CÔ HOÏC KEÁT CAÁU PGS.TS.

ÑOÃ KIEÁN QUOÁC

Chapter 5
THE FORCE METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF
STATICALY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

5.1. BASIC CONCEPTS

1. Statically Indeterminate Structures (SIS)
 Definition:
Statically indeterminate structures are those that are impossible
to determine all sport reactions and internal forces using only
static equations.
 Geometrical Property: Geometrical stable with redundant
supports.
2. Characteristics of SIS

ql 4
384 EI

5ql 4
384 EI
Fig.5.1
- Internal forces and displacement smaller compared to the
corresponding SDS
- Internal forces resulted from to,, …
- Internal forces dependent to structural member stiffness EJ,
EF
- High ductility (large deformation at failure) => Human
safety in case of risk as earthquake, explosion from terrors…
3. Degree of Indeterminacy (DI)
 Definition: DI = number of unknown forces in excess of the
static equations = Redundant linkages (supports or members)
 Meaning: DI = Complexity of structural problem
4. Released Structures (RS)
 Definition: RS is normally SDS obtained from SIS by
releasing redundant kinkages.
Released Structure = Statically Indeterminate Structure -
Redundant Linkages

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 Notice: 1 SIS  Various RS

 Example:

SIS P

RSs P P

P P

Fig. 5.2

5. The Force Method

 Idea: SIS = RS + Equivalent Conditions
 Comparision of SIS and RS:
P
P

X1
X3 X1 X3
X5 X5
SI X4 X2 RS
S X4
Fig. 5.3

- In Force: at the released linkages, SIS has forces X i, RS has

no forces.
- In Displacement: the displacements in X i directions on SIS
are zeros, on RS are not zeros.
 Equivalent Conditions added to RS:
- In Force: Add the forces Xi at the released linkage.

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- In Displacement: Require the conditions  Xk = 0 (k =1, n),

or:
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P) = 0
1
n conditions for n unknowns => X1,
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P) = 0 X2, …, Xn can be found uniquely.
2

......................................
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P) = 0
n

5.2. FORMULATION FOR THE CASE OF LOADING

1. Normal Equations
The equivalent conditions  X ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n , P) = 0 K can be
extended using the superposition principle:
 X (X1 ,X 2 ,...,X n ,P) =  k1 +  k 2 + ... +  kn +  kP = 0
K

or d k 1 X 1 + d k 2 X 2 + ... + d kn X n +  kP = 0
Main Coeffs
Given k = 1, 2, …, n: oeffchính Auxiliary
Coeffs
d11 X 1 + d12 X 2 + ... + d1n X n + 1P = 0 d11 d12 ... d1n ��X 1 � �1P � �
� 0�
�
d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 + ... + d 2 n X n +  2 P = 0 d 21 d 22 ... d 2 n �
or �
�X � � � � �
�� 0�
1 � � 2P � �
� �+ � �= � �
......................................................... �
.........................��... ... � �...�
�� � �
�
d n1 d n 2 ... d nn ���
� X n � � nP � �
0�
�
d n1 X 1 + d n 2 X 2 + ... + d nn X n +  nP = 0
Flexibility Free
Matrix Coeffs

2. Determination of Coefficients d km
 Physical Meaning:
d km - displacement in direction of X K, due to Xm = 1 
M m , N m , Qm (on RS).
 Calculation:
According to Maxwell-Mohr formula:
M M N N QQ
d km = �� k m ds + ��k m ds + �� m k m ds
EJ EF GF
Or in the form of diagram multilication:
Beam, Frame Truss Negligibl
e
d km = M k M m + N k N m + Qk Qm = d mk (Maxwell Theorem)
d kk = M k M k + N k N k + Qk Qk > 0

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Because d km = d mk , only 1/2 auxiliary coefficients need

calculated.

3. Determination of Coefficients  kP
 Physical Meaning:
 kP - displacement in direction of XK, due to P on RS ( M P0 , QP0 , N P0 )
 Calculation:
M Po No Qo
 kP = ��
Mk ds + ��
N k P ds + ��
mQk P ds
EJ EF GF
Or  kP = M k M Po + N k N Po + Qk QPo
Beam, Truss
Frame

5.3. DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL FORCES DIAGRAMS IN

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
1. Bending Moment Diagram Mp
 Simple Structure: MP can be plotted directly from the forces
on the structure
 Complicated Structure: when Degree of Indeterminacy
DI �2 => Apply the superposition principle:
M P = M ( X 1 ,..., X n , P ) = M 1 + .... + M 1 + M Po

M k , M Po -Available on
M P = M 1 X 1 + .... + M n X n + M o
P the Released
Structure

2. Shear and Axial Force Diagram QP & NP

 QP : Inferred from MP .
- Member with straight MP: QP determined using “pencil rule”:
QP = tan a
- Member with parabolic MP:
q
�M = 0 => Q
B A MA MB
NA
�Y = 0 => Q B
NB
QA Fig.5.4 QB
 NP : Inferred from QP
considering the equilibrium of nodes.
3. Example:
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Plot diagrams MP, QP, NP.

Released
Structure

q
a EJ = const

X1

X2
a
Fig. 5.5
- Degree of indeterminacy: DI=2
- Select RS
- Normal equations
a qa 2
2

a a

M1 M2 M Po

X1 =1

X2 = Fig. 5.6
1
d11 X 1 + d12 X 2 + 1 P = 0
d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 +  2 P = 0
4 a3 a3 a3
d11 = M = 1
2
, d12 = M 2 =
2
, d 21 = d12 = M 2 = -
2

3 EJ 3EJ 2 EJ
5qa 4 qa 4
1P = M 1M Po = ,  2 P = M 2 M Po = -
8 EJ 4 EJ
Simplified:
4 1 5
X 1 - X 2 + qa = 0
3 2 8
1 1 1
- X 1 + X 2 - qa = 0
2 3 4
- Solution:
3 3
X 1 = - qa, X 1 = - qa
7 28
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- Plot M P = M 1 X 1 + M 2 X 2 + M P
o

- Plot QP : From MP
- Plot NP : From QP (Equilibrium of nodes)

qa 2
14
qa 2
qa 2 28
8
MP QP NP

Fig.5.7

5.4. ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURE CHANGE
1. Normal Equations
From the equivalent condition:  X K ( X 1 , X 2 ,..., X n , t ) = 0
the k-th equation is obtained using the superposition principle:
d k 1 X 1 + ... + d kn X n +  kt = 0
a
where  kt = �a tc W N + � t W M (if t, h … = const)
k
h k

2. Diagrams
M to =0 in statically indeterminate structures, so:
M t = M 1 X 1 + .... + M n X n .
Qt : inferred from Mt
Nt : inferred from Qt (equilibrium of nodes)
3. Example:
Plot the bending moment diagram M.

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a
a a
+t l

+t +2 +t a M1 N1
t
X1 =1 X1 =1

a
Fig. 5.8

- Released structure and normal equation:

d11 X 1 + 1t = 0
- Plot M 1 & N1
- Coefficients:
5 a3
d11 = M =1
2

3 EJ
a
1t = �a tc W N + � tW M
1
h 1

3t a �3 2a �
= a .(-1.a) + .t. �
- 2 a 2
�= -a .t .a. �+ �
2 h � � �2 h �
- Solution:
�3 2a �
a .t.a � + �

X 1 = - 1t = �2 h �= 3EJ .a .t �3 + 2a �
� �
d11 5a 3 5a 2 �2 h �
3EJ
- Plot: M t = M 1 X 1

3EJ a t �3 2a �
�+ �
5a �2 h �

Mt

Fig. 5.9

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The values of reaction and internal forces are dependent on the

value of EJ.

5.5. ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SUPPORT SUBSIDENCE
1. Released Structures
In order to the equivalent condition always has the form
 X ( X 1 ,..., X n ,  ) = 0 it is necessary that:
k

- For the redundant support without subsidence: It can be

removed and replaced by the reaction Xk
- For the redundant support with subsidence: It must be cut

and replaced by the pairs of forces Xk .  X k = 0 has the

physical meaning of relative displacement in direction of Xk.
The illustrative example is shown in Fig.5.10.

X1
X1
 X1 = 0 X1 X1  0 (=
-)
Fig.5.1
0
2. Normal Equations
d k 1 X 1 + ... + d kn X n +  k  = 0 , k = 1, n.
 k  = -�Rki  im
i
0 in StaticallyDeterminate
Structures
M diagram: M  = M 1 X 1 + .... + M n X n + M 
o

Diagrams Q & N  : as above

Example: Fig.5.11
X1 =
1 = -(1.) = -
1
(+: closer; -: far away)
Fig. R=1
5.11

5.6. CALCULATION OF DISPLACEMENT IN STATICALLY

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
1. Displacement due to Loading
-Formula:  kP = M P M ko

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Where M ko - on any released structure as Fig.5.12.

-Proof: (a ) �(b)
 kP = (b).(c ) = (a ).(c)

“P” “P” “k”

P K P K PK = 1

MP  MP M Ko

X1
(a) X3 (b) (c)
X2 Fig.
5.12
Example:

qa 2 qa 2
q L “K” PK = 1
8 8

M Ko
a MP
Fig.
5.13
 kP = 0
2. Displacement due to Temperature Change and Support
Subsidence
The illustration is shown in Fig.5.14.
t1 t1
“K” PK =
K K
1

t2 t2
t1 t1  t1 t1
M Ko
Mt Mt
X1
(a) (b) (c)
X3
X2
Fig. 5.14
For the equivalence: ( a ) �(b) , where (b) is the Released
Structure = Statically Determinate Structure. The displacement
on (b) can be calculated instead of (a). Apply the superposition on
(b):
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 kt = M t M ko +  okt
 k  = M  M ko +  ok 
Where:
a
 okt = �a tc W N + � tW M - displacement due to temperature on RS
k
h k

 ok  = - �Rki  im - displacement due to support subsidence on RS

i Example:
Find the vertical displacement as shown in Fig.5.15.
PK = PK =
1 1

a 1 1
4 2 2
M Ko N Ko

a a
Fig.
5.15
a
 kt = M t M ko + �a tc W N + � tW M
o o
h k k

a .t.a � a�
=- �129 + 2 �
80 � h�

5.7. SYMPLIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

1. Selection of Released Structures
o
-Plot diagrams M p , M k .
Structural analysis consists of:
-Calculate coefficients d km ,  kP .
-Solve the normal equations
A good Released Structure:
-Determine easily M p , M k ; the shape of M diagrams simple 
o

easy multiplication of diagrams.

- Provide as much as possible d km = 0  Easy solving normal
equations.

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With complicated structures or multi-span structures such as

continuous beams, the Released Structures are normally selected
by “cutting” them into independent parts.
Example: consider the beam in Fig.15.6

MK
Not
good:
XK

MK
Good:

MK
Fig.
5.16
2. Symmetric Structures
The Released Structures should be selected symmetrical.
 Arbitrary Loads: Fig.5.17 (a)
The unknowns become 2 groups:
- Symmetrical: X1, X2 � M 1 , M 2 symmetrical.
- Anti-symmetrical: X3 � M 3 anti-symmetrical.

P P/ P/ P/ P/
2 2 2 2
X1 X X1 X3
2

= +

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.
5.17
d13 = d 23 = 0 => The normal Equations become 2 independent
groups:
d11 X 1 + d12 X 2 + 1P = 0
Symmetrical
d 21 X 1 + d 22 X 2 +  2 P = 0 Unknowns

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d 33 X 3 + 3 P = 0 Anti-Symmetrical
Unknown
The solving of the above equations is much easier than the
original equations.
 Analysis of the load into symmetrical and anti-symmetrical
loads:
MPo = MPo sym + MPo anti
- With symmetrical load: X1, X2  0; X3 = 0.
- With anti-symmetrical load: X3  0; X1= X2 = 0.

3. Variation of the unknowns by rigid bars

 Idea: change of position and location of unknowns 
change d km . If the change is suitable then there may be several
d km = 0 (applicable for frames or arches).
Example:
X1, X3 :Symm.
X2 X2 : Anti-
X1 symm.
X1
2h
h  3
X3 X3

“N
=41”
P1
X1 = X2 =
cos α
1 1

X3 =
M1
M2 1 M3
Hình
5.20
All the auxiliary coefficients d km = 0 , leading to 3 independent
equations:
d11 X1 + 1P = 0
d 22 X1 +  2 P = 0
d 33 X1 +  3 P = 0

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