The document provides information about a workshop on sewage treatment plant design held in Gujarat, India. It discusses the history of sewage treatment, which began with drainage and treatment by dilution in ancient civilizations. A key development was the discovery of the activated sludge process in 1914. It also summarizes John Snow's role in identifying contaminated water as the source of a 1854 cholera outbreak in London, which led to improved water treatment. The document outlines characteristics used to analyze sewage, standards for discharge, and describes typical unit operations in sewage treatment plants like screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers, aeration tanks, and anaerobic digesters. It provides design parameters and equations for sizing various treatment units
The document provides information about a workshop on sewage treatment plant design held in Gujarat, India. It discusses the history of sewage treatment, which began with drainage and treatment by dilution in ancient civilizations. A key development was the discovery of the activated sludge process in 1914. It also summarizes John Snow's role in identifying contaminated water as the source of a 1854 cholera outbreak in London, which led to improved water treatment. The document outlines characteristics used to analyze sewage, standards for discharge, and describes typical unit operations in sewage treatment plants like screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers, aeration tanks, and anaerobic digesters. It provides design parameters and equations for sizing various treatment units
The document provides information about a workshop on sewage treatment plant design held in Gujarat, India. It discusses the history of sewage treatment, which began with drainage and treatment by dilution in ancient civilizations. A key development was the discovery of the activated sludge process in 1914. It also summarizes John Snow's role in identifying contaminated water as the source of a 1854 cholera outbreak in London, which led to improved water treatment. The document outlines characteristics used to analyze sewage, standards for discharge, and describes typical unit operations in sewage treatment plants like screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers, aeration tanks, and anaerobic digesters. It provides design parameters and equations for sizing various treatment units
The document provides information about a workshop on sewage treatment plant design held in Gujarat, India. It discusses the history of sewage treatment, which began with drainage and treatment by dilution in ancient civilizations. A key development was the discovery of the activated sludge process in 1914. It also summarizes John Snow's role in identifying contaminated water as the source of a 1854 cholera outbreak in London, which led to improved water treatment. The document outlines characteristics used to analyze sewage, standards for discharge, and describes typical unit operations in sewage treatment plants like screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers, aeration tanks, and anaerobic digesters. It provides design parameters and equations for sizing various treatment units
1 1. History of sewage treatment Drainage (Treatment by dilution) - Indus Valley 2500-3000 BCE
2 1. History of sewage treatment – Activated Sludge Process
Lawrence Research Lab,
Massachusetts where Arden & Lockett discovered the Activated Sludge Process in 1914
3 1854 Cholera Epidemic of London
4 1854 Cholera Epidemic of London
5 • John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858[1]) was an English physician and a leader in the adoption of anesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. His findings inspired fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world.
• John Snow was one of the first physicians to study and
calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.
• He personally administered chloroform to Queen
Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatricein 1857,[11] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia Source- The Ghost Map by Steven Johnson and Wikipedia 6 1850 Cholera Epidemic of London • In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. • British scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination by sewage water. • He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this paved the way for water disinfection. • Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking water. • This discovery led to governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first government regulation of public water.
7 2. Sewage - Characterization Macro-pollutants • pH • Chemical Oxygen Demand • Total Organic Carbon • Biological Oxygen Demand • Total Nitrogen • Nitrates & Nitrites • Ammonical Nitrogen • Total Phosphorous • Coliform Count • Bio-Assay Micro-pollutants • Endocrine Disrupting Hormones- Estrogen etc. • Pharmaceuticals
8 2. Sewage - Characterization Chemical Oxygen Demand – The amount of oxygen consumed to digest all organic matter present in wastewater. Unit mg/l
Biological Oxygen Demand – The amount of oxygen consumed to digest
all organic matter by bacterial activity in 5 days and at 20 C temperature. Unit mg/l
9 2.1 National Discharge standards Refer the following links for more detailed standards: 1. STP Workshop\Dischagre Standards CPCB_MOEF.pdf 2. STP Workshop\Dischagre Standards CPCB_MOEF_Latest.pdf 3. www.moef.co.in
10 2.2 Implications of each water quality parameters Parameter Implications on receiving body pH Acidity & Basicity BOD or COD Oxygen Uptake / Demand and ultimately Dissolved Oxygen Nitrogen/ Phosphorous Nutrient supply through which Eutrophication takes place and ultimately the DO levels Total Coliform Pathogenicity / Disease causing potential Total Suspended Solids Turbidity (Can also contribute to the BOD through the biodegradable part of TSS )
11 3. Typical process flow diagram of a Sewage Treatment Plant
12 Source: Google Images 4. Unit operation and their target parameters Unit Operation Target parameter Screen – Filter debris >4-6 mm for protecting the plant pumps and Fine/Coarse other machinery from wear and tear Grit Chamber Grit removal for protecting the plant pumps and other machinery from wear and tear
Primary Clarifier Remove Total Suspended Solid and some COD
Aeration tank COD/BOD/Ammonical Nitorgen removal Secondary Clarifier Remove Biological Sludge and recycle Chlorine Contact Disinfection Tank Anaerobic Digester Digestion of waste sludge and solids reduction 13 4.1 Fine Screens • Removes Particles >4-6 mm • Protects Plant Machinery form wear and tear • Principle of operation is Mechanical Screening • Typically installed in a channel • Design Parameters : STP Workshop\1. Fine Screen Design Parameters.pdf
14 4.1 Fine Screens
Source: CPHEEO manual for STP design
15 4.1 Fine Screens - Types
Rotary Drum Screen
16 5. Grit Chamber • Removes Grit • Protects Plant Machinery form wear and tear • Principle of operation is Gravity Settling • Design Parameters : STP Workshop\Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment (CPHEEO)\Part A Engineering\Chapter 5.pdf
Design parameter: • Surface Overflow Rate in cum/sqm-day • Weir Loading rate in cum/m-day • Side water Depth • Retention time
Source: Google Images, Monroe Environmental
19 5. Primary Sedimentation: Surface Overflow rate Surface Overflow Rate (SOR) = Flowrate (cum/day) / Cross Sectional area of Clarifier (sqm) In more simpler terms it is the vertical up flow velocity in the clarifier
20 5. Primary Sedimentation: Lamella Clarifier Design parameter: • Surface Overflow Rate in cum/sqm- day • Weir Loading rate in cum/m-day • Side water depth • Plate spacing • Plate inclination • Velocity through each plate • Retention time
21 6. Biological Treatment- Activated Sludge Process (CSTR reactor)
22 6. Biological Treatment- ASP and Modifications
23 6.1 Biological Treatment- Design Equations • The design basis for the design and sizing of aeration tank in biological treatment is governed by Michalis- Menten Enzyme Substrate reaction. • http://elte.prompt.hu/sites/default/files/tananyagok/IntroductionTo PracticalBiochemistry/ch09s02.html
24 6.1 Biological Treatment- Design Equations • Firstly, make select SRT and make initial guess for NOx and solve the below equation:
𝑄𝑌 𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆 𝑄𝑌𝑓𝑑 𝑘𝑑 (𝑆𝑜 −𝑆)𝑆𝑅𝑇 𝑄𝑌𝑛 (𝑁𝑂𝑥 )
𝑃𝑋,𝑏𝑖𝑜 = + + 1 − (𝑘𝑑 )𝑆𝑅𝑇 1 − (𝑘𝑑 )𝑆𝑅𝑇 1 − (𝑘𝑑𝑛 )𝑆𝑅𝑇 where, o Px,bio = Rate of biomass generation (kg/day) o Q= Influent flow rate o So= Influent bCOD o S= Effluent bCOD desired o SRT= Sludge Retention Time selected o Y= Biomass Yield (Maximum Bacterial Growth Rate / Maximum Substrate Utilization Rate) o fd= fraction of biomass undergoing endogenous decay o kd= Endogenous decay coefficient o NOx= TKN oxidized
25 6.2 Biological Treatment- Design Equations • Then, solve the below equation to calculate NOx, 𝑁𝑂𝑥 = 𝑇𝐾𝑁 − 𝑁𝑒 − 0.12𝑃𝑋,𝑏𝑖𝑜 /𝑄 • If the NOx concentration calculated is not same as the assumed initially then iterate until we reach convergence. • Then after 𝑃𝑋,𝑏𝑖𝑜 is calculated, calculate 𝑃𝑋,𝑉𝑆𝑆 & 𝑃𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 based on equation below: 𝑃𝑋,𝑉𝑆𝑆 = 𝑃𝑋,𝑏𝑖𝑜 + 𝑄(𝑛𝑏𝑉𝑆𝑆) 𝑃𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 = (𝑃𝑋,𝑏𝑖𝑜 /0.85) + 𝑄(𝑛𝑏𝑉𝑆𝑆) + 𝑄(𝑇𝑆𝑆𝑜 − 𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑜) • After calculating Total Solids production, calculate the volume of aeration tank based on a selected MLSS concentration: 𝑋𝑉𝑆𝑆 . 𝑉𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑃𝑋,𝑉𝑆𝑆 )𝑆𝑅𝑇 • 𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 . 𝑉𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑃𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 )𝑆𝑅𝑇 • Check, the F/M ratio based on the below equation: 𝐹 𝑄𝑆𝑜 = 𝑀 𝑋𝑉 • If the F/M ratio is not within the prescribed limits then change SRT to bring it within the limits.
28 6.3 Secondary Sedimentation- Activated Sludge Floc under microscope
GOOD FLOC- Activated
Sludge Floc
29 6.4 Activated Sludge Poor Floc- Under Microscope
Floc with High Flagellates Floc with High Filamentous Stalked Ciliates, Amoeba resulting from low F/M ratio Bacteria resulting from high F/M ratio
30 Source: http://www.havasuwatersavers.org/wastewater_treatment.php 31 6.4 Process Control Activated Sludge Process
32 7.1 Disinfection- Chlorination • Picked up only after World War-1 once the production of Cl gas was economical • Involves adding chlorine as a strong oxidizing agent to essentially oxidize the cell wall and cause cell lysis (death) • Typical dosing 5-7 mg/l can be calculated based on Watson Chicks Law and CT value (Contact time * Concentration) • Residual Property • Disinfection by-products are carcinogenic
33 7.1 Disinfection- Chlorination (Distribution of Chlorine based on pH)
34 7.1 Disinfection- Chlorination
35 7.1 Disinfection- Chlorination Some design considerations • Very harmful gas when inhaled and can be fatal if inhaled in certain amount • Safety considerations like neutralization pit, scrubber, personal protective equipment to be made mandatory while handling Chlorine for plant personnel
Chlorine toners standard size 500 kg and 990 kg
36 7.1 Disinfection- Chlorination
Chlorine Contact Tank
37 7.2 Disinfection- Ultraviolet radiation • Dosing is measured in mW/cm2
• Does not produce disinfection
by-products
• Disadvantage when the water
is turbid as the particle can cause a shielding effect
39 7.3 Disinfection- Ozonation • Dosing is measured in mg/l
• Does not produce disinfection
by-products which are carcinogenic
• Low risk of handling compared
to chlorine. As no chemical handling is involved
• Need safety equipment when
near the ozone generator
• Expensive equipment compared to Chlorine
• High power cost compared to
UV and Chlorine
40 8. Design - Stages 1. Population estimation and forecast 2. Design period 20,30 years or so 3. Determine ideal process based on TYPE OF INFLUENT WATER 4. Process Design based on FLOW and HOURS OF OPERATION 5. Layout based on available land 6. Hydraulic Design based on FSL of receiving sump (U/G) based on head loss between each unit. Preparing HFD 7. Sizing Electromechanical Equipments and Piping schedule 8. Preparation of General Arrangement Drawing (GAD) 9. Structural Design based on GAD, Process Design and HFD 10. Other utilities
41 8.1. Design – Manual of Reference • Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, India • Water Environment Federation (WEF), MOPs
Other technical references:
• Water quality engineering by Mark Benjamin & Desmond Lawler • Metcalf & Eddy
42 8.2 Process Design- Example 35 MLD WTP example file.pdf Learnings on how to size 1. Cascade Aerator 2. Parshall Flume 3. Flash Mixer 4. Clariflocculator 5. Sand Filter 6. Chlorine Contact tank
43 8.3 Hydraulic Design- Example 7.5 MLD STP Workshop\Design\STP design_7.5MLD_Dhandhuka.pdf
STP Workshop\7) HFD.pdf
44 8.4 Hydraulic Design- Typical
45 8.7 Typical P&ID • STP Workshop\8) P&ID.pdf
46 9. Recent Advances in Activated Sludge Process- SBRs
47 9. Recent Advances in Activated Sludge Process- Granular ASP (Nereda)
48 9. Recent Advances in Activated Sludge Process- Granular ASP (Nereda) https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/nereda
