Deviance and Social Control,

Population and Demography

Activity 1: Make It Fast!

In this activity, there are four challenges. The class will be divided into two (2) groups
every group will be given 4 pieces of bondpaper and a marker for their answers. The
challenge is projected on the screen, after the challenge is projected that is the time they will
brainstorm for their answer and write it on the piece of paper. They need to raise their paper
after answering. The first to raise with a correct answer will be the winner in every challenge.
The group who will get a higher points will be announced as winner and will receive a prize
while the looser will need to face the consequence.
Challenge: Answer:
# 1: EDVEINA DEVIANCE
#2 : S_C_A_ _ON_R_L SOCIAL CONTROL
#3 : It refers to a number of persons POPULATION
occupying in a certain state or
nation.
4TH

Y
#4 : Clue: It’s equal to 1 WORD DEMOGRAPHY

DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL

What is Deviance?
It is generally defined as an act that violates a social norm.
It may refer to any action that is perceived as violating some widely shared moral
values or norms of a society or group culture.
Ideas of what is deviant vary and change because moral standards change over
time and vary from one society or group to another.
It has to be noted that deviation from norms may not always be negative.
It can be understood only within its social context.

One familiar type of deviance is crime, the violation of norms formally enacted into
criminal law. Even criminal deviance is variable. It may range from minor violation of traffic
rules to murder, rape, robbery, and other crimes categorized as heinous.

A special type of crime is juvenile delinquency, the violation of legal standards that
apply to the the young people or juveniles.
Criminal and Non-criminal Deviance

1. Criminal Deviance- involves violation of criminal law.

Ex: rape, robbery, homicide, murder, and others
2. Non-criminal Deviance- refers to acts that are socially condemned, but are not
crimes.
 Ex: homophobia, watching pornography, lying, emotional, manipulation, and
others

Genetics- another attempt to answer the question: “Are criminals born?” is through
genetics. This comprises one of the present day criminology theories that continues to
offer a genetic explanation for the cause of violent crime. This theory suggests that
excessive aggression and hostility are the result of the presence of an extra Y
chromosome.
Sociological Theories of Deviance

Functionalist Theory- according to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a

number of functions for society. He asserted that there is nothing abnormal in
deviance. He gave four major functions of deviance:
1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. It helps enhance conformity in
society as a whole. Norms are basically abstract and ambiguous subject to
conflicting interpretations. Any society requires moral definition. According to rules,
what is right and wrong, what is desirable and undesirable are defined. A boundary
between these is established.
2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary. It strengthens solidarity
among law-abiding members of society. A collective outrage against deviants, that
common enemy of the community can unite the people. It promotes social
cohesion, and because of that it decreases crime. Durkheim calls this “a factor in
public health, an integral part of all healthy societies.
3. Responding to deviance promotes social unity. People typically react to
serious violation of societal norms and threat to public security. Due to this, they
reaffirm the social ties that bind them. It provides a safety valve for discontented
people. For example, peace-loving people tend to get united in working to fight
terrorism.
4. Deviance encourages social change. Deviance can also encourage the
dominant society to consider alternative norms and values. An example of this
when Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights advocates who got imprisoned.
But this event moved the United States toward greater racial equality. It is,
therefore, possible that “what is deviance today may become societal norm
tomorrow.

Strain Theory

Robert Merton claimed that American society pushes individuals toward deviance by
overemphasizing the importance of monetary success while failing to emphasize the
importance of using legitimate means to achieve that success.

Types of deviance that emerge from strain:

1. Conformity- This is the most popular type of response that involves accepting
both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means of achieving that
goal.
2. Innovation- This response involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting
the use of socially accepted means to achieve it, turning instead to unconventional,
illegitimate means.
3. Ritualism- This occurs when people no longer set high success goals but continue
to toil as conscientious, deemphasize or reject the importance of success once
 they realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate of following or
enforcing these rules than ever was intended.
4. Retreatism- This means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success
nor about working. The retreatism are individuals who have pulled back from
society altogether and who do not pursue culturally legitimate goals.
5. Rebellion- This occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals
and the means approved by society. The rebels try to overthrow the existing
system and establish a new system with different goals and means.

Control Theory

Travis Hirschi (1969) assumed that the family, school, and other social institutions
can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in every individual.
If such control is lacking or weak, people will commit deviant acts.

Four ways to become bounded to society:

1. Attachment to others- People form intimate attachments to parents, teachers, and

their friends or peer who display conventional attitudes and behavior. Strong
attachments to others enhance conformity.

2. Commitment- People who have higher commitment to legitimate opportunity have

greater advantages to conformity.

3. Involvement- Some people find themselves so preoccupied in some conventional

activities, they may find themselves always busy preparing for their classes,
practicing their wok well, or simply working out in the gym.
4. Belief- Belief in moral validity of social rules, respect for authority figures certainly
lead individuals to undertake wholesome activities.

Conflict Theory

Richard Quinney (1974) blamed unjust laws on the capitalist system contrary to
the assumption that the law is based on the consent of citizens, that it treats citizens
equally, and that it serves the best interest of society. According to him, some criminal
laws are used by the state and the ruling class to secure the survival of the capitalist
system.

Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective

The factionalist and conflict perspectives describe deviance as a product of

society. On the contrary, symbolic interactionalist perspective consider deviance as a
process of interaction between the person considered deviant and the rest of the society.

Labeling Theory

Labeling theory shifts the focus of attention from the deviant individual to the social
process by which a person comes to be labeled as deviant and the consequences of such
labeling for the individual.
Two types of deviance behavior:

1. Primary deviance- used in labeling theory to refer to the original behavior that
leads to the individual’s being labeled deviant.

2. Secondary deviance- refers to the deviant behavior that emerges as a result of

having labeled deviant.

Functions of Deviance

Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some functions which

deviance performs to support the social system in the following:

1. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expression.

2. Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior.
3. Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity.
4. Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain.

Social Control of Deviance

Social control refers to the efforts of a group or society to regulate the behavior of
its members in conformity with established norms. Social control involves the application
of systematic behavioral restrains intended to motivate people to obey social
expectations.

Two types of sanctions:

1. Informal Sanctions- these are unofficial, often casual pressures to conform.

Positive informal sanctions involve rewards for conformity or compliance.
Negative informal sanctions involve informal penalties for not conforming.

2. Formal Sanctions- these are official, institutionalized incentives to conform

and penalties for deviance. These are needed in large, complex societies.in
modern societies, the criminal justice system is the most important and visible
institution of social control.

Formal Social Control- is an official pressure intended to convince potential

deviants to conform to social norms. Formal social control may take the form of arrest,
pre-trial, sentencing, and imprisonment.

POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY

Among the most pressing social problems of the world today is population
growth. The problem is a challenge to our local as well as to the world leaders. It is
every nation’s concern because the peace and prosperity of a country depend on the
size and quality of its population. If there were too many people to be fed, clothed, and
sheltered, miseries, wants and its accompanying social turmoil might be inevitable. On
the other hand, if the people were too few, there would be no “power” to build a strong
nation worth of the respect of other nations.
Population Education

Population education which is believed to be a relevant solution to our population

problem is education designed to develop awareness and understanding of population
situations as well as rational attitude and behavior toward those situations for the
attainment of quality life for the individual, the family, the community, the nation, and the
world as a whole. It aims to provide the youth knowledge, skill, and understanding to
enable them to make rational and responsible decisions regarding population matters.

POPULATION

The term population is referred to by sociologists as “the number of persons

occupying a certain geographic habitat, drawing subsistence from that habitat, and
interacting with one another.” It is also defined as the total number of individuals
constituting a given group.

The Study of Population

From the point of view of the government, the study of population is to determine
the population policy that can best promote the national welfare.

Population study helps the individual understand the social and economic
conditions of the world in which he lives.

DEMOGRAPHY

Demography is the science or study of the vital statistics of populations,

concerned particularly with the rate of population change and the causes of such
change. It involves a study of moral, intellectual, physical, physiological, and economic
factors affecting births, marriages and mortality.

Population Structure and Composition

Biological Age, Sex

Race
Ethnic National stock, Language
Citizenship
Region, State, Country, etc.
Geographic
Rural-urban-metropolitan residence
Socio-economic Occupation, Income, Social class
Cultural Education, Religion, Marital status
The Problem of Food
 Boerma, head of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizaton (FAO)
reported that with a world population growth of two percent, food and agriculture
production dropped three precent per person. Fishery production also fell by only
about one percent while forest production increased by some two percent. He
pointed out that food shortages in some areas of West Africa had already become
harsh fact.
 Boerma added, food prices have risen almost universally, bringing additional
hardship to the poorer consumers who must spend most of their incomes on food.
 Technology can produce more food per acre, render more land arable, and
possibly develop new types of food than has been produced so far.
 Nevertheless, food production has barely increased enough to meet the needs of
growing population but not enough to raise the level of nourishment for uncounted
millions of persons.

The Housing Problem

 In a study made on the problem of workers’ housing in Asia entitled “ Asia: Workers
Housing” which was recently published by the International Labor Organization’s
Asian Regional Office in Bangkok, it was observed that almost every country in the
world suffers from housing shortage.
 An estimated one billion people are living in substandard housing, and the housing
is most critical in Asia, which comprised barely 23 percent of the World’s land area
but accommodates about 55 percent of the world’s population.
 The United Nations Committee of Experts on Housing and Urban Development
recommended in 1962 to Asian member states a program calling for the building
of 10 dwelling units per 1000 inhabitants per year. But most Asian countries hardly
reached even a third of the requirement, except New Zealand, Hongkong, and
lately Singapore and Japan.

Causes of Housing Shrotages

 Low income
 Population explosion
 Urbanization
It was estimated that to build a 30-square meter house (excluding the cost), an Asian
worker would have to set aside 20 percent of his meager monthly income for 20 years.
This prospect discourages the worker from owning a house since he has other equally
basic needs.
Population Growth in the Philippines
The Philippine population is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. It is
estimated that 3,000 Filipino babies are born every day, 100,000 every month, or one
million a year to round up the figures. There are more babies born today than there were
in the 1950’s. There will be more babies born 20 years hence than the number of babies
that are born this day. So goes the cycle of geometric population growth. Population
growth cannot be avoided for long, however, for the problems it breeds will affect
everyone increasingly in the years ahead.
Population and Demography
Causes of Rapid Growth

1. Sustained Fertility
a. Parents derive satisfaction from having many children, who will
perpetuate their name and support them at old age.
b. Few people are motivated to limit their family size.
c. The known effects of contraceptives have discouraged many negative
couples from using them.
d. Early marriage.
e. Lack of control specially on the part of the man.
f. pre-marital sexual relationship.

2. Decline in Mortality
a. Advances in science and technology
b. Intensified nutrition or diet
c. Sanitation
d. Introduction of artesian well
e. Improved ways of sewage waste

3. Immigration
1. More than 50% of our population are children who are sixteen years of
age and below; so that these portions of our population are all
depending upon the adults for support.
2. More than one-half of our population is engaged in agriculture, which
means that most of our people live by tilling the lands.
3. Death rate is higher with the males who are always outside the house
to earn a living for the family.

Implications of an Overpopulated World

 Present conditions already require more jobs, housing facilities, food, education,
health and other services, enough to supply the basic needs of man.
 More people would mean an even greater demand of these basic necessities
and this is particularly true for developing countries.

The Health Problem

With too many people we will incurring health problems. People will be
dying in hospitals without getting the remedy because of too many.

The Housing Problem

There will be need for more dwelling places every year which will lead to
the conversion of agricultural lands to residential ones, and the people will have a
very small chances of owning larger land for it will just be good for a small house.

The Food Problem

Food will surely be insufficient. There will be more people eating so that
we will be needing 2,200,000 canvas of rice every year. Prices of commodities
will go up, and for those people who can’t afford to buy will resort to begging and
even to a worst one, stealing and killing.
 The Problem of Education

Due to lack of proper nourishment, there will be an increase in number of

mentally retarded children, who will become a great problem of society. There
will be a need for more classrooms and jeepneys and other vehicles for it there
will be none then our illiteracy rate will go up and traffic problem will be worse
than ever.

The Problem of Unemployment

Unemployment has been a very serious problem in the Philippines. With
the rapid population growth there will be a need for opening more jobs to check
unemployment problem.

Aside from the foregoing a great number of population also cause the
problems of pollution, overcrowding, and deterioration. The concern over the
exploding population has become close to alarm. There are those who predict
that in the future, there may be suggestions for mass sterilization or genocide to
reduce the earth’s population.

Activity 2: Q and A
The class will be instructed to count from 1, 2, 3… and so on up to the last
student at the back, after counting every student must remember their assigned
number. Once the reporter flashed the question and number on the screen the one who
is assigned to that number will be the one to answer the question.

Questions:
1. What is Population?
2. Why do we have to study population?
3. What are the causes of rapid population growth?
4. What are the Implications of an over populated world?
5. What are the main causes of housing shortages?
6. What is deviance?
7. It is the violation of the norms formally enacted into criminal law.
8. Give atleast 2 functions of deviance.
9. It is an official pressure intended to convince potential deviants to conform to
social norms.
10. This is a type of deviance that most popular response that involves accepting
both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving
that goal.