MME 345
Lecture 01
Introduction
1. Materials processing technology
Ref: M.F. Ashby, Materials Selection and Alloy Design, Elsevier, 2011
Ch 13: Process and Process Selection
Topics to discuss today ….
1. Introduction
2. Classifying processes
1. Introduction
Process is a method of shaping, joining, or finishing material.
sand casting, injection molding, fusion welding, and electro-polishing are all
processes; there are hundreds of them.
The choice of a process, for a given component, depends on the
material of which it is to be made; on its size, shape, and required
precision; and on how many are to be made—in short, on the
design requirements.
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Processing has dual functions:
The obvious one is that of shaping, joining, and finishing.
The less obvious one is that of property control.
metals are strengthened by rolling and forging
steels are heat-treated to enhance hardness and toughness
polymers are drawn to increase modulus and strength
ceramics are hot-pressed, again to increase strength
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1.1 Process attributes
A process has certain attributes;
they describe the things the process can do.
they can be thought of as the "properties" of a process, just as the material attributes
of strength, ductility, conductivity and so on are the properties of a material.
The common process attributes are: size, shape, complexity,
precision, surface roughness, etc. (Table 1.1).
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Table 1.1 Attributes of processes.
Process attributes Definition
Materials in which the process can be applied characterised by melting
Materials class
point Tm and hardness H.
Size Minimum and maximum overall size, measured by volume V or weight W.
Shape Aspect ratio, web thickness-to-depth ratio; surface-to-volume ratio.
Complexity Information content, symmetry, etc.
Tolerance Dimensional accuracy or precision, T.
Roughness Surface finish measured by RMS surface roughness, R.
Surface details Smallest radius of curvature at corner.
Minimum batch size Minimum number of components to be made.
Production rate Time to produce one component; cycle time.
Cost Cost per component.
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A design for a component or assembly calls for a certain profile of
these attributes, not for a process per se; any process which meets
the profile will do.
The problem, then, is that of matching the attribute profiles of available
processes to that specified by the design.
Process selection involves finding the best match between process
attributes and design requirements.
This depends on how material, shape and processing interact with each other
(Fig. 1.1).
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FIGURE 1.1
Processing selection depends on materials and shape.
The “process attributes” are used as criteria for selection.
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MATERIALS
Rolling
Ductile Brittle
Forging
materials materials
Extrusion
Low melting-point materials Casting process
High melting-point materials Powder process
SHAPE
Deformation processes Slender shape Casting processes
Deformation processes Hollow shape Casting processes
PROPERTIES
High precision Machining
Directional properties Deformation processes (rolling, etc.)
Anisotropic properties Casting
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2. Classifying Processes
Primary shaping processes - create shapes
casting
molding
deformation process
powder methods
methods for forming composites
special methods (e.g., rapid prototyping)
Secondary processes - modify shapes or properties
machining (which adds features to an already shaped body)
heat treatment (which enhances surface or bulk properties)
Below these come joining and surface treatment or finishing
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FIGURE 1.2 The classes of process. 12/25
FIGURE 1.3
The taxonomy of the kingdom of process with part of the shaping family expanded. Each member
is characterized by a set of attributes. Process selection involves matching these to the requirements
of the design.
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FIGURE 1.4
The taxonomy of the process kingdom again, with the families of joining and finishing partly expanded.
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FIGURE 1.5 Casting process 15/25
FIGURE 1.6 Moulding process 16/25
FIGURE 1.7 Deformation process 17/25
FIGURE 1.8 Powder process 18/25
FIGURE 1.9 Composite forming methods 19/25
FIGURE 1.10 Rapid prototyping 20/25
FIGURE 1.11 Machining operations 21/25
FIGURE 1.12 Joining operations 22/25
FIGURE 1.13 Finishing processes to protect and enhance properties. 23/25
FIGURE 1.14 Finishing processes to enhance appearance. 24/25
Next Class
MME 345, Lecture 02
Introduction
2. Casting as a metal forming process
