Chapter 6 - Virology - Viruses have a host range.
That
is, viruses infect specific cells or
• Topics tissues of specific hosts, or specific
– Structure bacteria, or specific plants.
– Classification
– Multiplication
– Cultivation and replication - Viral specificity refers to the specific
– Nonviral infectious agent kinds of cells a virus can infect. It is
regulated by the specificities of
– Teratogenic/Oncogenic
attachment, penetration and
replication of the virus (Receptors)
Properties of viruses A virion is an infectious virus particle - not all virus
- Viruses are not cells, do not have nuclei or particles are infectious
mitochondria or ribosomes or other cellular Viruses are composed of a nucleic acid, RNA or DNA
components. - never both.
- Viruses replicate or multiply. Viruses do not grow. - All viruses have a protein coat (capside) or shell
- Viruses replicate or multiply only within living that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid core.
cells. - Some viruses have a lipid envelope or membrane
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. surrounding a nucleocapsid core. The source of the
envelope is from the membranes of the host cell.
- The term virus was coined by Pasteur, and is
from the Latin word for poison. - Some viruses package enzymes - e.g. RNA-
dependent-RNA polymerase or other enzymes -
Components of viruses - some do not package enzymes
Size comparison of viruses -
how big are they?
Structure
• Size and morphology
• Capsid
• Envelope
• Complex
• Nucleic acid
Mycoplasma?
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There are two major structures of viruses
called the naked nucleocapsid virus and
the enveloped virus
Capsid
• Protective outer shell that
surrounds viral nucleic acid
• Composed of capsomer subunits
- collectively protect the nucleic
acid from the environment
• Capsid spikes - used for binding
to cell surface proteins
NAKED Enveloped
Nucleic acid
Envelope
• Viruses contain either DNA or RNA
• Lipid and proteins - basically a
• Possess only the genes to invade
modified version of our
and regulate the metabolic activity
membranes
of host cells
• Envelope spikes - bind to cell
• Ex. Hepatitis B (4 genes) and
surface proteins
herpesviruses (100 genes)
• During release of animal viruses,
• No viral metabolic genes, as the
a part of the host membrane is
virus uses the host’s metabolic
taken
resources
Bacteriophages
• Bacteriophage
– Polyhedral head
– Helical tail
– Fibers for attachment
• Are considered either LYTIC or
TEMPERATE
• Are often associated with virulence
genes in bacteria
- EX. - diphtheria toxin in Clostridium
diphtheriae - also Botulinum toxin from
C. botulinum
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T-even bacteriophage penetrate the host cell
Growth curve for a bacteriophage by specifically binding and injecting their DNA
into the host cell
After replication, bacteriophage release
lysozyme, weaken/destroy/rupture cell and
release numerous virions
Temperate phages can cause disease
For example, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
Clostridium botulinum contain prophages that
have genes which encode for toxins
Without these prophages, they DO NOT
produce the toxin – without toxin, no disease
Thus, they are examples of bacteria and
viruses interacting to cause medically relevant
disease
Plaque Assay
3
Temperate phage - formation of a
prophage and LYSOGENY
Classification
• Host Range
• Envelope or Naked virus
• Type of disease
• Baltimore Classification of
Viruses (4 major groups)
– + vs - sense
PROPHAGE
Baltimore Classification of Animal Viruses
Class VII ds/ss DNA Class I ds DNA (+/-) General Steps in Viral
Poxviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae Multiplication
Papovaviridae Class II ss DNA (+ or -)
Adenoviridae Parvoviridae
• Adsorption
Class VI ss RNA (+)
Retroviridae RNA • Penetration
mRNA (+) Class III ds RNA (+/-)
DNA Reoviridae • Uncoating
• Synthesis
Class V ss RNA (-) Class IV ss RNA (+)
Paramyxoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Picornaviridae • Assembly
Rhabdoviridae Togaviridae
Filoviridae
Flavivirida
Coronaviridae
• Release
Bunyaviridae
Caliciviridae
Arenaviridae
Astroviridae
Viruses recognize
specific receptors
Figure 6.12 and then
the virus penetrates the
cell Figure 6.13
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Endocytosis
Membrane Fusion
Animal Virus
Replication
General replication scheme for an
General Steps in Viral animal virus
Multiplication
• Adsorption
• Penetration
• Uncoating
• Synthesis
• Assembly
• Release
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A Magnified View of Viral Budding -
ENVELOPED VIRUSES
Worst case
scenario -
HIV virions
exiting from
a T cell
Most simple -
Fig. i6.2a and efficient Fig. i6.2b
What case = ss+
happens if it RNA virus
is a dsDNA
virus??? Examples:
Coronavirus
Examples:
Herpes virus RETROVIRUS
Gift of life!!
Replication of RNA viruses
Insight 6.2 - Note differences
between + sense, - sense and
retrovirus replication
Also, be able to compare -contrast
phage and animal virus replication
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Fig. 6.16 Cytopathic changes in cells and cell
Cytopathic effects cultures infected by viruses
• Damage to the host cell due to a
viral infection
–Transformation
Syncytia – multinucleated cells Inclusion bodies
Tight Junction Disruption
Viral transformation of cells – Oncogenic viruses
dsDNA viruses (Papillomavirus, EBV, Hep B) Cultivation and Replication
• In vivo methods
– Laboratory animals
– Embryonic bird tissues
• In vitro methods
– Cell or tissue culture
Making the Influenza vaccine
Cultivation of animal viruses –
It is possible to study viruses in animals, but due
to the complexity of the animal, expense of
animals and the political environment relative to
the use of animals, alternatives have been
developed.
Chick embryos in eggs - influenza
Persistent infection – transformation/cancer
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A monolayer of monkey kidney cells is a cell
culture enabling the propagating viruses. Noncellular Infectious
Agents
• Prions
Protein structure of the two forms of the prion protein
Prions – Stanley Pruisner – GOOD!!!! BAD!!!
Nobel Prize in Medicine: 1978
Prions are proteinaceous infectious
agents - Prions do not have nucleic
acid.
Prions are considered to be the
causative agents of Creutzfeld Jakob
disease, scrapie, bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) and kuru.
Oncogenic potential of viruses - At least six viruses have been found to cause
human cancer - Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B
Cancer is a set of diseases known to disturb virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus
the normal functioning and properties of cells. (HPV-8, HPV-16), HTLV-I (adult T-cell
leukemia and lymphoma), HTLV-II (hairy cell
Tumors may be malignant or benign -
malignant tumors spread by metastasis. leukemia),
Peyton Rous in 1911 discovered that a Oncogenes are normal cellular regulatory
filterable agent could transmit a sarcoma (a genes. When modified, these genes code for
type of cancer) in chickens - Rous sarcoma gene products that disturb the normal
virus - the first retrovirus described. regulatory patterns of cells and can result in a
loss of the normal properties of cell growth and
division resulting in “cancer”.
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Viral oncogenes are found usually in
retroviruses. Malignant
tumor
Viral oncogenes are viral homologs of formation
the cellular oncogenes.
Viral oncogenes can disturb normal
regulatory properties by certain
mechanisms.
