynamic Turbines
1. Impulse Turbine -available potential energy (head) of the water is converted into kinetic energy with the help of a contracting nozzle provided at the delivery end of the pipeline (penstock) -water discharges freely (at atmospheric pressure) into the downstream channel (called the tail race) -Pelton wheel -large units may have two or more jets impinging at different locations around the wheel The Impulse Turbine (Pelton Wheel) The Impulse Turbine Dynamic Turbines 2. Reaction Turbine -only a part of the available energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy at the entrance to the runner, and a substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy -runner casing (called the scroll case) has to be completely airtight and filled with water throughout the operation of the turbine. -water enters the scroll case and moves into the runner through a series of guide vanes, called wicket gates -the water enters a draft tube which delivers the flow to the tail race. -the Francis and the propeller (also known as Kaplan) turbine The Reaction Turbine The Reaction Turbine Propeller type turbine Francis turbine (Kaplan)
