Gre Pipe Technical Documents PDF

L&TCONSTRUCTION
FRP/GRP /GRE PRODUCTS

INDEX
SR.NO. PARTICULARS ANNEXURE
1 TECHNICAL DATASHEET ANNEXURE - I
2 DESIGN CALCULATION ANNEXURE - II
3 LONG TERM TEST REPORT ANNEXURE - III
4 BURST PRESSURE TEST REPORT ANNEXURE - IV
5 ENGINEERING & PIPING DESIGN GUIDE ANNEXURE - V
NOV FIBERGLASS GRE PIPING TECHNICAL DATASHEET

6 ANNEXURE - VI
( FOR REFERENCE )
7 CPI TECHNICAL DATASHEET ( FOR REFERENCE ) ANNEXURE - VII

Annexure - I
TECHNICAL DATASHEET
EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP) FOR VISAKH REFINERY MODERNISATION PROJECT
PROJECT
(VRMP)
CONTRACTOR L & T CONSTRUCTION, CHENNAI
CONSULTANT ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED
CLIENT HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED
DOCUMENT NO. SIIL-3860/TD/01
SUNRISE INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LTD.

(COMPOSITE ENGINEERING DIVISION )
Correspondence Address : Regd.Office & Works :

Block No.30, Village : Garadhia, Jarod -Samlaya Road,
860/3, G.I.D.C.Estate, Makarpura Road, Post Box No.843,
Tal: Savli, Dist: Baroda - 391 520, Gujarat, India.
Baroda-390 010,
Tel: +91 (2667) 251342, 251276, 251653, 251350, 251626-28
Gujarat India.
Fax: +91 (2667) 251360
Tel: +91 (265) 2644958, 2645421
E-mail: marketing@sunrisepolymers.com
Website: www.sunrisepolymers.com
Technical Datasheet
Design Standard ASTM D 2992
0 04.05.2019 ISSSUED FOR APPROVAL JITESH VARA VARGHESE JOY

Rev Date Purpose of Issue Prepared By Approved By
ENGINEERING REVIEW
Document Status Comments
[Z] Final - Incorporate minor comments and make final
issue
[A] Accepted with Comments Incorporate all comments
& submit
final document
[N] Not Accepted - Incorporate all comments and
resubmit
[I] For Information - No further copies required
PAGE NO - 1 / 2
TECHNICAL DATASHEET FOR GRE PIPES AND FITTINGS
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION UOM TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1 Design Code - ASTM D 2992
2 Specification Code - ASTM D 2996
3 Interior Layer Resin - Epoxy
4 Interior Layer Glass - Nexus Veil
5 Interior Layer Resin Thickness mm 0.5
6 Interior Layer Surface Ratio (Mat : Resin) - 10 : 90
7 Structural Layer Glass - Roving Tex
8 Structural Layer Ratio (Glass : Resin) - 65 : 35
9 Exterior Layer Resin - Epoxy
10 Exterior Surface - UV Stabilized Resin
11 Windng Method - Filament Wound
12 Windng Angle Degree 55°±5°
13 Additives - -
14 Pipe Thickness mm As Per Drawing/Offer
15 Design Pressure Bar 10
16 Hoop Tensile Modulus Mpa 24000
17 Axial Tensile Strength Mpa 65
18 Axial Tensile Modulus Mpa 18000
19 Hoop Bending Modulus Mpa 22000
20 Coefficient of Linear Expansion mm/mm/°C 15 x 10-6
21 Barcol Hardness BHN 28(Min.)
22 Hazen-William Coefficient (C Value) - 150
23 Pipe Classification - RTRP-11-FX1-3114
FITTINGS
24 Fitting Design - Filament Winding
25 Flange Drilling Standard - ASME B 16.5,150# / ASME B 16.47 Sr.B,150#
26 Flange Thickness - As Per Drawing/Offer
27 Fitting Classification - RTRF-11-F1D
PAGE : 2 / 2
Annexure - II
DESIGN CALCULATION
EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP) FOR VISAKH REFINERY MODERNISATION PROJECT
PROJECT
(VRMP)
CONTRACTOR L & T CONSTRUCTION, CHENNAI
CONSULTANT ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED
CLIENT HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED
DOCUMENT NO. SIIL-3860/DC/01

(COMPOSITE ENGINEERING DIVISION )
Correspondence Address : Regd.Office & Works :

Block No.30, Village : Garadhia, Jarod -Samlaya Road,
860/3, G.I.D.C.Estate, Makarpura Road, Post Box No.843,
Tal: Savli, Dist: Baroda - 391 520, Gujarat, India.
Baroda-390 010,
Tel: +91 (2667) 251342, 251276, 251653, 251350, 251626-28
Gujarat India.
Fax: +91 (2667) 251360
Tel: +91 (265) 2644958, 2645421
E-mail: marketing@sunrisepolymers.com
Website: www.sunrisepolymers.com
Design Calculation
0 04.05.2019 ISSSUED FOR APPROVAL JITESH VARA VARGHESE JOY

Rev Date Purpose of Issue Prepared By Approved By
ENGINEERING REVIEW
Document Status Comments
[Z] Final - Incorporate minor comments and make final
issue
[A] Accepted with Comments Incorporate all comments
& submit
final document
[N] Not Accepted - Incorporate all comments and
resubmit
[I] For Information - No further copies required
PAGE NO - 1 / 15
DESIGN SUMMARY FOR ABOVE GROUND PIPES
Design Pressure PN 10
Design Life 25 Years
Lay Up Sequence
Inner chemical barrier 1 Nexus Veil = 0.5 mm
Structural layer Filament winding
Outer chemical barrier Resin rich layer with U.V coating= 0.3 mm
Resin System
Resin Epoxy Resin
Pigment Natural
Structural layers Roving Tex
Manufacturing Method
Filament Winding
Joining System Taper/Taper Adhesive Joint
THICKNESS TABLE
Sr.No. Pipe Size (mm) Chemical Barrier (mm) Reinforcement Thickness Outer Corrosive Layer Pipe wall thk. as per
D (mm) with UV Coating (mm) ASTM D 2992 (mm)
1 20 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
2 25 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
3 50 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
4 65 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
5 80 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
6 100 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
7 150 0.5 2 0.3 2.8
8 200 0.5 2.5 0.3 3.3
9 250 0.5 3 0.3 3.8
10 300 0.5 3.6 0.3 4.4
11 350 0.5 4.3 0.3 5.1
12 400 0.5 5.1 0.3 5.9
13 450 0.5 5.8 0.3 6.6
14 500 0.5 6.5 0.3 7.3
15 600 0.5 7.2 0.3 8
16 700 0.5 8.7 0.3 9.5
PAGE : 2 / 15
ABOVEGROUND PIPE DESIGN
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
Sr.No. Data Description Data Symbol Value Unit
1 Internal Dia of Pipe ID 50 mm
2 Liner Thickness tL 0.5 mm
3 Minimum Reinforced Wall Thickness tR 0.5 mm
4 Outer Corrosion Barrier Thickness tOCB 0.3 mm
5 Average Reinforced Outside Diameter of Pipe D 50.52 mm
6 Mean Radius of Pipe r 25.26 mm
7 Internal Pressure PC 0.98 MPa
8 Hoop Stress S 48 MPa
9 Factor of Safety FS 3 -
10 Hydrostatic Design Basis (Stress Basis) HDBStress 144 Mpa
11 Service Design Factor SF 0.5 -
12 Hydrostatic Design Stress HDS 288 Mpa
PAGE : 3 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation
CALCULATION FOR PIPE THICKNESS

Thickness Liner Thk. Str.Thk. OCB Thk. Total Thk.
t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.3 mm
S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 0.5 mm
Here, Required Thickness is 0.5 mm, However we have considered 2 mm Thickness
PAGE : 4 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
PAGE : 5 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation

t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 3.1 0.3 3.9 mm

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 3.1 mm
Here, Required Thickness is 3.1 mm, However we have considered 3.6 mm Thickness
PAGE : 6 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
PAGE : 7 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation

t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 7.2 0.3 8.0 mm

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 7.2 mm
PAGE : 8 / 15
DESIGN SUMMARY FOR ABOVE GROUND FITTINGS
Design Pressure PN 10
Design Life 25 Years
Lay Up Sequence
Inner chemical barrier 1 Nexus Veil = 0.5 mm
Structural layer Filament winding
Outer chemical barrier Resin rich layer with U.V coating= 0.3 mm
Resin System
Resin Epoxy Resin
Pigment Natural
Structural layers Roving Tex
Manufacturing Method
Filament Winding
Joining System Taper/Taper Adhesive Joint
THICKNESS TABLE
Sr.No. Fitting Size Chemical Barrier (mm) Reinforcement Thickness Outer Corrosive Layer Fitting wall thk. as per
(mm) (mm) with UV Coating (mm) ASTM D 2992 (mm)
D
1 25 0.5 3 0.3 3.8
2 50 0.5 3 0.3 3.8
3 80 0.5 3 0.3 3.8
4 100 0.5 3 0.3 3.8
5 150 0.5 3.2 0.3 4
6 200 0.5 3.8 0.3 4.6
7 250 0.5 4.5 0.3 5.3
8 300 0.5 5.2 0.3 6
9 350 0.5 5.8 0.3 6.6
10 400 0.5 7 0.3 7.8
11 450 0.5 8.3 0.3 9.1
12 500 0.5 9.6 0.3 10.4
13 600 0.5 10.9 0.3 11.7
14 700 0.5 12.8 0.3 13.6
PAGE : 9 / 15
ABOVEGROUND FITTING DESIGN
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
1 Internal Dia of Fitting ID 50 mm
5 Average Reinforced Outside Diameter of Fitting D 50.62 mm
6 Mean Radius of Fitting r 25.31 mm
PAGE : 10 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation
CALCULATION FOR FITTING THICKNESS

t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 0.6 0.3 1.4 mm

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 0.6 mm
Here, Required Thickness is 0.6 mm, However we have considered 3 mm Thickness
PAGE : 11 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
PAGE : 12 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation

t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 3.7 0.3 4.5 mm

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 3.7 mm
PAGE : 13 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Data
PAGE : 14 / 15
ASTM D 2992
Design Calculation

t t = t L + t R + t OCB 0.5 8.7 0.3 9.5 mm

Simplifying,
P * ID
tR = mm
2*S - P
tR = 8.7 mm
PAGE : 15 / 15
Annexure - III
LONG TERM TEST REPORT

Annexure - IV
BURST PRESSURE TEST REPORT

Annexure - V
ENGINEERING & PIPING

DESIGN GUIDE
Engineering & Piping
Design Guide

SECTION 1. Flow Properties
The smooth interior surface of Sunoplast pipe, combined A. Liquid Flow
with inside diameters larger than steel or thermoplastic pipe Fluid flow characteristics are very sensitive to the
of the same nominal diameter, yield significant flow absolute roughness of the pipe inner sur-face. The
advantages. This section provides design techniques for absolute roughness of SUNOPLAST piping is (0.00021
exploiting the flow capacity of Sunoplast pipe. -5 (1)
inches) 1.7 x 10 feet . This is less than 1/8 the
average value for (non-corroded) new steel of (0.0018
-5 (2)
Preliminary Pipe Sizing inch) 15 x 10 feet . For ambient temperature water,
The determination of the pipe size required to transport a given the equivalent Manning value (n) is 0.009 and the Hazen-
Williams coefficient is 150.
amount of fluid is the first step in designing a piping system.
Minimum recommended pipe diameters. The most commonly used pipe head loss formula is the
Clear fluids Darcy-Weisbach equation.
Eq. 1 Eq. 5
Where:
Corrosive or erosive fluids Hf = Pipe friction loss, ft(m)
f= Friction factor
L = Length of pipe run, ft (m)
Eq. 2 D = Inner diameter, ft (m)
V = Fluid velocity, ft/sec (m/sec)
2 2
g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/s (9.81 m/s )
Where:
d = Pipe inner diameter, inch The friction factor is dependent on the flow conditions, pipe
Q = Flow rate, gal/min (gpm) diameter and pipe smoothness. The flow conditions are
Sg = Fluid specific gravity, dimensionless determined by the value of the Reynolds Number. There are
3 four flow zones defined by the Reynolds Number; they are
p = Fluid density, lb/ft laminar, critical, transitional and turbulent.
Recommended maximum fluid For laminar flow (Reynolds Number below 2,000), the
velocities Clear fluids friction factor is calculated by Eq. 6
Eq. 3 Eq. 6
Where Nr is the dimensionless Reynolds Number
Corrosive or erosive fluids

Eq. 7
Eq. 4
Where:
D = Pipe inner diameter, ft (m)
Where: V = Fluid velocity, ft/sec (m/sec)
V = velocity, ft/sec 2 2
v = Fluid kinematic viscosity, ft /sec (m /sec)
3 Nr = Reynolds Number
p = fluid density, lb/ft
f= Friction Factor
Typical Sunoplast piping systems are operated at flow
veloci-ties between 3 & 12 ft/sec.
Detailed Pipe Sizing
For turbulent flow (Reynolds Number greater than 4,000), 4,000 is considered the critical zone. Flow is neither fully
the friction factor is calculated by the Colebrook laminar or turbulent, although it is often assumed to be
Equation. laminar for calculation purposes. Flow with Reynolds
numbers between 4,000 and 10,000 is called the transi-
tional zone where use of the Colebrook equation is con-
Eq. 8
sidered more appropriate.
These equations are quickly solved using a computer

Where: program, Success By Design, developed by
D = Pipe inner diameter, inch (mm) SUNOPLAST specifically for our products.
e = Absolute roughness, inch (mm)
Nr = Reynolds Number, unit less f = A demonstration of the Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook
equations for Sunoplast pipe is shown in Figure 1.0.
Friction Factor, unit less
The flow with Reynolds numbers between 2,000 and
Sunoplast Pipe Pressure Loss Curves for Water

Figure 1.0
Basis: Specific Gravity of 1.0 and Viscosity of 1.0 cps
25
20
15
Velocity
psigper100
FeetofPipe
10
-
10 (Ft/Sec) 7
5
4
3
2
72"
54"
60"
0.1
Pressure Loss
1"
. 5"
1
2"
3"
4"
0.01
6"
8"
Diameter 10"
12" 14"
18"
Inner (inch) 16"
24"
20"
30"
Pipe 36"
0.001 42"
48"
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Flow Rate (gpm) - Gallons per Minute
B. Loss in Pipe Fittings Typical values of k are given in Table 1.1.
The head loss through a fitting is proportional to the fluid The most common method for determining the contribu-
2
velocity squared (V ) . Equation 9 relates the head loss tion to the overall piping system of the fittings head loss
in fittings to the fluid velocity by incorporating a fit-ting is to convert the fitting head loss into an equivalent pipe
loss factor obtained from experimental test data. length. As an example, use 60°F water as the working
fluid in a 3-inch diameter piping system with an internal
flow of 10 ft/sec. The equivalent pipe length for a short
Eq. 9
radius 90° elbow would be 6.9 feet for Red Thread II
and 5.9 feet for Centricast Plus CL-2030 . The two pip-
Where: ing systems have different inner diameters that contrib-
hf = Fitting head loss, ft (m) ute to the differences in equivalent footage. Therefore,
for best accuracy it is recommended that our computer
k = Flow resistance coefficient software Success By Design be used to determine fit-
V = fluid velocity, ft/sec tings equivalent piping footage.
2 Typical liquid properties are presented in Table 1.2.
g = acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/s
TABLE 1.1 Flow Resistance coefficients for Fittings
Fitting/Size (In.) 1 1½ 2 3 4 6 8-10 12-16 18-24
Short Radius 90º Elbow 0.75 0.66 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36
Sweep Radius 90º Elbow 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19
Short Radius 45º Elbow 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19
Sweep Radius 45º Elbow 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10
Tee Side Run 1.38 1.26 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.72
Tee Thru Branch 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24
TABLE 1.2 Typical Liquid Properties

Type of Liquid Specific Gravity at 60ºF Viscosity at 60ºF Centipoise
10% Salt Water 1.07 1.40
Brine, 25% NaCl 1.19 2.20
Brine, 25% CaCl2 1.23 2.45
30º API Crude Oil 0.87 13.00
Average Fuel Oils 0.93 8.90
Kerosene 0.83 1.82
Auto Gasoline 0.72 1.20
Aviation Gasoline 0.70 0.46
50% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 1.53 95.00
Mil 5624 Jet Fuels:
JP3 0.75 0.79
JP5 0.84 2.14
JP8 0.80 1.40
Acids: At 68ºF At 68ºF
60% Sulfuric (H2SO4) 1.50 6.40
98% Sulfuric (H2SO4) 1.83 24.50
85% Phosphoric (H2PO4) 1.69 12.00
37.5% Hydrochloric (HCl) 1.46 1.94
C. Open Channel Flow D. Gas Flow
One of the most widely used, formulas for open-channel SUNOPLAST piping systems can be used in pressurized
flow is that of Robert Manning. This formula in Equation gas service when the pipe is buried at least three feet
10 is useful in predicting the flow in open “gravity feed" deep.
Sunoplast sewer lines. Our Success By Design software In above ground applications, they can be used
is recommended to perform these calculations. provided the pressure does not exceed the
values shown below and further that the pipe is
properly safeguarded when conveying a
hazardous gas.
Eq. 10
Pipe
Diameter 1" 11/2" 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16"
Where:
psig 25 25 25 25 25 25 14 9 6 5 4
3 3
Q = Flow rate in ft /sec (m /sec)
2 2
A = Flow cross sectional area, ft (m ) Consult your local representative for safeguard proce-
Rh = Hydraulic radius, ft (m) dures.
S = Hydraulic slope, dimensionless Since the inside diameter of the pipe is smoother and
S = H/L larger than steel pipe of corresponding nominal diam-
eters, less frictional resistance is developed under turbu-
H = elevation change over the pipe
lent flow conditions, resulting in greater flow capacities.
length “L", ft (m) There are two basic equations used to calculate pres-
L = Length measured along the pipe, ft (m) sure loss for flow of gases. To determine which equation
k = 1.49 (US Customary units, ft. & sec.) is required, the transition flow rate must be determined
3 from Equations 12, 13 and 14. If the desired flow rate is
k = 1.0 for flow in m /sec. Use meter for A, greater than the value calculated from equation 14, then
Rh, & D. the equations for fully turbulent or rough pipe flow must
n = 0.009 Manning’s constant for Sunoplast be used. If the desired flow rate is less than the value
calculated from equation 14, then the equation for par-
tially turbulent or smooth pipe flow must be used.
Eq. 11
Equations for transition flow rate:
Where:
D = Pipe inner diameter, ft (m)
Eq. 12
Θ = Wet contact angle, radians
Eq. 13
Eq. 14
Where QT = Transition Flow Rate
(1)
For fully turbulent or rough pipe flow:
Eq. 15
or
Eq. 16
(1)
For partially turbulent or smooth pipe flow
Eq. 17
Where:
Eq. 18
D = Inside Diameter (in.)

G = Specific Gravity (S.G. of air = 1.0)
L = Length of Pipe Section (ft.)
Pb = Base Pressure (psia)
Pi = Inlet Pressure (psia) Po
= Outlet Pressure (psia)
Q = Flow Rate (MSCFH - thousand standard cubic ft.
per hr.)
Tb = Base Temperature (°R) T
= Temperature of Gas (°R) Z
= Compressibility Factor m =
Viscosity (lb./ft. sec.)
K = Absolute Roughness of Pipe =
0.00021 (in.) for Fiber Glass Systems pipe
R = Rankine (°F + 460°)
m = (lb./ft. sec.) = m (centipoise) ÷ 1488 psia
(Absolute) = psig (Gauge) + 14.7
You can perform computer calculations using the Success By
Design program to solve gas flow problems for: pipe size, Q,
Pi, or Po if the other variables are known.
TABLE 1.3 Typical Gas Properties
Specific Gravity Viscosity at 60°F
(1)
type of Gas at 60°F lb./ft. sec.
Air 1.02 0.0000120
Carbon Dioxide 1.56 0.0000098
Carbon Monoxide 0.99 0.0000116
Chlorine 2.51 0.0000087
Ethane 1.06 0.0000060
Methane 0.57 0.0000071
Natural Gas 0.64 0.0000071
Nitrogen 0.99 0.0000116
Nitrous Oxide 1.56 0.0000096
Oxygen 1.13 0.0000132
Sulfur Dioxide 2.27 0.0000083
(1) All Specific Gravity based on air = 1.0 at 70° F.

SECTION 2. Above Ground System Design - Supports, Anchors and Guides
Piping Support Design Support
Above ground piping systems may be designed as Pipe supports hold the pipe in position and when properly
restrained or unrestrained. Selection of the design method is spaced prevent excessive deflections due to the weight of
depen-dent on variables such as operating temperature, flow the pipe, fluid, external insulation and other loads.
rates, pressures and piping layout. System designs
combining the two methods often lead to the most Anchor
structurally efficient and economical piping layout. Pipe anchors restrain axial movement and applied forces.
These forces may result from thermal loads, water hammer,
Unrestrained System Design vibrating equipment, or externally applied mechanical loads.
The unrestrained system is often referred to as a “simple
supported" design. It makes use of the inherent flexibility of Guide
Sunoplast pipe to safely absorb deflections and bending Pipe guides prevent lateral (side-to-side) movement of the
stresses. Simple pipe hangers or steel beams are used to pipe. Guides are required to prevent the pipe from buckling
provide vertical support to the pipe. These simple sup-ports under compressive loading. For example: When anchors are
allow the piping system to expand and contract free-ly used to control thermal expansion, guides are always
resulting in small axial stresses in the piping system. Long required.
straight runs often employ changes-in-direction to safely
absorb movement due to thermal expansion and A. Support Design
contractions, flow rate changes, and internal pressure.
The hanger support in Figure 2.0 must have sufficient
Experience has shown the use of too many simple pipe contact areas to distribute the load. The preferred cir-
hangers in succession can result in an unstable line cumferential load bearing contact is 180°. Refer to Table
when control valves operate and during pump start-up 2.0 for minimum width requirements. When less than
and shut-down. To avoid this condition the designer 180° of circumference contact and/or larger diameters
should incor-porate guides periodically in the line to add are encountered, support saddles as shown in Figure 2.1
lateral stability. In most cases, the placement of lateral are recommended.
guides at intervals of every second or third support
location will provide ad-equate stability. Axial stability in Hanger t on pipe should be snug but not tight.
1”
long pipe runs may be improved by the proper placement __
16 Rubber
of a “Pipe Hanger with Axial Guide" as shown in Figure
2.6. The project piping engineer must determine the
guide requirements for sys-tem stability.
Restrained System Design

The restrained system is often referred to as an “an-
chored and guided design". The low modulus of elastic-
ity for Sunoplast piping translates to significantly smaller
thermal forces when compared to steel. Anchors are
employed to restrain axial movement and provide ver-
tical support in horizontal pipelines. Anchors used to
Figure 2.0
restrain thermal expansion create compressive forces in
the pipeline. These forces must be controlled by the use
of pipe guides to prevent the pipe from buckling. In cases TABLE 2.0 Minimum Support Width*
where axial loads created by anchoring a pipe run are
ex-cessively high, the use of expansion loops or Pipe Size Class I Class II
expansion joints must be employed. When using (In.) (In.) (In.)
anchors, the effect of system contraction should be 1
7
/8
7
/8
considered. See the thermal analysis section for more 1
1 /2
7
/8
7
/8
thorough information on handling thermal loads. 2
7
/8 1
1 1
3 1 /4 1 /2
Sunoplast Piping System “Support" 4
1
1 /4
1
1 /2
Terminology 6
1
1 /2 2
Sunoplast piping engineers use three basic structural com- 8
3
1 /4 3
3
ponents to design a piping system. They are the support, 10 1 /4 4
anchor and guide. 12 2 4
14 2 6
*Note: Valid for Sg < 1.25
commodate pipe movements to prevent them from sliding off
the supports.
Figure 2.1 B. Guide Design
Typical Guide Usage

Length
1. Between anchors to prevent buckling of pipeline at
elevated temperatures.
Support Saddle 2. Near entry points of expansion joints and loops to
ensure proper functionality.
3. To provide system stability.
Contact
Properly designed and installed guides prevent the pipe from
Angle
sliding off support beams and allow the pipe to freely move in
the axial direction. Guides should be used with 180° support
TABLE 2.1 Saddle Length
saddles to reduce wear and abrasion of the pipe walls.
Pipe Size class I Class II
(In.) (In.) (In.) Figure 2.4 U-Bolt Guide
(1)
1 3 2 Pipe Flexible Clamp
1 1” (1)
1 /2 3 2 __
16
Rubber
2 4 4 Support Saddle
3 4 4
4 4 4
6 4 6
8 6 8
10 9 10
12 9 12
14 9 14
16-24 - (1)(2)
(1) Use the pipe diameter as minimum saddle length.
(2) Refer to F-Chem product bulletin for sizes greater than 24-inch
diameter.
Typical supports requiring support saddles are shown in

Figures 2.2 & 2.3. The support saddles should be bonded to (1)
Not required if support saddle is bonded to pipe.
the pipe or held in place by flexible clamps. If clamped to
filament wound pipe a 1/16" rubber pad should be placed Figure 2.4 shows a common method of guiding Sunoplast
between the pipe and the saddle. Saddle lengths should ac- pipe. A clearance of 1/16 to 1/8-inch is recommended be-
tween the guide and the support saddle. A 180° support
“wear" saddle is recommended to prevent point contact be-
tween the U -bolt and pipe. The U-bolt should not be tight-
ened down onto the pipe. It should be tightened to the
structural support member using two nuts and appropriate
washers. A 1/8-inch clearance is recommended between the
U-bolt and the top of the pipe.
Eight -inch diameter and larger pipe are generally allowed

more clearance than smaller sizes. The determination of
acceptable clearance for these sizes is dependent on the
Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 piping system and should be determined by the project pip-
ing engineer.
Another design practice is to use U- straps made from flat

rolled steel instead of U-bolts. Flat U-straps are less apt than
U-bolts to “point" load the pipe wall. U-strap use is most
common when guiding pipe sizes greater than 6-inches di-
ameter.
Pipe Hanger with Lateral Guide Figure 2.6 shows a pipe hanger with an axial guide using a
double bolt pipe clamp arrangement. This support pro-vides
Maximum rod length allows
18" minimum limited axial stability to unrestrained piping systems.
for axial movement
rod length
Pipe lines supported by long swinging hangers may
Spacer expe-rience instability during rapid changes in fluid flow.
Stability of such lines benefit from the use of pipe guides
Lateral
as shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6.
Auxiliary The support widths for guided pipe hangers should meet
Guide the recommendations in Tables 2.0 & 2.1.
Clamp, snug Vertical Riser Clamps
but not tight
Figure 2.5 Riser clamps as shown in Figure 2.7 may act as simple
supports, as
When U-bolts are used in vertical piping, then two 180° well as guides,
wear saddles should be used to protect the pipe around depending Riser Clamp
its entire circumference. It is appropriate to gently snug upon how they
the U-bolt if a 1/8 -inch thick rubber pad is positioned be- are attached Anchor
tween the U-bolt and the saddle. If significant thermal to the sub- sleeve
structure. The or FRP
cycles are expected, then the U-bolts should be installed
with sufficient clearance to allow the pipe to expand and clamp should buildup
contract freely. See the “Vertical Riser Clamps" section be snug but Clamp, snug
for additional options in supporting vertical piping. not so tight as but not tight
to damage the
Figure 2.5 shows a more sophisticated pipe hanger and Snug fit
pipe wall. The
guide arrangement. It may be used without wear saddles use of an an-
as long as the tie rod allows free axial movement. The Figure 2.7
chor sleeve
hanger must meet the width requirements in Table 2.0. If bonded onto
a clamp width does not meet the requirements in Table the pipe is required to transfer the load from the pipe to
2.0 or the pipe sizes are greater than 14-inch diameter, the riser clamp. See the “Anchor Designs" section for de-
then support saddles should be used. See Table 2.1 for tailed information concerning the anchor sleeve or FRP
support saddle sizing recommendations. buildup.
Lateral loading on guides is generally negligible under It is important to note that this type of clamp only
normal operating conditions in unrestrained piping sys- provides upward vertical support. Certain design layouts
tems. In restrained piping systems, guides provide the and op-erating conditions could lift the pipe off the riser
stability required to prevent buckling of pipelines under clamp. This would result in a completely different load
compressive loads. If the guides are located properly in distribu-tion on the piping system. A pipe designer needs
the pipeline, the loads required to prevent straight pipe to con-sider whether the column will be under tension, or
runs from buckling will be very small. in a state of compression. Additional guides may be
Pipe Hanger with Axial Guide required to prevent unwanted movement or deflection.
18" Minimum rod length allows
for lateral flexibility. A qualified piping engineer should be consulted to ensure
Axial Guide an adequate design.
Spacer Riser clamps designed to provide lateral support should

incorporate support saddles to distribute the lateral loads.
C. Anchor Design
Clamp, snug anchor Usage

but not tight
Figure 2.6 1. To protect piping at “changes-in-directions" from ex-
cessive bending stresses.
2. To protect major branch connections from prima-ry
Upset conditions can result in significant lateral loads on pipeline induced shears and bending moments.
the guides and should be considered during the design Particular consideration should be given to saddle
phase by a qualified piping engineer. Water hammer and and lateral fitting side runs.
thermal expansion or contraction may cause lateral load- 3. Installed where Sunoplast piping is connected to
ing on guides near changes in direction. Therefore, it is steel piping and interface conditions are unavailable.
always prudent to protect the pipe from point contact with 4. To protect a piping system from undesirable move-
guides near changes in directions and side runs. ment caused by water hammer or seismic events.
5. To protect sensitive in-line equipment. straint. But, this is not normally the case in practice.
6. To absorb axial thrust at in-line reducer fittings when Figures 2.8 through 2.11 show typical methods of
fluid velocities exceed 7.5 ft/sec. anchor-ing Sunoplast piping systems.
7. To provide stability in long straight runs of piping.
The anchor in Figure 2.9 will provide considerably less
Restrains pipe movement in all directions lateral stiffness than the anchor in Figure 2.8. The effect
of lateral stiffness on the overall system stability should
Anchor Sleeves always be considered when selecting an anchor design.
The anchor widths should meet the recommendations for

support designs in Table 2.0.
Snug fit
The reactions generated at anchors when restraining

Clamp, snug large thermal loads can be significant and should be cal-
but not tight
culated by a qualified piping engineer. The anchor brack-
Weld or Bolt Anchor
ets and substructure design should be designed with suf-
to support member ficient stiffness and strength to withstand these loads
Figure 2.8
combined with any other system loads. Other system
loads may include water hammer,seismic, static weight
To be effective, an anchor must be attached to a sub- of pipe, fluid and any external loads such as insulation,
structure capable of supporting the applied forces. In wind, ice, and snow.
practice, pumps, tanks, and other rigidly fixed equipment
function as anchors for Sunoplast piping systems. Anchor Sleeves
Anchors as previously described are used to provide axial An anchor sleeve as shown in Figure 2.12 is necessary
restraint to piping systems. In most cases an anchor pro- to transfer axial load from a pipe body to an anchor
vides bidirectional lateral support to the pipe thus acting like bracket. Pairs of anchor
both a support and guide. Furthermore, anchors can be sleeves are bond- Anchor Sleeve
designed to provide partial or complete rotational re- ed to the outer
surface of a pipe
Restrains pipe movement in all directions to provide a shear
Anchor load path around
the complete cir- 180° Equal to Nom.
cumference of the Diameter of
Sleeves Pipe
pipe body. To re- Figure 2.12
strain pipe motion
Snug fit in two directions,
Clamp, snug two pairs of anchor sleeves are required. They must be
but not tight bonded on both sides of an anchor bracket to complete-
ly restrain a pipe axially. There are design conditions
where only one set of anchor sleeves is required. The
Figure 2.9
piping engineer should make this determination and size
the sleeves appropriately for the design loads. Lengths
Restrains pipe movement Restrains pipe movement equal to the pipe diameter are generally satisfactory for
in all directions in all directions and directly most load conditions
Structural Steel
supports heavy fittings
Anchor bolted During installation the anchor sleeve end faces must be
to Flange aligned to mate precisely against the anchor brackets
when engaged. If only one of the two halves of an an-
chor sleeve contacts the anchor bracket, the loading will
be off center or eccentric. Eccentric loading will increase
the shear stress on the contacted anchor sleeve. It may
also cause the pipe to rotate at the anchor resulting in
un-wanted deflections in the pipe. Refer to Figures 2.8 &
2.9 for typical configurations.
Structural Steel
Column
It is important to understand how the load is transferred
from the pipe to the anchor brackets. First the axial load
Figure 2.10 Figure 2.11
is sheared from the pipe wall into the anchor sleeves
through the adhesive bond. The load is then transferred
from the anchor sleeve by direct contact bearing stress
between the end of the anchor sleeve and the anchor Complex piping system designs and load conditions may
bracket which ultimately transfers it to the substructure. require detailed flexibility and stress analysis using finite
element modeling. The project design engineer must
Under no circumstances is the anchor to be tightened determine the degree of engineering analysis required for
down on the pipe surface and used as a friction clamp to the system at hand.
transfer load. The pipe should be free to slide until the
anchor sleeves contact the anchor bracket to transfer the Figure 2.13 Piping Span Adjustment Factors With
load. Piping engineers often take advantage of this Unsupported Fitting at Change in Direction
anchoring procedure by allowing the pipe to slide a small
amount before contacting the anchor. This effectively Span Type Factor
reduces restrained thermal loads. a Continuous interior or fixed end spans 1.00
b Second span from simple supported 0.80
Split repair couplings, split Sunoplast pipe sections or end or unsupported fitting
hand lay ups of Sunoplast and resin are commonly used c+d Sum of unsupported spans at fitting < 0.75*
as anchor sleeves. Contact your Sunoplast distributor to e Simple supported end span 0.67
determine the most appropriate choice for Fiber Glass
Systems’ wide variety of piping products.
D. Piping Support Span Design
A support span is the distance between two pipe sup-

ports. Proper support span lengths ensure the pipe de-
flections and bending stresses are within safe working
limits. For static weight loads, it is standard practice to
limit the maximum span deflection in horizontal pipe lines
1 "
to ½" and the bending stresses to /8 of the ultimate al- *For example: If continuous support span is 10 ft., c + d must not
exceed 7.5 ft. (c = 3 ft. and d = 4.5 ft. would satisfy this condition).
lowable bending stress. SUNOPLAST ap-plies these
design limits to the engineering analysis used to
determine the allowable support spans. Figure 2.14 Piping Span Adjustment Factors With
Span Analysis Methodology Supported Fitting at Change in Direction
The maximum allowable piping support spans are deter- Span Type Factor
mined using the “Three Moment Equations" for uniformly a Continuous interior or fixed end spans 1.00
loaded continuous beams. The equations may be modi- b Span at supported fitting or span adjacent 0.80
fied to represent various end conditions, load types and to a simple supported end
even support settlements. Refer to Appendix A for the e Simple supported end span 0.67
fundamental equations. SUNOPLAST uses these
equations to calculate the bending moments in pip-ing
spans. The pipe bending stresses and deflections are
then evaluated for compliance with the aforemen-tioned
design criteria.
To avoid lengthy engineering calculations, our individual

product bulletins contain recommended piping support
span lengths. These span lengths are easily modified to
match fluid specific gravity, operating temperatures and
end conditions. Figures 2.13 and 2.14 provide span ad-
justment factors for various end conditions found in most
horizontal piping system layouts. Tables for fluid specific Support Design Summary
gravity and temperature adjustment factors are product 1. Do not exceed the recommended support span.
unique. Please refer to the product data bulletins for de- 2. Support valves and heavy in-line equipment
tailed design information. indepen-dently. This applies to both vertical and
horizontal piping.
Success By Design software quickly calculates support 3. Protect pipe from external abrasion at supports.
spans for uniformly loaded piping systems and takes into 4. Avoid point contact loads.
consideration product type, temperature, specific gravity, 5. Avoid excessive bending. This applies to handling,
uniform external loads, and end conditions as shown in transporting, initial layout, and final installed position.
Figures 2.13 and 2.14. 6. Avoid excessive vertical loading to minimize
bending stresses on pipe and fittings.
7. Provide adequate axial and lateral restraint to ensure
line stability during rapid changes in flow.
SECTION 3. Temperature Effects on Sunoplast Pipe
System Design Thermal Properties & characteristics
The properly designed piping system provides safe and ef- The reaction of Sunoplast piping to changes in temperature
ficient long- term performance under varying thermal depends on two basic material properties, the thermal “coef-
environ-ments. The system design dictates how a piping ficient of expansion"(a) and the axial moduli of elasticity. The
system will react to changes in operating temperatures. composite nature of Sunoplast piping results in two
distinctive axial moduli of elasticity. They are the axial
The unrestrained piping system undergoes expansion and compression and axial tensile moduli. Systems installed at
contraction in proportion to changes in the pipe wall mean ambient tem-perature and operated at higher temperatures
temperature. Sunoplast piping systems that operate at or will generate internal compression piping stress when
near the installation temperature are normally unrestrained anchored. Although this is the most common engineering
designs, where the most important design consideration is design condition, the piping engineer should not overlook the
the basic support span spacing. Since few piping systems opposite thermal condition that generates tensile stresses.
operate under these conditions, some provisions must be
made for thermal expansion and contraction. The thermal properties of Sunoplast pipe distinguish it from
steel in important ways. The coefficient of expansion is
The simplest unrestrained piping systems use directional roughly twice that of steel. This translates to twice the ther-
changes to provide flexibility to compensate for thermal mal movement of steel in unrestrained systems. The axial
movements. When directional changes are unavailable or compression modulus of elasticity of Sunoplast pipe varies
provide insufficient flexibility, the use of expansion loops or from 3% to 10% that of steel. When restraining thermal
expansion joints should be designed into the system to pre- movements in Sunoplast piping the anchor loads would be
vent overstressing the piping system. These systems are 1/5 or less than the loads created by a same size and wall
considered unrestrained even though partial anchoring and thickness in steel piping system.
guiding of the pipe is required for proper expansion joint, ex-
pansion loop performance and system stability. Thermoplastic pipe coefficients of expansion are typically
more than four times that of Sunoplast. The elastic modu-lus
The fully restrained “anchored" piping system eliminates of thermoplastic piping is considerably smaller than the
axial thermal movement. Pipe and fittings generally ben-efit moduli of Sunoplast and steel. The modulus of elasticity of
from reduced bending stresses at directional changes. thermoplastic pipe decreases rapidly as the temperatures
Restrained systems develop internal loads required to main- increases above 100°F. This results in very short support
tain equilibrium at the anchors due to temperature changes. spans at elevated temperatures. A restrained thermoplastic
When the pipe is in compression, these internal loads piping systems operating at elevated temperatures is very
require guided supports to keep the pipe straight preventing susceptible to buckling thus requiring extensive guiding.
Euler buckling. Thus, the commonly referred to name of
restrained systems is “anchored and guided". Anchored and It is important to properly determine the temperature gradi-
guided systems have anchors at the ends of straight runs ent. The gradient should be based on the pipeline tempera-
that pro-tect fittings from thermal movement and stresses. ture at the time that the system is tied down or anchored. If
the operating temperature is above this temperature, then
Anchors at directional changes (elbows and tees) transmit the gradient is positive and conversely if it is less than this
loads to the support substructure. Special attention should tem-perature, then the gradient is negative. Many piping
be given to these loads by the piping engineer to ensure an systems will see both positive and negative temperature
adequate substructure design. When multiple anchors are gradients that must be considered during the system design.
used to break up long straight runs, the loads between them
and the substructure are generally small. The axial restrain- Success By Design software performs thermal analysis on
ing loads are simply balanced between the two opposing Sunoplast piping systems based on the methods discussed
sides of the pipeline at the anchor. in this section. The benefits of using Success By Design are
not only ease of use, but increased analysis accuracy. The
software evaluates the Sunoplast material properties at the
actual operating temperatures, eliminating the conservatism
built into charts and tables designed to cover worst case
sce-narios for all designs.
Fundamental Thermal Analysis Formulas A. Flexibility Analysis and Design
Thermal Expansion and Contraction There are four basic methods of controlling thermal expan-
sion and contraction in above ground piping systems. They
The calculation of thermal expansion or contraction in are:
straight pipelines is easily accomplished using the follow-
ing equation. 1. Anchoring and Guiding
2. Directional Changes
Eq. 19 3. Expansion Loops
4. Mechanical Expansion Joints
Where:
d = Length change, in (m) The use of anchors and guides as discussed earlier simply
a = Thermal coefficient of expansion, in/in/°F (m/m/°C) restrain thermal growth. Directional changes, expansion
L = Pipe length, in (m) loops and mechanical expansion joints use component flex-
To = Operating temperature, °F (°C) ibility to safely absorb thermal movements.
Ti = Installation temperature, °F (°C)
Final tie-in or completion temperature. A. Directional Change Design
(To - Ti) is the temperature gradient
The flexibility analysis of a directional change is based on
B. Anchor Restraint Load a guided cantilever beam model. The cantilever must be
of sufficient length to ensure the pipe will not be over-
The calculation of the restrained load in a pipeline be- stressed while absorbing the thermal movement. This is
tween two anchors is easily accomplished using the fol- accomplished by satisfying the following equations.
lowing equation.
Eq. 22 Based on pipe allowable bending stress
Eq. 20
Where:
Fr = Restraining load, lb (N)
a = Thermal coefficient of expansion, in/in/°F (m/m/°C)
2 2
A = Reinforced pipe wall cross sectional area, in (m ) Where:
To = Operating temperature, °F (°C)
Ti = Installation temperature, °F (°C) K = 3, Guided cantilever beam coefficient
Final tie-in or completion temperature. L = Length of cantilever leg, in (m)
(To - Ti) Temperature gradient E = Pipe beam bending modulus of elasticity,
2 2 2 2
E = Axial modulus of elasticity, lb/in (N/m ) lb/in (N/m )
The compression modulus should be used with a positive OD = Pipe outer diameter, in (m)
temperature change (To>Ti) and the tensile modulus with
a negative temperature change (To<Ti). δ = Total deflection to be absorbed, in (m)
2 2
σ = Pipe allowable bending stress, lb/in (N/m )
The reactions on the external support structure at inter-
nally spaced anchors in long straight runs are negligible
Eq. 23 Based on fitting allowable bending moment
because the in- line forces balance. However, the an-
chors at the end of straight runs will transmit the full load
to the support structure.
C. Guide Spacing
Where:
The Guide spacing calculations are derived from Euler’s K = 6, Guided cantilever beam coefficient
critical elastic buckling equation for a slender column with L = Length of cantilever leg, in(m)
pivot ends. E = Pipe beam bending modulus of elasticity,
2 2
lb/in (N/m )
4 4
Eq. 21 I = Pipe reinforced area moment of inertia, in (m )
d = Total deflection to be absorbed, in(m)
M = Fitting allowable bending moment, in-lb (N-m)
Where:
Lg = Guide spacing, in (m)
Minor out of plane rotation of the elbow should be al-
Fr = Restraining force, lb (N)
2 2 lowed to minimize bending moments on the elbow.
E = Bending modulus of elasticity, lb/in (N/m )
I = Pipe area moment of inertia, in4 (m4) The use of the guided cantilever beam equation results in
conservative leg lengths.
Horizontal Directional Change contraction for the operating conditions. The mechani-cal
expansion joint must be capable of absorbing the full
range of thermal movement with an appropriate margin
of safety. During installation the set position must be de-
termined to ensure the expansion joint will accommodate
the entire range of movement. This is accomplished us-
ing the following equation.
Eq. 24
Where:
Figure 3.0 Set Point = Installed position of mechanical expansion
joint “Distance from the joint being fully
compressed", in(m)
See Figure 3.0 for a typical horizontal directional change Travel = Mechanical expansion joint maximum
layout. movement, in(m)
B. Expansion Loop Design

Eq. 25
The flexibility of an expansion loop is modeled using two
equal length guided cantilever beams. Each cantilever
absorbs half of the thermal expansion or contraction. The R = Thermal ratio
cantilevers must be of sufficient length to ensure the pipe Ti = Installation tie-in temperature, F°(C°)
and fittings will not be overstressed. Determination of the Tmin = Minimum operating temperature, F°(C°)
minimum required lengths is accomplished by satisfying Tmax = Maximum operating temperature, F°(C°)
equation 22 with K= 1.5 and equation 23 with K=3. Tmin < Ti
These equations should be used with the total deflection
(d=d1+d2) to be absorbed by both expansion loop legs.
Example Problem:
See Figure 3.1 for a typical expansion loop layout.
Determine the “Travel" and “Set Point" for the following
The pipe should be guided into the expansion loop as conditions.
shown in Figure 3.1. The positioning of two guides on
each side of the expansion loop is required to maintain Ti = 75°F, Tmin = 45°F, Tmax = 145°F, R = 0.3
proper alignment. The recommended guide spacing is Pipe total thermal movement is 6 inches
four and fourteen nominal pipe diameters from the elbow Design factor 1.5
for the first and second guides respectively.
To achieve the required flexibility 90°elbows should be Expansion Joint
used in directional changes and expansion loops. The Typical guides and supports require pads a shown when
there is point contact. Supports can be snug or loose
substitution of 45° elbows will result in an unsatisfactory fitting around the pipe. Guides must be loose.
design. First guide, 4 diameters distance from
expansion joint. Second guide, 14 di-
C. Expansion Joint Design ameters distance from expansion joint.
Mechanical expansion joint use requires the engineer to
determine the complete range of thermal movement
expected in the system. This is accomplished by cal-
culating the maximum thermal expansion and thermal
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.1 L/2
d1 d2
First Guide
Second Guide
Anchor Length Anchor
Length
Expansion joint “Travel" required is 9 inches (6 x 1.5). For Eq. 26-29:
The “Set Point" should be 0.3 x 9 = 2.7 inches (compres-
sion). This set point allows for 1.5 times the thermal
Pipe inner surface temperature, °F(°C)
growth or contraction for the given operating conditions.
See Figure 3.2 for a typical expansion joint layout. Heat trace element temperature, °F(°C)
The proper selection of an expansion joint design de-
Pipe temperature rating, °F(°C)
pends on the available activation loads generated by the
piping system. Equation 20 should be used to determine Chemical resistance temperature
the fully restrained activation load capability of the pip-ing rating of pipe, °F(°C)
system. If a mechanical expansion joint requires an
activation force higher than the fully restrained activa-tion Determination of the pipe inner wall temperature under
load then the expansion joint will not function. The active flow conditions depends on flow rate, specific heat
expansion joint activation force in practice should not of the fluid, temperature of fluid entering pipe, conduction
exceed ¼ of the load in a fully restrained piping system. through the pipe wall, external environmental heat losses
Mechanical expansion joints requiring higher activation and the heating element capacity. The complexity of this
forces may not provide sufficient flexibility to warrant its analysis is beyond the scope of this manual. Therefore,
use. prudent engineering practices should be employed to de-
termine the safe heat tracing temperatures under these
conditions.
D. Heat Tracing
These criteria are most easily explained by the following
Heat tracing is the practice of heating a piping system to examples:
prevent freezing or cooling of a process line. Steam
tracing and electrical heat tapes are typical methods of Example: What is the maximum heat tracing tempera-
heat tracing Sunoplast piping. The maximum heat tracing ture allowed to maintain a 5% caustic solution at 95°F
temperature is governed by one of three criteria: inside Red Thread II pipe rated to 210°F?
(1) The mean wall temperature must not exceed the The three governing criteria must be considered in order
maximum temperature rating of the pipe, to determine the maximum tracing element temperature.
Step I: Solving for criterion (1) equation 26 is applied.

Eq. 26
(2) The maximum tracing element temperature must not

exceed 100°F(55.6C°) above the temperature rating of
the pipe
Eq. 27 Rearranging and solving for the maximum trace tempera-

ture, Tra we get 325°F.
(3) The maximum recommended temperature for the
service chemical must not be exceeded at the surface of Step II: Solving for criterion (2) equation 27 is applied.
the pipe inner wall.
Eq. 28
For stagnant flow, the temperature of the fluid and inner

surface of the pipe can be assumed to equal the trace
temperature. This assumption is valid if the heat trace
element provides sufficient energy to overcome heat
losses to the environment. For the stagnant or no flow Rearranging and solving for the maximum trace tempera-
condition, equation 29 is used to determine the maximum ture, Tra we get 310°F.
allowable heat trace temperature.
Step III: Solving for criterion (3) equation 29 the stagnant
Eq. 29 flow condition is applied.
Therefore the maximum allowable heat trace temperature
equals the maximum chemical resistance temperature
for the piping. Referencing Chemical Resistance Guide,
Bulletin No. E5615, Red Thread II pipe is rated to 100°F
in 5% caustic. Therefore the maximum heat trace tem-
perature is 100°F.
However, if the fluid were flowing into the pipeline at tem-

peratures below 100°F, then the heat trace temperature
would be higher than 100°F. A thorough heat transfer
analysis would be required to determine the appropriate
heat trace temperature for this condition.
The maximum heat trace temperature for stagnant flow is

100°F, the lowest temperature calculated using the three
criteria.
E. Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of Sunoplast piping is approxi-

mately 1/100 that of steel, making it a poor conductor of
heat compared to steel. However, the use of insulation to
prevent heat loss or gain is recommended when there
are economic consequences due to heat loss or gain.
Typical Sunoplast thermal conductivity values vary from
0.07-0.29 BTU/(Ft.)(Hr.)(°F).
F. Thermal Expansion in Buried Pipe
Soil restraint inherently restrains movement of buried

Sunoplast pipelines because these pipes develop rela-
tively small forces during a temperature change. Special
precautions (thrust blocks, guides, expansion joints, etc.)
for handling thermal expansion are not necessary if the
pipe is buried at least two to three feet and the bedding
material is of a soil type capable of restraining the line.
Sand, loam, clay, silt, crushed rock and gravel are suit-
able bedding for restraining a pipeline; however, special
precautions must be taken to properly anchor the pipe in
swamps, bogs, etc. where bedding might easily shift and
yield to even the low forces developed in Sunoplast pipe.
G. Pipe Torque Due to Thermal Expansion
Torsion shear stresses in piping systems containing mul-

tiple elevation and directional changes normally do not
have to be considered in pipe analysis. The allowable
bending moments are lower than the allowable torsional
moments in a pipe. Therefore, bending moments in a
pipe leg reacted by torsion in a connecting pipe will be
limited by the bending moment capability of the pipe not
the torsional load. Computer modeling is recommended
for this sophisticated level of piping system analysis.
SECTION 4. Pipe Burial
Introduction Burial Analysis
The guidelines in this section pertain to the design and burial Pipe burial depth calculations are based on Spangler’s de-
of Sunoplast pipe. The structural design process assumes flection equation and Von Mise’s buckling equation as out-
the pipe will receive adequate support in typically encoun- lined in AWWA M45. Application of these methods is based
tered soil conditions. Recommendations for trenching, se- on the assumption that the design values used for bedding,
lecting, placing and compacting backfill will be discussed. backfill and compaction levels will be achieved with good
field practice and appropriate equipment. If these assump-
The successful installation depends on all components work- tions are not met, the deflections can be higher or lower than
ing together to form a sound support system. Therefore, predicted by calculation.
once a pipe is selected, it is of utmost importance to carefully
review the native soil conditions, select the backfill material A. Soil Types
and closely monitor the trenching and installation process.
Properly positioned and compacted bedding and backfill re- A soil’s ability to support pipe depends on the type of soil,
duces pipe deformations maximizing long-term performance degree of compaction and condition of the soil, i.e. den-
of a buried pipeline. sity and moisture content. A stable soil is capable of pro-
viding sufficient long-term bearing resistance to support a
Detailed design and installation data for buried Sunoplast buried pipe. Unstable soils such as peat, organic soil,
pip-ing systems may be found in AWWA M45, Manual of and highly expansive clays exhibit a significant change in
Water Supply Practices, Sunoplast Pipe Design, First volume with a change in moisture content. Special
Edition. Contact SUNOPLAST applications engineer for trenching and backfill requirements are necessary when
detailed burial calculations. the native soil is unstable. Some guidelines to aid the
engineer in determining the stability at a particular site
Pipe Flexibility follow:
The response of Sunoplast pipe to burial loads is highly de- 1. For cohesive soils or granular-cohesive soils, if the
pendent on the flexibility of the pipe walls. The best measure unconfined compressive strength per ASTM D2166
of pipe flexibility can be found using the “pipe stiffness" value 2
exceeds 1,500 lb/ft , the soil will generally be stable.
as defined and determined by ASTM D2412 tests.
2. For cohesive soils, if the shear strength of the soil
2
Pipe with pipe stiffness values greater than 72 psi typically per ASTM D2573 is in excess of 750 lb/ft , the soil
resist native backfill loads with minimal pipe deformation. will generally be stable.
The pipe stiffness of small diameter Sunoplast pipe, 1 to 8
inch diameters, typically meets or exceeds 72 psi. Two to 3. For sand, if the standard penetration “Blow" value,
three feet of native backfill cover with a soil modulus greater N, is above 10, the soil will generally be stable.
than or equal to 1,000 psi is generally sufficient to protect
this category of pipe from HS-20 vehicular and dead weight Soils types are grouped into “stiffness categories" (SC).
soil loads. They are designated SC1 through SC5. SC1 indicates a
soil that provides the highest soil stiffness at any given
Pipe that is buried under concrete or asphalt roadways that Proctor density. An SC1 classified soil requires the least
support vehicular loads requires less cover. Design data and amount of compaction to achieve the desired soil stiff-
burial depth recommendation for specific piping can be ness. The higher numbered soil classifications (SC2-
found in our product bulletins and installation handbooks. SC4) become, the more compaction is required to obtain
Manual No. B2160 contains special installation instructions specific soil stiffness at a given Proctor density. The SC5
for UL Listed Red Thread IIA piping commonly used under soils are unstable and should not be used as backfill or
pave-ments. bedding. Decaying organic waste and frozen materials
fall in the SC5 category. Lists of recommended backfill
Pipe with pipe stiffness values less than 72 psi, are consid- materials are shown in Table 4.0.
ered flexible and are more susceptible to the effects of poor
compaction or soil conditions. Because of this, larger diam-
eter piping requires detailed attention during the design and
installation of buried pipelines.
TABLE 4.0 Recommended Bedding and Backfill Materials
3 1 AWWA M45 soil stiffness categories
Stiffness Degree of Compaction
2,5 2 Maximum particle size of ¾ inch for
Category1 Pipe Zone Backfill Material %
SC1 Crushed rock4 with <15% sand, maximum 25% As Dumped all types.
passing the 3/8” sieve and maximum 5% fines (No compaction required) 3 Compaction to achieve a soil
SC2 Coarse-grained soils with < 12% fines 75-85 modulus of 1,000 psi.
4 Pea gravel is a suitable alternative.
SC3 Coarse-grained soils with >12% fines 85-95
5 A permeable fabric trench liner may
SC3 Fine-grained soils with >12% fines 85-95
be required where significant ground
SC4 Fine-grain soils with medium to no plasticity >95 water flow is anticipated.
with <30% coarse-grained particles
B. Soil Modulus
The soil modulus is a common variable that is very impor- TABLE 4.1 Trench Widths
tant to Sunoplast piping burial analysis regardless of the soil Pipe Size Minimum Width Maximum Width*
type. Extensive research and engineering analysis has (In.) (In.) (In.)
shown that a soil modulus of 1,000 psi provides very good
2 18 26
support to Sunoplast pipe. Table 4.0 shows the degree of
3 18 27
compaction based on the Proctor density to ob-tain a soil
4 18 28
modulus of 1,000 psi. It is worth noting that for all stiffness
6 20 30
categories this soil modulus may be obtained, although with
varying compaction requirements. 8 23 32
10 25 34
Although a modulus of 1,000 psi is preferred, values as 12 28 36
low as 750 psi will provide sufficient support to Sunoplast 14 31 38
pipe if it is properly engineered and installed. 16 33 40
18 36 42
Trench Excavation and Preparation 20 39 44
24 44 48
A. Trench Size
30 52 56
36 60 64
The purpose of the trench is to provide working space to
easily install the pipeline. The trench depth must ac- 42 66 70
count for the bedding thickness, pipe height and backfill 48 72 80
cover. Trench widths must accommodate workers and 54 78 86
their tools, as well as allow for side bedding and backfill. 60 84 96
The trench widths listed in Table 4.1 are satisfactory for 72 96 108
most installations. 84 108 120
* Trench widths may be wider depending on soil conditions.
B. Trench Construction
Trench for Soft and Medium Consistency Soils
1. Solid rock conditions
If solid rock is encountered during trench See Compacted

construction, the depth and width of the trench must Table 4.1 Native Backfill
be sufficient to allow a minimum of 6-inches of
bedding between the rock and pipe surface.
Permanent
Shoring
2. Granular or loose soils Material
Select
These types of soils are characterized by relatively high Bedding & Backfill
Material
displacement under load, and soft to medium soft
consistencies. The walls of trenches in this type of soil Figure 4.0
usually have to be sheeted or shored, or the trench
made wide enough to place a substantial amount of
bedding material in order to prevent excessive
deformation in the pipe sides (see figures 4.0 & 4.1). In
some cases, additional depth or supplementary trench
foundation material may be required.
Trench for Granular Type Soils C. Maximum Burial Depth
Trench shape where angle of repose Surface loads do not usually affect the maximum burial
of soil will not allow vertical walls depths. The maximum burial depth ultimately depends on
Compacted Native Fill the soil backfill modulus. When burying pipe in stable soil
with a backfill modulus of 1,000 psi, the maximum
allowable depth of cover is normally 15-20 feet. When
burying pipe in soil with a backfill modulus of 700 psi, the
maximum allowable cover is seven feet. Although the
Select above maximum burial depths are typical, SUNOPLAST
Bedding & will design custom products suitable for your application.
Backfill Material
Reference SUNOPLAST System’s product bulletins for
Figure 4.1 specific product recommendations.
D. Roadway Crossing
3. Unstable soils
Pipe passing under unpaved roadways should be
Unstable soils require special precautions to develop protect-ed from vehicular loads and roadbed settlement.
a stable environment for Sunoplast pipe. See Figure Burial depths under stable roadbeds should be
4.2 for a recommended trenching procedure. SC1 determined per AWWA M45 for vehicular traffic. If the
bedding and backfill material should be used with a roadbed is un-stable or burial-depths are shallow then
permeable, fabric liner to prevent migration of fill into steel or concrete sleeves are required see Figure 4.3.
the native soil. Due to the unpredictable nature of un-
stable soils a soils engineer should be consulted for
project specific design recommendations. Typical Roadway Crossing
Figure 4.3
Wide Trench for Very Soft or Unstable Soils
Compacted
Natural
Backfill
Trench
6" Min. Line with
Permeable, Protective Pad Between Steel or
Select
Bedding Fabric Liner Pipe and Conduit Concrete Sleeve
Material 6" Min. Material
(SC1 only, Supplementary
See Table Trench Foundation
4.0 (if required)
Figure 4.2
BEDDING AND BACKFILL If excavated native material meets the requirements list-
ed in Table 4.0, it may be used for bedding and backfill.
A. Trench bottom Soils containing large amounts of organic material or fro-
zen materials should not be used. If there is any ques-
The trench bottom is the foundation of the pipe support tion as to the suitability of the native soil, a soil engineer
system. Select bedding material is required for flexible should be consulted.
Sunoplast pipelines. The bedding should be shaped to
conform to the bottom of pipe. Proper placement and C. Backfill cover
compaction of the bedding is required to ensure continu-
ous pipe support. See Figures 4.4, 4.5 & 4.6 for exam- The cover layers above the backfill should be applied in
ples of standard bedding practices. lifts of 6 inches. Native soil may be used, provided it is
not unstable type SC5 soil. This includes soils loaded
with organic material or frozen earth and ice. Each lift
should be compacted to a Proctor Density to achieve a
Proper Bedding Improper Bedding
1,000-psi modulus per Table 4.0. Lifts applied 18 inches
or more above the top of the pipe may be applied in 12-
inch layers provided there are not chunks of soil larger
than 12 inches. Again, each layer is to be compacted to
the required density. Lift heights should never exceed the
capacity of the compaction equipment.
Heavy machinery should not be allowed to cross over

trenches unless completely covered and compacted.
D. High water table
Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Areas with permanent high water tables are usually co-
incident with very poor soil conditions. In most of these
areas, it will be necessary to use crushed rock or pea
Bedding and Backfill for Firm or
gravel as the bedding and backfill material. In addition,
Hard Native Soil
permeable fabric trench liner should be used to prevent
Compacted Native Fill
migration of the fill material into the native soil. In ex-
treme cases such as soft clay and other plastic soils, it
6” minimum
will be necessary to use “Class A" bedding. (See Figure
Back ll
4.7). Also, if the depth of the pipe and the depth of cover
“A”
120
o
“A”
Bedding is less than one diameter, tie downs or concrete encase-
6” minimum ment is recommended in sufficient quantity to prevent
flotation.
Areas “A” must suport pipe haunches Areas prone to flooding or poor draining soil should be
treated similar to high water table areas.
Figure 4.6
Class “A" Bedding

B. Backfill materials
Backfill material at the sides of the pipe is to be added in

lifts, not to exceed 6-inches at a time, mechanically com-
pacted to the required density and continued to 6-inches
above the top of the pipe. The degree of compaction is
dependent upon the type of fill material used. Water
flooding for compaction is not recommended, nor is com-
pacting the fill material while it is highly saturated with
water.
Proper compaction of the backfill material is required for Figure 4.7

pipeline stability and longevity. Sand, pea gravel or
crushed rocks are the recommended SC1 backfill materi-
als requiring minimal compaction if per Table 4.0.
SECTION 5. Other Considerations
A. Abrasive Fluids epoxy grout material such as if manufactured by ITW
Devcon Corporation, Danvers, MA. Sunoplast piping
SUNOPLAST piping systems are used to convey abrasive systems should be designed with sufficient flexibility near
fluids that may also be corrosive. Since Sunoplast pipe does wall penetrations to minimize reactions to slight wall
not depend upon a protective oxide film for corrosion movements. To prevent leakage around the grout, it is
resistance, it is not subject to the combi-nation of corrosion common to embed a steel sleeve with a water-stop dur-
and abrasion that occurs with metals. ing the wall construction (Figure 5.0).
The effects of abrasive fluids on any piping system are The use of flexible seals between the pipe and wall pen-
difficult to predict without test spools or case history in- etration is a standard practice used to protect Sunoplast
formation. Particle size, density, hardness, shape, fluid pipe from abrasion and minimize effects of wall move-
velocity, percent solids, and system configuration are ments. A segmented rubber seal such as Link- Seal®
some of the variables that affect abrasion rates. Standard manufactured by Thunderline/Link-Seal, 19500 Victor
Sunoplast piping with a resin-rich liner can generally han- Parkway, Suite 275, Livonia, MI 48152 is commonly used
dle particle sizes less than 100 mesh (150 micron) at flow with Sunoplast pipe.
rates up to 8 ft./sec. The abrasion resistance can be
improved by adding fillers such as fine silica, silicon If the pipe is not sealed into the wall, it must be protected
carbide, or ceramic to the abrasion barrier (such as with from surface abrasion. A heavy gage sheet metal sleeve
Silver Streak, F-Chem, and Ceram Core products). Wear will provide sufficient protection.
resistance of Sunoplast fittings can be improved by using
long-radius fittings. D. Pipe Bending
Since each abrasive service application is different and Pipe is often bent during transportation, handling and
peculiar to its industry, please consult your local repre- during installation to match trenching contours, etc. As
sentative for a recommendation. long as the minimum bending radius is not exceeded,
these practices will not harm the pipe. Minimum bending
B. Low Temperature Applications radius values are unique to product type and diameter.
Therefore, SUNOPLAST System piping bulletins must be
Sunoplast pipe is manufactured with thermosetting resin referred to for accurate data.
systems that do not become brittle at low temperatures,
as do thermoplastic materials. SUNOPLAST pipe and Bending of pipe with in-line saddles, tees, or laterals
fittings can be used for low temperature applica-tions should be avoided. Bending moments in the pipe will
such as liquid gases (refer to Chemical Resistance Guide create undesirable stresses on the bonded joints and
for compatibility with liquid gases). Tensile tests fittings.
performed at -75°F(-59.4°C) actually show an increase in ® Link-Seal is registered trademark of Thunderline/Link-Seal
strength and modulus. Typical low temperature applica-
tions are the conveyance of fuel, oil, and other petroleum
production applications in Alaska.
C. Pipe Passing through Walls or Concrete

Structures
Pipe Passing through
The design of wall
penetrations must
Concrete Wall
consider the pos-
sible effects of wall
settlement and the
resulting reac-
tions on the pipe
body. Wall pen-
etrations below
grade must also
be sealed to pre-
vent water seep-
age. Typically
Sunoplast pipe is
sealed into the Figure 5.0
wall opening with
E. Static Electricity corresponding to a steam saturation temperature of ap-
proximately 250°F. Contact a factory representative for
The generation of static electricity is not a problem in specific product design information.
most industrial applications. The effects of static electric-
ity usually become a design problem only if a dry, electri- • The piping system design must consider the effects of
cally non-conductive gas or liquid is piped at high the steam cleaning temperatures. In most cases the
velocity through an ungrounded system. support spans will be reduced 15-35%.
The generation of static electricity under fluid flow condi- • Contact the factory before steam cleaning vinyl ester or
tions is primarily related to the flow rate, ionic content of polyester pipe.
the fluid, material turbulence, and surface area at the in-
terface of the fluid and the pipe. The rate of electrostatic G. Thrust Blocks
generation in a pipe increases with increasing length of
pipe to a maximum limiting value. This maximum limit-ing Thrust blocks are not required for SUNOPLAST
value is related to fluid velocity and is greater for high System's adhesive bonded piping systems. Large di-
velocities. Highly refined hydrocarbons, such as jet fuels, ameter F-Chem O-ring pipe is not restrained and may
accumulate charges more rapidly than more conductive require the use of thrust blocks. Consult the factory for
hydrocarbons, such as gasoline. However, the rate of specific recommendations.
charge buildup in buried piping systems handling jet
fuels at a maximum flow velocity of 5 ft/sec is such that H. Vacuum Service
special grounding is not necessary.
Vacuum service may be a system design condition, or it
Static charges are generated at approximately the same may occur as the result of an inadvertent condition.
rate in Sunoplast piping and metallic pipe. The differ- Sudden pump shut off, valve closures, slug flow and sys-
ence in the two systems is that the charge can be more tem drain down are examples of flow conditions that re-
easily drained from a metal line than from a Sunoplast sult in vacuum. They should always be considered dur-
line. Under the operating conditions encountered in most ing the design phase. Regardless of the source, vacuum
industrial applications, any static charge generated is conditions result when the external atmospheric pressure
readily drained away from the pipe at hangers or by exceeds the internal pressure. The pipe wall must be
other contact with the ground, and any small charge in capable of resisting this external pressure without buck-
the fluid is drained away at metallic valves and/or ling. Consult our product bulletins for specific external
instrumentation lines. pressure (vacuum) ratings. Large diameter pipe through
72-inches manufactured specifically for vacuum condi-
SUNOPLAST manufactures an electrically conductive tions are available upon request.
piping system that should be employed when static
electricity is a critical design parameter. I. Valves
Occasionally in piping a dry gas at high velocity, When using valves with Sunoplast piping products, con-
a charge may build up on an ungrounded valve. sideration must be given to the corrosion resistance of the
If this charge is not drained off by humid air, it valve with respect to the fluid being conveyed and the
can shock personnel who come in contact with the valve. external environment. Heavy valves should be indepen-
This situation can be easily remedied by grounding the valve. dently supported to reduce bending stresses on adjacent
pipe. Flanged valves mated to molded Sunoplast flanges
Bulk fuel-loading facilities, because of high fluid must have a full flat face to prevent overstressing the
1
velocities, present a problem to both metallic flanges. To ensure a good seal, use a /8-inch thick full-
and Sunoplast pipe. Filters and other high surface, 60-70 durometer gasket between the valve sealing
face area devices are prolific generators of static electricity surface and the Sunoplast flange for up to 14-inch diam-eter
at these facilities. Special grounding procedures may be pipe. Use ¼-inch thick gaskets on larger sizes. If the valves
nec-essary under these conditions. do not have full flat faces consult installation manuals for
additional recommendations.
F. Steam Cleaning
J. Vibration
Short duration steam cleaning of epoxy Sunoplast pipe is
acceptable provided the following recommendations are
Low amplitude vibrations such as those produced by
adhered to:
well-anchored centrifugal pumps will have little effect on
• The piping system must be open-ended to prevent Sunoplast piping. Such vibrations will be dampened and
pres-sure buildup. absorbed by the relatively low modulus pipe. However,
care must be taken to protect the exterior of the pipe
• The maximum steam pressure does not exceed 15 psig from surfaces that might abrade and wear through the
pipe wall over a long period of time. This can be accom- pipe with a good quality acrylic or solvent-based paint is
plished by using support "wear" saddles at the supports useful in blocking UV radiation.
or padding the supports with 1/8-inch rubber gasket ma-
terial. See Section 2 for recommended support designs. M. Fungal, Bacterial, and Rodent Resistance
High amplitude vibration from pumps or other equipment Some plastics (thermoplastics) are subject to fungal, bac-
must be isolated from the piping system by flexible con- terial, and/or rodent attack, but Sunoplast pipe offers no
nectors. nourishment or attraction to these annoyances. Under
stagnant conditions, some marine growths will attach to
K. Fluid Hammer Sunoplast surfaces, but they do not attack or bore into
the pipe and are usually easily removed. Note regard-
A moving column of fluid has momentum proportional to ing zebra mussels: It was recently reported that a utility
its mass and velocity. When flow is abruptly stopped, the compared zebra mussel growth in similar metal and fiber-
fluid momentum is converted into an impulse or high- glass intake lines at the same location. Only two liters of
pressure surge. The higher the liquid velocity and longer zebra mussels were removed from the Sunoplast line,
the pipe line, the larger the impulse. while two dumpster loads of mussels were removed from
a metal line.
These impulse loads can be of sufficient magnitude to
damage pipe, fittings and valves. N. FLANGE CONNECTIONS
Accurate determination of impulse loads is very Our flanges are designed to meet ANSI B16.5 Class 150
complex and typically requires computer model- bolt hole standards. Alternate bolt hole standards are
ing of the piping system. However, the Talbot available. Flanges are designed for 1/8 inch thick gaskets
equation, given in Appendix A , may be used to calculate made from materials with a 60-70 durometer Shore A
theoretical impulses assuming an instantaneous change in hardness. The use of flat washers under nuts and bolt
velocity. Although, it is physically impossible to close a valve heads is required. Refer to the appropriate product spe-
instantaneously, Talbot’s equation is often em-ployed to cific fittings bulletin for recommended bolt torque values.
calculate worst case conditions.
Raised Face Flange Connections
In the real world quick reacting valves, reverse flow into
check valves and sudden variations in pump flow rates Special mating requirements exist when connecting flat-
will cause water hammer surges. Engineers typically face compression molded Sunoplast flanges to raised-
incorporate slow operating valves, surge tanks and soft- face metallic flanges or valves having partial liner
starting pumps into piping systems to minimize fluid ham- facings. The addition of a metallic spacer ring placed
mer. Piping systems that experience surge conditions between the raised face and the outer edge of the flange
should be restrained to prevent excessive movement. to form a full flat-face on the mating flange is
recommended. The purpose of the spacer ring is to fill
If the system operating pressure plus the peak surge the gap outside the raised-face to prevent bolt loads from
pressure exceeds the system pressure rating, then a bending and break-ing the Sunoplast flange. An
higher pressure class piping system should be employed. alternative to the spacer ring is the use of metallic back-
up rings behind molded Sunoplast flanges. Filament
L. Ultraviolet (U.V.) Radiation and Weathering wound flanges may be con-nected directly to raised-face
flanges without the use of spacer rings. Refer to
Sunoplast pipe undergoes changes in appearance when installation manual for backing ring sizes.
exposed to sunlight. This is a surface phenomenon caused
by U.V. degradation of the resin. The degrada-tion depends Lug and Wafer Valves
upon the accumulated exposure and the intensity of the
sunlight. Long-term surface degradation may expose the Lined lug and wafer valves that use integral seals,
outer layer of glass fibers; this condition is called “fiber- require a ¼-inch steel spacer plate with an inner
blooming". These exposed glass fibers will block and reflect diameter equal to Schedule 40 steel or as required by the
a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation resulting in a valve manu-facturer. The spacer plate outer diameter
slower rate of degradation. This minimizes future damage to should match the Sunoplast flange outer diameter.
the remaining pipe wall. Because SUNOPLAST pipe bodies
are de-signed with significant safety factors, minor fiber Unlined lug and wafer valves without integral seals may be
bloom-ing does not prevent the pipe from safely performing directly connected to Sunoplast filament flanges with-out
at its published pressure rating. If service conditions are back up rings or to molded flanges with metal back-up rings.
such that exposed fibers will be abraded with time, it is Refer to installation manual for backing ring sizes.
highly recommended that surface be protected. Painting the
23
Annexure - VI
NOV FIBERGLASS GRE PIPING

TECHNICAL DATASHEET
( FOR REFERENCE )
Bondstrand™ 2400 Series Product Name 14/15 CHEMICAL
Product Data - Glassfiber Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) pipe systems & INDUSTRIAL
Applications
• Potable Water • Salt Water • CO2
• Cooling Water • Crude Oil & Gas • General Service for Mildly Corrosive
• Produced Water • Brine Solutions Liquids
• Fire Water (FM Approved) • Drainage
• Waste Water • Sewage
Materials and Characteristics Joining Systems Pipe Lengths

Filament wound Glassfiber Reinforced epoxy Fittings From 2 - 6 inch (50 - 150 mm), 9 m random
(GRE) pipe with an integral Taper female Filament wound Glassfiber Reinforced epoxy length
x shaved spigot adhesive bonded joint or (GRE) fittings with integral taper female bell
Key-Lock integral female x male mechanical From 8 - 40 inch (200 - 1000 mm), 11.89 m
ends. A wide range of fittings is available. random length
joint
Flanges Note: Overall pipe length depends on size, end
• Laminate meets requirements of API configuration and production location.
Filament wound GRE heavy duty and stub
Specification 15LR and ISO 14692.
end flanges with integral taper female bell
• Pipe wall design based on hydrostatic end are available. Standard flange drilling
design basis (Procedure B) with a 0.5 service pattern per ASME B16.5 and B16.47A, Class
factor. 150 are available. Other drilling patterns,
such as Class 300, DIN and JIS are available.
• Maximum operating temperature: 200°F
For dimensional data and standard
(93°C). Temperatures up to 250°F (121°C) are
configurations for fittings, refer to the
possible. Consult NOV Fiber Glass Systems.
respective fitting guides. Optionally,
• Pipe sizes: 2 - 40 inch (50 - 1000 mm). the system can be suppled conductive
(Bondstrand 2400C) or with fireproofing
• Standard pressure rating up to 725 psi (50 (Bondstrand 2400FP).
bar). Higher pressure ratings are possible.
Consult NOV Fiber Glass Systems.
• ASTM D-2310 classification: RTRP-11AW
for conductive pipe and RTRP-11FW for
non-conductive pipe.
• Non-conductive pipe has a standard liner
thickness of 0.5 mm. Conductive pipe has
no liner.
View of Joint Illustrations
Flanged
fgspipe@nov.com nov.com/fgs
2 Bondstrand 2400 Series - Product Data
Total Wall Thickness & Inner Diameter
Pipe Inside Pressure Class

Size Diameter
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm
2 50 2.09 53.2 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.11 2.8 0.13 3.3
3 80 3.22 81.8 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.11 2.7 0.12 3.1 0.15 3.9 0.19 4.7
4 100 4.14 105.2 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.09 2.3 0.10 2.5 0.11 2.7 0.13 3.3 0.15 3.9 0.19 4.9 0.23 5.9
6 150 6.20 159.0 0.10 2.5 0.11 2.7 0.12 3.0 0.13 3.4 0.15 3.8 0.18 4.6 0.22 5.6 0.28 7.0 0.34 8.7
8 200 8.22 208.8 0.12 3.1 0.13 3.2 0.15 3.7 0.17 4.2 0.19 4.8 0.23 5.8 0.28 7.2 0.36 9.1 0.44 11.2
10 250 10.35 262.9 0.14 3.5 0.15 3.9 0.18 4.5 0.20 5.1 0.23 5.8 0.28 7.2 0.35 8.8 0.44 11.2 0.54 13.8
12 300 12.35 313.7 0.15 3.9 0.18 4.5 0.21 5.3 0.24 6.0 0.27 6.8 0.33 8.4 0.41 10.4 0.53 13.4 0.65 16.6
14 350 13.56 344.4 0.16 4.1 0.19 4.8 0.22 5.7 0.26 6.6 0.29 7.4 0.36 9.2 0.45 11.4 0.57 14.5 0.72 18.2
16 400 15.50 393.7 0.18 4.5 0.22 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.29 7.4 0.33 8.4 0.41 10.5 0.51 12.9 0.61 15.6 0.81 20.7
18 450 17.08 433.8 0.19 4.9 0.24 6.0 0.28 7.0 0.32 8.1 0.36 9.2 0.45 11.5 0.56 14.2 0.72 18.2 - -
20 500 18.98 482.1 0.21 5.4 0.26 6.6 0.30 7.7 0.35 8.9 0.40 10.1 0.50 12.7 0.62 15.7 0.79 20.1 - -
24 600 22.76 578.6 0.25 6.3 0.30 7.7 0.37 9.3 0.42 10.6 0.48 12.1 0.59 15.1 0.74 18.8 0.94 24.0 - -
28 700 17.56 700 0.29 7.4 0.36 9.1 0.43 10.8 0.50 12.6 0.56 14.3 0.70 17.9 0.88 22.3 - - - -
30 750 29.53 750 0.31 7.9 0.38 9.7 0.46 11.6 0.53 13.5 0.60 15.3 0.75 19.1 0.94 23.9 - - - -
32 800 31.50 800 0.33 8.4 0.41 10.3 0.48 12.3 0.56 14.3 0.64 16.3 0.80 20.4 1.00 25.5 - - - -
36 900 35.43 900 0.37 9.3 0.45 11.5 0.54 13.7 0.63 16.1 0.72 18.2 0.90 22.8 1.12 28.5 - - - -
40 1000 39.37 1000 0.41 10.3 0.50 12.8 0.60 15.3 0.70 17.8 0.80 20.3 0.98 25.3 - - - - - -
Note:
(1) Pipe wall thickness measured according to NOV Fiber Glass Systems’ procedure.
(2) Total pipe wall thickness includes 0.5 mm liner for non-conductive pipe.
External Pressure (Ultimate Collapse Pressure at 21°C / 70°F)
Pipe Pressure Class

Size
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar
2 50 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 269.8 18.6 546.8 37.7 961.6 66.3
3 80 76.9 5.3 76.9 5.3 76.9 5.3 76.9 5.3 76.9 5.3 137.8 9.5 224.8 15.5 488.8 33.7 894.9 61.7
4 100 36.3 2.5 36.3 2.5 36.3 2.5 49.3 3.4 66.7 4.6 133.4 9.2 236.4 16.3 497.5 34.3 894.9 61.7
6 150 14.5 1.0 18.9 1.3 29.0 2.0 43.5 3.0 65.3 4.5 121.8 8.4 230.6 15.9 465.6 32.1 906.5 62.5
8 200 14.5 1.0 16.0 1.1 26.1 1.8 40.6 2.8 63.8 4.4 116.0 8.0 230.6 15.9 475.7 32.8 890.5 61.4
10 250 11.6 0.8 16.0 1.1 26.1 1.8 39.2 2.7 59.5 4.1 117.5 8.1 220.5 15.2 459.8 31.7 896.3 61.8
12 300 10.2 0.7 16.0 1.1 26.1 1.8 39.2 2.7 58.0 4.0 114.6 7.9 220.5 15.2 474.3 32.7 894.9 61.7
14 350 8.7 0.6 14.5 1.0 24.7 1.7 40.6 2.8 58.0 4.0 114.6 7.9 221.9 15.3 467.0 32.2 897.8 61.9
16 400 7.3 0.5 14.5 1.0 24.7 1.7 39.2 2.7 58.0 4.0 117.5 8.1 219.0 15.1 387.3 26.7 903.4 62.3
18 450 7.3 0.5 14.5 1.0 24.7 1.7 39.2 2.7 58.0 4.0 116.0 8.0 220.5 15.2 462.7 31.9 - -
20 500 7.3 0.5 14.5 1.0 24.7 1.7 39.2 2.7 56.6 3.9 116.0 8.0 219.0 15.1 458.3 31.6 - -
24 600 7.3 0.5 14.5 1.0 26.1 1.8 39.2 2.7 58.0 4.0 114.6 7.9 221.9 15.3 - - - -
28 700 7.3 0.5 13.1 0.9 23.2 1.6 37.7 2.6 55.1 3.8 110.2 7.6 211.8 14.6 - - - -
30 750 7.3 0.5 13.1 0.9 23.2 1.6 37.7 2.6 55.1 3.8 108.8 7.5 213.2 14.7 - - - -
32 800 7.3 0.5 13.1 0.9 23.2 1.6 37.7 2.6 56.6 3.9 110.2 7.6 213.2 14.7 - - - -
36 900 7.3 0.5 13.1 0.9 23.2 1.6 37.7 2.6 55.1 3.8 108.8 7.5 211.8 14.6 - - - -
40 1000 7.3 0.5 14.5 1.0 23.2 1.6 37.7 2.6 56.6 3.9 108.8 7.5 - - - - - -
Note:Pipe series designation:First Two digits indicate product series.

Final 2 digits indicate internal pressure class(bar).
Bondstrand 2400 Series - Product Data 3
Stiffness Factor per ASTM D2412 @21°C (@70°F)
Pipe Pressure Class

Size
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m lb•in N•m
2 50 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 238 27 429 49
3 80 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 114 13 208 24 344 39 768 87 1448 165
4 100 114 13 114 13 114 13 156 18 208 24 429 49 768 87 1665 190 3078 350
6 150 156 18 208 24 305 35 477 54 702 80 1347 153 2593 295 5368 611 10777 1227
8 200 344 39 385 44 640 73 990 113 1554 177 2910 331 5879 669 12432 1415 23944 2726
10 250 528 60 768 87 1251 142 1902 217 2910 331 5879 669 11176 1272 23944 2726 48089 5474
12 300 768 87 1251 142 2162 246 3252 370 4887 556 9637 1097 18965 2159 41958 4776 81568 9286
14 350 912 104 1554 177 2748 313 4436 505 6421 731 12871 1465 25312 2881 54790 6237 108384 12338
16 400 1251 142 2443 278 4014 457 6421 731 9637 1097 19545 2225 37266 4242 67294 7661 158981 18107
18 450 1665 190 3252 370 5368 611 8580 977 12871 1465 26015 2961 50258 5721 108384 12338 - -
20 500 2299 262 4436 505 7295 830 11585 1319 17293 1969 35491 4040 68640 7814 147168 16753 - -
24 600 3814 434 7295 830 13320 1516 20138 2292 30508 3473 60828 6925 119784 13636 - - - -
28 700 6421 731 12432 1415 21358 2431 34626 3942 51367 5847 102966 11721 202495 23052 - - - -
30 750 7920 902 15220 1733 26731 3043 42941 4888 63362 7213 125772 14318 250433 28509 - - - -
32 800 9537 1097 18396 2094 32114 3656 51367 5847 77093 8776 154029 17534 305397 34766 - - - -
36 900 13320 1516 26015 2961 44954 5117 72785 8286 108384 12338 216750 24674 429060 48843 - - - -
40 1000 17612 2094 36371 4140 63362 7213 101200 11520 151719 17271 301810 33938 - - - - - -
Pipe Stiffness per ASTM D2412 @21°C (@70°F)

Pipe
Pressure Class
Size
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar psi bar
2 50 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 602.8 41.6 1223.8 84.4 2149.5 148.2
3 80 171.6 11.8 171.6 11.8 171.6 11.8 171.6 11.8 171.6 11.8 308.9 21.3 502.7 34.7 1092.8 75.3 2003.0 138.1
4 100 81.9 5.6 81.9 5.6 81.9 5.6 111.7 7.7 147.8 10.2 299.7 20.7 527.7 36.4 1112.6 76.7 2001.4 138.0
6 150 33.0 2.3 43.7 3.0 63.8 4.4 98.8 6.8 144.5 10.0 273.2 18.8 516.2 35.6 1041.8 71.8 2028.4 139.9
8 200 32.0 2.2 35.8 2.5 59.1 4.1 90.8 6.3 141.3 9.7 260.9 18.0 516.8 35.6 1064.5 73.4 1991.9 137.3
10 250 24.7 1.7 35.8 2.5 57.9 4.0 87.4 6.0 132.7 9.1 263.9 18.2 492.9 34.0 1028.6 70.9 2003.6 138.1
12 300 21.2 1.5 34.3 2.4 58.9 4.1 88.0 6.1 131.2 9.0 254.9 17.6 492.4 33.9 1059.6 73.1 2000.5 137.9
14 350 19.0 1.3 32.2 2.2 56.6 3.9 90.6 6.2 130.3 9.0 257.2 17.7 496.5 34.2 1046.2 72.1 2008.4 138.5
16 400 17.5 1.2 33.9 2.3 55.3 3.8 87.9 6.1 130.9 9.0 261.4 18.0 489.5 33.7 866.6 59.7 1960.0 135.2
18 450 17.4 1.2 33.7 2.3 55.3 3.8 87.8 6.1 130.7 9.0 260.1 17.9 493.4 34.0 1036.0 71.4 - -
20 500 17.5 1.2 33.5 2.3 54.8 3.8 86.4 6.0 128.0 8.8 258.5 17.8 491.0 33.9 1025.3 70.7 - -
24 600 16.8 1.2 31.9 2.2 57.8 4.0 86.8 6.0 130.6 9.0 256.4 17.7 495.5 34.2 - - - -
28 700 16.0 1.1 30.7 2.1 52.4 3.6 84.4 5.8 124.3 8.6 245.4 16.9 473.7 32.7 - - - -
30 750 16.0 1.1 30.6 2.1 53.3 3.7 85.1 5.9 124.6 8.6 243.7 16.8 476.3 32.8 - - - -
32 800 16.1 1.1 30.5 2.1 52.8 3.6 83.9 5.8 124.9 8.6 245.9 17.0 478.5 33.0 - - - -
36 900 15.6 1.1 30.3 2.1 51.9 3.6 83.5 5.8 123.4 8.5 243.1 16.8 472.3 32.6 - - - -
40 1000 15.7 1.1 30.8 2.1 53.3 3.7 84.6 5.8 125.9 8.7 244.2 16.8 - - - - - -
4 Bondstrand 2400 Series - Product Data
Single Span Lengths
Pipe Pressure Class

Size
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
2 50 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.2 2.8 9.8 3.0 10.2 3.1
3 80 10.5 3.2 10.5 3.2 10.5 3.2 10.5 3.2 10.5 3.2 10.8 3.3 11.5 3.5 12.1 3.7 12.8 3.9
4 100 11.2 3.4 11.2 3.4 11.2 3.4 11.5 3.5 11.8 3.6 12.5 3.8 13.1 4.0 13.8 4.2 14.4 4.4
6 150 12.8 3.9 13.1 4.0 13.5 4.1 14.1 4.3 14.4 4.4 15.1 4.6 16.1 4.9 16.7 5.1 17.7 5.4
8 200 14.8 4.5 14.4 4.4 15.4 4.7 16.1 4.9 16.4 5.0 17.4 5.3 18.4 5.6 19.4 5.9 20.3 6.2
10 250 15.4 4.7 16.1 4.9 17.4 5.3 17.7 5.4 18.4 5.6 22.6 6.9 20.3 6.2 21.7 6.6 22.6 6.9
12 300 16.1 4.9 17.4 5.3 18.7 5.7 19.4 5.9 20.0 6.1 21.3 6.5 22.3 6.8 23.6 7.2 24.9 7.6
14 350 16.4 5.0 17.7 5.4 19.7 6.0 20.3 6.2 21.0 6.4 22.3 6.8 23.3 7.1 24.6 7.5 25.9 7.9
16 400 17.1 5.2 19.4 5.9 21.0 6.4 21.7 6.6 22.6 6.9 23.6 7.2 24.9 7.6 25.9 7.9 27.8 8.5
18 450 17.7 5.4 20.3 6.2 22.0 6.7 23.0 7.0 23.6 7.2 24.9 7.6 26.2 8.0 27.9 8.5 - -
20 500 19.0 5.8 21.3 6.5 23.3 7.1 23.9 7.3 24.9 7.6 26.2 8.0 27.6 8.4 29.2 8.9 - -
24 600 20.3 6.2 23.0 7.0 25.6 7.8 26.6 8.1 27.2 8.3 28.9 8.8 30.2 9.2 32.2 9.8 - -
28 700 22.0 6.7 24.9 7.6 27.6 8.4 28.9 8.8 29.9 9.1 31.5 9.6 33.1 10.1 - - - -
30 750 23.0 7.0 25.9 7.9 28.5 8.7 30.2 9.2 30.8 9.4 32.5 9.9 34.4 10.5 - - - -
32 800 23.6 7.2 26.6 8.1 29.5 9.0 30.8 9.4 31.8 9.7 33.8 10.3 35.4 10.8 - - - -
36 900 24.9 7.6 28.2 8.6 31.2 9.5 32.8 10.0 33.8 10.3 35.8 10.9 37.7 11.5 - - - -
40 1000 26.2 8.0 29.9 9.1 33.1 10.1 34.8 10.6 35.8 10.9 37.4 11.4 - - - - - -
Continuous Span Lengths
Pipe Pressure Class

Size
2410 2412 2414 2416 2420 2425 2432 2440 2450
in mm ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m ft m
2 50 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 13.8 4.2 14.8 4.5 15.4 4.7
3 80 15.7 4.8 15.7 4.8 15.7 4.8 15.7 4.8 15.7 4.8 16.4 5.0 17.1 5.2 18.0 5.5 19.0 5.8
4 100 16.7 5.1 16.7 5.1 16.7 5.1 17.1 5.2 17.7 5.4 18.7 5.7 19.4 5.9 20.7 6.3 21.3 6.5
6 150 19.0 5.8 19.7 6.0 20.3 6.2 21.0 6.4 21.7 6.6 22.6 6.9 23.9 7.3 25.3 7.7 26.6 8.1
8 200 22.0 6.7 22.0 6.7 23.0 7.0 23.9 7.3 24.6 7.5 25.9 7.9 27.2 8.3 28.9 8.8 30.2 9.2
10 250 23.9 7.3 24.9 7.6 25.9 7.9 26.6 8.1 27.6 8.4 29.2 8.9 30.5 9.3 32.2 9.8 33.8 10.3
12 300 25.9 7.9 26.9 8.2 28.2 8.6 29.2 8.9 30.2 9.2 31.8 9.7 33.5 10.2 35.4 10.8 37.1 11.3
14 350 26.9 8.2 28.2 8.6 29.5 9.0 30.5 9.3 31.5 9.6 33.1 10.1 35.1 10.7 37.1 11.3 38.7 11.8
16 400 28.5 8.7 30.2 9.2 31.5 9.6 32.5 9.9 33.8 10.3 35.4 10.8 37.4 11.4 39.0 11.9 41.8 12.7
18 450 30.2 9.2 31.8 9.7 33.1 10.1 34.1 10.4 35.4 10.8 37.4 11.4 39.0 11.9 41.3 12.6 - -
20 500 31.8 9.7 33.5 10.2 34.8 10.6 36.1 11.0 37.1 11.3 39.4 12.0 41.3 12.6 43.6 13.3 - -
24 600 34.8 10.6 36.4 11.1 38.4 11.7 39.4 12.0 40.7 12.4 43.0 13.1 45.3 13.8 47.9 14.6 - -
28 700 38.1 11.6 40.0 12.2 41.7 12.7 43.3 13.2 44.6 13.6 47.2 14.4 49.5 15.1 - - - -
30 750 39.4 12.0 41.3 12.6 43.3 13.2 44.9 13.7 46.3 14.1 48.9 14.9 51.5 15.7 - - - -
32 800 40.7 12.4 42.7 13.0 44.6 13.6 46.3 14.1 47.9 14.6 50.5 15.4 53.1 16.2 - - - -
36 900 43.0 13.1 45.3 13.8 47.2 14.4 49.2 15.0 50.5 15.4 53.5 16.3 56.4 17.2 - - - -
40 1000 45.3 13.8 47.9 14.6 49.9 15.2 51.8 15.8 53.5 16.3 56.4 17.2 - - - - - -
Note: Span lengths are at 21°C (70°F).
Typical Mechanical Properties

70°F 21°C 200°F 93°C
Pipe Property Method
psi N/mm2 psi N/mm2
Hydrostatic Design Basis 23,351 161(1) 17,549 121 ASTM D2992, Proc. B (20 ans)
Ultimate Hoop Stress at Weeping 40,610 280 48,442 334 ASTM D1599
Circumferential
Hoop Tensile Modulus 3.87 x 10 6 26,700 2.36 x 10 6 16,300 ASTM D2290
Poisson’s Ratio Qha(2) 0.61 0.80 NOV FGS
Longitudinal
Axial Tensile Strength 11,603 80 9,427 65 ASTM D2105
Axial Strength Modulus 2.24 x 106 15,500 1.24 x 106 8,550 ASTM D2105
Poisson’s Ratio, Qha(3) 0.35 0.42 ASTM D2105
Axial Bending Strength 12,328 85 - NOV FGS
Axial Bending Modulus 2.24 x 10 6 15,500 1.43 x 10 6 9,900 ASTM D2925
Shear Modulus 1.75 x 10 6 12,100 1.66 x 10 6 11,500 NOV FGS
Typical Physical Properties

Pipe Property Value Value Method
Thermal Conductivity Pipe Wall 0.19 BTU/hr•ft•°F 0.33 W/m°C NOV FGS
Thermal Expansion 12.0 x 10 -6 in/in °F 21.6 x 10 -6 mm/mm °C ASTM D696
Flow Efficient, Hazen Williams 150 -
Absolute Roughness 17.0 x 10 -6 ft 5.3 x 10 -6 m -
Density 112.4 lb/ft 3 1800 kg/m 3 -
Specific Gravity 1.8 ASTM D792
Specific Heat 0.22 BTU/lb °F 910 J/kg °C -
Grounding Resistance @ 500 Volt-Pipe <0.3 x 10 -6 Ohm.ft <1 x 10 -6 Ohm/m ASTM D257
-6 -6
Grounding Resistance @ 500 Volt-Ftg. <1 x 10 Ohm/pc <1 x 10 Ohm/pc ASTM D257
Shielding Capability 100 Volt -
(1)
value obtained at 65°C
(2 )
Qha = The ratio of axial strain to hoop strain resulting from stress in the hoop direction.
(3)
Qah = The ratio of hoop strain to axial strain resulting from stress in the axial direction.
National Oilwell Varco has produced this brochure for general Fiber Glass Systems
information only, and it is not intended for design purposes. Although 17115 San Pedro Avenue, Ste 200
every effort has been made to maintain the accuracy and reliability of
its contents, National Oilwell Varco in no way assumes responsibility
San Antonio, Texas 78232 USA
for liability for any loss, damage or injury resulting from the use of Phone: 210 477 7500
information and data herein nor is any warranty expressed or implied. Fax: 210 477 7560
Always cross-reference the bulletin date with the most current version
listed at the web site noted in this literature.
© 2019 National Oilwell Varco | All rights reserved

CI2400ENG April 2019
Annexure - VII
CPI TECHNICAL DATASHEET

( FOR REFERENCE )

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L&TCONSTRUCTION

FRP/GRP /GRE PRODUCTS

SR.NO. PARTICULARS ANNEXURE

1 TECHNICAL DATASHEET ANNEXURE - I

2 DESIGN CALCULATION ANNEXURE - II

3 LONG TERM TEST REPORT ANNEXURE - III

4 BURST PRESSURE TEST REPORT ANNEXURE - IV

5 ENGINEERING & PIPING DESIGN GUIDE ANNEXURE - V

NOV FIBERGLASS GRE PIPING TECHNICAL DATASHEET

7 CPI TECHNICAL DATASHEET ( FOR REFERENCE ) ANNEXURE - VII

CONTRACTOR L & T CONSTRUCTION, CHENNAI

CONSULTANT ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED

CLIENT HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

DOCUMENT NO. SIIL-3860/TD/01

SUNRISE INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LTD.

Correspondence Address : Regd.Office & Works :

0 04.05.2019 ISSSUED FOR APPROVAL JITESH VARA VARGHESE JOY

CONTRACTOR L & T CONSTRUCTION, CHENNAI

CONSULTANT ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED

CLIENT HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

DOCUMENT NO. SIIL-3860/DC/01

SUNRISE INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LTD.

Correspondence Address : Regd.Office & Works :

0 04.05.2019 ISSSUED FOR APPROVAL JITESH VARA VARGHESE JOY

CALCULATION FOR PIPE THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

Here, Required Thickness is 0.5 mm, However we have considered 2 mm Thickness

CALCULATION FOR PIPE THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

CALCULATION FOR PIPE THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

CALCULATION FOR FITTING THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

Here, Required Thickness is 0.6 mm, However we have considered 3 mm Thickness

CALCULATION FOR FITTING THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

CALCULATION FOR FITTING THICKNESS

S = P*(D - t R ) / 2*t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

LONG TERM TEST REPORT

BURST PRESSURE TEST REPORT

ENGINEERING & PIPING

SUNRISE INDUSTRIES (INDIA) LTD.

Where Nr is the dimensionless Reynolds Number

Corrosive or erosive fluids

These equations are quickly solved using a computer

Sunoplast Pipe Pressure Loss Curves for Water

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

TABLE 1.1 Flow Resistance coefficients for Fittings

Fitting/Size (In.) 1 1½ 2 3 4 6 8-10 12-16 18-24

TABLE 1.2 Typical Liquid Properties

Where QT = Transition Flow Rate

D = Inside Diameter (in.)

(1) All Specific Gravity based on air = 1.0 at 70° F.

Restrained System Design

Figure 2.1 B. Guide Design

Typical Guide Usage

Typical supports requiring support saddles are shown in

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)

S = P(D - t R ) / 2t R (As per Clause No. 3.1.8 - ASTM D 2992)