Department of Mechanical Engineering Dynamics of Machinery

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dynamics of Machinery
UNIT -1 FORCE ANALYSIS & FLYWHEELS

PART - A
1. What are the conditions for a body to be in static and dynamic equilibrium?
Necessary and sufficient conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are
1. Vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero.
2. The vector sum of the moments of all forces acting about any arbitrary point or
axis is zero.
First condition is the sufficient condition for static equilibrium together with
second condition is necessary for dynamic equilibrium.
2. Define static force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses.
However, the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally
applied loads. Hence inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis
is known as static force analysis.
3. Define force and applied force.

Force is a push or pull, which acts on a body changes or tends to change, the state
of rest or of uniform motion of the body. A force is completely characterized by its
point of application, its magnitude and direction.
The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system are called
applied force. The applied forces are classified as active and reactive force.
4. Defines Newton’s II law.

Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to Force acting on
it.
5. Which law helps to measure a force quantitatively?

Newton‟s second law helps us to measure a force quantitatively.
6. Distinguish between space diagram and free body diagram.

A space diagram is a graphical description of the system. It generally shows the
shape and size of the system, the weight, the externally applied loads, the
connection and the supports of the system.
A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the
pertinent weight forces, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its
supports and connections acting upon it by the removed elements.
7. When will the two force member is in equilibrium?

The member under the action of two force will be in equilibrium if,
1. The two forces are of same magnitude,
2. The forces act along the same line, and
3. The forces are in opposite direction
8. Give any three advantages of free body diagram.
1. Free body diagram assist in seeing and understanding all aspects of problem.
2. They help in planning the approach to the problem.
3. They make mathematical relations easier to the problem.
9. When will the three force member is in equilibrium.

A body or member will be in equilibrium under the action of three forces if,
1. The resultant of the forces is zero, and
2. The line of action of the forces intersects at a point.
10. Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis.
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia forces are produced due to their
masses. If the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally
applied loads, they can be neglected while analyzing the mechanism. Such an
analysis is known as static force analysis.
11. What do you mean by inertia?

The property of matter offering resistance to any change of its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line is known as inertia.
12. State D’Alembert’s principle.
D‟Alembert‟s principle states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external
forces and torques acting on a body together result in statical equilibrium.
In other words, the vector sum of all external forces acting upon a system of rigid
bodies is zero. The vector sum of all external moments and inertia torques acting
upon a system of rigid bodies is also separately zero.
13. How you will reduce a dynamic analysis probloem into an equivalent
problem of static equilibrium?
By applying D‟Alembert‟s principle to a dynamic analysis problem, we can reduce

it into an equivalent problem of static equilibrium.
14. What do you mean by Equivalent offset inertia force?
Equivalent offset inertia force is the force which can replace both inertia force and
inertia torque.
15. State the principle of super position.
The principle of super position states that for linear systems the individual
responses to several disturbances or driving functions can be superposed on each
other to obtain the total response of the system.
16. Give one example each for linear and non-linear system.
Linear system: Example: Spring system.

Non-linear system: Example: Systems with static or coulomb friction, backlash.
Principle of super position has a limitation that it cannot be applied for non-linear
systems.
When the connecting rod is large the piston executes simple harmonic motion.
17. Define Piston effort.
Piston effort is defined as the net or effective force applied on the piston, along the
line of stroke. It is also known as effective driving force (or) net load on the
gudgeon pin.
18. What do you mean by crank effort or turning moment on the crank shaft?
It is the product of the crank-pin effort (FT) and crank pin radius (r).
19. Define compound pendulum or torsional pendulum.
A rigid body suspended vertically at a point and oscillating with very small
amplitude under the action of gravitational force is known as compound pendulum
or torsional pendulum.
20. What are the requirements of an equivalent dynamical system?
1. The mass of the rigid body must be equal to the sum of masses of two
concentrated masses. i.e. m1 + m2 = m
2. The centre of gravity of the two masses must coincide with the centre of gravity
of the rigid body. i.e. m1l1 = m2l2
3. The sum of mass moment of inertia of two masses about their centre of gravity
is equal to the mass moment of inertia of the rigid body. i.e. l1 . l2 = (kG)2
21. What are the forces acting on the connecting rod?
1. Inertia force of the reciprocating parts (FI) acting along the line of stroke.
2. The side thrust between the cross head and the guide bars acting at P and right
angles to line of stroke.
3. Weight of the connecting rod.
4. Inertia force of the connecting rod (FC).
5. The radial force (FR) parallel to crank, and

6. The tangential force (FT) acting perpendicular to crank.
22. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various
position of the crank.
In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (Y-axis)
and crank angle as abscissa (X-axis)
23. Define Inertia force.
The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings
it in an equilibrium position.
Inertia force = - Accelerating force = - ma
24. Differentiate the function of flywheel and governor.
1. The function of flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed during a cycle

above and below the mean value for constant load from prime mover. The function
of governor is to control the mean speed over a period for output load variations.
2. Flywheel works continuously from cycle to cycle. Governor works

intermittently, i.e. only when there is change in the load.
3. Flywheel has no influence on mean speed of the prime mover. Governor has no
influence over cyclic speed fluctuations.
25. Define Inertia Torque.
The inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when applied upon the rigid body,
brings it in equilibrium position. It is equal to the accelerating couple in magnitude
by opposite in direction.
26. What do you understand by the fluctuations of energy and maximum

fluctuation of energy?
The variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line are called
fluctuations of energy.
The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies is known as
maximum fluctuation of energy.
27. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
It is the rat6io of maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle.
28. What is meant by maximum fluctuation of speed?
The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is
called maximum fluctuation of speed.
29. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the
coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
30. List out the few machines in which flywheel are used.
1. Punching machines, 2. Shearing machines, 3.Riveting machines, and 4.Crushing

machines.
31. What is cam dynamics?
Cam dynamics is the study of cam follower system with considering the dynamic
forces and torques developed in it.
PART - B
1. The crank and connecting rod of a reciprocating engine are 200 mm and 700
mm respectively. The crank is rotating in clockwise direction at 120 rad/s.
Find 1. Velocity and acceleration of the piston, 2. Velocity and acceleration
of the mid point of the connecting rod, and 3. Angular velocity and angular
acceleration of the connecting rod, at the instant when the crank is at 30° to
I.D.C. (inner dead centre).
2. If the crank and the connecting rod are 300 mm and 1 m long respectively
and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200 r.p.m., determine:1. The
crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs, and 2. Maximum
velocity of the piston.
3. The crank and connecting rod of a steam engine are 0.3 m and 1.5 m in
length. The crank rotates at 180 r.p.m. clockwise. Determine the velocity
and acceleration of the piston when the crank is at 40 degrees from the inner
dead centre position. Also determine the position of the crank for zero
acceleration of the piston.
4. The crank-pin circle radius of a horizontal engine is 300 mm. The mass of
the reciprocating parts is 250 kg. When the crank has travelled 60° from
I.D.C., the difference between the driving and the back pressures is 0.35
N/mm2. The connecting rod length between centres is 1.2 m and the
cylinder bore is 0.5 m. If the engine runs at 250 r.p.m. and if the effect of
piston rod diameter is neglected, calculate :1. pressure on slide bars, 2. thrust
in the connecting rod, 3. tangential force on the crank-pin, and 4. turning
moment on the crank shaft. (2010)
5. A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300 mm diameter and
450 mm stroke and runs at 200 r.p.m. The reciprocating parts has a mass of
225 kg and the piston rod is 50 mm diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2 m
long. When the crank has turned through 125° from the top dead centre, the
steam pressure above the piston is 30 kN/m2and below the piston is 1.5
kN/m2. Calculate the effective turning moment on the crank shaft.
6. The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine, running at 1800 r.p.m.are
50 mm and 200 mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80 mm and
the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1 kg. At a point during the power
stroke, the pressure on the piston is 0.7 N/mm2, when it has moved 10 mm
from the inner dead centre. Determine :1. Net load on the gudgeon pin, 2.
Thrust in the connecting rod, 3. Reaction between the piston and cylinder,
and 4. The engine speed at which the above values become zero.
(2011)
7. During a trial on steam engine, it is found that the acceleration of the piston
is 36 m/s2 when the crank has moved 30° from the inner dead centre
position. The net effective steam pressure on the piston is 0.5 N/mm2 and
the frictional resistance is equivalent to a force of 600 N. The diameter of the
piston is 300 mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 180 kg. If the
length of the crank is 300 mm and the ratio of the connecting rod length to
the crank length is 4.5, find: 1. Reaction on the guide bars, 2. Thrust on the
crank shaft bearings, and 3. Turning moment on the crank shaft.
8. A vertical petrol engine 100 mm diameter and 120 mm stroke has a

connecting rod 250 mm long. The mass of the piston is 1.1 kg. The speed is
2000 r.p.m. On the expansion stroke with a crank 20° from top dead centre,
the gas pressure is 700 kN/m2. Determine: 1. Net force on the piston, 2.
Resultant load on the gudgeon pin, 3. Thrust on the cylinder walls, and 4.
Speed above which, other things remaining same, the gudgeon pin load
would be reversed in direction.
9. A horizontal steam engine running at 120 r.p.m. has a bore of 250 mm and a
stroke of 400 mm. The connecting rod is 0.6 m and mass of the reciprocating
parts is 60 kg. When the crank has turned through an angle of 45° from the
inner dead centre, the steam pressure on the cover end side is 550 kN/m2
and that on the crank end side is 70 kN/m2. Considering the diameter of the
piston rod equal to 50 mm, determine: 1. turning moment on the crank shaft,
2. thrust on the bearings, and 3. acceleration of the flywheel, if the power of
the engine is 20 kW, mass of the flywheel 60 kg and radius of gyration 0.6
m.
10. The connecting rod of a gasoline engine is 300 mm long between its centres.
It has a mass of 15 kg and mass moment of inertia of 7000 kg-mm2. Its
centre of gravity is at 200 mm from its small end centre. Determine the
dynamical equivalent two-mass system of the connecting rod if one of the
masses is located at the small end centre.
11. A connecting rod is suspended from a point 25 mm above the centre of small
end, and 650 mm above its centre of gravity, its mass being 37.5 kg. When
permitted to oscillate, the time period is found to be 1.87 seconds. Find the
dynamical equivalent system constituted of two masses, one of which is
located at the small end centre. (2010)
12. The following data relate to a connecting rod of a reciprocating engine:

Mass = 55 kg; Distance between bearing centres = 850 mm; Diameter of
small end bearing = 75 mm; Diameter of big end bearing = 100 mm; Time
of oscillation when the connecting rod is suspended from small end = 1.83 s;
Time of oscillation when the connecting rod is suspended from big end =
1.68 s. Determine: 1. the radius of gyration of the rod about an axis passing
through the centre of gravity and perpendicular to the plane of oscillation; 2.
the moment of inertia of the rod about the same axis; and 3. the dynamically
equivalent system for the connecting rod, constituted of two masses, one of
which is situated at the small end centre.
13. A connecting rod of an I.C. engine has a mass of 2 kg and the distance
between the centre of gudgeon pin and centre of crank pin is 250 mm. The
C.G. falls at a point 100 mm from the gudgeon pin along the line of centres.
The radius of gyration about an axis through the C.G. perpendicular to the
plane of rotation is 110 mm. Find the equivalent dynamical system if only
one of the masses is located at gudgeon pin. If the connecting rod is replaced
by two masses, one at the gudgeon pin and the other at the crank pin and the
angular acceleration of the rod is 23 000 rad/s2 clockwise, determine the
correction couple applied to the system to reduce it to a dynamically
equivalent system.
14. The crank and connecting rod lengths of an engine are 125 mm and 500 mm
respectively. The mass of the connecting rod is 60 kg and its centre of
gravity is 275 mm from the crosshead pin centre, the radius of gyration
about centre of gravity being 150 mm. If the engine speed is 600 r.p.m. for a
crank position of 45° from the inner dead centre, determine,1.
theacceleration of the piston; 2. the magnitude, position and direction of

inertia force due to the mass of the connecting rod.
15. The following data refer to a steam engine:

Diameter of piston = 240 mm; stroke = 600 mm ;length of connecting rod =
1.5 m ; mass of reciprocating parts = 300 kg; mass of connecting rod = 250
kg; speed = 125 r.p.m ; centre of gravity of connecting rod from crank pin =
500 mm ; radius of gyration of the connecting rod about an axis through the
centre of gravity = 650 mm. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
torque exerted on the crankshaft when the crank has turned through 30° from
inner dead centre.
16. A vertical engine running at 1200 r.p.m. with a stroke of 110 mm, has a
connecting rod 250 mm between centres and mass 1.25 kg. The mass centre
of the connecting rod is 75 mm from the big end centre and when suspended
as a pendulum from the gudgeon pin axis makes 21 complete oscillations in
20 seconds.
1. Calculate the radius of gyration of the connecting rod about an axis
through its mass centre.
2. When the crank is at 40° from the top dead centre and the piston is
moving downwards, find analytically, the acceleration of the piston and the
angular acceleration of the connecting rod. Hence find the inertia torque
exerted on the crankshaft. To make the two-mass system to be dynamically
equivalent to the connecting rod, necessary correction torque has to be
applied and since the engine is vertical, gravity effects are to be considered.
17. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following
scales :Turning moment, 1 mm = 5 N-m ; crank angle, 1 mm = 1°. The
turning moment diagram repeats itself at every half revolution of the engine
and the areas above and below the mean turning moment line taken in order
are 295, 685, 40, 340, 960, 270 mm2. The rotating parts are equivalent to a
mass of 36 kg at a radius of gyration of 150 mm. Determine the coefficient
of fluctuation of speed when the engine runs at 1800 r.p.m.
18. The turning moment diagram for a multicylinder engine has been drawn to
a scale 1 mm = 600 N-m vertically and 1 mm = 3° horizontally. The
intercepted areas between the output torque curve and the mean resistance
line, taken in order from one end, are as follows: + 52, – 124, + 92, – 140, +
85, – 72 and + 107 mm2, when the engine is running at a speed of 600 r.p.m.
If the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed +1.5% of the mean, find the
necessary mass of the flywheel of radius 0.5 m.
19. A shaft fitted with a flywheel rotates at 250 r.p.m. and drives a machine.
The torque of machine varies in a cyclic manner over a period of 3
revolutions. The torque rises from 750 N-m to 3000 N-m uniformly during
1/2 revolution and remains constant for the following revolution. It then falls
uniformly to 750 N-m during the next 1/2 revolution and remains constant
for one revolution, the cycle being repeated thereafter. Determine the power
required to drive the machine and percentage fluctuation in speed, if the
driving torque applied to the shaft is constant and the mass of the flywheel is
500 kg with radius of gyration of 600 mm.
(May 2013)
20. During forward stroke of the piston of the double acting steam engine, the
turning moment has the maximum value of 2000 N-m when the crank makes
an angle of 80° with the inner dead centre. During the backward stroke, the
maximum turning moment is 1500 N-m when the crank makes an angle of
80° with the outer dead centre. The turning moment diagram for the engine
may be assumed for simplicity to be represented by two triangles. If the
crank makes 100 r.p.m. and the radius of gyration of the flywheel is 1.75 m,
find the coefficient of fluctuation of energy and the mass of the flywheel to
keep the speed within ± 0.75% of the mean speed. Also determine the crank
angle at which the speed has its minimum and maximum values.
21. The turning moment curve for an engine is represented by the equation,
T = (20 000 + 9500 sin 2θ– 5700 cos 2θ) N-m, where θis the angle
moved by the crank from inner dead centre. If the resisting torque is
constant, find: 1. Power developed by the engine ; 2. Moment of inertia of
flywheel in kg-m2, if the total fluctuation of speed is not exceed 1% of mean
speed which is 180 r.p.m; and 3. Angular acceleration of the flywheel when
the crank has turned through 45° from inner dead centre. (2010, 2012)
22. The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to
a scale of 1 mm to 500 N-m torque and 1 mm to 6° of crank displacement.
The intercepted areas between output torque curve and mean resistance line
taken in order from one end, in sq. mm are – 30, + 410, – 280, + 320, – 330,
+ 250, – 360, + 280, – 260 sq. mm, when the engine is running at 800 r.p.m.
The engine has a stroke of 300 mm and the fluctuation of speed is not to
exceed ± 2% of the mean speed. Determine a suitable diameter and cross-
section of the flywheel rim for a limiting value of the safe centrifugal stress
of 7 MPa. The material density may be assumed as 7200 kg/m3. The width
of the rim is to be 5 times the thickness.
23. A multi-cylinder engine is to run at a speed of 600 r.p.m. On drawing the

turning moment diagram to a scale of 1 mm = 250 N-m and 1 mm = 3°, the
areas above and below the mean torque line in mm2 are : + 160, – 172, +
168, – 191, + 197, – 162 The speed is to be kept within ± 1% of the mean
speed of the engine. Calculate the necessary moment of inertia of the
flywheel. Determine the suitable dimensions of a rectangular flywheel rim if
the breadth is twice its thickness. The density of the cast iron is 7250 kg/m3
and its hoop stress is 6 MPa. Assume that the rim contributes 92% of the
flywheel effect.
24. A Single cylinder single acting four stroke gas engine develops 25 kW at
320 rpm. The work done by the gases during the expansion stroke is three
times the work done on the gases during the compression stroke. The work
done during the suction and exhaust stroke being negligible. The fluctuation
of speed not to exceed + 2% of the mean speed. The turning moment
diagram during compression and expansion is assumed to be triangle in
shape. Find the weight of the flywheel if its radius of gyration is 0.5m.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
25. A horizontal steam engine running at running at 240 rpm has bore of 300mm
and stroke 600mm. the connecting rod is 1.25m long and the mass of
reciprocating parts is 60kg. when the crank is 60° past its inner dead centre
the steam pressure on the cover side of the piston is 1.125 N/mm2 while that
on the crank side is 0.125N/mm2. Neglecting the area of the piston rod,
determine:
i) The force on the piston rod
ii) The turning moment on the crank shaft.
(May/June 2013)
UNIT 2 - BALANCING
1. Write the importance of Balancing?
If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces
are set up which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system.
So balancing of machine is necessary.
2. Why balancing of dynamic forces are necessary?

If dynamic forces are not balanced, they will cause worse effects such as wear and
tear on bearings and excessive vibrations on machines. It is very common in cam
shafts, steam turbine rotors, engine crank shafts, and centrifugal pumps, etc.,
3. Write the different types of balancing?
1. Balancing of rotating masses
1. Static balancing
2. Dynamic balancing
2. Balancing of reciprocating masses.
4. Write the condition for complete balancing?
1. The resultant centrifugal force must be zero and
2. The resultant couple must be zero.
5. Write the equation for balancing a single rotating mass by a single mass?
For balancing single rotating mass by a single rotating mass, the equation is m1r1
= m2r2.
6. Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not? If so why?
Yes, the grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density
materials. If not the required surface finish won‟t be attained and the vibration will
cause much noise.
7. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass

opposite to the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this
balancing mass gives rise to “Hammer blow”. In order to reduce the Hammer
blow, a part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not
possible in reciprocating engines.
8. Differentiate between the unbalanced force due to a reciprocating mass and

that due to revolving masses.
1. Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible. But fraction of

reciprocating mass only balanced.
2. The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude but constant
in direction. But in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is constant
in magnitude but varies in direction.
9. What are the various cases of balancing of revolving masses?
1. Balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
2. Balancing of single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.
3. Balancing of several rotating masses in a single plane.
4. Balancing of several rotating masses in different planes.
10. What are the effects of an unbalanced primary force along the line of
stroke of two cylinder locomotive?
1. Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke, and
2. Swaying couple.
11. Define tractive force.
The resultant unbalanced force due to the two cylinders along the line of stroke is
known as tractive force.
12. What is swaying couple?
The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of two
cylinders, constitute a couple in the horizontal direction. This couple is known as
swaying couple.
13. What is the effect of hammer blow and what is the cause of it?
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel
and the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously. Hammer blow is caused due to
the effect of unbalanced primary force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke.
14. What are in-line engines?

Multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the
same side of the centre line of the crank shaft are known as in-line engine.
15. What are the conditions to be satisfied for complete balance of in-line
engine?
1. The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero, and
2. The algebraic sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be
zero.
PART - B
1. A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400 kg
and 200 kg respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and 80
mm in planes measured from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The angles
between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B 45°, B to C 70° and C to
D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The distance
between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm and
between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of 100
mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions. (2009)
2. Four masses A, B, C and D as shown below are to be completely balanced. The

planes containing masses B and C are 300 mm apart. The angle between planes
containing B and C is 90°. B and C make angles of 210° and 120° respectively
with D in the same sense. Find :1. The magnitude and the angular position of
mass A ; and 2. The position of planes A and D. (2012)
3. A, B, C and D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 100, 125, 200
and 150 mm respectively. The planes in which the masses revolve are spaced
600 mm apart and the mass of B, C and D are 10 kg, 5 kg, and 4 kg
respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular settings of the
four masses so that the shaft shall be in complete balance.
4. A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A, B, C and D in this order along
its length. The masses at B and C are 18 kg and 12.5 kg respectively, and each
has an eccentricity of 60 mm. The masses at A and D have an eccentricity of 80
mm. The angle between the masses at B and C is 100° and that between the
masses at B and A is 190°, both being measured in the same direction. The axial
distance between the planes A and B is 100 mm and that between B and C is
200 mm. If the shaft is in complete dynamic balance, determine :1. The
magnitude of the masses at A and D ; 2. the distance between planes A and D ;
and 3. the angular position of the mass at D. (2010)
5. A shaft has three eccentrics, each 75 mm diameter and 25 mm thick, machined

in one piece with the shaft. The central planes of the eccentric are 60 mm apart.
The distance of the centres from the axis of rotation are 12 mm, 18 mm and 12
mm and their angular positions are 120° apart. The density of metal is 7000
kg/m3. Find the amount of out-of-balance force and couple at 600 r.p.m. If the
shaft is balanced by adding two masses at a radius 75 mm and at distances of
100 mm from the central plane of the middle eccentric, find the amount of the
masses and their angular positions. (May/June 2013)
6. An inside cylinder locomotive has its cylinder centre lines 0.7 m apart and has a
stroke of 0.6 m. The rotating masses per cylinder are equivalent to 150 kg at the
crank pin, and the reciprocating masses per cylinder to 180 kg. The wheel
centre lines are 1.5 m apart. The cranks are at right angles. The whole of the
rotating and 2/3 of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced by masses
placed at a radius of 0.6 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the balancing
masses. Find the fluctuation in rail pressure under one wheel, variation of
tractive effort and the magnitude of swaying couple at a crank speed of 300
r.p.m.
7. The three cranks of a three cylinder locomotive are all on the same axle and are
set at 120°. The pitch of the cylinders is 1 metre and the stroke of each piston is
0.6 m. The reciprocating masses are 300 kg for inside cylinder and 260 kg for
each outside cylinder and the planes of rotation of the balance masses are 0.8 m
from the inside crank. If 40% of the reciprocating parts are to be balanced, find
:1. the magnitude and the position of the balancing masses required at a radius
of 0.6 m ; and 2. the hammer blow per wheel when the axle makes 6 r.p.s.
(May/June 2013)
8. The following data refer to two cylinder locomotive with cranks at 90° :
Reciprocating mass per cylinder = 300 kg ; Crank radius = 0.3 m ; Driving
wheel diameter = 1.8 m ; Distance between cylinder centre lines = 0.65 m ;
Distance between the driving wheel central planes = 1.55 m. Determine : 1.
the fraction of the reciprocating masses to be balanced, if the hammer blow
is not to exceed 46 kN at 96.5 km. p.h. ; 2. the variation in tractive effort ;
and 3. the maximum swaying couple
9. The following data apply to an outside cylinder uncoupled locomotive :

Mass of rotating parts per cylinder = 360 kg ; Mass of reciprocating parts per
cylinder = 300 kg ; Angle between cranks = 90° ; Crank radius = 0.3 m ;
Cylinder centres = 1.75 m ; Radius of balance masses = 0.75 m ; Wheel
centres = 1.45 m. If whole of the rotating and two-thirds of reciprocating
parts are to be balanced in planes of the driving wheels, find :
1. Magnitude and angular positions of balance masses,

2. Speed in kilometres per hour at which the wheel will lift off the rails when
the load on each driving wheel is 30 kN and the diameter of tread of driving
wheels is 1.8 m, and
3. Swaying couple at speed arrived at in (2) above. (Nov/Dec 2013)
10. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150 mm long. The planes of rotation
of the first, second and fourth cranks are 400 mm, 200 mm and 200 mm
respectively from the third crank and their reciprocating masses are 50 kg, 60
kg and 50 kg respectively. Find the mass of the reciprocating parts for the third
cylinder and the relative angular positions of the cranks in order that the engine
may be in complete primary balance
11. A four crank engine has the two outer cranks set at 120° to each other, and their
reciprocating masses are each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of
rotation of adjacent cranks are 450 mm, 750 mm and 600 mm. If the engine is
to be in complete primary balance, find the reciprocating mass and the relative
angular position for each of the inner cranks. If the length of each crank is 300
mm, the length of each connecting rod is 1.2 m and the speed of rotation is 240
r.p.m., what is the maximum secondary unbalancedforce?
12. The cranks and connecting rods of a 4-cylinder in-line engine running at 1800
r.p.m. are 60 mm and 240 mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced
150 mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one end,
the cranks appear at intervals of 90° in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3. The
reciprocating mass corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine :1.
Unbalanced primary and secondary forces, if any, and 2. Unbalanced primary
and secondary couples with reference to central plane of the engine.
(2012)
13. The firing order in a 6 cylinder vertical four stroke in-line engine is 1-4-2-6-3-5.
The piston stroke is 100 mm and the length of each connecting rod is 200 mm.
The pitch distances between the cylinder centre lines are 100 mm, 100 mm, 150
mm, 100 mm, and 100 mm respectively. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is
1 kg and the engine runs at 3000 r.p.m. Determine the out-of-balance primary
and secondary forces and couples on this engine, taking a plane midway
between the cylinder 3 and 4 as the reference plane. (2010)
14. In an in-line six cylinder engine working on two stroke cycle, the cylinder
centre lines are spaced at 600 mm. In the end view, the cranks are 60° apart and
in the order 1-4-5-2-3-6. The stroke of each piston is 400 mm and the
connecting rod length is 1 metre. The mass of the reciprocating parts is 200 kg
per cylinder and that of rotating parts 100 kg per crank. The engine rotates at
300 r.p.m. Examine the engine for the balance of primary and secondary forces
and couples. Find the maximum unbalanced forces and couples.
UNIT 3 FREE VIBRATIONS

1. Why radial engines are preferred?
In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence
the plane of rotation of the various cranks is same, therefore there are no
unbalanced primary or secondary couples. Hence radial engines are preferred.
2. What are the causes of vibration?
The causes of vibration are unbalanced forces, elastic nature of the system, self
excitations, winds and earthquakes.
3. Define Period and cycle of vibration.
Period is the time interval after which the motion is repeated itself. Cycle is
defined as the motion completed during one time period.
4. Define frequency of vibration.
It is the number of cycles described in one second. Its unit is Hz.
5. How will you classify vibration?
1. Free vibrations
a) Longitudinal vibration,
b) Transverse vibration, and
c) Torsional vibration.
2. Forced vibrations, and
3. Damped vibration.
6. What is meant by free vibration and forced vibrations?
When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement,
then the body is said to be under free or natural vibration.
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said
to be under forced vibrations.
7. What do you meant by damping and damped vibration?
The resistance against the vibration is called damping.

When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the
motion is said to be damped vibration.
8. Define resonance.
When the frequency of external force is equal to the natural frequency of a

vibrating body, the amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This
phenomenon is known as resonance.
9. What do you mean by a degree of freedom or movability?
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion

of a system is known as degree of freedom of the system.
 Note:-A cantilever beam has infinite number of degrees of freedom.
10. Define steady state and transient vibrations.
In ideal systems, the free vibration continues indefinitely as there is no damping.

Such vibration is termed as steady state vibrations.
In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
damping and vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called transient
vibration.
11. What is equivalent spring stiffness?
Equivalent spring stiffness is the measure of overall spring stiffness of any system
having more than one spring connected in series or parallel.
12. List out the various methods of finding the natural frequency of free
longitudinal vibrations.
1. Energy method, 2. Equilibrium method and 3.Rayleigh‟s method.

13. What is the principle of Rayleigh’s method of finding natural frequency of

vibrations?
The principle of Rayleigh‟s method is “the maximum kinetic energy at the mean
position is equal to the maximum potential energy or (strain energy) at the extreme
position.
14. Distinguish between critical damping and large damping.
If system is critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium
position within no time. Whereas in large damping, the mass moves slowly to the
equilibrium position.
15. When do you say a vibrating system is under damped?
The equation of motion of a free damped vibration is given by

d2x + c dx + s = 0
dt2 m dt m
If (s/m) > (c/2m)2 , then radical becomes negative. The two roots k1 and k2 are
known as complex conjugate. Then the vibrating system is known as under
damping.
16. Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of a shaft.
The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other
words, the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the
shaft from the axis of rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
17. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft?
The critical speed essentially depends on
a) the eccentricity of the C.G. of the rotating masses from the axis of rotation of
the shaft,
b) diameter of the disc,
c) span of the shaft, and

d) type of supports connections at its ends.
18. What are the causes of critical speed?
1. Eccentric mountings,
2. Bending due to self-weight, and
3. Non-uniform distribution of rotor material.
19. Define damping ratio.
It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient to the critical damping

coefficient.
20. Define logarithmic decrement.
Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude

reduction factor. The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive
amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
PART -B
1. Derive an expression for the natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration
by
(i)Equilibrium method (ii) Energy method (iii) Rayleigh‟s method (16)
2. In a single degree of damped vibration system a suspended mass of 8kg makes

30 oscillations in 18 seconds. The amplitude decreases in 18 seconds. The
amplitude decreases to 0.25 of the initial value after 5 oscillations. Determine (i)
the spring stiffness (ii) logarithmic decrement (iii) damping factor (iv) Damping
coefficient. (16)
3. Determine equation of motion when a liquid column vibrating in a „U‟tube by

(i) Newton‟s method (ii) Energy method and hence find its natural frequency. (16)
4. (i)Deduce the expression for the free longitudinal vibration in terms of spring
stiffness, its inertia effect and suspended mass. (8)
(ii)A spring mass system has spring stiffness „s‟N/m and has a mass of „m‟kg.It has
the natural frequency of vibration as 12Hz.An extra 2kg mass is coupled to „m‟ and
natural frequency reduces by 2Hz.Find the value of „s‟ and „m‟. (8)
5.A vibrating system consists of a mass of 8kg,spring of stiffness 5.6N/m and

dashpot of damping coefficient of 40N/m/s.Find,(i)Critical damping coefficient (ii)
the damping factor (iii)the natural frequency of damped vibration (iv)the
logarithmic decrement(v)the ratio of two consecutive amplitude (vi)the number of
cycle after which the original amplitude is reduced to 20 percent.
6. An instrument vibrates with a frequency of 1Hz when there is no damping.

When the damping is provided, the frequency of damped vibration was observed to
be 0.9Hz. Find, (i) damping factor (ii) logarithmic decrement. (16) (2012)
7. Find the equation of notion for the spring mass-dashpot system for the cases
when
(i) ζ = 2 (ii)ζ = 1 and (iii)ζ = 0.3. The mass „m‟is displaced by a distance of 30mm
and released (16)
8. Between a solid mass of 10kg and the floor are kept two slabs of isolates, natural
rubber and felt, in series. The natural rubber slab has a stiffness of 3000N/m and
equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 100 N-sec/m.The felt has a stiffness of
12000N/m and equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 330N-sec/m. Determine
undamped and the damped natural frequencies of the system in vertical direction.
(16) (2005)
9. (i) A cantilever shaft 50mm diameter and 300mm long has a disc of mass 100kg
at its free end. The young‟s modulus for the shaft material is
200GN/m2.SDetermine the frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibration of
the shaft. (10)
(ii)Explain the sketches different cases of damped vibrations. (6)
10. The barrel of a large gun recoils against a spring on firing. At the end of the
firing, a dashpot is engaged that allows the barrel to return to its original position
in minimum time without oscillation. Gun barrel mass is 400kg and initial velocity
of recoils 1m.Determine spring stuffiness and critical damping coefficient of
dashpot. (16)
11. A steel shaft 100mm in diameter is loaded and support in shaft bearing 0.4m
apart. The shaft carries three loads: first mass 12kg at the centre, second mass 10kg
at a distance 0.12m from the left bearing and third mass of 7kg at a distance 0.09m
from the right bearing. Find the value of the critical speed by using Dunkerley‟s
method. E=2X1011 N/m2.
12.A machine weighs 18 kg and is supported on springs and dashpots. The total
stiffness of the springs is 12 N/mm and damping is 0.2 N/mm/s. The system is
initially at rest and a velocity of 120 mm/s is imparted to the mass. Determine 1)
the displacement and velocity of mass as a function of time, 2) the displacement
and velocity after 0.4s. (Nov/Dec 2013)
13.A torsional system is shown in fig. Find the frequencies of torsional vibrations
and positions of the nodes also find the amplitude of vibrations G = 84 x 109 N/m2
45mm 40mm
2m 4m
2
30Kgm 90kgm2 50kgm2
A (Engine) C( Flywheel) B (Propeller)

(Nov/Dec 2013)
UNIT 4 FORCED VIBRATIONS
1. What is meant by dynamic magnifier or magnification factor?
It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection

due to the static force.
2. What is meant by transmissibility?
When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on
the machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called as transmissibility.
3. Define transmissibility ratio or isolation factor.
The ratio of force transmitted to the force applied is known as transmissibility

ratio.
4. Briefly explain elastic suspension.

When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational
force produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the
foundation. This is called as elastic suspension.
5. Specify any two industrial application where the transmissibility effects of

vibration are important.
1. All machine tools, and
2. All turbo machines.
6. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?
When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration

in the foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the
transmission of forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.
7. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?
1. High speed engines/machines mounted on foundation and supports cause

vibrations of excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces. It can be
minimized providing spring-damper, etc.
2. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc. These are
placed between the foundation and vibrating body.
8. Define torsional vibration.
When the particles of a shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft,
then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
9. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibration.
1. In transverse vibrations, the particles of the shaft move approximately

perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. But in torsional vibrations, the particles of
the shaft move in a circle about the axis of the shaft.
2. Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and compressive stresses are induced. Due
to torsional vibrations, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
10. Define node in torsional vibration.
Node is the point or the section of the shaft at which amplitude of the torsional
vibration is zero. At nodes, the shaft remains unaffected by the vibration.]
11. Define torsional equivalent shaft.
A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically replaced
by an equivalent shaft of uniform diameter such that they have the same total angle
of twist when equal opposing torques are applied at their ends. Such a theoretically
replaced shaft is known as torsionally equivalent shaft.
12. What are the conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system to that of
geared system in torsional vibrations?
1. The kinetic energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the kinetic energy
of the original system.
2. The strain energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the strain energy of
the original system.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1.A mass of 50kg is supported by an elastic structure of total stiffness 20KN/m.
The damping ratio of the system is 0.2.A simple harmonic disturbing force acts on
the mass and at any time „t seconds, the force is 60sin10t newtons. Find amplitude
of the vibration and phase angle caused by the damping.
2. A mass of 50kg is supported by an elastic structure of total stiffness

20KN/m.The damping ratio of the system is 0.25.A simple harmonic disturbing
force acts on the mass and at any time „t seconds, the force is 75cos12t newtons.
Find amplitude of the vibration and phase angle caused by the damping.
3. A mass of 10kg is suspended from one end of a helical spring, the other end
being fixed. The stiffness of the spring is10N/mm. The viscous damping causes the
amplitude to decreases to one-tenth of the initial value in four complete
oscillations. If a periodic force of 150cos50t N is applied at the mass in the vertical
direction .Find the amplitude of the forced vibrations? What is its value of
resonance? (2010/2013)
4. A harmonic exiting force of 25N is acting on a machine part which is having a
mass of 2Kg and vibrating in viscous medium. The exciting force causes resonant
amplitude of 12.5mm with a period of 0.2sec.
(2009)
5. A body having a mass of 15kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 12mm
under the weight of the mass. Determine the frequency of the free vibrations. What
is the viscous damping force needed to make the motion a periodic at a speed of
1mm/s?If, when damped to this extend a disturbing force having a maximum value
of 100N and vibrating at 6Hz is made to act on the body, determine the amplitude
of the ultimate motion (2010)
6. A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass of 200kg is mounted upon
a steel chassis frame. The vertical static deflection of the frame is 2.4mm due to the
weight of the engine .The mass of the reciprocating parts is 18kg and stroke of
piston 160mm with S.H.M.If dashpot of damping coefficient of 1N/mm/s used to
damped the vibrations, calculate al steady state (i)Amplitude of vibrations at
500rpm engine speed.(ii)The speed of the driving shaft at which resonance will
occurs.
7. A vertical single stage air compressor having a mass of 500kg is mounted on

spring having stiffness of 1.96X105N/m and dashpot with damping factor of
0.2m.The rotating parts are completely balanced and the equivalent reciprocating
parts weight 20kg.The stroke is 0.2m.Determine the dynamic amplitude of vertical

motion of the excitation force if the compressor is operate at 200rpm.
8. A machine 100kg has a 20kg rotor with 0.5mm eccentricity. The mounting
spring have s=85x103.The operating speed is 600rpm and the unit is constrained to
move vertically. Find (i) Dynamic amplitude of machine (ii) the force transmitted
to the support.
9.A single cylinder engine has an out of balance force of 500N at an engine speed
of 30rpm.The total mass of engine is 150kg and its carried on a set of total stiffness
300N/cm. (i) Find the amplitude of steady motion of the mass and maximum
oscillating force transmitted to the foundation.(ii)If a viscous damping is
interposed between the mass and the foundation the damping force 1000N at 1m/s
of velocity, find the amplitude of force damped oscillation of the mass and its
angle of lag with disturbing force.
10. An industrial machine weighting 445kg is supported on a spring with a statical

deflection of 0.5cm.If the machine has rotating imbalance of 25kg-cm.Determine
the force transmitted at 1200rpm and the dynamic amplitude at the speed.
11. The mass of an electric motor is 120kg and it runs at 1500rpm.The armature
mass is 35kg and its centre gravity lies 0.5mm from axis of rotation. The motor is
mounted on five springs of negligible damping. So that the force transmitted is
one-eleventh of the impressed force. Assume that the mass of the motor is equally
distributed among the five springs. Determine (i) the stiffness of the spring (ii) the
dynamic force transmitted to the base at the operating speed. (iii) Natural
frequency of system. (May/June 2013)
12. Find the stiffness of each spring when a refrigerator unit having a mass of 30kg
is to be support by three springs. The force transmitted to the supporting structure
is only 10% of the impressed force. There frigerator unit operates at 420rpm.
13. Derive the relation for the displacement of the mass from the equilibrium
position of a damped vibration system with harmonic forcing. Also define the term
vibration isolation.
(Nov/Dec 2013)
UNIT 5 GOVERNORS & GYROSCOPES
1. Explain the function of Governor?
The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified

limits whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve
and hence the fuel supplies to cater the load variation in engines.
2. What is the principle of inertia governors?
In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an
angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.
3. What is equilibrium speed?
The speed at which the governor balls arms, sleeve, etc., are in complete
equilibrium and there is no upward or downward movement of the sleeve on the
spindle is known as equilibrium speed.
4. Explain controlling force?

An equal and opposite force to the centrifugal force acting radially inwards (i.e.
centripetal force) is termed as controlling force of a governor.
5. Explain the governor effort?
The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift
of the sleeve is known as the governor effort.
6. Define power of a governor?
The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage
change of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance
through which the sleeve moves.
7. Explain sensitiveness of governors?
The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference
between the maximum and minimum speeds.
8. What is meant by hunting?
The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below
the mean speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over sensitive governors.
9. Explain the term stability of the governor?
A governor is said to be stable if there is only one radius of rotation for all
equilibrium speeds of the balls within the working range. If the equilibrium speed
increases the radius of governor ball must also increase.
10. Explain isochronism.
A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor.
11. Give the application of gyroscopic principle.
It is used a) in instrument or toy known as gyroscope,

b) In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and
c) Inaero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses, etc.
12. Define steering, pitching and rolling.
Steering is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right, while it
moves forward.
Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about
transverse axis.
Rolling is the movement of a ship in a linear fashion.
13. Explain gyroscopic couple?
If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at ω rad/sec is
also caused to turn at ωp rad/sec about an axis perpendicular to axis of spin, then it
experiences a gyroscopic couple of magnitude( ω ωp ) in an axis which is
perpendicular to both the axis of spin and axis of precision.
14.Define Bow and Stern.

The fore end of the ship is called bow and the rear end is known as stern or aft.
15. Define the term system.
A system is an assembly of components and linkages designed to fulfill some

particular function.
16. Define transfer function.
A transfer function is the ratio of output from the block and input to the block.
17.What is meant by lag in response?
In any control system, there is a delay in response due to some inherent cause and
it becomes difficult to measure the input and output simultaneously. This delay in
response is termed as lag in response.
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A porter governor has equal arms each 250mm long and pivoted on the axis of
rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5kg and mass of the central load on the sleeve is
25kg.The radius of rotation of the ball is150mm when governor is at maximum
speed. Find the maximum and minimum speed and range of speed of the governor.
(2009)
2. The length of the upper and lower arms of a Porter governor are 200mm and
250mm respectively. Both the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central
load is 150N, the weight of the each ball is 20N and the friction of the sleeve
together with the resistance of the operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30N at
the sleeve. If the limiting inclinations of the upper arms to the vertical are 30° and
40° taking friction in to account. Find the range of speed of the governor.
3. Calculate the rage of speed of a porter governor which has equal arms of each
200mm long and pivoted on the axis of rotation .The mass of each ball is 4kg and
the central load of the sleeve is 20kg.The radius of rotation of the ball is 100mm
when the governor being to lift and 130mm when the governor is at maximum
speed.
4. A hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right angled bell
crank lever operates between 290rpm and 310rpm for a sleeve lift of 15mm.The
sleeve and ball arms are 80mm and 120mm repectively.The levers are pivoted at
120mm from the governoraxis and mass of the ball is 2.5kg.The ball arms are
parallel at lowest equilibrium speed.Determine (i) load on the spring at maximum
and minimum speeds and (ii) Stiffness of the spring.
5. A governor of hartnell type has equal balls of mass 3kg, set initially at a radius
of 200mm.The arms of the bell-crank lever are 110mm vertically and 150mm
horizontally. Find (i) the initial compressive force on the spring at a radius of
200mm at240rpm and (ii) the stiffness of the spring required to permit a sleeve
movement of 4mm on a fluctuation of 7.5 percent in the engine speed.
6. The controlling force in a spring controlled governor is 1500N when radius of

rotation is 200mm and 887.5N when radius of rotation is 130mm.The mass of each
ball is 8kg.If the controlling force curve is a straight line, then find (i) Controlling
force at 150mm radius of rotation (ii) Speed of the governor at 150mm
radius.(iii)Increase in initial tension so that governor is isochronous.(iv)
Isochronous speed.
7. In a spring controlled governor, the controlling force curve is a straight line.

When the balls are 400mm apart, the controlling force is 1200N and when 200mm
apart, the controlling force is 450N.Determine the speed at which the governor
runs when the balls are 250mm apart. When initial tension on the spring would be
required for isochronisms and what would be the speed. Take mass of each ball to
be 10kg.
8. Calculate the minimum speed of a Proell governor, which has equal arms each
of 200mm and are provided on the axis of rotation. The mass of each ball is 4kg
and the central mass on the sleeve is 20kg.The extension arms of the lower links
are each 60mm long and parallel to the axis when the minimum radius of the ball is
100mm.of load.
9. (i) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Naval ship during pitching.
(ii) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on aAeroplane.
10.Each paddle wheel of a steamer have a mass of 1600kg and a radius of gyration
of 1.2meters.The steamer turns to port in a circle of 160meters radius at
24Km/hr.The speed of the paddle is 90rpm.Find the magnitude and effect of the
gyroscopic couple acting on the steamer.
11. The rotor of a turbine yatch rotates at 1200rpm clockwise when viewed from
stern. The rotor has a mass of 750 kg and radius of gyration of 250mm.Find the
maximum gyroscopic couple transmitted to the hull when yacht pitches with a
maximum angular velocity of 1 rad/s.What is the effect of this couple?
(2005)
12. The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of 20 tonnes and a radius of gyration
0.75.Its speed is 2000rpm.The ship pitches 6° above and below the horizontal
position .One complete oscillation takes 18 seconds and the motion is simple
harmonic. Determine
(i) the maximum couple tending to shear the holding down bolt of the turbine
(ii)The maximum angular acceleration of the ship during pitching
(iii) The direction in which the bow will tend to turn while, if the rotation of the
rotor is clockwise when locking from rear. (Dec2012), (May/June 2013)
13. A proell governor has equal arms of length 300mm. The upper and lower ends
of the arms are pivoted on the axis of the governor. The extension arms of the
lower links are each 80mm long and parallel to the axis when the radii of rotation
of the balls are 150mm and 200mm. The mass of each ball is 10kg and the mass of
the central load is 100kg. Determine the range of speed of the governor.
(May/June 2013)

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UNIT -1 FORCE ANALYSIS & FLYWHEELS

1. Vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero.

2. Define static force analysis.

3. Define force and applied force.

4. Defines Newton’s II law.

5. Which law helps to measure a force quantitatively?

6. Distinguish between space diagram and free body diagram.

7. When will the two force member is in equilibrium?

1. The two forces are of same magnitude,

2. The forces act along the same line, and

3. The forces are in opposite direction

8. Give any three advantages of free body diagram.

2. They help in planning the approach to the problem.

3. They make mathematical relations easier to the problem.

9. When will the three force member is in equilibrium.

1. The resultant of the forces is zero, and

2. The line of action of the forces intersects at a point.

11. What do you mean by inertia?

12. State D’Alembert’s principle.

By applying D‟Alembert‟s principle to a dynamic analysis problem, we can reduce

14. What do you mean by Equivalent offset inertia force?

15. State the principle of super position.

Linear system: Example: Spring system.

17. Define Piston effort.

19. Define compound pendulum or torsional pendulum.

20. What are the requirements of an equivalent dynamical system?

21. What are the forces acting on the connecting rod?

3. Weight of the connecting rod.

4. Inertia force of the connecting rod (FC).

5. The radial force (FR) parallel to crank, and

6. The tangential force (FT) acting perpendicular to crank.

22. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

23. Define Inertia force.

24. Differentiate the function of flywheel and governor.

1. The function of flywheel is to reduce the fluctuations of speed during a cycle

2. Flywheel works continuously from cycle to cycle. Governor works

25. Define Inertia Torque.

26. What do you understand by the fluctuations of energy and maximum

27. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy.

28. What is meant by maximum fluctuation of speed?

29. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

1. Punching machines, 2. Shearing machines, 3.Riveting machines, and 4.Crushing

31. What is cam dynamics?

8. A vertical petrol engine 100 mm diameter and 120 mm stroke has a

12. The following data relate to a connecting rod of a reciprocating engine:

theacceleration of the piston; 2. the magnitude, position and direction of

15. The following data refer to a steam engine:

23. A multi-cylinder engine is to run at a speed of 600 r.p.m. On drawing the

2. Why balancing of dynamic forces are necessary?

3. Write the different types of balancing?

1. Balancing of rotating masses

2. Balancing of reciprocating masses.

4. Write the condition for complete balancing?

1. The resultant centrifugal force must be zero and

2. The resultant couple must be zero.

6. Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not? If so why?