This document outlines research directions in radio communications, including millimeter-wave transceivers and cognitive radios. For millimeter-wave transceivers, applications include high-data rate communications, automotive radar, and imaging, but challenges include line-of-sight propagation and higher frequencies. For cognitive radios, challenges involve spectrum sensing, receiver and transmitter path design, frequency synthesis across a wide range, and concurrent transmission and sensing. The document discusses potential solutions such as millimeter-wave oscillators and dividers to help cover a wide frequency decade for cognitive radios.
This document outlines research directions in radio communications, including millimeter-wave transceivers and cognitive radios. For millimeter-wave transceivers, applications include high-data rate communications, automotive radar, and imaging, but challenges include line-of-sight propagation and higher frequencies. For cognitive radios, challenges involve spectrum sensing, receiver and transmitter path design, frequency synthesis across a wide range, and concurrent transmission and sensing. The document discusses potential solutions such as millimeter-wave oscillators and dividers to help cover a wide frequency decade for cognitive radios.
This document outlines research directions in radio communications, including millimeter-wave transceivers and cognitive radios. For millimeter-wave transceivers, applications include high-data rate communications, automotive radar, and imaging, but challenges include line-of-sight propagation and higher frequencies. For cognitive radios, challenges involve spectrum sensing, receiver and transmitter path design, frequency synthesis across a wide range, and concurrent transmission and sensing. The document discusses potential solutions such as millimeter-wave oscillators and dividers to help cover a wide frequency decade for cognitive radios.
This document outlines research directions in radio communications, including millimeter-wave transceivers and cognitive radios. For millimeter-wave transceivers, applications include high-data rate communications, automotive radar, and imaging, but challenges include line-of-sight propagation and higher frequencies. For cognitive radios, challenges involve spectrum sensing, receiver and transmitter path design, frequency synthesis across a wide range, and concurrent transmission and sensing. The document discusses potential solutions such as millimeter-wave oscillators and dividers to help cover a wide frequency decade for cognitive radios.
• Target highly-integrated transceivers with minimal number
of external components • Address tough problems: higher frequency, wider bandwidth, lower power consumption, … • Develop new architectures, circuits, devices that solve these problems • Realize ideas in standard CMOS technology and verify by experimentation • Examples of past work: - 900-MHz/1.8-GHz Transceivers for Cellular Telephony - 2.4-GHz and 5.2-GHz WLAN Transceivers - 3-6 GHz UWB Transceivers - 5-GHz RX for MIMO - 60-GHz Transceivers
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Why the interest in mmWaves? z Unlicensed band: 57 GHz – 64 GHz offers possibility of high-data rate communications: - High-Definition Video Streaming - Fast Links
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Why the interest in mmWaves? z Automotive Radar (60-77 GHz)
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Why the interest in mmWaves? z mmWave Imaging (> 100GHz)
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Networks with High Redundancy
z Line-of-sight propagation a serious issue
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A Few Words for the RF-Challenged
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Architecture-Level Challenges
LNA I/Q Mixers
z LO (I/Q) Generation z LO Division z LO Distribution
Quadrature VCO
Divider
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Innovation at All Levels
System
Architecture
Circuit
Device
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Our Second-Generation 60-GHz RX
(20 GHz)
(60 GHz)
(40 GHz)
[B. Razavi, ISSCC 07]
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Direct-Conversion RX with 30-GHz LO?
• Quadrature generation is difficult.
• Distribution is difficult. →Need “synthesizer-friendly” transceivers.
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Heterodyne Receiver
[e.g., Reynolds, JSSC, Dec 06]
• Multiplier has high loss and needs
its own inductor.
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Problem of Low-IF Heterodyne
[Emami, ISSCC 07]
• Image of the first mixer is in the band.
• Receiver NF is increased by ~3 dB.
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Example of Synthesizer-Friendly Receiver
[Razavi, JSSC, May 01]
• No extra divider/multiplier needed.
• Image is at DC. • But, - Third harmonic of LO causes corruption. - LO-IF feedthrough may desensitize the IF mixers. - 1/f noise is upconverted in RF mixer. Communication Circuits Laboratory 15 Problem of LO Third Harmonic
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Analysis
xRF (t ) = ℜ[x BB (t )e + j 2π f RF t ] LO = cos ωLO t + α cos 3ωLO t α ≈ 1 / 3 ⎡ xBB (t ) + α xBB ∗ (t ) + j 2π f IF t ⎤ xIF (t ) = ℜ⎢ e ⎥ ⎣ 2 ⎦ [ xout (t ) = k xBB (t ) + α xBB ∗ (t ) ] xBB(t) : wanted signal F {x* (t )} = X * ( − f ) x*BB(t): mirrored replica of the signal
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16-QAM Constellation
SNR = 25 dB Communication Circuits Laboratory 18 Linearize LO Port?
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Alternative Solution
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Proposed Receiver Architecture
• Lowest possible LO frequency (without
multiplication). • No quadrature LO phases required. Communication Circuits Laboratory 21 Receiver Spectra
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Die Photograph
Fabricated in TSMC’s 90-nm CMOS technology.
Active area: 500 μm x 370 μm Communication Circuits Laboratory 23 Measured NF and Gain
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Comparison Receiver Receiver This work in [3] in [1] Noise Figure (dB) 10.4-11 6.9-8.3 5.7-8.8 Gain (dB) 9.5-12 26-31.5 18.3-22 P1dB (dBm) -15.8 -25.5 -27.5 LO Leakage to Input (dBm) N/A -47 -65 I/Q Mismatch N/A 6.5°/ 1.5dB 2.1°/ 1.1dB LO Phase Noise -86 -95 -87 (dBc/Hz @ 1-MHz offset) Power Dissipation (mW) 77 80 36 LNA 9 Mixers 23 Oscillator 4 Supply Voltage (V) 1.2 1.8 1.2 CMOS Technology 0.13-μm 90-nm 90-nm [1] B. Razavi, ISSCC ‘07 [3] S. Emami et al, ISSCC ‘07
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Transmitter Architecture
• Does not require quadrature LO
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Detect and use unoccupied channels.
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RF/Analog PHY Design Issues
z Spectrum Sensing z RX Path z TX Path z Frequency Synthesis
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Spectrum Sensing (I)
z Three Techniques: - Energy Detection - Pilot Detection - Signal Feature Detection z Need to measure SNR~ -20 dB Æ - Accurate calibration of RX NF (i.e., need a tone with accurate amplitude) - Need enough gain to raise RX noise to well above 1 LSB of ADC
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Spectrum Sensing (II)
z Channel-by-Channel Sensing - Relaxed ADC design (~3 bits) - Takes forever. (e.g., 4-MHz QPSK channel: 30 ms for SNR=-17 dB) - May not know the center or bandwidth of channel. [Cabric, PhD Diss., UCB] z Block Downconversion Sensing - Proportionally faster - But ADC BW and resolution much tougher
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Spectrum Sensing (III) z Two-Step Sensing: 1. ADC takes a snapshot of a block of channels and determines “potentially-unoccupied” channels. 2. Baseband filters “zoom in” onto those channels and multiple ADCs digitize them.
- Given certain blocker levels, what ADC
resolution suffices for the first step? - What criteria should be used to determine “potentially-unoccupied” channels? Communication Circuits Laboratory 31 Effect of Spurs, Harmonics, and Other Blemishes
LO Spurs LO Harmonics
Odd-Order Nonlin. Even-Order Nonlin.
Even-Order Nonlin.
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RX Path z Broadband gain and input matching - Difficult to switch different circuits in and out at the input. z Low noise – especially flicker noise for 20-50 MHz z High IP3 and IP2 z Multiple concurrent downconversions to speed up spectrum sensing:
Concurrent reception Communication of multiple Circuits channels?33 Laboratory TX Path z Broadband upconversion, PA, and matching z Low adjacent-channel power
Æ -26 dBc
z Concurrent Transmission and Sensing?
z Concurrent Transmission in multiple channels?
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Frequency Synthesis: 2.5 Decades
z LC VCO Tuning Range < +/- 10%
z If a frequency is divided by an odd number, it must then be divided by 4 to generate quadrature phases. z Single-sideband mixing probably out of the question z How many VCOs does it take to cover one decade?
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UWB Example
[Razavi et al, CICC05]
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SDR Example
[Bagheri et al, ISSCC06]
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How to Cover One Decade?
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Millimeter Waves to the Rescue 128-GHz Osc. in 90-nm CMOS
[Razavi, JSSC, Sept. 08]
Communication Circuits Laboratory 39 Millimeter Waves to the Rescue 125-GHz Divider in 90-nm CMOS
[Razavi, JSSC, Sept. 08]
Communication Circuits Laboratory 40 Alternative Solution
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Conclusion
z Millimeter-wave and ognitive radios pose new
challenges in RF and analog design – thereby keeping us employed. z Cross-fertilization of concepts from UWB and mm-waves can greatly benefit CRE design. z Many issues need to be studied and quantified: - Baseband ADC Requirements - NF Calibration - Coverage of 2-3 Frequency Decades - Broadband Gain, Matching, PAs, etc.
