This document discusses using orange peels and coconut husks as adsorbents for removing heavy metals from water. It provides background on the chemical composition and properties of orange peels and coconut husks that make them suitable for adsorption. The document also reviews several studies that have shown these agricultural byproducts can successfully remove heavy metals like copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and lead from contaminated water through adsorption. Specifically, modified orange peels and coconut husks have been found to adsorb these metals and reduce their levels, showing potential as low-cost adsorbents for water treatment and purification.
This document discusses using orange peels and coconut husks as adsorbents for removing heavy metals from water. It provides background on the chemical composition and properties of orange peels and coconut husks that make them suitable for adsorption. The document also reviews several studies that have shown these agricultural byproducts can successfully remove heavy metals like copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and lead from contaminated water through adsorption. Specifically, modified orange peels and coconut husks have been found to adsorb these metals and reduce their levels, showing potential as low-cost adsorbents for water treatment and purification.
This document discusses using orange peels and coconut husks as adsorbents for removing heavy metals from water. It provides background on the chemical composition and properties of orange peels and coconut husks that make them suitable for adsorption. The document also reviews several studies that have shown these agricultural byproducts can successfully remove heavy metals like copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and lead from contaminated water through adsorption. Specifically, modified orange peels and coconut husks have been found to adsorb these metals and reduce their levels, showing potential as low-cost adsorbents for water treatment and purification.
This document discusses using orange peels and coconut husks as adsorbents for removing heavy metals from water. It provides background on the chemical composition and properties of orange peels and coconut husks that make them suitable for adsorption. The document also reviews several studies that have shown these agricultural byproducts can successfully remove heavy metals like copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and lead from contaminated water through adsorption. Specifically, modified orange peels and coconut husks have been found to adsorb these metals and reduce their levels, showing potential as low-cost adsorbents for water treatment and purification.
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Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut
(Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
CHAPTER II
Review of Literature
Orange Peels
The Journal of Kerbala University, Vol. 7 No.2 Scientific . (2009) stated
orange peels chemical constituents; it contains alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, resins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and sugars but not contains coumarins and steroids. In addition sugar, proteins, moisture and ash were determined and their percentage were (23.8%, 4%, 11.86%, 5.34%) respectively. Oil of orange peels was extracted and its percentage was 13.12% then its anti-microbial activity was tested against micropathogen that include Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia, Psdumonas aeruginosa, Ecsherichia coli, Psudomonas fluorescenes, Proteus spp. Enterococcus feacalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candidia albicans and Listeria spp. using agar diffusion wells.
An article from Inderscience Publishers say that highly colored industrial
waste water is a serious environmental problem as it seriously discolors waterways as well as blocking sunlight for photosynthesizing plant species in the water. Now, researchers in Algeria have discovered that nothing more sophisticated than orange peel could be used to remove acidic dyes from industrial effluent.
An article in “Water Science & Technology” says that viable and cost- effective technology was explored in this present task for removal of heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ from aqueous solution using three fruit peels. The fruit peel cellulose was chemically modified. All these adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR, BET, and SEM. The widely used Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium process. The adsorption capacity of metal ions such as Cu2+ and Ni2+ was found to be more than that of other metal ions. Upon comparison of the adsorbents, surface modified LPC (LPCACS) was found to show enhanced adsorption activity. Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
Different process variables, such as pH, temperature, contact time, and
adsorbent properties, such as adsorbent dosage and concentration, have been shown to be effective in biosorption (Guiza, 2017; Saleem and Bhatti, 2011).
The liquid-phase adsorption removal of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and
Pb2+ in the concentration range of 5-25 mg/L using low-cost peel wastes was examined at 30 degrees C. Under comparable conditions, the amount of adsorption decreased in the order Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ for adsorbents. The adsorption isotherms could be better described by the Freundlich equation. The amount of adsorption increased with increasing pH and reached a plateau at pH > 7, which was confirmed by the variations of zeta potentials. The application potential of such cellulose-based wastes for metal removal at trace levels appeared to be promising (G. Annadurai*, R.S. Juang** and D.J. Lee*).
According to an article in Separation and Purification Technology (2007)
orange peel modified with different chemical reagents as biosorbents were used to remove cadmium ion from aqueous solution. Effects of different chemical modifications on the biosorbent properties including washing, alkali saponification, cross-linking temperature and concentration of cross-linking reagent were investigated. Meanwhile, influence of pH of solution, initial cadmium concentration, shaking time and solid/liquid ratio on the removed of Cd(II) by different chemically modified biosorbents were studied. It can be concluded that cadmium ion could be removed by 0.6SCA80 (orange peel modified with 0.6 mol L−1 citric acid under 80 °C after alkali saponification) biosorbent effective and quick.
Coconut Husk
The “Energy Potential of Coconut Biomass” by Salman Zafar (July 8,
2018) clearly expressed that the coconut fruit yields 40 % coconut husks containing 30 % fiber, with dust making up the rest. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists of cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium. Coconut dust has high lignin and cellulose content. The materials contained in the casing of coco dusts and coconut fibers are resistant to bacteria and fungi. Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
Salman Zafar also stated in the article that Coconut husk and shells are an attractive biomass fuel and are also a good source of charcoal. The major advantage of using coconut biomass as a fuel is that coconut is a permanent crop and available round the year so there is constant whole year supply. She identified that activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities in wastewater treatment processes.
An article in WaterFilterShop.co.uk (02 January 2016 ) clearly stated that
coconut-shell based activated carbons are predominantly microporous and are the least dusty, thus, they are very efficient when it comes to organic chemical adsorption. Compared to other types of activated carbon, coconut-shell based activated carbon filters have the highest hardness, which makes them ideal for water purification.
Coconut husk (CH), consisting of coconut pith (CP) and coconut fiber (CF) is abundant and cheap, and has the potential to be used as adsorbent for elemental mercury (Hg0) removal. CP and CF surfaces were modified by mercerization and bleaching methods and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and analysis of moisture and ash (Johari, Khairiraihanna, Cheu Siew Chin, Hanapi Mat, Helen Kong, et al.: “Adsorption Enhancement of Elemental Mercury by Various Surface Modified Coconut Husk as Eco-Friendly Low-Cost Adsorbents”. (2016)).
Heavy Metals
Based on Dimple Lakherwal’s research, “Adsorption of Heavy Metals”
(2014) heavy metals are elements having atomic weights between 63.5 and 200.6, and a specific gravity greater than 5.0. Most of the heavy metals are dangerous to health or to the environment. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO.
Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of
exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
Although heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are found throughout the earth’s crust, most environmental contamination and human exposure result from anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting operations, industrial production and use, and domestic and agricultural use of metals and metal-containing compounds. Environmental contamination can also occur through metal corrosion, atmospheric deposition, soil erosion of metal ions and leaching of heavy metals, sediment re-suspension and metal evaporation from water resources to soil and ground water.
(NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering
and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA)
Heavy Metal Adsorbents
Adsorption processes are being widely used by various researchers for
the removal of heavy metals from waste streams and activated carbon has been frequently used as an adsorbent. Despite its extensive use in water and wastewater treatment industries, activated carbon remains an expensive material. In recent years, the need for safe and economical methods for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters has necessitated research interest toward the production of low cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon (HBRC Journal, Volume 9, Issue 3, December 2013, Pages 276-282).
Susan E. Bailey, Trudy J. Olin, Mark R. Brick, Dean D. Adrian clearly
stated the effectiveness of organic and low-cost adsorbents, natural materials or waste products from certain industries with a high capacity for heavy metals can be obtained, employed, and disposed of with little cost. Modification of the sorbents can also improve adsorption capacity.
Lead Content of Laguna de Bay
L.C., Trinidad from the University of the Philippines Los Baños, states a number of scientific articles reported the presence of arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, and lead in Laguna de Bay surface waters, sediments, and fishes. Metal uptake values for Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) are considerably Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
higher for metabolically active cells as opposed to the other metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) where the heat-killed cells gave higher uptake values.
According to Laguna Lake Development Authority’s (LLDA) 2011 analyses
of water samples from the lake and the rivers and streams flowing into it, results show low dissolved oxygen, high dissolved nitrogen, low concentrations of lead and cadmium, elevated levels of phosphates, oil and grease, and high levels of fecal bacteria. However, in the recent 2016 water analyses of LLDA, the lead concentration went from low to high meaning that lead became more acidic and dangerous in terms of lead concentration. LLDA also stated that the contamination is said to be the result of wastewaters from piggeries, poultry farms, nearby factories, and homes that were disposed through the streams or shore of the said lake. Commonly, the lake is a pathway of typhoons wherein overflowing is not new to nearby residences. With the water from the lake, it goes straight to plantations and soil of the nearby barangays off its shore where soil absorbs the water from the lake.
Other Studies
Liquid-phase absorption removal of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ in the concentration range of 5-25 mg/L using low-cost banana and orange peel wastes was examined under 30 ℃. Under comparable conditions, the amount of adsorption decreased in the order Pb2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+ for both adsorbents. The adsorption isotherms could be better described by the Freundlich equation. The amount of adsorption increased with increasing pH reached a plateau at pH > 7, which was confirmed by the variations of zeta potentials. The application of such cellulosed-based wastes for metal removal (up to 7.97 mg Pb2+ per gram of banana peel at pH 5.5) at trace levels appeared to be promising (Annadural, G., Juang, R.S., Lee, D.J.: “Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Water Using Banana and Orange Peels”). Feasibility of Orange (Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Husks as Heavy Metals’ Adsorbents
