National Seminar on

ANETD 2011
Applications of

Nanomaterials
for Environment and Technology Development

Proceedings Of The Seminar

11-12 February, 2011

Organized by:
KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon ANETD 2011

Supported by:
ICMR, CSI and IETE, Delhi
 KIIT World
Sohna Road, Near Bhondsi, Gurgaon (Haryana)
Phone : 0124-2266667, 4709010-50, 4709060 - 80
Website : www.kiit.In or write to info@kiit.in
KIIT
With Best Compliments From

Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi

M/s Ariston Technologies Ranbaxy Research Lab Ltd. Gurgaon
104 Saraswati House-27, Plot No.-20
Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019 Sector-18, Udyog Vihar,
9958655525 Gurgaon-122001
Ph: 0124-6342001-10
M/s VEEKAY Systems
Subhash Place Pitampura, Delhi-110034 M/s Creative Think Media
Mob: 9871590483 F-2/131, 2nd Floor, Mohd. Pur
Bhikaji Cama Place
M/s Silcom Electronics Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi – 110066
C-26, DSIDC Compled, Kirti Nagar,
9811772835
New Delhi-110015
011-45544191
M/s Coreel Technologies
A4 Logix Park
M/s Trinity Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.
Sector-16, Noida-201301
313, Triveni Complex, E-10-12,
Ph: 9810059392
Jawahar Park Vikas Marg, Harsh & Company
Laxmi Nagar, New Delhi-110092
011-22016186, 22458310 French Institute
NM-21, Old DLF
M/s Mittal Enterprises, Sector-14 Gurgaon
2151/T-7C, New Patel Nagar, Ph: 9873776037, 9873306037
New Delhi-110008
Mob: 9810681132 RAUTECH
Electronic Systems
Harco & Company RZ - 37, Street No. 3, Vaishali Extn.,
2563 Bangali Mohalla New Delhi - 110 045 (India)
Ambala Cantt. Tel.: 011-25056377
Ph:171-2642041 Mobile : 9818327666
Mob: 9896392041
49
 MESSAGE
KIIT
B. R. Kamrah Chairman, VPS and KIIT

Initiation of organizing the seminars is really praiseworthy. Such programmes

provide enlightenment and enrich the knowledge. “Application of
Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology Development” is the topic of
thought-provoking choice. Nanotechnology is quite relevant matter for
researchers & intellectuals. Students, faculty and all the participants will be
gaining much out of this initiative particularly when they will be getting
exchange of views on this wonderful topic.
I hope & pray for the success of the seminar which is being organized and to be
conducted on 11th & 12th February 2011 in the KIIT Campus.

Prof. (Dr.) S. S. Aggarwal Executive Director, KIIT

It gives me immense pleasure to state that KIIT, Gurgaon is organizing a

National Seminar on “Nanomaterials for Environment and Technology
Development” during 11th and 12th February, 2011. The topic of
Nanotechnology is an important area of research having numerous
applications in various areas, such as Medicine, Industry, Environment,
Agriculture, Power sector etc. In fact, it has revolutionized the very face of
these sectors of applications. Therefore, it has also become important that
this topic is taken as specialized subjects of teaching in technical institutions.
KIIT promotes research and teaching in such advance areas of Science and
Technology. It has taken an initiative to organize a National Seminar in this
area and invited eminent experts and researchers to deliver their lectures and
share the knowledge among the participants of the Seminar.
I wish the Seminar a great success and hope that the participants will be
greatly benefited by the deliberations.
MESSAGE
MESSAGE
KIIT
Prof. K. K. Aggarwal
Ex-Vice Chancellor
G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi

Prof. K. K. Aggarwal
It is my pleasure to learn that KIIT College of Engineering,
Gurgaon has taken upon itself the responsibility to hold the
National Seminar on “Nanomaterials for Environment and
Technology Development” on 11th and 12th February, 2011. I
am further happy to learn that this Seminar is a joint venture
of the College, CSI, IETE and AIMA. I have always been an
ardent proponent of networking. While the society, at large,
has been benefited by the networking of machines,
networking of organizations in the real sense is still to deliver
in the right earnest. I therefore, wish this Conference a grand
success.
Nanotechnology is a branch of Science, which is poised for
unprecedented growth and applications in almost all areas of
human endeavour. As a matter of fact, today we talk of “Info-
Bio-Nano” as one discipline. With such fast diffusion of
disciplines, a Conference like this is a highly welcome step.
I take this opportunity to wish this Seminar all success.
PREFACE
KIIT
Preface
This proceeding is devoted to the various research works being carried out in the field of
Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials beneficial to the students & faculty pursuing B.Tech, M.Tech
& research in this field.
This Proceeding book has been divided into three parts consisting of messages from various
dignitaries, renowned researchers from academies and industry, college information, research
papers and industrialist research papers which will enhance knowledge and provide
development skill for researchers, industrialists, academies and students in the field of
Nanotechnology.
This is the time when we are seeing an exciting new development in cutting edge like
Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and
molecular scale, which deals with structures sized between 1-100 nanometers in at least one
dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Nanomaterials is a field that takes materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It
studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have
special, properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions.
Eminent researchers, renowned academicians and experts from the industry have delivered
their talk and shared their knowledge and experience in two day National Seminar”
APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT”
held at KIIT College of Engineering ,Gurgaon on 11th and 12th Feb-2011.
There has been encouraging response from the speakers and the participants in the national
seminar. A large number of technical papers have been received from various technical
institutions, industries and individuals. We have received valuable guidance and suggestions
time to time from advisory committee. The abstracts are reviewed by panel of experts in
relevant areas and then accepted for presentations in the seminar.
we wish to thank the Management Authorities, Advisory Committee, organizing committee
members & various faculty members of KIIT Group of Colleges, Gurgaon, those have directly
and indirectly helped us to prepare case studies on various new emerging technology.
We are glad to present the proceeding of the National Seminar for permanent record to all
recipients and wish great success for this seminar

Prof. V K Syal, Principal (Convener ANETD-2011)

Assoc. Prof. Kanika Kaur(Co-Convener ANETD-2011)
Dr. Neeraj Sood ( Organizing Secretary ANETD-2011
KIIT
Nano-Technology Research & Application
Invited Talks

Dr. Pawan Kapur

Director
Central Scientific Instruments Organisation
Sector 30-C, Chandigarh
email: drpawankapur@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the study of controlling matter on an energy, environment and most important of all, medical
atomic and molecular scales. It is different from other field. Due to merging of Nanotechnology with other
technologies because unusual physical, chemical and technologies and the subsequent emergence of complex
biological properties emerge in materials at the nanoscale and innovative hybrid technologies, some of the practical
which are governed by a new science. Similarly, nanoscale applications within reach are; Smart drugs, targeted drug
features when incorporated into bulk materials and large delivery systems, military applications, smart battle suit,
surfaces give them completely different properties. next-generation computer processing, programmed
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions bilogy-the smallest batteries, complex materials- a super
of conventional device physics to completely new adhesive, new meta materials, energy generation, etc. The
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from nano level gadgets and materials are used for diagnosing
developing new materials with dimensions on the and treatment of diseases. Nano-Pharmacology has
nanoscale to investigating exiciting application. generated a specific category of smart drugs that have
Nanotechnology is not a mono-faculty but follows a negligible side effects. The use of Nanotech has helped in
concept of ‘catch-all’ term involving multiple fields thereby the detection of narcotics and finger prints of the
affecting a whole gamut of areas, ranging from the suspected criminals. Nanomaterials can have wide
environment, to healthcare, offering variety of commercial applications not only in making nanomedicines, but also in
products. The application domain include: sunscreens and diagnosis and in manufacturing better medical implants.
cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and some food Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide (SiC), for instance can be
products and many more. The electronic devices to realise used to manufacture artificial heart valves, which are
many complex functions has vast scope in electronics and lighter, stronger, harder, wear resistant and most
ICT sectors also. The next generation computers are all importantly, do not react with biological fluids.
being aimed in this direction to process and store huge Nanorobots, to help in treatment at a cellular level, are seen
amount of data for information exchange. The inherent as a possibility in the future. Q-Dots can be an effective tool
ability in nanotechnology to engineer matter at the for monitoring cancerous cells. Carbon nanotubes can be
smallest scale is opening unexpected doors that will allow applied in plastic, water purification, cosmetics, computer
limitations in many existing technologies to be overcome discs, textiles, paints & emulsions and many more.
and thus has the potential to be part of every industry in The talk highlights the R&D activities being pursued at CSIO
one or other form such as Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials in broad areas of Sensing techniques for application in
and Nano-Biotechnology. environmental aspects including agro-based & health
The implications of Nanotechnology can be found in the sectors. Coverage is given on Bio-Mems, CNT’s, Nano-
field of telecommunications, computing, aerospace, solar particles, Bio-photonics, etc.

01
KIIT
Self-Assembled Monolayers as a Form
of Bio-Nano Technology

Prof. Ranjit Chaudhary

Director
Advance Institute of Technology and Management
Delhi-Mathura Road, Palwal
aitmorg.@aitm.org.in

Molecular Self Assembly is the organization of molecules in general understanding of the origin of life would be
an ordered fashion without any external intelligent achieved. For a physical chemist, the meaning of molecular
intervention. There are numerous examples of molecular self assembly has to do with the ability of a system of
self assembly in nature. Human beings, plants, trees, molecules to spontaneously form an ordered molecular
animals etc. have molecular self assembly processing structure.
occurring somewhere in their bodies. Molecular self In this lecture, preparation of Self Assembled Monolayers
assembly is crucial to the function of cells and it is exhibited of Organic Molecules under the controlled and standard
in the self assembly of lipids to form membrane, the laboratory conditions would be discussed. Electrochemical
formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen techniques like cyclic voltammetry technique,
bonding of the individual strands, the assembly of proteins electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the
to form quaternary structures. Supra molecular calculation of various important parameters to
assemblies, micelles, liquid crystal phases are examples of characterize the self assembled monolayers will be
molecular self assembly in chemistry. Molecular self elaborated for various organic molecules like Mercapto
assembly is an important aspect of bottom – up approach Nicotinic acid, thioctic acid, cystamine etc. These SAMs can
to nanotechnology. An advantage to constructing be further modified by attaching other molecules in a tailor
nanostructure using molecular self assembly for biological make fashion to generate new organic interfaces of nano
materials is that they will degrade back into individual dimensions which are biologically active and may find
molecules that can be broken by the body. The oral process applications in the analysis and recognition of other
of self assembly is not yet understood, indeed, if it were, a important bio-molecules.

Frontiers of Research in
Spintronics & Nanomagnetics
R. K. Kotnala
National Physical Laboratory
New Delhi 110012,India
Abstract: rkkotnala@nplindia.org

Nanomaterials diversified applications in day today’s life Recently much attention is being devoted to study the DMS
has brought revolution in material science. Synthesis of and Half metallic materials like Strontium Ferro-
nanoparticles has become a trick of trade. Besides other Molybdenum Oxide,SFMO, to be used as spintronics
areas of research magnetic nano structures have got devices. The DMS and Half metallic material (compounds
commercial applications in magnetic hard discs for and alloys) based Hall elements can be easily incorporated
computer information storage, magnetic sensors, spin with such spintronics devices. Further, the half metallic
valves, high speed non-volatile magnetic random access materials may be utilized to provide the simultaneous field
memories (MRAMs) , magnetic imaging, magnetic sensing due to Hall voltage and due to magnetoresistive
recording heads, magneto-optics; spintronic devices and so effect. In this talk future spintronics metal oxide materials
many. In medical science drug delivery, burning of cancer have been discussed briefly and what is being done in our
tissues by hyperthermia effect of nanomagnetic particles Lab has been described.
are glaring examples of nanotechnology potential.

02
KIIT
Nanotechnology
- The Science of Manipulating Atoms

Shatendra K Sharma
Professor and Director
University Science Instrumentation Centre
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi-1100067 India
e-mail: shatendra@gmail.com
Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating material at strength and reduced in weight, which leads to fuel savings
the atomic level. Nanotechnology deals with the very small and increased longevity. And in 2001, Toyota started using
sizes ~ 1/80,000th the diameter of a human hair. The uses of nano-composites in a bumper that makes it 60% lighter and
new instruments and tools to manipulate atoms like AFM - twice as resistant to denting and scratching. The pace of
atomic force microscope, dip-pin lithography and STM have development of Nanotechnology from concept to practice
contributed to the development of nanotechnology. Its in all sectors will however depend upon how fast the
applications are going to be tremendous. From the food we instrumentation and technology to manipulate atoms and
eat, the clothes we wear and the products we manufacture molecules advance. This would also aid the fields of
to the composition of our bodies, everything is made of electronics, computers, medicine, biology and chemistry
atoms. And if we can manipulate the atoms then we can which could see advances rapidly. Artificial life, nanobots &
change almost every product to our desired specifications. Borgs, MEMS, Quantum Nanotechnology, Nano-
Coal and diamonds, for example, are both constructed electronics, Nano-medicine, Self-assembly of nano
from carbon atoms. Even though it may sound far-off at materials for repairs. The nanotechnology manufacturing
times, within ten years nanotech will have huge effects on atom-by-atom promises new materials that will be
many industries, including manufacturing, health care, stronger, cheaper, faster, powerful and more durable.
energy, agriculture, communications, transportation, and Possibility of revolutionary breakthroughs in
electronics. Within a decade, nanotechnology is expected detection/treatment of diseases are not ruled out. Nano-
to be the basis of $1 trillion worth of products and will create scale electronic devices using carbon nanotubes , quantum
anywhere from 800,000 to 2 million new jobs in the United dots spintronic devices, neuron regeneration using carbon
States alone. The clothing industry has already started to nano-tube prosthetics devices, Chemical and biological
feel the effects of nanotech. Eddie Bauer, for example, is sensors Carbon Nano-tubes. The bottoms up approachin
currently using embedded nanoparticles to create stain- the field of nanotechnology are introduced. The scale levels
repellent khakis. A plastic nano-composite is being used for of objects are compared. The techniques of making and
"step assists" in the GM Safari and Astro Vans. It is scratch- manipulating nano-materials are discussed.
resistant, light-weight, and rust-proof, and better in

Small Wonders with Giant Societal Impact

S.K.Chakarvarti
Director, Research and Development
Manav Rachna International University
Faridabad, Haryana, India
e-mail:skchakarvarti@gmail.com
Abstract:
The science of the miniature- nanotechnology, though a Matters Do Not Matter Small! This promises exiting
relatively new field, is fast emerging as the 'favourite of all' applications in bioscience, medical science, environment,
kind of technological arena due to its applications in almost electronics, cosmetics, security and variety of other fields.
every field, from medicine to fabrics. In Greek, the word We all know that all things on this earth are made up of
'Nano' means ‘dwarf’ and materials when reduced to nano atoms, which are the smallest particles. The properties of
dimension (10-9metre =1namometre) show drastic changes everything are determined by the arrangement of the
in physical, chemical, magnetic, optical, mechanical and atoms. Thus, if atoms in coal are rearranged, we can get
electrical properties. It is now being realized that Small diamond. At present, though scientists are able to move

03
KIIT
molecules and atoms in a mass yet they are still not able to going to be 5th Industrial revolution touching every aspect
precisely manipulate them. But in future, nanotechnology of mankind and society. The societal impact of this
will allow as redesign easily and create what we want technology will be enormous. The scope and application
exactly. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary subject of nanotechnology is tremendous and mind-boggling.
which essentially combines Physics, Chemistry, Bio- Nano-biotechnology can make tiny medical devices and
informatics Bio- technology, etc besides engineering. sensors with fantastic military and civilian use. Converting
Though the field at present is in infancy (started some 16 sunlight into power, targeting a drug to a single malignant
years ago in India), the country is making dedicated efforts cell, cleaning ponds and creating sensors in the form of
not to lag behind. Further, nano materials would be very biochip, to be interested in the human body are some of the
light, strong, transparent, and totally different from bulk important landmark breakthroughs of nanotechnology.
material because they are a thousand times smaller than The technology has the potential to produce garments
the diameter of human hair, which is around 60 microns. which can block chemical and biological weapons from
According to the scientists, 21st century would be the touching the skin of a person.
nanotechnology century. It is estimated that This talk is going to enlighten and address non-specialists so
nanotechnology would revolutionize every area, be it as to create awareness, inquisitiveness and generate
medicine, aerospace, engineering, various industrial and inspiration and stimulation for undertaking research in the
technological areas, health or any other field and there is area of nano-/ micro technology.

Novel Nanomaterials:
Preparation and Characterization
Subhash C. Kashyap
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016
e-mail: skashyap@physics.iitd.ac.in

Abstract:
In the context of materials, the word “nano” means that a carriers:(i) All metal nano-multilayer systems (spin valves)
tiny sample/cluster of atoms is crystalline and its exhibiting GMR and magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs)
dimensions lie in the range of a few nm. We can of course having TMR are employed for ultra-high density magnetic
have clusters of different morphologies - a few nm in each data storage, and (ii) ferromagnetic semiconductors
dimension called quantum dots (zero dimensional- or 0D-), exhibiting room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) and
a few nm long called quantum rods/nanowires (1D-) and a fully spin-polarized compounds are potential candidates
few nm thick single film/epitaxy or multilayers (MLs) for new electronic device structures. Nanometric magnetic
(i.e.2D-structure). Understandably surface to volume ratio multilayers separated by an insulating layer (e.g. CoFeB,
of atoms in any of these nanostructures is higher than in InMn, MgO etc) form MTJs. The room temperature
poly- and single-crystalline bulk materials, which renders ferromagnetism (RTFM) has recently been predicted, and is
them different properties which are useful for several being actively investigated in transition metal (TM) doped
applications, and thus make these materials so important. TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 etc and explained by different
Nanomaterials for spintronics, data storage and optical mechanisms of their origin, though without converging to a
devices having exotic characteristics fall in the category of single one. Multicomponent chalcogenides materials are
novel materials. Spintronics (spin electronics) refers employed for optical data storage.
basically, to the study and application of the extra degree of In our laboratory we are pursuing research work on both
freedom of carriers (e.g. electrons), namely their spin for types of magnetic nano- materials/ systems. We are also
the development of multifunctional and novel devices like synthesizing nanowires of both Si and SiGe alloy in a single-
spin valves, magnetoresistive sensors, read heads, spin- mode field-separated (H011) cylindrical microwave (MW)
FET, magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for MRAM etc. resonant cavity at 2.45GHz. In the case of SiGe alloy the PL
Essentially, there are two kinds of nanomaterials systems spectrum has shown two peaks with higher intensity than
for such devices which can exploit the spin of charge in the PL spectrum of pure Si, thereby establishing that the

04
KIIT
alloying improves the quantum efficiency. Besides, a In the present review talk an attempt will be made to briefly
polycrystalline hard ferrite (M-type barium hexaferrite, describe some of our recent work on the preparation and
BaFe12O19) has been transformed into a nano-phase, characterization of some of the above-mentioned
which has now turned into a soft ferrite, by an efficient and nanomaterials.
rapid method of microwave processing.

Application of NANO in Pharmaceuticals

Vinod Arora, Vice President
Pharma Research, Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited
R&D Centre, Gurgaon
Abstract:
Nano technology is essentially the creation of materials, everyone. In drug development ~30% of discovery actives
devices and systems at the nano meter scale. It is an are water insoluble drugs and are not evaluated in animal
extension of miniaturization. The prefix nano means one studies because of formulation problems. This will result in
billionth and is derived from the greek word Dwarf. As per reducing cost and improve success rate of NCE. Nano
James Murday & Mike Roco by 2015 Nano technology technology will serve as a tool to formulate insoluble
market prediction is of ~ $ 1 trillion. Out of this 34% will be potential drug candidates. Through nano technology one
for nano materials and 20% for pharmaceutical and can increase solubility, improve bio availability of the drugs
healthcare. Healthcare will provide highest returns on and also reduces dose/pill burden. It is said that 21st
nano technology and therefore it is catching attention of Century will witness nano tech led revolutions.

Carbon Nanotubes and Its Applications

Mushahid Husain
Nanotechnology program, Department of Physics
Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025
Email: mush_reslab@rediffmail.com
Abstract:
The discovery of carbon nanotubes added a new dimension their quantum mechanical structure. Their electronic
to the knowledge of carbon science and nanotechnology. properties can be either semiconducting or metallic
Today, nanotechnology is the hot topic attracting depending on the degree of graphitization, helicity and
scientists, industrialists, government and even the general tube diameter. These properties have great potential for
public. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional nanoelectronic device applications, which are also
material, devices and systems through control of matter on important, both for scientific and technological
the nanometer scale and exploitation of novel phenomena development. Nanotubes are potentially useful in field
and properties of matter at that length scale. Carbon emitters, flat panel displays, hydrogen storage, scanning
nanotubes are supposed to be key component of probes etc.
nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes are currently attractive materials for a
Carbon nanotubes are unique nanostructures with diverse range of applications because of their
remarkable electronic and mechanical properties, some extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. Their
stemming from the close relation between carbon application has already been demonstrated in field
nanotubes and graphite, and some from their one- emission displays, nanoscale electronic devices, biosensors
dimensional aspects. The manner in which carbon forms and hydrogen storage mediums. The proposed
bonds is the basis for the variety of carbon nanotubes applications of CNTs are in micro-electronics/
structures that are seen. These have generated a great of semiconductors conducting composites, controlled drug
interest due to their unique band structure and have delivery / release, artificial muscles, batteries, polymer
noticeable electrical properties that are directly related to composites and sensors.

05
Participant’s Papers
Synthesis, Characterization and Photo-Luminescence
Properties of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ Nanophosphor

V.B. Taxak, Mukesh Kumar and S. P. Khatkar

Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001

Abstract:
Europium-activated Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3 nanocrystals were glow [1-2] Rare earth activated multicomponent oxide
synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous phosphors have been widely investigated for application in
concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates display devices, lights and detectors. However, for these
and organic fuel. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace applications phosphor particles must have good
maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material characteristics such as high brightness, spherical shape and
processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively narrow size distribution. In recent years, rare earth ions-
simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and activated phosphors on the nano scale have been
low temperature solution base process have been attracting much interest of the scientists due to the
exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano excellent luminescence and potential applications in
particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure luminescent devices and display equipment, such as field
homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions emission display (FED), vacuum fluorescent display (VFD),
such as calcinations temperature and organic fuel electroluminescent (EL) devices, and plasma panel display
concentration are varied in order to determine the exact (PDP) devices[3-6].
optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with With the development of scientific technologies on
superior optical properties and smaller particle size. The
phosphors, several chemical synthetic techniques such as
nano crystals obtained through combustion method was
characterized by using scanning electron microscopy sol-gel [7], co- precipitation [8] and solvothermal [9]
(SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The methods, have been used to synthesize phosphors. In
morphology of the phosphor was studied by SEM. The contrast, the combustion synthetic technique [10] is quite
average nanoparticle size of the synthesized phosphor simple and rapid in which the reaction lasts for only few
was found in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm.. The seconds.
photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows predominant red
In the present work,: Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+
colour of the nano crystals prepared under an UV source
nanocrystals have been synthesized by combustion
revealed red luminescence that was attributed to
method. The advantages of short time reaction and low
transitions [5D0 → 7F2] at 612 nm .In addition, effect of
temperature solution based process have been
heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals and the
exploited to produce Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nano
dependence of the luminescence intensity on the Eu3+
particles. The phase transformation involved in the pure
concentrations have also been discussed.
homogeneous mixture formation. Synthesis conditions
such as calcinations temperature and Eu3+ ions
Introduction concentration are varied in order to determine the exact
optimum conditions for synthesizing nano particles with
Nanotechnology for materials, as an innovative technology
superior optical properties and smaller particle size.
in the twenty-first century, is expected to revolutionize the
materials technology. This technology realizes
improvement in functions and characteristics of materials
Experimental details
as well as creation of new functions through controlling
materials structure on a super-fine scale. Phosphors are High purity gadolinium, aluminium and europium nitrate
the photoluminescence materials which can absorb the from Aldrich chemicals were taken as starting materials.
visible light, store the energy and gradually release the The phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly
energy as visible light, which leads to a long persistent after heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing

06
KIIT
calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated
furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host
lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in
these lattices by activators ions. These type of
substitutions generally require high temperature and long
processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis
of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
short time duration. The material undergoes rapid
dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.
These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a
flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process
utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and
crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition
temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine
powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to
increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors
was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.
Photoluminescence was observed with a
spetrofluorometer F-7000.

Results and discussion

Photoluminescence properties Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+
of nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and excitation
spectra of the nano crystals prepared shows predominant
red colour under an UV source ( Fig.1a and b) which is
attributed to the transitions [5D0 → 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm
.In addition the dependence of the luminescence intensity Figure 1(a and b) : PL emission spectra and excitation spectra
on Eu3+ ions concentrations and effect of heat treatment of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles.
on the particle size of the nanocrystals have also been investigated as a function of Eu3+ concentration in Al2xGd
investigated. It was observed that the luminescent 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles. It was found that the PL
intensity of the synthesized nanoparticles strongly depend emission intensity of Eu3+ increased with the increase of
on the calcination temperatures. Furthermore, it was the concentration, reaching a maximum value at 3mol%
observed that the PL intensity of the nanoparticles for Eu3+, and then decreased with increasing the
increased rapidly on calcination up to 900° C and beyond concentration. This is because of a well known
this there was no observable change in the PL intensity. phenomenon of concentration quenching in rare earth-
This is mainly due to the improvement in doping, doped system due to mutual Eu3+- Eu3+ interactions.
crystallinity and the increase of particle size, as small
particles do not have high luminous efficiency arising from
grain boundary effects. Also, this is an indication that SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphor
certain properties of the nanoparticles, such as crystallite
The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals
size or disorder of the local environment surrounding the
were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron
activator ions, influenced the PL spectra and calcination is
microscope (SEM). The SEM image of Al2xGd 2(1-x-
important to extract the maximum luminous efficiency.
y)O3:2yEu3+ particles are shown in the figure 2. The as-
The emission intensity at 612 nm of Eu3+ ions was also, synthesized nanophosphors show an unusual morphology

07
KIIT
i.e. forming cracks and porous network due to rapid method is to produce fine powder phosphors that may be
release of gases by-products during the combustion. This used as more promising and intensity materials in
type of porous network is typical of combustion- displaying bright luminescent red color.
synthesized powders [11]. These porous powders are
highly friable which facilitates easy grinding to obtain finer
particles [12]. References
1 C. Chang, D. Mao, J. Shen, C. Feng, J. Alloys Comp. 348
,224 (2003).
2 C. Chang, L. Jiang, D. Mao, C. Feng, Ceramics
International 30,285 (2004).
3. J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T.R.N. Kutty, C.H. Lu, J.
Phys. Chem. B 105 , 11098 (2001).
4. Z.G. Wei, L.D. Sun, C.S. Liao, C.H. Yan, S.H. Huang, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 80, 1447 (2002).

Figure 2: SEM images of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanoparticles 5. S.P. Khatkar, S. D. Han, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, R. Kumar,
J.Lumin.,126, 597 (2007).
The particle size of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals
has been observed in the range from 30 nm to 50 nm. The 6. K.S. Sohn, W. Zeon, H. Chang, S.K. Lee, H.D. Park,
narrow size distribution of these nanoparticles is very Chem. Mater. 14, 2140 (2002).
uniform with regular shape. The particle size cannot be
7. R.P. Rao, J. Electrochem. Soc, 143, 189 (1996)
measured exactly from the SEM micrographs shown in
Figure2. 8. T.M. Chen, S.C. Chen, C.J. Yu, J. Solid State Chem, 144,
437 (1999).

Conclusion 9. X.D. Zhang, H. Liu, W. He, J.Y. Wang, X. Li and R.I.

Boughton, J. Alloys Comp. 372, 300 (2004).
The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized
particles of Al2xGd 2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanophosphor. 10. M.B. Kakade, S. Ramanathan and P.V.
Comparing with traditional material processing Ravindran, J. Alloys Comp. 350, 123 (2003).
techniques, combustion method is relatively a safe, simple 11. S.P. Khatkar, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, S. D. Han, C.H. Han,
and rapid method. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of G. Sharma, J. Korean Phy. Soc. 48, 1355 (2006).
the nano crystals prepared shows predominant red colour
under an UV source which is attributed to the transitions 12. C.A. Morrison, D.E Wortman, Gavernment Document
[5D0 → 7F2] of Eu3+ at 612 nm. The particle size of Al2xGd AD−7350319, Harry Diamond Laboratory Report,
2(1-x-y)O3:2yEu3+ nanocrystals have been observed in the HDL−TR−1563 (1971).
range from 30 nm to 50 nm. Advantage of the present

08
KIIT
Combustion Synthesis and Photoluminescence
Characteristics of KBaPO4:Eu Nanoparticles

Mukesh Kumar, V.B. Taxak and S. P. Khatkar

Maharshi Dayanand University,
Rohtak-124001, India

Abstract:
Europium-activated KBaPO4 nanocrystals were of rare earth oxides [7-8]. The origion of nanoparticle
synthesized by combustion method using an aqueous research can be said to be in study of colloids ,their
concentrated paste of calculated amounts of metal nitrates synthesis and characteristics . The quantum confinement
and urea. The paste is kept in a preheated furnace and major changes observed in other properties have
maintained at 500oC. Comparing with traditional material been the subject of intense research .The surface and
processing techniques, combustion method is a relatively interface of nanocrystal play an important role in the
simple method. The advantages of short time reaction and
optical and electronic properties . Many phosphors have
low temperature solution base process have been
been made in nanophase by employing different
exploited to produce KBaPO4:Eu nano particles. The
techniques . In the present work KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals
phase transformation involved in the pure homogeneous
mixture formation. Synthesis conditions such as have been synthesized by combustion method. The
calcinations temperature and urea concentration are varied advantages of short time reaction and low temperature
in order to determine the exact optimum conditions for solution based process have been exploited to produce
synthesizing nano particles with superior optical properties KBaPO4:Eu nano particles.
and smaller particle size. The nano crystals obtained
through combustion method was characterized by using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Experimental
photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The average nanoparticle High purity chemicals were taken as starting materials. The
size of the synthesized phosphor was around 25nm to 40 phosphor nano materiales were prepared by rapidly
nm. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows heating an aqueous concentrated paste containing
predominant red colour of the nano crystals prepared calculated amounts of metal nitrates and fuel in preheated
under an UV source revealed red luminescence ,that was furnace maintained at 500oC. Eu3+ doping in the host
attributed to transitions [5D0 → 7F2] at 613 nm .In addition, lattice involves trace level substitution of ions present in
effect of heat treatment on the size of the nano crystals these lattices by activators ions. These type of
and the dependence of the luminescence intensity on the substitutions generally require high temperature and long
Eu3+ concentrations have also been discussed. processing times, whereas the facile combustion synthesis
of these phosphors require low ignition temperature and
Introduction short time duration. The material undergoes rapid
dehydration and foaming with the evolution of gases.
In recent years, rare earth ions-activated nanostructure These volatile combustible gases ignite and burn with a
materials have been attracting much interest due to the flame yielding voluminous solid. The combustion process
excellent luminescence and potential applications in utilizes the enthalpy of combustion for the formation and
luminescent devices and display equipment, such as crystallization of the nanophosphor at low ignition
lighting, field emission display (FED), cathode ray tubes temperature. The solid obtained was milled to a fine
(CRT), and plasma display panels (PDP) resolution [1-6]. In powder and again fired at 500oC to 900oC for 2-3 hrs to
the present time, field emission display (FEDs) , plasma increase the brightness. The morphology of the phosphors
display panels (PDPs) are attracting deal of attention as was studied by SEM using Jeol JSM 6510 model.
new display technology . Scientist have undertaken Photoluminescence was observed with a
investigations of the influence of particle size on the spetrofluorometer F-7000.
optical and electronic properties of nanocrystal materials

09
KIIT
Results and discussion
Photoluminescence properties KBaPO4:Eu of
nanophosphor
The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals
prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source ( Fig.1) which is attributed to the transitions [5D0
→ 7F2] of Eu3+ at 613 nm .In addition the dependence of
Figure 2: SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles
the luminescence intensity on Eu3+ ions concentrations
and effect of heat treatment on the particle size of the Conclusion
nanocrystals have also been investigated. It was observed
The present method gives homogeneous and fine sized
that the luminescent intensity of the synthesized
nanoparticles strongly depend on the calcination particles of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor. Comparing with
temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that the PL traditional material processing techniques, combustion
method is relatively a safe, simple and rapid method. The
photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the nano crystals
prepared shows predominant red colour under an UV
source which is attributed to the transitions [5D0 → 7F2]
of Eu3+ at 613 nm. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu
nanocrystals have been observed in the range from 25 nm
to 40 nm. Advantage of the present method is to produce
fine powder phosphors that may be used as more
promising and intensity materials in displaying bright
luminescent red color.

References
1. A.J.Kenyonn, C.E.Chryssou and C.W.Pitt, J.Appl. Phys.
Figure 1 : PL emission spectra of KBaPO4:Eu nanoparticles 91, 367 (2002).
SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor
2. Y.H. Li and G.Y. Hong, J. Solid State Chem.178, 645
intensity of the nanoparticles increased rapidly on (2005).
calcination up to 900° C and beyond this there was no
observable change in the PL intensity. 3. J. Dhanaraj, R. Jagannathan, T.R.N. Kutty and C.H. Lu, J.
Phys. Chem. B 105, 11098 (2001).
4. Z.G. Wei, L.D. Sun, C.S. Liao, C.H. Yan and S.H. Huang,
SEM images of KBaPO4:Eu nanophosphor
Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1447 (2002).
The surface morphological features of the nanocrystals
5. S.P. Khatkar, S. D. Han, V.B. Taxak, D. Kumar, R. Kumar,
were studied by Jeol JSM 6510, scanning electron
J.Lumin.,126, 597 (2007).
microscope (SEM). The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu
nanocrystals has been observed in the range from 25 nm to 6. K.S. Sohn, W. Zeon, H. Chang, S.K. Lee and H.D. Park,
40 nm. Chem. Mater. 14, 2140 (2002).
The narrow size distribution of these nanoparticles is very 7 W.Y. Jia, Y.Y. Wang and F. Fernandez. Mater.Sci. Eng. C
uniform with regular shape. The particle size cannot be 16, 55 (2001).
measured exactly from the SEM micrographs shown in
Figure2. The particle size of KBaPO4:Eu nanocrystals have 8 A.J. Kenyonn, C.E. Chryssou and C.W. Pitt.J. Appl. Phys.
been observed in the range from 25 nm to 40 nm. 91, 367 (2002).

10
KIIT
Powering the Future with Carbon Nanotubes:
Engineering at the Nano Scale

Parul Sharma
Department of Chemistry
Amity School of Engineering and Technology
Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon.
Email: sendtoparul@rediffmail.com; sendtosharma_parul@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Engineering at the nano-scale is challenging and we are in been recognized as the stiffest and strongest man-made
the early stages of figuring out how we can do it right, to material known to date. In addition to high electrical
build structures, devices and systems that would embody conductivity, their other eyecatching features viz
the Nanotechnology revolution. Engineers/Scientist can mechanical, optical and chemical characteristics opened a
create new building blocks that produce materials with the new window for future applications. However, due to their
exact properties they desire, which are generally smaller, miniscale size, the excellent properties of these
stronger and lighter than current technologies. In this nanostructures can only be exploited if they are
endeavor Carbon Nano-tubes have had a special role. homogenously embedded into light-weight matrices as
Carbon nano-tubes are very thin hollow cylinders made of those offered by a whole series of engineering polymers.
carbon atoms. The beauty of these carbon nano-tubes is CNTs are basically classified into three categories-Single
that they are 10,000 times thinner than human hair. It is this Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT), Double Walled Carbon
property which makes them vulnerable to be use in varied Nanotubes (DWCNT) and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
fields. Nano-tubes are fascinating materials from the point (MWCNT). SWCNT and MWCNT can be fabricated using
of view of structure, form, growth and properties. various techniques; the commonest and relatively simple is
The talk will focus on several novel applications of Carbon the Simple Vapour Deposition Technique. Carbon-
nano-tubes such as nanostructured electrodes for sensors, Nanotubes are an important new class of technological
electrical interconnects, unique filters for separation materials that have numerous novel and useful properties.
technologies, thermal management system, Besides CNT, Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Graphene, Fullerene has
multifunctional brushes, bulk composites and so on. One of received full attention over the past few years as
the major and useful applications of CNTs is in the area of Nanodevices.
Biomedical Engineering. Currently, the technique is very
useful in site-specific drug delivery and medical imaging. ZnO Nanostructures
Clean energy generation and efficiency is critical to our ZnO nanostructures have increased drastically in recent
future. Through Nanotechnology innovation, we can years. Intense research by many different groups has
improve the efficiencies of the technologies we have and focused on novel nanostructures with different shapes
discover new ways to achieve sustainable development. ranging from nanowires to nanobelt and nanosprings. ZnO
Just as with every good technique, along-with merits, there nanostructure can be obtained using Chemical Vapour
are demerits as well. The paper will also highlight the Deposition Technique including growth with and without
potential pitfalls or side effects associated with nano- catalyst (Wagner et al., 1964). These nanostructures have
particles. been widely used for sensing applications because of their
Keywords: Carbon Nanotubes; Nanotechnology; Novel high sensitivity to the chemical environment. ZnO
applications, Efficiency nanostructures are currently used in various applications
such as Light Emitting Diode , sensors, Solar cells . ZnO at
nanoscale in a nanostructure form serves as an electrode
INTRODUCTION
material as well as a template for Phase Separation.
As world wide demand for energy surges at an ever-
increasing rate, there is a new urgency to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of Existing technologies. One Graphene: a promising Nano device
of the keys to addressing this challenge is innovation and Graphene has attracting an increasing interest due to its
some of the most promising solutions are occurring at remarkable physical properties ranging from Dirac Electron
nanoscale-the smallest scale. Carbon Nanotubes have long spectrum to Ballistic Transport under ambient conditions.

11
KIIT
Graphene is the two dimensional building block for Carbon of drugs or genes and in Hyperthermia (Ito et al., 2005)
allotropes of every other dimensionality. Its recent
discovery in Free State has finally provided the possibility to
POTENTIAL PITFALLS OF NANOPARTICLES
study experimentally its electronic and phonon properties.
Graphene a layer of carbon lattice arranged in honeycomb Although the power of Nanotechnology is indisputable, the
lattice is extremely promising for use in new generation possibilities of irreversible harm from its indiscriminate use
digital electronic devices (Wang et al., 2010). must also be taken into consideration. Many of us are
aware of this fact that Nanoscience can produce all kinds of
new and improved products, the particles that are created
Fullerene are so incredibly small that they may very well cause
Nanoparticles are recognized as promising building blocks eventual health problem to the users. The need of the hour
for future applications; however their fixation on surfaces is to eradicate or lessen this load of demerits which
or in a matrix is an ardent task. Double layer of spherical C60 ultimately and surely proves Nanotechnology as a boon to
carbon-molecules, called fullerenes, can be an ideal mankind.
substrate for this. Fullerene is a molecule composed
entirely of carbon in the form of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
tube. Spherical Fullerenes or Buckyballs or Carbon
Nanotubes have a wide variety of applications. They are Author is Grateful to Dr. Shalini Srivastava, Dayalbagh
extremely useful in medicine in Cancer therapy, as a light Educational Institute, Agra for providing academic
activated antimicrobial agent (Tegos et al., 2005). guidance for this piece of work. Dr. Ashok K. Chauhan,
Chancellor, Amity University, Manesar and Dr. V.K. Sayal,
Principal, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon is highly
Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Water Purification acknowledged.
Metal Oxide like Silver and Titanium Dioxide are the most
promising antimicrobial nanoparticles for water
REFERENCES
purification. They are used for analytical detection of
contaminants in water sample. Water purification using R.S. Wagner and W.C. Ellis, Graphene: a promising
nanotechnology exploits nanoscopic materials such as Nanoparticle. Applied Physics Letter 4 (1964), p. 89
carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for nanofiltration. Zhenxing Wang. “A high-performance top-gate
Nanofilters made by Carbon nanotubes can remove all graphene field-effect transistor based frequency
kinds of water contaminant like turbidity, oil, bacteria, virus doubler,” Applied Physics Letters (2010).
and other organic contaminants. Surface Engineered Silica Tegos, G. (2005). Cationic Fullerenes: an effective and
nanoparticles can remove biological molecules, pathogens selective antimicrobial photosensitizers. Chemistry &
such as viruses like the Polio virus, bacteria like Escherichia Biology, 12 (10): 1127–1135.
coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum, which is a waterborne
Ito A, Shinkai, M., Honda H., Kobayashi T. Medical
parasite. Supra paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are
applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles,
being widely used for various biomedical applications for
Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2005, 100, 1-11
example, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Targeted delivery

12
KIIT
Nanotechnology: A Giant Leap in
Space Exploration

Yamini Sarada1, Kavita Gupta2 and S.C.Gupta3

1 2
and Professor, Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities
3
Professor in Electronics & Director
Northern India Engineering College, Shastri Park, Delhi-53

Introduction In laboratories across the country, NASA is supporting the

Ever since Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on 20 July, burgeoning science of nanaotechnology. NASA Institute
1969 the space exploration had advanced a lot with its new for Advanced Concepts (NAIC) grant was awarded to Chris
technologies. Various space missions were made mainly by Phoenix of the Centre of Responsible Nanotechnology to
USA and USSR and some of them were spectacularly study the feasibility of this new technology in space
successful. When it comes to taking the next giant leap in exploration. In his report Phoenix explains that a
space exploration, NASA is thinking really small. The official nanofabrication could produce spacecraft parts with
site of NASA says: “The science of nanotechnology could atomic precision, meaning that each atom within the object
lead to radical improvements for space exploration.’’ is placed exactly where it belongs. The resulting piece
Foremost among the challenges facing the US space would be extremely strong, and its shape could be within
program are improving the performance, reliability and the width of ideal design with no more than a single atom of
cost effectiveness of spacecraft. Recent advances in the difference. Ultra smooth surfaces would need no cleaning
field of nanotechnology promise techniques that will meet or lubrication and almost never suffer the ravages of time.
these challenges through molecular scale manufacturing of Such a high accuracy and reliability of the parts of a
sensors, machines and computers. These nanometer sized spacecraft is of utmost importance when it comes to the
devices have the potential to revolutionize spacecraft lives of astronauts. Information systems and science
design and thus may bring an end to the space shuttle era. systems based on nanoscale electronics will extend beyond
the limit of silicon, leading to the capability to conduct
highly complex missions with nearly autonomous
Why Nanotechnology? spacecraft. Key areas of NASA research and technology
development involve high performance aerospace
“The principles of Physics, as far as I can see, do not speak materials including carbon nanotubes and high
against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by temperature nanoscale composites, ultrahigh density low
atom’’ Richard Feyman power space-durable information systems, electronics and
sensor systems.
Nanotechnology works on the molecular scale to assemble
new materials using the most fundamental of structures. Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT)
All work is done in nano-scale, where one nanometer is
equal to one billionth of a meter. Molecular Researchers have found that the effects of radiation on
nanotechnology expresses the concept of ultimately being electronic devices are greatly reduced when the devices are
able to arrange atoms in a predetermined fashion by made smaller. Corrosion, electrical interference and
manipulating individual atoms [Aono]. Molecular mechanical strain are all environmental effects caused by
nanotechnology promises revolutionary advances not only continued exposure to radiation. Carbon nanotubes and
in manufactured products, but in the processes used to boron nanotubes are two molecular materials developed
make them. It is the culmination of many fields like which are capable of hardening when exposed to radiation
microelectronics, chemistry, molecular biology and for long periods of time (Jacquelyn). The extraordinary
material sciences. Each of these fields reaches its ultimate features of these nanotubes are that they have 100 times
in precise molecular control, which is the ability to build the strength of steel, but only 1/6th of their weight. They are
large structures to complex atomic specifications by direct 40 times stronger than graphite fibers and conduct
positional selection of reaction sites [Drexler]. electricity better than copper.

13
KIIT
The technology that designs the future fashion, but slows at an altitude a few times the Earth’s
The field of nanotechnology is so new that scientists are still radius, and then gradually becomes parallel when it finally
discovering new capabilities and applications. Foreseen reaches maximum thickness at geostationary orbit.
developments within space exploration include
establishing colonies of nanorobots on Mars and Venus and Potential Benefits and Risks
building space elevators that will place spaceships and
satellites into Earth’s orbit (Jacquelyn). Space colonization Nanotechnology promises to give us great benefits, but it
efforts would use nanorobots to construct projects on also holds great potential for misuse and raises ethical
other planets by remote control using the environmental questions related to health, privacy, human enhancement,
materials at hand. Sensors and cameras would be built by military, economics etc. The medium and long term
the nanotubes and used to monitor the construction benefits of nanotechnology are truly amazing. In the
projects. Plans for space elevators entail constructing a medium term, the nanosystem devices would be directly
cable leading from earth surface to a point beyond involved in the manufacturing process. The technology
geosynchronous orbit using carbon nanotubes as the enables the fabrication of stronger materials that could
material. As the planet rotates, the inertia at the end of the improve reliability and reduce spacecraft dry weight,
cable counteracts gravity and also keeps the cable taut. resulting in increased payload capacity and higher orbital
Electric lifts would run the length of the cable. Due to altitude , ultimately reducing the cost to orbit [Drexler].
lightweight durability of carbon nanotubes the satellites Tiny, inexpensive inertial guidance systems could assist
and space stations can climb the cable and reach the orbit unmanned exploratory spacecraft, planetary roversand
without the use of rocket propulsion. Due to its enormous interplanetary probes. A dense network of distributed
length a space elevator cable must be carefully designed to embedded sensors throughout a spacecraft could
carry its own weight as well as the weight of the climber. A continuously monitor mechanical stresses, temperature
tapered design is suggested as the required strength of the gradients, incident radiation, and other parameters to
cable will vary along its length and at various points it has to ensure mission safety and optimize system control. With
carry the weight of the cable below,or provide a centripetal such extensive monitoring and increasingly efficient
force to retain the cable and counter weight above [Phani control of propulsion systems, mission success rates would
Kumar]. increase at lowered cost.
Taking into account the Earth’s gravitational and The long term benefits of molecular nanotechnology are
centrifugal forces, it is possible to show that the optimal most relevant as the settlement of space is a long term
cross-sectional area of the cable as a function of height is enterprise. The most important benefit arises from the
given by ability to bootstrap production via self-replicating universal
assemblers. This capability would probably lower the
A(r) = Ao exp { P/S[ ½ W2(R2-r2) + G r (1-R/r)]} manufacturing cost by many magnitudes and also make
where A(r) - the cross-sectional area as a function of possible inexpensive access to space.
distance r from the Earth’s center. While it is true that nanosystems could significantly lower
Ao - the cross-sectional area of the cable on the Earth’s the cost of Space missions, other factors must also be
surface considered. The prime concern is that if the policy makers
P - the density of the material of the cable make decisions about molecular nanotechnology with the
assumption that humanity is limited to Earth, the results
S - the tensile strength of the material will most probably be catastrophic. Secondly it is not
W - the angular velocity of the Earth about its axis known how quickly nanosystems will reach maturity, or
how much effort will be directed toward including them in
R - the distance between the Earth’s center and the base the design of space application. The absence of a significant
of the cable which is approximately the Earth’s equatorial human direction toward space may allow social inertia
radius including cultural attitude toward frontiers, civil and
G - the acceleration due to gravity at the base of the cable criminal law to become major obstacle in developing
The above equation gives a shape where the cable nanosystems for space applications. An umbrella of
thickness initially increases rapidly in an exponential regulations is already in place for assessing and regulating
the hazards new materials impose on human health and

14
KIIT
environment. In the light of the findings that the workers molecular nanotechnology can and must be encouraged.
who are repeatedly exposed to high levels of carbon
materials are at risk, researchers have started to investigate
whether the carbon exposure and skin disease relationship References:
applies to carbon nanotubes as well. Aono, Masakazu, Atomcraft, JPRS-JST-92-052-L,22 June
1992.
Conclusion Feyman, Richard, “ There’s plenty of room at the
bottom’’, Engineering and Science, California Institute
Mark Freeman a researcher in Embry-Riddle Aeronautical of Technology, 1960.
University conducted a survey in 2008 to determine what
the public thinks about this new technology. The study was K. Eric Drexler, Nanosystems: Molecular machinery,
based on the assumption that as ours is a democratic manufacturing and computation, John Wiley and Sons,
political structure the public opinion reasonable matters. 1992.
The result showed a majority of participants believing that Jacquelyn Jeanty, How is Nanotechnology used in
nanotechnology is the right technology to lead to Space?
improvements in space exploration. The National Space
Society believes that the serious development of the long Mark Freeman, A study to determine if nanotechnology
range field of molecular nanotechnology must be should be applied to space exploration.
supported as it will benefit the entire human race. Phani Kumar, Principles of Nanotechnology, Scitech
Extraterrestrial activities are a natural application for publications.
nanosystems, and synergistic effects between space and

Role of Nanostructured Materials & Devices

in Environmental Pollution Control
Sanjeev K. Sharma1 and A. K. Jain2
Ansal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon-122 003, Haryana, India.
E-mail: 1sanjeev.sharma@aitgurgaon.org; 2arvind.jain@aitgurgaon.org

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology and contaminants. Nanotechnology is also likely to help
miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro prevent a great deal of pollution in the future by affording
dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the the opportunity to “reinvent the energy infrastructure that
nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse powers the economy. Nanoscale materials and devices
applications of nanotechnology across a number of could result in game-changing breakthroughs in energy
disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental production through advances in hydrogen and solar
researchers address the need for efficient and effective energy, and could even beget vast improvements in the
methods and devices for the reduction of environmental efficiency and cleanliness of carbon-based energy.
burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste, Key words: Nano remediation, Nano-catalyses, Nano-
and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy. filtration, Green chemistry
Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste
waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control,
emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of 1. Introduction
the nanotechnology and advanced Nanomaterials
production offers significant opportunities for a wide range Advancement in science and technology have allowed for
of applications for detection monitor, control, and the broadening of horizons and miniaturization of
remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants amazingly complex devices and touted as next technology

15
KIIT
revolution. Nanotechnology, defined as techniques aimed into functional analytical devices for future environmental
to conceive, characterize and produce material at the applications.
nanometer scale [1], represents a fully expanding domain,
which can be assumed to predict more production and
utilization of nanomaterials without risk in future. The size 2. Objectives:
particularity of these nanomaterials gives them novel The objectives of this review article are-
properties, allowing them to adopt new compartments
because of the laws of quantum physics that exist at this I. To investigate the current state of knowledge of
scale level and thus, offers enormous potential to change applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology in the
environment.
and benefit society. Nanotechnology is today‟s version of
the space race, and countries around the globe are II. To study the involvement of nanoparticles and devices in
enthusiastically pouring billions of dollars into support of preventing and controlling the various factors leading to
research, development, and commercialization the pollution.
Applications of nanotechnologies are numerous, in
constant development, and their potential use in medicine,
energy, information technology and many other societal 3. Scope of Study
benefits [2]. The purpose of this article is to help in explore the
Although research and development of environmental implausible implications of nanoscience and technology for
applications is still a relatively narrow area of influencing the larger society benefits from attentive and
nanotechnology work, it is growing rapidly, and accountable accomplishment at present and in future.
nanomaterials promise just as dazzling an array of benefits Advancement at the nanoscale is constantly improving to
here as they do in other fields. Nanotechnology will be increase energy efficiency, improve human health,
applied to both ends of the environmental spectrum, to moderate environmental degradation by nanoscientists
clean up existing pollution and to decrease or prevent its and engineers and creating new economic opportunities.
generation. Rapid progress of the nanotechnology and This article is based on an extensive review of literature
advanced nanomaterials production offers significant published in the last two decades. The selected literature
opportunities for a wide range of applications including consisting mainly of scientific publications, but also books,
treatment of waste streams effluents, elimination or information from conferences and patent data and World
minimizing the generation of wastes, remediation of Wide Web were used.
existing polluted sites, development of pollution
monitoring devices like solid state nanobased sensor for
4. Importance of Natural Source as Water
real time remote detection of certain heavy metals ,
engineered nanoparticles to scavenge for pollutants and Water resources and its conservation is the key area which
toxins in ground water systems and for treatment of requires immediate attention due to less amount of usable
automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of water is available for survival to meet the needs of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) etc. The convergence
of analytical techniques and
nanotechnology provides attractive possibilities for
development of miniaturized, rapid, ultra sensitive and
inexpensive methods for in situ and field-based
environmental monitoring devices [3].
The technology that is expected to be proliferated is also
anticipated to be very simple and very inexpensive. These
developments are expected to eventually go a long way
toward ameliorating the shortages of clean, plentiful, low-
cost drinking water that plague many areas of the world.
This review provides an overview of the various Source: www.wikipedia.org
nanoparticles and nanostructures and their integration Figure 1 % Distribution of Earth’s Water

16
KIIT
increasing population on earth. As per the water ions from water, who coated iron oxide magnetic
distribution statistics only 3% of total earth water is fresh nanoparticles (Fe3O4 – magnetite) with humic acid (HA)
water (Fig.1) and less than 0.08 of 1% of the total freshwater and observed the stability of material and heavy metal
is utilizable [4]. Based on this fact we have an idea of water removal efficiency of the nanoparticles are significantly
availability, need proper attention for conservation and enhanced due to the coating [8].
treatment to reuse water. If we don‟t manage this properly One of the most important stages of any water treatment is
then almost 2.7 billion people may be living in either water- to remove micro-organisms as even after treatment, the
scarce or waterstressed conditions in future. Water stress water still contains organic compounds. Currently, chlorine
and scarcity are directly proportional to population is used as the disinfectant; however, it removes the micro-
dynamics and renewable freshwater availability. Thus, organisms but reacts to the organic pollutants. Resultantly,
keeping in view the term „stress and scarce‟, this review disinfected by-products are formed those are biologically
majorly highlights the uses of nanotechnology in areas undegradable and toxic and can not be removed from the
relevant to water storage, water quality treated by water. On exposure of these by products to the eco- system
bioremediation and disinfection. and if used in agriculture and other industries, they can
cause serious health hazards. Disinfection process through
Targeted pollutants can be effectively removed from
chlorine can be replaced by a single step solar nano-
contaminated water by using less costly, renewable and
photocatalytic wastewater treatment process as a tertiary
eco-friendly manufactured products by using nanomaterial
treatment process to disinfect the micro-organisms and at
based technology. The inherent societal implications of
the same time it removes the organic compounds and
existing technologies and future potential for groundwater
makes the wastewater suitable as a water resource.
remediation, pollution prevention, and sensors may affect
Microorganisms are used to break down large organic
acceptance of widespread applications [5]. In this section
compounds but, because these compounds are biologically
of review, application of nanotechnology in water and
not degradable, another form of energy can be used like UV
waste water treatment is considered, which is explained
sunlight in association with photocatalysts to break them
under three categories- treatment and remediation,
down. Energy generated from the photocatalyst cell
sensing and detection, and pollution prevention.
reaction can destroy micro-organisms and break down the
undegradable compounds, resulting in eco-friendly clean
5. Treatment and Remediation water that can be used for agriculture and aquatic uses [9].
Remediation of contaminated water is the process of
Commonly, there are different techniques which can be removing, reducing or neutralizing water contaminants
used for treatment and remediation of water such as that poses human health and ecosystem. Remediation
boiling, distillation, halogen and its derivatives, UV light, technologies can be categorized into physico-chemical and
ultrasonic irradiation, reverse osmosis, sediment filters, biological methods. Advanced environmental remediation
ozonization etc. A new research is in steps forward to use technologies could be helpful to provide cost-effective
nanotechnology in water purification for safe drinking. A solution to a number of the most challenging
research was conducted in this regard, based on water environmental cleaning problems. In this regards, the
treatment, purification and disinfection by using nanostructures reviewed as the fabrication metal and
nanostructured catalytic membranes, nanosorbents, semiconductor nanoparticles for environmental
nanocatalysts and bioactive nanoparticles. Toxicological remediation applications, chiefly in ground water. The
effects due to the application of these engineered results particularly tailored for remediation of
nanomaterials on humans and the environment were also environmental contaminants including organohalides,
observed [6]. Magnetic nanoparticles are used to separate trinitrotoluene, and phenols [10]. Modified iron particles
heavy metals from water. Exposed magnetite like catalysed and supported nanoparticles have been
nanoparticles in aqueous systems are very much prone to synthesized to further enhance the speed and efficiency of
air oxidation and are easily aggregated, consequently, remediation. These results corroborate a report that iron
saturation magnetization and adsorption capacity for nanoparticles are good option for the remediation of heavy
metals are reduced. Recently, resuspended Fe3O4/HA metals in groundwater [11] and pursued a comprehensive
encumbered with heavy metals de-ionized in water [7]. This assessment of hexavalent chromium removal in aqueous
result is followed by a new finding of a novel low-cost solution using iron (Fe0) nanopartcles. Cr (VI) is highly
magnetic sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal

17
KIIT
toxic, carcinogenic and has great mobility which is chemical sensors such as Guided-Optics Intrinsic Chemical
commonly notorious contaminant in soil and groundwater Sensors and produce new development [17]. These sensors
applied in industries. In contrast, Cr (III) is less toxic and are based on the principle that the chemical species can
immobile. Physico-chemical adsorption of Cr (VI) is just affect the waveguide properties. Therefore, it is not the
transferred but not removed in the reaction of Cr (VI) and Cr absorption or emission properties of an analyte that are
(III) and significant to the environment and feasible measured, but rather the effect of the analyte upon the
method in the remediation of environmental sites [12]. It optical properties of the optical waveguide. These sensors
was concluded as Cr(OH)3 should be the final product of are based on effects of the analyte e.g. an increase in the
Cr(VI).. Bioremediation by strains of bacteria can also be strain/stress of the coating, modification of the waveguide
degrade the Cr(VI) [13]. Starch becomes more reactive and temperature, attenuation of the guided light amplitude,
prevents nanoparticles from agglomeration. Improved change of the effective refractive index of the mode or
class of starch- stabilized bimetallic nanoparticles could be modification of the polarization of the light. The specific
active as a good dispersant to prepare nanoscale Ag sequence of NANO sensors detects and identifies a
particles in aqueous media [13]. The starch-stabilized Fe0 majority of chemical species in same and may also from the
nanoparticles revealed higher removal efficiency since gas/mixtures. When a target molecule reacts with
starch as a good dispersant could prevent agglomeration of nanoparticles, the shape of nanoparticle changes and
Fe0 nanoparticles [15]. Recent research has revealed that modifies the reflectivity of the sensor [0]. Single-walled
bimetallic gold-palladium nanoparticles provide an active carbon nanotube (SWNT) sensor platform has been
catalyst to break down trichlorethene [24] which is a major developed for gas and organic vapor detection at room
pollutants of groundwater are linked to liver damage, temperature and can be understood by charge-transfer
impaired pregnancy and cancer. mechanisms [48]. Changes in the electrical properties of
CNTs are used to make gas sensors. Gas sensors have been
used to detect NO2 [49–52], NH4 [52,53], H2 [53], and
Sensing and Detection inorganic vapors [54] through the changes in the resistance
Secondly, the focus of the review deals with sensing device of the CNT layer.
after treatment and remediation followed by pollution In modern agricultural practice, nanosensors are being
prevention and green nanotechnologies. used for detection of pest, pest nanocides, genetic
selection of plants and animals for optimal production and
targeted therapies. In the food industries, nanotechnology
(a) Detection of certain heavy metals is applied in different ways such as in packaging that
Solid state nanobased sensor is used for real time and responds to environmental conditions and protect food
remote detection of heavy metals. quality, in food Safety for which nano based sensors (e.g.
Advancement in nanotechnology has improved chemical FRID) are used to track and monitor agricultural and food
and biochemical sensing which consist of a series of steps products to prevent interfering and ensure safety and
including sample collection, preconcentration, nanoparticle compounds are used to improve food quality
amplification, separation, detection and transduction. On by preventing oxidiation or environmental degradation of
the basis of the application, nanomaterials are integrated health promoting compounds such as antioxidants and
into a large array of hydrocarbon extraction, gas micronutrients. Nanochips, an advanced applications of
separations and solid state gas sensors and these are used sensors for real-time continuous monitoring and utilize lab-
for monitoring of air pollution, nanoadsorbent materials on-a-chip technology including sensing in impure streams,
for pollutant separations and corrosion inhibitors which are in situ water quality monitoring of biological and chemical
used in gas industry markets [16]. Now the question arises, species, and studying interactions of pollutants in the
how Nanomaterials could be used to produce new environment. Specifically engineered nanoparticles that
development in the field of sensing devices? In this context, can be placed in ground water systems to scavenge for
electronic materials based sensors are capable to sense and pollutants and toxins, catalysts could be developed that
respond properly to mitigate unwanted problems related weaken pollutants [20]. The first protein biochips made up
with structural health monitoring that could quickly screen of silicon with proteins consist of functional groups protein
many pathogens and toxic chemicals and find the primary that can sense low concentrations of target substances and
signs of disease [16]. The NANO-elements can be used as organisms [21].

18
KIIT
Treatment of Automobile exhaust sorbent used to remove mercury from waste stream [32]
Nanoparticles can be used to react with and treat and nanomembranes can also be used to remove hardness
automobile exhaust gas to provide emission control of and Desalination [33]. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Recently a U.S. were used to remove arsenic from water [34]. Table 1 shows
company Nanostellar has developed an automotive a comparative analysis of As removal efficiency which is the
pollution control catalyst for diesel engines that contains result of the treatment of known concentrations of As
gold platinum and palladium ingredients. This is a major solution and Fe3SO4. Figure 2 shows removal of arsenic
step forward in cost effective emission control as the result from water by using magnetic batch separation of 16-nm
showed that NS Gold™ increases hydrocarbon oxidation water-soluble Fe3O4 NCs with a conventional separator
activity by 15-20% at equal precious-metal cost. A tri-metal (Dexter Magnetic LifeSep 50SX). The field gradient at full
formulation of NSGold™ allows the proportions of each field was 23.3 T/m.
metal to be adjusted to help catalyst [25], volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions from stationary sources and
Particle Size(nm) As(v)/As(III) Concentration of As
ammonia slip in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems
[26]. Another example of nanomaterial is a non toxic Residual (500 μg/liter) Removal (%)
lubricant has dispersion of nanometer size particles that 12 As(III) 3.9 99.2 20 As(III) 45.3 90.9
coagulate, smoothen and repair surfaces of the engine and
result in the reduction of friction and wear [27]. On the 300 As(III) 375.7 24.9 12 As(v) 7.8 98.4
other hand, most oil additives contain sulphur and 20 As(v) 17.3 96.5 300 As(v) 354.1 29.2
phosphorous in complex organic molecules that
Table 1: A comparative analysis of As removal efficiency,
breakdown under pressure and high temperatures and
assuming a treatment of 2 litres of As solution
contribute to the pollutants in the emission. The
(500μg/liter) with 1g of Fe3O4.
nanoscopic airborne pollution already in existence, from
the carbon particles in car exhaust, the manganese oxide in
welding fumes and from coating process [28].

Removal of arsenic and other toxic metals

Nanocomposite filters can remove arsenic and other toxic
metals from drinking water. High arsenic levels may come
from certain fertilizers, animal feedlots, and industrial
waste used to indicate improper well construction, the
location, overuse of chemical fertilizers and herbicides.
Several organizations like World Health Organization
(WHO), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Figure 2: Removal of arsenic from water by
using magnetic batch separation
and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have
determined that inorganic arsenic can cause cancer in Pollution prevention
humans [29]. Nanotechnology might help improve water The Pollution Prevention can be defined as source
problems by solving the technical challenges that removing reduction i.e. any practice that can diminish the amount of
water contaminants including bacteria, viruses, arsenic, any hazardous substance, pollutant and reduce the hazards
mercury, pesticides and salt pose. Use of nanoparticles for to public health and the environment allied with the release
water treatment will allow manufacturing that is less of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants [35]. The
polluting than traditional methods and requires less labour, application of nanotechnology to pollution prevention is
capital, land and energy [30]. A team at Pennsylvania State two-fold i.e. it could be used to make a manufacturing
University has developed a way of detecting arsenic in process environmentally benign or it could itself be an
water by using nanowires on a silicon chip [31]. Nano- environmentally benign product that replaces raw
technology developed and patented a resin called Nano- materials or a toxic substance. Green nanotechnology can
Composite Arsenic Sorbent (N-CAS), to remove arsenic access to this direction.
from water. Another study has revealed that nanoporous

19
KIIT
Green Nanotechnology treatment‟, Nanowerk.
Green nanotechnology is a chemical philosophy promotes http://www.csid.com.cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=88545
the design of industrial chemicals and processes that
reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous 9. Theron, J., Walker, J. A. and Cloete, T. E. (2008).
substances. Green Chemistry or sustainable chemistry, „Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications
Green Engineering, and Industrial Ecology are the fields of and emerging opportunities‟ Critical Reviews in
Green Nanotechnology which is about gearing precisely at Microbiology, vol. 34, No.1 pp. 43-69.
the source to make green nano-products and using them in 10. Obare , Sherine O. and Meyer, Gerald J.( 2005).
support of sustainability [36]. Green Nanotechnology „Nanostructured materials for environmental
formulate use of the principles of Green Chemistry, Green
remediation of organic contaminants in water‟ . Journal
Engineering, and Industrial Ecology to make nanomaterials
without toxic ingredients at low temperatures by using less of Environmental Science and Health, Vol. 39, No. 10, pp
energy and renewable inputs. 2549 – 2582.
11. Niu, Shao-feng, Liu, Yong, Xu, Xin-hua and Lou, Zhang-
hua (2005). „Removal of hexavalent chromium from
References: aqueous solution by iron nanoparticles‟. J Zhejiang Univ
1. Holister, P.,Weener, J.,Vas, C.,Harper, T. (2003). SCI vol. 6B, No. 10, pp1022-1027.
Nanoparticles: Technology White Papers nr.3.
12. Bowman, R.S. (2003). „Applications of surfactant-
C i e n t i f i c a : L o n d o n , U K .
modified zeolites to environmental remediation.
http://images.iop.org/dl/nano/wp/
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials,Vol.61, No. 1-3,
nanoparticles_WP.pdf
pp 43-56.
2. Hristozov, Danail and Malsch, Ineke (2009) .Hazards and
13. Chen,J.M and Hao, O.J, (1998). „Microbial Chromium
Risks of Engineered Nanoparticles for the Environment
and Human Health. Sustainability, 1 (4). p. 1161. ISSN (VI) Reduction‟, Crit. Rev. Environ.Sci. Technol, vol. 28,
2071-1050 No. 3, pp 219-251.

3. Luther ,W. (2004). Industrial application of 14. H e , F . , Z h a o , D . ( 2 0 0 5 ) . „ P r e p a r a t i o n a n d

nanomaterials: chances and risks Technological characterization of a new class of starch-stabilized
Analysis. Future Technologie (54)ISSN 1436-5928s, bimetallic nanoparticles for degradation of chlorinated
VDITechnologiezentrum, Germany. hydrocarbons in water‟. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 39,
pp3314-3320.
4. Encyclopedia, 2009. ‘Earth's water distribution‟. United
States Geological Survey. 15. Raveendran, P., Fu, J. and Wallen, S.L.(2003).
„Complete “green” synthesis and stabilization of metal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
nanoparticles‟. J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 125, pp13940-
5. Zhang, W (2003). „Nanoscale iron particles for 13941.
environmental remediation‟ Journal of Nanoparticle
16. Mokhatab, Saeid, and Brian F. Towler (2007).
Research, vol. 5, pp323–332. Nanomaterials hold promise in natural as industry.
6. Diallo, Mamadou, Duncan, Jeremiah, Savage, Nora, International Journal of Nanotechnology Vol. 4, No.6
Street, Anita and Sustich, Richard (2009). pp680 – 690.
„Nanotechnology applications for clean water: 17. Patel, P. (2009). ‘Nanosensors made easy: A trick to
solutions for improving water quality‟, Reference assemble nanowires on silicon could lead to cheap, tiny
William Andrew, ISBN: 978-0-8155-1578-4. sensing devices‟. Technology Review.
7. Pradeep (2007). „Nanotechnology pesticide filter 18. Tran, B. (2007 ) Nano-Electronic Memory Array(SAN
debuts in India‟. (2007). Nanowerk. JOSE, CA US IPC8 Class: AH01L2900FIUSPCClass:365151
http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=1806.php http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080260851#ixzz0j
8. Berger, M. (2008). „Applying nanotechnology to water U5dhJdX

20
KIIT
19. Hauser, John D. (2008). „White Paper To provide http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/healthywater/factshe
information in support of a Business/Industry Economic ets/arsenic.htm
Development Program for the North Carolina Emerging 30. Workshop Summary (2007). „Nanotechnology,
Advanced Materials Industry‟ Northwest North commodities and development- Overview Document‟.
Carolina Advanced Materials Cluster, Inc. 336,pp838- International Workshop on Nanotechnology,
6149. Commodities, and Development. Rio de Janeiro.
http://www.nccommerce.com/nr/rdonlyres/e3c02ab0- 31. Patel, P. (2009). ‘Nanosensors made easy: A trick to
547d-430c9a02e123eee41e 35/2185/ assemble nanowires on silicon could lead to cheap, tiny
northwestncadvancedmaterialsclusterssummary3.pdf
sensing devices‟. Technology Review.
20. Somasundaran, Ponisseril and Chakraborty, Soma
(2008). „Polymeric Nanoparticles and Nanogels for 32. Meyer et al, 2007. „Nanoporous sorbent to remove
Extraction and Release of Compounds‟.The Trustees Of mercury from waste stream‟
Columbia University In The City Of New York http://www.ydae.purdue.edu/ANE/pdf/Karn.pdf
Origin:Minneapolis,Mnus IPC8Class:AA61K914FI USPC
33. Vainrot (2008). „Nanomembranes for hardness
Class: 424501.
removal and desalination.
21. Grimshaw, D.J., Gudza, L.D. and Stilgoe, J. (2009). „How
can nanotechnologies fulfill the needs of developing http://www.ydae.purdue.edu/ANE/pdf/Karn.pdf
countries?‟ Nanotechnology applications for clean 34. Yavuz, C.T., Mayo, J.T., Yu, W.W. (2006). ‘Low-field
water. Norwich NY. magnetic separation of monodisperse Fe3O4
22. Karn, B. (2002). „U.S. Regulators Want To Know nanocrystals‟. Science vol.10.
Whether Nanotech Can Pollute‟, Small Times 35. Herz, Jonathan (2009). „Environmental policy and
Correspondent , Washington. Pollution prevention‟, The Pollution Prevention Act.
http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Nanotech/whether%20na Congressional Research Service,United States.
notech%20can%20pollute.htm 36. Karn, Barbara (2008). „Research on Nanotechnology
23. The Star Nanotech (2007) Applications: Green Nanotechnology for Past, Present,
http://www.starnanotech.com/ourproducts.html and Preventing Future Problems‟. NanoECO,
Georgetown University and US EPA.
24. Wong (2010). „Environmental‟ World Gold Council,
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2004/vickery/b
Produced and managed by CFP Group.
iodiesel.htm
25. Gold for Good (2010). „Gold and nanotechnology in the
37. V i c t o r , S . , Y . , L i n . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . E n e r g y B l o g .
age of innovation‟, World Gold Council. WGC-HO-IND- http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2007/07/c
001. www.gold.org atlin-nanotedh.html
26. “Nanostellar Introduces Gold in Oxidation Catalyst” 38. http://www.cyberlipid.org/glycer/biodiesel.htm
.2007. 39. http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/e/ethyl_lactate.htm
http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=3967 40. http://www.shef.ac.uk/~ch1bem/Ionic-liquids.htm
27. Theron, J., Walker, J.A. and Cloete, T.E.(2008).„ 41. Smith, G.P. , Dworkin , A.S., Pagni, R.M., and Zingg, S.P.,
Nanotechnology and water treatment: applications and (1989).J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 111, pp525.
emerging opportunities‟ Critical Reviews in
42. National Innovation Awareness Strategy (2002).
Microbiology, vol. 34, No.1 pp.43-69.
Making packaging greener – biodegradable plastics.
28. Colvin (2004). “Nano Pollution, smallest of
NOVA Science in the news.
dangers”http://www.beholders.org/legacy/nanopolluti
on.htm http://www.science.org.au/nova/061/061key.htm

29. Arsenic and Drinking Water from Private Wells. (2008). 43. http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekl

21
KIIT
44.http://molbio.info.nih.gov/doc/mrus/mol_r_us.html Kenny, S. Santucci, Mater. Sci. Eng., C 23 (2003) 523.
45. Nutt , M. O., Hughes , J. B., and Wong, M. S.(2007). 48.L. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M.
“Designing Pd-on-Au Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts Kenny, S. Santucci, Sens. Actuators, B 93 (2003) 333.
for Trichloroethene Hydrodechlorination.”, Environ. 49.L. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M.
Sci. Technol.In Press Kenny, S. Santucci, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004) 1405.
http://www2.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=5969 50. P. Qi, O. Vermesh, M. Grecu, A. Javey, Q. Wang, H. Dai, S.
46.Jing Li, Yijiang Lu, Qi Ye, Martin Cinke, Jie Han, and M. Peng, K.J. Cho, Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 347.
Meyyappan (2003). Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Gas 51. K.S. Ahn, J.H. Kim, K.N. Lee, C.O. Kim, J.P. Hong, J.
and Organic Vapor Detection. Nano Letters, Vol. 3, No. 7. Korean. Phys. Soc. 45 (2004) 158.
Pp.929-933.
52. L. Valentini, V. Bavastrello, E. Stura, I. Armanetano, C.
47. Valentini, C. Cantalini, L. Lozzi, I. Armanetano, J.M. Nicolini, J.M. Kenny, Chem. Phys. Lett. 383 (2004) 617.

Nanotechnology In Biomedical Engineering

Meenakshi Yadav1, Aditya Sharma2, Akriti Singh Chauhan3
Department of Bio-Medical Engineering
Dronacharya College of Engineering.
Gurgaon-123506, India.
1
meenakshiyadav03@gmail.com
2
adisharma41@yahoo.com
3
akriti_friend@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the use of materials with fundamental specificity. This could be potentially translated into
length scales less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. targeted cellular and tissue-specific clinical applications
Nanotechnology has begun to revolutionize materials used aimed at maximal therapeutic effects with very limited
for many traditional sciences and engineering. However, adverse-effects. Nanotechnology in biomedical sciences
the use of nanotechnology in biomedical applications presents many revolutionary opportunities in the fight
remains at its infancy. Diagnostics, drugs delivery, and against all kinds of cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative
prostheses & implants are three areas where disorders, infection and other diseases.
nanotechnology is entering the bio-medical sector. Keywords: Diagnostics, Therapeutics, drug delivery,
Convergence of Nanotechnology and biomedical prostheses, implant, Nanorobots.
engineering along with biotechnology results in growth of
Nanobiotechnology. The biomedical applications of
nanotechnology are the direct products of such I. INTRODUCTION
convergences. However, the challenges facing scientists Definitions of nanotechnology are as diverse as the
and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology are applications that are available, it can be best explained as
quite enormous and extraordinarily complex in nature. “the ability to design and control the structure of an object
Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply at all length scales from the atom up to macro scale.”
creation of materials and devices designed to interact with Nanotechnology is emerging as a new field enabling the
the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of creation and application of materials, devices, and systems

22
KIIT
at atomic and molecular levels and the exploitation of novel nanosensor devices for detecting the biological signatures
properties that emerge at the nanometer scale [9]. Many of cancer. Combined, such technologies could lead to
areas of biomedical engineering are expected to benefit earlier diagnosis and better treatment for patients with
from nanotechnology including sensors for use in the cancer. An overview of clinical diagnostic.
laboratory, the clinic, and within the human body, new In vitro diagnostics—DNA chip, lab-on-chip, cell-on chip [11].
formulations and routes for drug biocompatible, high-
performance materials for use in implants. Interest is In vivo diagnostics-- Molecular imaging, Implantable
booming in biomedical applications for use outside the devices, Nanobiopsy
body, such as diagnostic sensors and “lab on- a-chip” On vivo diagnostics-- Wearable sensors
techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and
other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments
B. Nano-Drugs
for R&D on new drugs [1]. For inside the body, many
companies are developing nanotechnology applications Cosmetics based on quantum dots are already sold in large
for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene quantities it uses one type of particle in sunscreens. These
therapy. Other researchers are working on prostheses and particles are protective and cause minimal damage to DNA
implants that include nano-structured materials. in sunlight. The quantum dots are luminescent particles,
more stable than the organic dies used today. And they are
nontoxic. Drugs come in many categories: Simple
II. MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF NANO TECHNOLOGY IN continues structures like creams or lotions: change the
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: properties of skin or control its exposure to external
A. Diagnostic use
Virus: The development and potential application of
nanotechnology tools for single-virus particle detection by
emergent nanotechnology is likely to revolutionize
diagnosis and determining treatment endpoints for life
threatening virus infections. Direct detection of biological
macromolecules using semiconducting nanowires or
carbon nanotubes for electrical field change
measurements is a milestone application in this field [6].
The promise of selective detection at a single particle level
(stochastic sensing) with nanowire or nanotube field-effect
transistor-based devices is a major breakthrough for
outbreak situations, where a rapid and specific detection of
the viral agent allows intervention at public health level.
Alzheimer's disease: it is an extremely sensitive technique
for finding minute amount of certain disease protein in
body fluids. In this marker is a ADDL which is a sub unit of
protein that aggregates into nerve entangling amyloids
plaques that come to riddle the brain in later stages of
disease. Bio barcode amplification is done due to which
presence of ADDL molecules is done even at the lowest Figure.1 Image of calcium phosphate nano composite
level, it raises the exciting possibility of an accurate particles (CPNPs) used for breast cancer therapy.
diagnosis years earlier, even before the onset of disease. elements such as sunlight. Large macromolecular
Cancer: It includes detecting cancer at its earliest stages, biological structures include vaccines (modified viruses):
pinpointing its location within the body, and even interact specifically with DNA or protein within the body.
determining these drugs are killing malignant cells [3]. Molecular drugs are nano-size.
Nanotechnology is being applied to cancer in two broad Drugs are designed specifically to interact with known
areas: the development of nanovectors, such as biological targets. Example: neurotransmitter molecules
nanoparticles, which can be loaded with drugs or imaging (molecular carriers) concentration too high or too low cause
agents and then targeted to tumours, and high-throughput depression: intelligent nanoscale development by blocking

23
KIIT
or decreasing the destruction Of this molecule by modifying nervous system into the brain, where they are interpreted
their binding properties. Same approach to drug therapy is and processed. The aim of neuro-electronic interface
now applying in AIDS and Breast cancer therapy [figure.1].

C. Drug delivery
Drug delivery increases bioavailability (presence of drug
molecule where they are needed in the body). Example anti-
depressants should be in the brain, anticancer drugs at the
tumor sites, anti-inflammatory at sites of stress. Targeted
drug-delivery allows doctors and patients to benefit from
small dosages at just the right place and thus from fewer
side-effects [4]. The lipid or polymer based nanoparticles
have been developed which are capable to alter the
pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of a drug [5].
Molecules can be encapsulated within nanoscale cavities

Figure.4 SEM Image of Nanoporous 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering

technology is to permit the registration, interpretation, and

response to these signals to be handled by a computer
[figure.3].
Figure.3 Conceptual drawing of the 3D interfacing system
with Fluidic channels (yellow square) & Recording
Electrodes (red square)e.3

E. Tissue Engineering

Figure.2 Structure of Liposome for drug delivery

Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair
damaged tissue. “Tissue engineering” makes use of
inside polymers, CNTs, Liposome's structure [figure.2] & artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable
Magnetic nanoparticles. nano-material-based scaffolds and growth factors as
cleared in figure.4. Tissue engineering might replace
D. Neuro-Electronic Interfaces
It involves neuro-electronic interfaces—the idea of
constructing nano-devices that will permit computers to be
joined and linked to the nervous system. The construction
of a neuro-electronic interface simply requires the building
of a molecular structure that will permit control and
detection of nerve impulses by an external computer [11].
The nerves in the body convey messages by permitting
electrical currents (due to ionic motion) to flow between
the brain and the nerve centers throughout the body. The
most important ions for these signals are sodium and
potassium ions, and they move along sheaths and channels
that have evolved specially to permit facile, controllable,
rapid ionic motion. This is the mechanism that allows us to
feel sensations such as putting our foot in hot water and
feeling the heat move from the local nerve through the Figure.4 SEM Image of Nanoporous 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering

24
KIIT
today’s conventional treatments like organ transplants or increase the risk of sepsis or septic shock because the
artificial implants [2]. Advanced forms of tissue engineering pathogens are completely digested into harmless sugars,
may lead to life extension. Nano-fibers and nano- amino acids and the like, which are the only effluents from
composites are highly promising recent additions to the nanorobot.
materials in relation to tissue engineering. To achieve the
goal of tissue reconstruction, nano-fibrous scaffolds must
meet some specific requirements: A high porosity and an
adequate pore size are necessary to facilitate cell seeding
and diffusion throughout the whole structure of both cells
and nutrients. Biodegradability is essential since scaffolds
need to be absorbed by the surrounding tissues without
the necessity of a surgical removal. The rate at which
degradation occurs has to coincide as much as possible
with the rate of tissue formation.

F. Implants and Prosthesis

The techniques based on biological nanostructures are
feasible. Researchers put a biological material in a mold—a
straitjacket, as it were—which forces it to assume the Figure.5 Nanorobotic artificial phagocytes called ‘‘Microbivores’’
shape of a body part, such as a hipbone. Biomimetic II. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
nanostructures start with a predefined nanochemical or
physical structure [7]. A nanochemical structure may be an Nanotechnology has become an integrated subject. It has
array of large reactive molecules attached to a surface, flourished its arms in every field. The biomedical
while a nanophysical structure may be a small crystal. applications of nanotechnology are the direct products of
Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures as integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology.. This
seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep growing by could be potentially translated into targeted cellular and
itself [8]. Other groups want to apply nanostructured tissue-specific clinical applications aimed at maximal
materials in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic therapeutic effects with very limited adverse-effects.
eye, ear, or nerve. Both feats are far off. Nanotechnology in biomedical sciences presents many
revolutionary opportunities in the fight against all kinds of
cancer, cardiac and neurodegenerative disorders, infection
G. Nano-robots -Respirocytes & Microbivores and other diseases.
A hypothetical artificial mechanical red blood cell or III. CONCLUSION
respirocyte made of 18 billion precisely arranged structural Utility of nanotechnology to biomedical sciences imply
atoms. The respirocyte is a blood borne spherical 1- mm creation of materials and devices designed to interact with
diamondoid 1000-atmosphere pressure vessel with the body at sub-cellular scales with a high degree of
reversible molecule-selective surface pumps powered by specificity. Its diverse strength ranges from medical nano-
endogenous serum glucose. This nanorobot would deliver devices that are routinely implanted or even injected into
236 times more oxygen to body tissues per unit volume the bloodstream to monitor health to the automatically
than natural red cells and would manage carbonic acidity, participate in the repair of systems that deviate from the
controlled by gas concentration sensors and an onboard normal pattern.
nano-computer [12]. Nano-robotic artificial phagocytes
called ‘Microbivores’could patrols the bloodstream,
seeking out and digesting unwanted pathogens including REFERENCES
bacteria, viruses, or fungi as in figure.5. Microbivores would [1] Mark Ratner/Daniel Ratner, Nanotechnology: A Gentle
achieve complete clearance of even the most severe Introduction to the Next Big Idea, 2/e ed.: Prentice Hall,
septicemic infections in hours or less [10]. This is far better Pages (94-99)
than the weeks or months needed for antibiotic-assisted
[2] Principles of Tissue Engineering 2nd ed. San Diego:
natural phagocytic defences. The nano-robots do not
Academic Press, 2000.

25
KIIT
[3] Ludwig, J.; Weinstein, J. Biomarkers in cancer staging, approaches in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 19,
prognosis and treatment selection. Nature Rev. Cancer 97–101, 2001.
2005, Pages (5, 845-856). [9] Roco MC, Williams RS, and Alivisatos P, Eds.
[4] Mads Brandbyge Carbon Nanotubes: Introduction to Nanotechnology Research Directions. Kluwer
Nanotechnology 2003,
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000, chap. 8.
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications of
Nanotechnolgy [10] D. Hansford, T. Desai, J. Tu, and M. Ferrari.

[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology. Biocompatible silicon wafer bonding for biomedical

[7] Cooke, F.W. Bulk properties of materials, in Ratner, microdevices. Micro and Nanofabricated Electro-
B.D.,Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., and Lemons, J.E., Optical-Mechanical Systems for Biomedical and
Eds., Biomaterials Science: Introduction to Materials in Environmental Application. Vol. 3258, pp. 164–168,
Medicine. Academic Press, London, 1996.
[8] Curtis, A. and Wilkinson, C. Nantotechniques and

Applying Nanotechnolgy to Electronics:

Recent Progress in Si-Lsi to Extend Nano Scale
Neha Gupta and Neeru Bala
(ECE Deptt.) Northern
India Engineering College, New Delhi
Abstract:
Nanotechnology broadly includes all technologies that 2.RECENT PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
handle nano scale materials having the range of 10 to 100 ELECTRONIC DEVICES: As an example of nanotechnology,
nm. Materials of these sizes have been prepared using two five research works are discussed.The first three are related
techniques namely bottom-up technique and top –down to a material and a single element in terms of Si-LSI
technique. The top-down method is applied to process architecture, and the latter two are related to the basic
macro scale materials into smaller size like in circuit and the functional block.
semiconductor process whereas the bottom –up method 2-1.MOLECULAR MEMORY: A dielectric
integrate molecules or atoms into nano scale materials like
Film for a DRAM capacitor was fabricated using the bottom-
in DNA and proteins. This paper discussed the recent
up method of nanotechnology.A primary cell of DRAM
progress and current trends in nanotechnology R&D
comprises a pair of a transistor and a capacitor. As the
towards industrial application.
depth of the dielectric film decreases, the leakage current
of the capacitor increases and as the area of the film
1.ARCHITECTURE LEVEL OF SI-LSI TECHNOLOGY: decreases, the capacitor decreases.But this technique has
One candidate in constructing an electronics device using the disadvantage of higher cost.Prof. Werner G. Kuhr and
the bottom- up method is to combine it with the bottom- his colleagues,proposed a two layer film as a dielectric film
down method.When the device is constructed not only the which comprises a self assembled monolayer (SAM) and an
bottom- up method, we must examine the following: electrolyte.The film is so designed that its capacitance and
electromotive force can be controlled by a redox reaction
between the SAM and a electrolyte.The SAM is fabricated
Architecture Level No. of Technology Devices
on a silicon or metal substrate allowing the self alignment
Materials <1 Manufacturing of molecules and is compatible with the present
Single Device 1 Manufacturing semiconductor manufacturing equipment.
2
Basic Circuit 10-10 LSI Design
2 8
Functional Block 10 -10 LSI Design 2-2. FINE PROCESSING:
Table1: Architecture levels(1 to 4) of Si-LSI Technology. Flash Memory, a major non volatile semiconductor

26
KIIT
memory, comprises a unit of a single transistor, in contrast Fs(repetitive size: Fs) in pattern size F(repetitive size: 2x
to DRAM which comprises a unit of two element.Highly F,F> Fs) where the pattern size F is achieved using the
integrated flash memory is in big demand for portable conventional lithography whereas the pattern size Fs is
devices such as cellular phones and can now show static achieved without lithography. The periodic pattern
and dynamic images that require large memory capacity. fabricated by the pattern size Fs is ready to construct
Flash memory has the size limit in the depth of the functional block such as memory cell or gate array in which
tunneling oxidized film. A floating –gate-type transistor, a a transistors are periodically arranged. A primary device in a
typical element of flash memory, stores information using a cell is a logic circuit built by diodes and transistors that are
charge at the floating gate that is fabricated by stacking built by crossing nano- wires.
two gates. A charge is injected using a tunneling oxidized In this LSI design, the connection between circuits
film by applying voltage at the control gate. The tunneling constructed by conventional lithography and arrays of
oxidized gate must be sufficiently insulating to store the nano- wires etc. is realized as a key technology. A decoder
charge during the guaranteed data retention built using a 2x Fs repetitive size is proposed for binding the
period(usually 10 years). The depth of the tunneling 2xFs and 2xF, whereas the decoder must be built without
oxidized film cannot be reduced in accordance with the using lithography. Doping to nano- wires or nano-
scaling rule, and is limited beyond the certain depth. This imprinting may be a solution.
prevents transistor in flash memory from being If the problems are solved using the present
miniaturized further and prevents the operating voltage manufacturing technology, the LSI design has the potential
from being reduced. for immediate commercialization.
A new structure that may solve the problem has been
presented where the floating gate is replaced by a number
2-5. QCA LOGIC LSI:
of nano-dots(non continuous film). A charge accumulating
electrode made of continuous film does not work when QCA is attractive because the design element in QCA is
the film contains atleast one defect while an electrode potentially reduced in size to that one which we use in
made of non-continuous film works even when the film CMOS. Although the architecture of QCA was proposed ten
contains a sufficient amount of defects. The nano- dots years ago, its impressive applications to integrated circuits
tunneling oxidized film provides higher fault tolerance and has not yet been reported. The lack of design methodology
allows thinner depth of the film. of QCA by which functional elements are integrated in a
system account for some of the difficulties facing by QCA.
When nano dots are fabricated using the conventional
semiconductor process,the size and geometrical Prof. Steven C. Henderson has designed a design
placement of dots are not well controlled as designed methodology that built a structured model of elements and
which leads to non-reproducible devices.This suggest that a conducts modeling and verification on a lower
new technique is needed to fabricate nano dots of a architecture.
designed,uniform size. Complicated LSIs have recently been effectively designed
in a short period using commercially available reusable LSI
design assets (IP). A technology to reuse IP plays an
2-3. ELECTRO- MIGRATION SWITCH USING IONS :
important role in effectively integrating elements that are
It is a migration of metal atoms in solids when electric governed by new physical phenomena.
current flows at high density which has been avoided to due
to the malfunction of LSIs.The eFuse uses electo-migration
for rewiring elements,cells and units inside LSI.The eFuse 3. TOWARDS STEADY PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY:
features reproducible fine wiring without damage. Nanotechnology might not replace all micro- scale
technology immediately. Smooth transition from micro to
nano or smooth integration of nanotechnology with
2-4. DEVICE ARRAYS:
conventional technologies is essential.The concept of
It is been attempted to combine conventional integrated “Evolutionary nano” and the “ Revolutionary nano” should
circuits, which are even now being miniaturized further not be confused as both the concept are entirely different
using the top- down method, with nano- tubes or nano from each other and comprises the different idea. Long
wires which focuses on the element that need to be further term investment based on well planned strategy is
reduced in size. The LSI accommodates pattern size essential for the materialization of the next generation

27
KIIT
technologies such as nano- technologies, where planning p.32 (December 2005).
should include impressive success in industry signifying the 2. Prasher R., Proceedings of the IEEE Vol.94, No.8,
bright future of the technology. p..1571(August 2006).
3. R e a c t i v e N a n o T e c h n o l o g i e s ( R N T )
4. CONCLUSION: http://www.rntfoil.com
Nano- scale materials for nanotechnology have been 4. Takagi, A., et al. (2008). Induction of mesothelioma in
prepared using two techniques: the top- down and bottom- p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-
up methods. The top-down method is applied to process wall carbon nano-tubes, J. Toxicol. Sci. 33:105-116 .
macro scale materials into smaller size like in 5. Lademann, J., et al (2001). Investigation of follicular
semiconductor process whereas the bottom –up method penetration of topically applied substances. Skin
integrate molecules or atoms into nano scale materials like Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14:17-22.
in DNA and proteins. This paper discussed the recent
6. Federal Register: November 5, 2008 (Volume 73,
progress and current trends in nanotechnology R&D
Number 215); EPA SNUR for Siloxane modified silica and
towards industrial application.
siloxane modified alumin ananoparticles
Nanotechnolgy is presented as a realistic, promising (http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TOX/2008/November/Day-
technology for the future due to the recent progress in this 05/ t26409.htm).
field, where nanotechnology is combined with
7. Kreilgaard, M. (2002) Influence of microemulsions on
conventional Si- based electronics.
cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:S77-
Although the pros and cons of the top down and the S98.
bottom up method have been discussed but there are
8. Utilizing the Thermodynamic Nanoparticle Size Effects
much far development which has yet to be done.
for Low Temperature Pb-Free Solder Applications
Koppes John P., Grossklaus Kevin A., Muza Anthony R.,
REFERENCES: Revur R. Rao, Sengupta Suvankar, Stach Eric A., and
1. Marquis F.D.S., Chibante L.P.F., Journal of Materials, Handwerker Carol submitted to Acta Materialia.

Green Nanotechnology
Praveen Choudhary1 and Meenu Vijarania2
Computer Science Department
Dronacharya College of Engineering, Farrukhnagar, Gurgaon
1
praveenchoudhary09@gmail.com
2
meenuhans.83@gmail.com

Abstract:
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology Designing nanoproducts for the environment and with the
to enhance the environmental-sustainability of processes environment in mind is the essence of nanotechnology.
currently producing negative effects. Green Nanotechnology is one of those exciting ,albeit infrequent,
nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, technological change agents that can influence all
"to minimize potential environmental and human health industries. Nanotechnology hold the potential for
risks associated with the manufacture and use of pervasive and revolutionary changes. These changes can
nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement follow a path leading to waste, pollution and energy
of existing products with new nano-products that are more inefficiency or follow a path of green technology to a more
environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle." The sustainable future.
ability to eliminate waste and toxins from production
Nanotechnology offers the opportunity to head off
processes early on, to create more efficient and flexible
adverse effects before they occur.
solar panels, and to remove contaminants from water is
becoming an exciting reality with nanotechnology. Green Nanotechnology can proactively influence the

28
KIIT
design of nanomaterials and products by eliminating and session will explore industry’s role in preventing negative
minimizing pollution from the production of nanomaterial, environmental impacts from nanotechnologies, the
taking a life cycle approach to nanoproducts to estimate economics of being green, and whether green
and mitigate where environmental impacts might occur in nanotechnology offers companies a competitive
the product chain. Green Chemistry and Green Engineering advantage. It also will look at market and regulatory
priciple are put to use to make nanomaterials and nano- obstacles and incentives.
products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures
using less energy and renewable inputs. Manufacturing
1.1 Green Nanotechnology
processes for non-nano materials and products more
environmentally friendly using nanotechnology. In the environmental technology industry alone,
nanomaterials will enable new means of reducing the
1. INTRODUCTION
production of wastes, using resources more sparingly,
New generation of highly efficient environmental cleaning up industrial contamination, providing potable
technologies—from solar technologies and water- water, and improving the efficiency of energy production
purification systems to sensors that detect pollution and use. Commercial applications of nanomaterials
levels—is becoming a reality as a result of currently or soon to be available include nano-engineered
nanotechnology’s revolutionary properties and increased titania particles for sunscreens and paints, carbon
investment in this field. But some researchers are nanotube composites in tires, silica nanoparticles as solid
beginning to integrate green engineering and chemistry lubricants, and protein-based nanomaterials in soaps,
principles early on into their production methods for shampoos, and detergents.
nanomaterials and nanoproducts.
The production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials will
Green nanotechnology involves an approach to risk inevitably lead to their appearance in air, water, soils, or
mitigation in an emerging and important set of industries. It organisms. Research is needed to ensure that
involves three complementary goals: (a) advancing the nanomaterials, and the industry that produces them,
development of clean technologies that use evolve as environmental assets rather than liabilities.
nanotechnology, (b) minimizing potential environmental
The rapidly developing nanomaterials industry is the
and human health risks associated with the manufacture
nanotechnology that is most likely to affect our lives first. A
and use of nanotechnology products and (c) encouraging
2003 estimate by the Nanobusiness Alliance identified
replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts
nanomaterials as the largest single category of nanotech
that are more environmentally friendly throughout their
start-ups.
life cycles. These approaches not only offer environmental
benefits but also will help give us greater security and help
us address public health crises among other benefits. This 1.1.1 Green Engineering and Green Chemistry
critically important approach of nanotechnology needs “Green engineering” likewise seeks to avoid harming the
further attention and integration into manufacturing environment, but focuses more on the design of products
processes, educational curricula and policy efforts. The U.S. and processes—for instance, making them more energy
government needs a strategy for encouraging and efficient and building them out of biodegradable materials.
stimulating green nanotechnology. The green approach relies on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a
Green nanotechnology is the development of clean way of examining all of the impacts that a particular
technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and product has on the environment. This approach requires
human health risks associated with the manufacture and that the engineer consider the product’s manufacture, its
use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage use over many years and its ultimate resting place and
replacement of existing products with new nano-products decomposition. An LCA looks at such things as the impacts
that are more environmentally friendly throughout their of mining or manufacture of the raw materials, factory
lifecycle. emissions released during production, the waste materials
As part of its GreenNano initiative to advance the disposed of, and the product’s fate at a landfill, a recycling
application of green chemistry and green engineering center or elsewhere. Another approach to LCA would be to
principles to nanotechnology, the Project on Emerging examine each step in the product’s life span for
Nanotechnologies will host a program focused on opportunities to make better choices for the environment.
corporate perspectives of green nanotechnology. The Green chemistry/engineering might seem like an odd mate

29
KIIT
for nanotechnology, but, in fact, both respect and seek to are as inherently safe and benign as possible.
emulate natural processes. The goal of green l Minimize depletion of natural resources.
chemistry/engineering is to make industries function more
l Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being
like ecosystems or like cells, in which benign materials are
cognizant of local geography, aspirations and cultures.
used wisely, wastes are recycled and energy is used
efficiently. As it turns out, biological systems accomplish l Create engineering solutions beyond current or
this feat by exploiting properties that occur in the nano dominant technologies; improve, innovate and invent
dimension. Indeed, the cell is the quintessential “green (technologies) to achieve sustainability.
nano factory”. It uses natural ingredients at room l Actively engage communities and stakeholders in
temperature to assemble nanostructures, carries out its development of engineering solutions.
chemical reactions in water rather than in harmful solvents,
employs smart controls with feedback loops, conserves
1.1.2 Green Chemistry
energy and reuses wastes. So, it should be no surprise that
many researchers view nanotechnology and green Green Chemistry reduce or eliminate hazardous substances
chemistry/engineering as capable of working hand-in-hand in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical
to produce environmentally sustainable products and products which also holds promise for reducing toxic
processes. health effects of nano-based entities. The use of eco-
friendly and biodegradable materials in the production of
A marriage of nanotechnology with green chemistry/
metal nanoparticles is important for pharmaceutical and
engineering serves two important purposes. First,
biomedical applications. Generating nanoparticles often
emerging nanotechnologies could be made clean from the
requires toxic and aggressive chemical reducing agents like
start. While nanotechnology might never be as green as
sodium borohydride and hydrazine, a capping agent to
Mother Nature, adopting a green nano approach to the
stabilize the particles, and volatile organic solvents such as
technology’s development ultimately promises to shift
toluene or chloroform. Although these methods may
society into a new paradigm that is proactive, rather than
successfully produce pure, well-defined metal
reactive, when it comes to environmental problems.
nanoparticles, the material, environmental and health cost
Second, green technologies that benefit the environment of production is high. We urgently need to develop more
could use nanotechnology to boost performance. In other cost-effective and benign alternatives.
words, nanotechnology could help us make every atom
“Green chemistry is a terrific way to do nanotechnology
count—for example, by allowing us to create ultra-efficient
responsibly.”
catalysts, detoxify wastes, assemble useful molecular
machines and efficiently convert sunlight into energy. It
could potentially contribute to long-term sustainability for Principles of Green chemistry
future generations, as more green products and green l Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical
manufacturing processes replace the old harmful and products to be fully effective, yet have little or no
wasteful ones. toxicity.
l Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design
Principles of Green Engineering syntheses to use and generate substances with little or
The following green engineering principles were no toxicity to humans and the environment.
developed: l Avoid chemical derivatives: avoid using blocking or
l Engineer processes and products holistically, use protecting groups or any temporary modifications if
systems analysis and integrate environmental impact possible. Derivatives use additional reagents and
assessment tools. generate waste.
l Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while l Increase energy efficiency: run chemical reactions at
protecting human health and well-being. ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.
l Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities. l Design chemicals and products to degrade after use:
Design chemical products to break down to innocuous
l Strive to prevent waste.
substances after use so that they do not accumulate in
l Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs the environment.

30
KIIT
1.2 Nano-Enhanced Energy Technologies 3. GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Semiconducting nano crystals show promise in new kinds Space: Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-
of solar cells.To make rolls of flex ible, durable, inexpensive flight more practical. Advancements in nanomaterials
solar cells using solution chemistry. These could be used make lightweight spacecraft and a cable for the space
broadly throughout the landscape to generate electricity elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of
from sunlight. rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost
Nanotechnology can help overcome obstacles in of reaching orbit and traveling in space.
developing dye-sensitized solar cells. The goal is to print Medicines: Researchers are developing customized
flexible, highly efficient, organic solar cells that perform a nanoparticles the size of molecules that can deliver drugs
kind of “artificial photosynthesis.” directly to diseased cells in your body. When it's perfected,
this method should greatly reduce the damage treatment
such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.
2. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIAL
Cleaner Water: Nanotechnology is being used to develop
Green method for making water-soluble carbon
solutions to three very different problems in water quality.
nanotubes—which have promising applications in thin
One challenge is the removal of industrial wastes, such as a
films, electronics, composite materials and drug delivery.
cleaning solvent called TCE, from groundwater.
The technique allows a variety of functional groups to be Nanoparticles can be used to convert the contaminating
added to the nanotubes to tailor them for different chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless.
applications. To spur the synthesis reactions, Mitra’s group Studies have shown that this method can be used
uses microwave energy. successfully to reach contaminates dispersed in
The new technique generates products in minutes, rather underground ponds and at much lower cost than methods
than days, and requires less energy and fewer chemicals. which require pumping the water out of the ground for
Metallic nanorods and nanowires potentially important for treatment.
applications in optics and electronics can be synthesized Solar Cell :Companies have developed nanotech solar cells
using green chemistry, how to produce gold and silver that can be manufactured at significantly lower cost than
nanorods, as well as silver nanowires, using reactions in conventional solar cells.
water, at room temperature and by employing cheap Chemical Sensors: Nanotechnology can enable sensors to
surfactants to exert some control over size and shape. detect very small amounts of chemical vapors. Various
Quantum dots semiconducting nanocrystals—might soon types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes,
be made using green chemistry. Quantum dots hold zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be
promise in medical imaging, solar cells and sensing and used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the
electronic devices, but the most small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few
useful kinds—such as cadmium selenide are highly toxic. gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical
Peng’s lab is investigating ways to synthesize quantum dots properties of the sensing elements. This allows the
using less toxic compounds, and he expressed hope that detection of a very low concentration of chemical vapors.
zinc chalcogenide nanocrystals doped with transition metal
ions could effectively replace cadmium selenide nano CONCLUSION
crystals.
• Challenging cooperative work.
A new method for synthesizing metallurgical
• Great variety of fields and industrial applications: textile,
nanomaterials could save energy while giving scientists
polymers, printing inks, etc.
greater control of nanostructure and morphology, as well
as greater access to metastable phases at low • Improvement of life quality.
temperatures. Intermetallic compounds and alloys are • Highly competitive environmentally friendly European
useful in magnets, batteries, catalysts, computer memory, industry.
thin films and robotics. Schaak described his lab’s • Enhance and boost European institutions in nanoscience
“metallurgy in a beaker” method, which involves mixing and nanotechnology.
nanoparticles in water at low temperature and in the
presence of a catalyst.

31
KIIT
REFRENCES [4] H. Fischer, Polymer nanocomposites: from
[1] Schmidt, karen.(2007) Green nanotechnology: It’s fundamental research to specific applications,
Easier Than You Think Technical Report. Project on Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 23,763–72, 2003.
Emerging Nanotechnologies [5] G. Buxbaum and G. Pfaff, Industrial Inorganic
[2] Mark R. Wiesner is Director of the Environmental and Pigments, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
Energy System at Rice University http://www.project- [6] K. Hunger, Industrial Dyes: Chemistry, Properties
syndicate .org/commentary/wiesner1/English and Applications, Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2003.
[3] Safer nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing [7] W. Herbst and K. Hunger, Industrial Organic
initiative, University of Oregon. Pigments, 3rd ed., Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2004.

Role of Nanotechnology in Disease Cure: A Review

Smriti Jha1, Anupriya Sundaram2, Meha Sharma3 and Swati Jha4
1
and 2 M. Tech. I Semester, Department of Biotechnology
Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon, India.
1
smritijha7@gmail.com
2
anu7keepintouch@gmail.com
Department of Electronics and Communication
Ansals Institute of Technology
Sector 55, Gurgaon, India.
3
meha.sharma@aitgurgaon.org
Department of Electronics and Communication
Dronacharya College of Engineering.
Gurgaon-123506, India.
4
swati.jha21@yahoo.co.in

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science involving the s, Parkinson’s etc. Application of this new technology will
creation and utilization of materials, devices or systems on let us build lots of computer controlled molecular tools
the nanometre scale. This term can be applied to many much smaller than a human cell and build with accuracy
areas of research and development, from medicines to and precision. Such tools let medicine, for the first time,
manufacturing to computing and even to textiles and intervene in a sophisticated and controlled way at the
cosmetics. Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various cellular and molecular level. In other words nano-medicine
biomedical applications, not only in drug delivery, but also is actually a way of monitoring, repairing, constructing,
in molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target- and controlling of human biological system at the
specific drug therapy and methods for early diagnosis of molecular level using engineered nano devices and nano
pathologies are the priority research areas where structures that could remove obstruction in the circulatory
nanotechnology would play a vital role. Nanotechnology system, kill cancer cells, or take over the function of sub
has attracted over $3 billion in funds from governments cellular organelles. Nanotechnology has already started
globally, which is being applied to a broad range of revolutionizing important areas in molecular biology and
disciplines including pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, medicines, especially diagnostics and therapy at the
aerospace/defence and food. As science and technology molecular and cellular levels. This paper presents a review
do not contribute only to economic growth; this provide on applications of nanotechnology in curing diseases for
us means to improve the quality of human life and one of the betterment of mankind.
the key area is to provide medical care for a growing world Keywords :Nanotechnology, Nano-medicine, Biosystem,
with modern day diseases such as Cancer, HIV, Alzheimer’ immuno-cyto-chemical probe, Nanoparticles, Nano-shells.

32
KIIT
I. INTRODUCTION targeted drug delivery systems are already in the market,
Mankind is still fighting against a high number of serious others are in clinical trials or, by far the largest part, are
and complex illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, under development [5]. New concepts for Regenerative
multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’ s, Parkinson’ s disease and medicine give hope to many patients with organ failure or
diabetes as well as different kinds of serious inflammatory severe injuries. Today artificial skin, bone and cartilage are
or infectious diseases (e.g. HIV). Most of theses diseases already in an advanced stage of development and partly in
have a tremendous negative impact not only on the the market.
patient himself but also on the whole society and linked
social and insurance systems. It is of utmost importance to II. DIAGNOSIS
face these plagues with appropriate means.
New diagnostic tests making use of nano-technology to
Nanotechnology is the coming revolution in molecular
quantify disease-related biomarkers could offer an earlier
manufacturing, the idea of which was first floated by the and more personalized risk assessment before symptoms
nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. He along show up. In general, these analyses must be cost effective,
with his associate suggested that it could be helpful in
sensitive, and reliable. The test itself should inflict only
surgery if one could swallow the surgeon and this
minimal discomfort on the patient. Supported by such an
mechanical surgeon invades the blood vessels into the
heart and after finding which valve is faulty it takes out a analysis and bioinformatics, health professionals could
advise patients with an increased risk to take up a
little knife and slices it out and repairs [1]. The combination
personalized prevention program. People with an
of nanotechnology, biology, advanced materials and
increased risk for a certain disease could benefit from
photomics have opened up the possibilities of detecting
regular personalized check-ups to monitor changes in the
and manipulating atoms and molecules using nano devices.
Such tools will let medicine intervene in a sophisticated pattern of their biomarkers. Nanotechnology could
improve in vitro diagnostic tests by providing more
and controlled way at cellular and molecular level. They
sensitive detection technologies or by providing better
would remove obstructions in the circulatory system, kill
nano labels that can be detected with high sensitivity once
cancer cells and take over the function of sub-cellular
they bind to disease-specific molecules present in the
organelles. Just as today we have artificial heart, so in the
sample [6]. Nanotechnology could also improve the ease-
future we could have the artificial mitochondrion [2].
of-use of in vitro diagnostic tests done by untrained users
Nano-medicine, the application of nano-technology to or even by patients at home. Diseases with no secretion of
health, raises high expectations for millions of patients for biomarkers into blood or urine will require imaging
better, more efficient and affordable healthcare and has procedures of high specificity for their early
the potential of delivering promising solutions to many detection.Within MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical
illnesses [3]. Nanotechnology offers new solutions for the Systems), laboratory-on-a-chip technology for quicker
transformation of biosystem and provides a broad diagnosis which requires less of the sample is being
technological platform for application in several areas (e.g. developed in conjunction with micro fluidics. In the
for detection and treatment of illnesses, body part medium term, it could be expected that general personal
replacement and regenerative medicine, nano-scale health monitors may be available. Developments in both
surgery, synthesis and targeted delivery of drugs) [4]. genomics and nanotechnology are likely to enable sensors
that can determine genetic make-up quickly and precisely,
Three critical areas of healthcare discussed in detail in this
enhancing knowledge of people’ s predisposition to
literature are taking services of nano-science and
genetic-related diseases [7]. A noteworthy example is
technology. The first is early diagnosis of diseases which
could greatly enhance the success rate of existing Quantum dots or Fluorescent semiconductor nano-
treatment strategies and significantly advance our ability particles that have been developed for use in imaging and
to employ prevention strategies. The second is delivery of have been employed as markers for biological processes.
drugs, gene therapies and other therapeutics. The third Semiconductor nano-crystals are highly light absorbing,
one is improved implants developed by using luminescent nano-particles whose absorbance onset and
biocompatible materials. The first nano-technology-based emission maximum shift to higher energy with decreasing

33
KIIT
particle size, due to quantum confinement effects. These Targeted delivery systems and nano-technology-assisted
nano-crystals are in the size range of 2– 8 nm in diameter regenerative medicine will play the central role in future
[8]. Recent studies of quantum dots have resulted in therapy. Targeted delivery agents will allow a localized
developing new fluorescence immuno-cyto-chemical therapy which targets only the diseased cells, thereby
increasing efficacy while reducing unwanted side effects.
probes. A probe is a substance that is radioactively labeled
Thanks to nano-technology, pluripotent stem cells and
or otherwise marked and used to detect or identify
bioactive signaling factors will be essential components of
another substance in a sample. A fluorescence immuno-
smart, multi-functional implants which can react to the
cyto-chemical probe is usually used to detect antigens in surrounding micro-environment and facilitate site-specific,
tissues. In contrast to organic fluorophores, which are not endogenous tissue regeneration (making lifelong immune-
photostable, quantum dots have properties of high suppressing medication obsolete) [10].
brightness, photostability, and narrow emission spectra,
Gold Nano-shells – application to Therapy using Nano-
thus they can replace the usage of organic fluorophores.
Technology: One of the most highly publicized areas of
The current mode of detecting the antigens which takes
nano-medicine research involves gold nano-shells to
from two to six days can speed up to a matter of hours
detect and treat cancerous tumors. Here is a case where
using quantum dots [9]. Key challenges for the further detection and therapy overlap: The nano-shells are
development of quantum dots relate to their imaging agents that also function as therapeutic agents.
encapsulation with a biocompatible layer and the need to Though the idea of nano-shells goes back to the early
avoid nonspecific adsorption. 1950s, their creation was put off for several decades until it
Another example is the use of Nanoparticles of gold. was possible to engineer particles on the nano-scale.
Nanosphere, is getting close to commercializing a number Naomi Halas [11] of Rice University developed gold
of very sensitive genetic tests that could give very early nanoshells in the 1990s. Halas’ s nano-shells are particles of
warning of a patient's potential for developing Alzheimer's silica (glass) completely coated with gold, made up of a few
or Parkinson's diseases. The tests would use nanoparticles million atoms. They can be produced in a range of sizes,
of gold to detect this tiniest of traces of the proteins with diameters smaller than 100 nm to as large as several
associated with these devastating illnesses. hundred nm. When injected into the blood stream, they
naturally congregate at tumor sites – so no additional
Then there are Carbon nanotubes which can be used to
targeting is necessary. In order to feed their growth,
gauge levels of carbon dioxide in a patient's breath, a
tumors create many, many blood vessels very quickly, so
measure of lung function [5]. A portable device for tracking
the vessels are often defective, allowing the nanoshells to
a patient's oxygen level could be invaluable in emergency
slip through vascular “ leaks” and gain access to the tumor.
transport to a hospital and help prevent brain damage. A
Detecting and targeting tumors by exploiting their
similar device based on nanotube detectors could help
surrounding vascular defects is known as “ enhanced
people with asthma by continually monitoring their levels
permeability and retention,” or EPR, effect. Halas describes
of nitrous oxide, an indicator of lung function. Better,
a nanoshell as “ essentially a nanolens” that captures light
round-the-clock monitoring could help patient improve
and then focuses it around itself [12]. By manipulating the
their conditions by sticking to their medication regime, and
size of the nanoshells – both the size of the glass core and
prevent hospitalizations.
its gold coating – it’ s possible to change the way they
absorb light. The goal in cancer detection and therapy is to
III. THERAPY “ tune” the nanoshells to interact with near-infrared light
(NIR) [13]. When exposed to NIR, the nanoshells act like a
In many cases, therapy will not be restricted to medication swarm of fireflies and light up the area where they’ ve
only but requires more severe therapeutic action such as congregated (i.e., tumor sites). Once the nanoshells have
surgery or radiation treatment. Planning of therapeutic completed their imaging tasks, they become therapeutic
interventions will be based on imaging, or may be agents. Shining a near-infrared laser on the tumor site from
performed under image guidance. Here, nano-technology outside the body (light can travel through tissue more than
will lead to a miniaturization of devices that enable 10 cm), the nanoshells absorb the light and focus it on the
minimally invasive procedures and new ways of treatment. tumor. The area around the nanoshells heats up and the
The possibilities range from minimally invasive tumor “ cooks” until it is ablated (dissipated). It’ s not so
catheterbased interventions to implantable devices.

34
KIIT
different from the familiar childhood science experiment: cell surfaces. The “ biological” fine-tuning of these scaffolds
The nanoshell functions as the magnifying glass, the laser is toward particular cell types is of growing interest. Once
the sun and the tumor heats up like the blade of grass. challenges in materials design and solvent compatibility
have been overcome, bioactive composite and core-shell
fibers may be engineered to deliver growth factors,
IV. IMPLANTS AND PROSTHETICS
peptides, enzymes, drugs, and even DNA so as to facilitate
With the advent of new materials, and the synergy of gene therapy . Nano - technology also allows for
nanotechnologies and biotechnologies, it could be improvement of nonresorbable biomaterials and effective
possible to create artificial organs and implants that are manipulation of biological interactions at the nano-meter
more akin to the original, through cell growth on artificial level, which will dramatically increase the functionality and
scaffolds or biosynthetic coatings that increase longevity of implanted materials. By applying bioactive
biocompatibility and reduce immune rejection. These nano-particle coatings on the surface of implants, it will be
could include retinal, cochlear and neural implants, repair possible to bond the implant more naturally to the
of damaged nerve cells, and replacements of damaged adjoining tissue and significantly prolong the implant
skin, tissue or bone [14]. lifetime. Similarly, it may be possible to surround implanted
Artificial biomaterial scaffolds designed to support cell and tissue with a nano-fabricated barrier that would prevent
tissue growth have traditionally aimed, at a macroscopic activation of the rejection mechanisms of the host,
level, to match the properties of the organs they are to be allowing a wider utilization of donated organs. In
replaced without recreating the intricate and essential conclusion, nano-technology can assist in the development
nano-scale detail observed in real organs. In the body, the of biomimetic, intelligent biomaterials, which are designed
nano-scale structure of the extra-cellular matrix provides a to positively react to changes in their immediate
natural web of intricate nano-fibers to support cells and environment and stimulate specific regenerative events at
present an instructive background to guide their behavior. the molecular level. Advances in the areas of fundamental
Unwinding the fibers of the extra-cellular matrix reveals a matrix biology, nano-fabrication, synthetic molecular self-
level of details unmatched outside the biological world. assembly, recombinant DNA technologies, and printing
Each hides clues that pave the way for cells to form tissue as technologies will enable the generation of materials that
complex as bone, liver, heart, and kidney. The ability to can provide enhanced 3D tissue context maps of molecular
engineer materials to a similar level of complexity is fast and structural information [15].
becoming a reality. Engineering extra-cellular matrix
ligands, such as the RGD-sequence, into artificial surfaces
V. FUTURE EXPECTATONS
enhances functionality in terms of cell behavior. Thus,
intricate nano-scale engineering will enable the creation of With more and more advancement in science the horizon
more biomimetic cellular environments. Nano-scale of nanotechnology is also expanding. The greatest power
alterations in topography elicit diverse cell behaviour, of nanomedicine will emerge, perhaps in the 2020s, when
ranging from changes in cell adhesion, cell orientation, cell we can design and construct complete artificial
motility , surface antigen display , cytoskeletal nanorobots using rigid diamondoid nanometer-scale parts
condensation, activation of tyrosine kinases, and like molecular gears and bearings [16]. These nanorobots
modulation of intracellular signalling pathways that will possess full panoply of autonomous subsystems
regulate transcriptional activity and gene expression. For including onboard sensors, motors, manipulators, power
example, new generations of synthetic polymers are being supplies, and molecular computers.
developed which can change their molecular conformation A nanomedicine approach of improving the levels of
in response to changes in temperature, pH, electrical, available oxygen despite reduced blood flow would be to
physical stimuli or energetic status. Access to nano- provide an “ artificial red blood cell” or “ respirocyte” made of
technology has offered a completely new perspective to 18 billion precisely arranged structural atoms. The
the material scientist to mimic the different types of extra- respirocyte is a bloodborne spherical 1-µm diamondoid 1000-
cellular matrices present in tissues. Techniques are now atmosphere pressure vessel with reversible molecule-
available which can produce macromolecular structures of selective surface pumps powered by endogenous serum
nano-meter size, with finely controlled composition and glucose. This nanorobot would deliver 236 times more
architecture. In addition, it is also possible to build mimics oxygen to body tissues per unit volume than natural red cells
of cell membranes, which can imitate certain features of and would manage carbonic acidity, controlled by gas

35
KIIT
concentration sensors and an onboard nanocomputer. A 5- REFERENCES
cc therapeutic dose of 50% respirocyte saline suspension [1] Feynman, R. P. There’s plenty of room at the bottom,
containing 5 trillion nanorobots could exactly replace the gas Eng sci Feb. 1960 23:22-36.
carrying capacity of the patient ’s entire 5.4 l of blood [17]. [2] Ganguly N.K. The Magic of Nanotechnology for Medical
With nanomolecular tools, we could design a small device Sciences, University news, 2005, 43(17) 19-23.
able to identify and kill cancer cells. The device would have a [3] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Nanomedicine, Vol II A : Biocompatibility,
small computer, several binding sites to determine the Landes Biosciences, Georgetown, 2003.
concentration of specific molecules, and a supply of some [4] Roco, M.C. Nanotechnology: Convergence with modern
poison which could be selectively released and able to kill a biology and medicine, 2003.
cell identified as cancerous [18].The device would circulate [5] Mason,J. Nanotech notebook: healthy and green,
freely throughout the body, and would periodically sample April 2007.
its environment by determining whether the binding sites [6] Shackman, J.G., Dahlgran, G.M., Peters, J.L., Kennedy,
were or were not occupied. Occupancy statistics would R.T. Perfusion and chemical monitoring of living cells on
allow determination of concentration. Today's monoclonal a microfluidic chip, Lab on a chip 2005, 5:56-63.
antibodies mediated treatments are able to bind to only a
[7] Silva, G.A. Introduction to nanotechnology and its
single type of protein or other antigen, and have not proven
application to medicine, 2004,218.
effective against most cancers. The cancer killing device
[8] West, J.L., Halas,N.J., Application of nanotechnology to
suggested here could incorporate a dozen different
biotechnology, 2000.
binding sites and so could monitor the concentrations of a
dozen different types of molecules. The computer could [9] Kang, C.H., Brooks,B., Tan, H.B. Quantum dots:in a new
determine if the profile of concentrations fit a pre- light, July 2005.
programmed "cancerous" profile and would, when a [10] Frietas Jr. R.A., Nanomedicine, Vol 1: Basic capabilities,
cancerous profile was encountered, release the poison. Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, 1999.
[11] Loo,C.,Lowery,A., Halas N.J., West,J., Drezek.R.
Immunotargeted nanoshells for integrated cancer
VI. CONCLUSION imaging and therapy, Nano letters. 2005, 5:709-711.
Nanotechnology has already started revolutionizing [12] Loo,C., Hirsch.L.R., Lee,M.,Chang,E., West,J., Drezek.R.,
important areas in molecular biology and medicine, Halas N.J. Gold nanoshells biconjugates for molecular
especially diagnostics and therapy at the molecular and imaging in living cells, Optics Letters, 2005, 30 :1012-1024.
cellular levels. Once these technologies are available, the [13] O’Neal D.P., Hirsch L.R., Halas N.J., Payne J.D., West J.L.,
ultimate dream of every healer, medicine man, and Photothermal timer ablation in mice using near infrared-
physician throughout recorded history will at last, become absorbing nanoparticles. Cancer Lett. 2005; 15:1107-9.
a reality. Programmable and controllable microscale robots [14] Wood, S.,Jones,R., Gledart.A., Commercial application
comprised of nanoscale parts fabricated to nanometer of nanotechnology in medicine and health.ESRC the
precision will allow medical practioners to execute curative social and economic challenges of nanotechnology
and reconstructive procedures in the human body at the report, July 2003.
cellular and molecular levels. Refinement in biochip
[15] Renzo, T.,Uta faure, P.Oliver, Nanomedicine:
miniaturization along with the advent of nanotechnology
nanotechnology for health,2006.
will further advance the molecular diagnosis and
personalized medicine. The promising possibilities that [16] Drexler, K.E., Newsystems, molecular machinery,
nano-medicine might offer in the future have to be manufacturing and computation, Newyork, John
counterweighted against possible risks of this new Wiley, 1992.
technology. It is of utmost importance to examine upfront [17] Freitas, Jr. R.A. Exploratory design in medical
with care and responsibility, its possible side effects to nanotechnology: a mechanical artificial red cell. Artif
human beings and the environment. Several European Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnology,1998.
projects are already dealing with this highly important [18] Ishiyama, K., Sendoh, M., Arai, K.I. Magnetic
issue. Also ethical concerns have to be taken into account. micromachines for medical applications. J Magn Magn
It may also be necessary to examine existing legislation for Mater 2002 (242-245)1163-5.
its applicability to nano-medicine.

36
KIIT
Nanotechnology: A Boon For Cancer Treatment

Swati Jha1, Ritu Sharma2, Nidhi Sharma3, and Meenakshi Gautam4,

1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Dronacharya College of Engineering.
Gurgaon-123506, India.
1
swati.jha21@yahoo.co.in
2
M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering
J.C.D.V., Sirsa, Haryana, India.
2
ritu.aasri@gmail.com
3
M.Tech., First Year, Department Electronics and Communication Engineering
YMCA University, Faridabad, India.
3
nidhi1318@gmail.com
4
Department of Computer Science
DAV College, Karnal, Haryana, India
4
m_gautam199@gmail.com
Abstract:
Abstract--Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science changes that enable escape from normal cellular and
involving the creation and utilization of materials, devices environmental control. Cancer is a generic term for a group
or systems on the nanometre scale. This term can be of more than 100 diseases that can affect any part of the
applied to many areas of research and development, from body. Other terms used are malignant tumors and
medicines to manufacturing to computing and even to neoplasm. One defining feature of cancer is the rapid
textiles and cosmetics. A number of commentators during creation of abnormal cells which grow beyond their usual
the past few years have speculated that nanotechnology is boundaries, and which can invade adjoining parts of the
the wave of the future in biotech and pharma. body and spreads to other organs, a process referred to as
Nanotechnology plays a critical role in various biomedical metastasis, which is the major cause of death from cancer.
applications, not only in drug delivery, but also in molecular Nanomaterials, which measure 1–1000 nm, allow unique
imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-specific drug interaction with biological systems at the molecular level
therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are [2]. They can also facilitate important advances in
the priority research areas where nanotechnology would detection, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers and
play a vital role. The focus of this paper is cancer, which is have led to a new discipline of nano-oncology. Traditionally,
one of the most widely researched diseases in today’s the most common cancer treatments were limited to
medical and scientific community. The purpose of this chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Limitations in
paper is to discuss some of the more recent and innovative cancer treatment are a result of current challenges seen in
solutions that have been made possible by the advent of established cancer therapies, including lack of early disease
nanotechnology. detection, nonspecific systemic distribution, inadequate
Keywords: Cancer, Neoplasm, metastasis, cytotoxicity, drug concentrations reaching the tumor, and inability to
immunoconjugates, Dendrimers monitor therapeutic responses. Poor drug delivery and
residence at the target site leads to significant
complications, such as multi-drug resistance.
I. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology has achieved the status as one of the
According to the US National Cancer Institute (OTIR, 2006) critical research endeavors of the early 21st century, as
“Nanotechnology will change the very foundations of scientists harness the unique properties of atomic and
cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention”[1]. Even the molecular assemblages built at the nanometer scale. Ability
most seemingly impossible problems like HIV and cancer to manipulate the physical, chemical, and biological
become only obstacles in the path to solutions, if we take properties of these particles affords researchers the
an imaginative approach. Of course, this is quite logical, capability to rationally design and use nanoparticles for
since everything around us is made up of atomic and drug delivery, as image contrast agents, and for diagnostic
molecular matter, and all of our problems are ultimately purposes. New technologies using metal and
rooted in atomic and molecular arrangement. semiconductor nanoparticles are also under intense
Cancer is a complex disease occurring as a result of a development for molecular profiling studies and
progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic multiplexed biological assays. Recently functional

37
KIIT
nanoparticles have developed that are covalently linked to caused primarily by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The
biological molecules radiation, and surgery. Limitations in current method of preventive treatment against
cancer treatment are a result of current challenges seen in bombardment with this kind of harmful radiation involves
established cancer therapies, including lack of early disease suspending a substance that either absorbs or scatters
detection, nonspecific systemic distribution, inadequate ultraviolet radiation in a thick emulsion. We use this
drug concentrations reaching the tumor, and inability to emulsion, called sunscreen, to coat our skin prior to
monitor therapeutic responses [3]. prolonged exposure to sunlight. Some of the problems
with this method are that this emulsion can be easily
II. THE CANCER DISEASE rubbed off and can loose its effectiveness over time, thus
needing to be reapplied periodically. An even bigger
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. From a total problem is that we leave openings in the sunscreen coating
of 58 million deaths worldwide in 2005, cancer accounts for during sunscreen application due to macro-scale and micro-
7.6 million (or 13%) of all deaths [4]. More than 70% of all scale imperfections in our skin. This allows the Ultra Violet
cancer deaths in 2005 occurred in low and middle-income (UV) radiation to permeate through the dead layer of skin,
countries. Deaths from cancer in the world are projected to spreading out to a wider area due to slit diffraction and
continue rising, with an estimated 9 million people dying causing more widespread damage. All of these problems
from cancer in 2015 and 11.4 million dying in 2030 [5].The take away from the overall effectiveness of this preventive
most frequent cancer types worldwide are (a) among men: methodology approach.
lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, oesophagus and prostate;
and (b) among women: breast, lung stomach, colorectal
and cervical. III. CANCER THERPY USNG NANOMATERIALS
Nanotechnology problem can be perceived differently at A. Quantum Dots
various stages of the disease. Most apparently, if genetic Quantum dots are novel semiconductor nanocrystals with
mutations are the underlying cause, then we must broad potential for use in various applications in the
counteract the causes of the mutations. Unfortunately, research, management, and treatment of cancer, Quantum
genetic mutations are caused by artificial or natural dots owe their fluorescence emission to electron
carcinogens only some of the time. At other times, they excitation. To overcome the limitations of imaging in the
may occur spontaneously during DNA replication and cell visible spectra, such as auto fluorescence from tissues like
division. With present science and technology there is very intestine and suboptimal tissue penetrance, some
little we can do to prevent this from happening. However, investigators have constructed quantum dots that
in all other cases, eliminating the carcinogens is indeed a fluoresce in the near infrared (NIR) spectra (700–1000
highly effective way of cancer prevention. But most nm).This property potentially makes NIR quantum dots
patients do not recognize the problem until it has actually attractive for in vivo imaging. NIR quantum dots have been
occurred, which makes preventive medicine, utilized rarely, used for in vivo lymphatic mapping in several animal
although, a highly effective form of cancer prevention. Of models. Because of their composition of heavy metals and
course, there is a way to eliminate cancer through previous reports of cytotoxicity, the potential use of
nanotechnology. Unfortunately, there is little current quantum dots in humans may be limited. Uncoated or
research on preventive treatments using nanotechnology. nonpolymer-protected quantum dots are unstable when
After a careful review of the most advanced disease-time exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and have been shown
nanoscale treatment methods, one can easily see why the to release toxic cadmium. Modification of quantum dots
proposed nanotechnology alternatives to current (i.e., PEGylation and micelle encapsulation) may limit the
preventive treatments have so strongly attracted the release of toxic metals in response to UV radiation [6].
attention of the scientific and medical communities in B.Gold Nanoparticles
recent years. In fact, nanotechnology-based treatments Colloidal gold nanoparticles are attractive because gold has
are no more challenging to devise than the currently used been approved and used for treatment of human disease.
disease-time treatment methods. Nonetheless, it requires Gold nanoparticles have been used as contrast agents in
time and monetary investments to develop such treatment vitro based on their ability to scatter visible light. Sokolov
methods in short time. To demonstrate the viability of the etal. successfully used gold nanoparticles conjugated to
nanotechnology-based treatments, let us consider EGFR antibodies to label cervical biopsies for identification
melanoma for example. Melanoma, a form of skin cancer, is of precancerous lesions [7]. Photoacoustic tomography

38
KIIT
has been used to image gold nanoparticles to a depth of 6 reduced binding efficiency, can be addressed using
cm in experiments using gelatin phantoms. dendrimers as carrier molecules attached to antibodies.
C. Alkylating Agents Several groups have studied the conjugation of dendrimers
Alkylating agents are able to target tumor cells in various to antibodies for targeting application. Antibody-
and multiple phases of the cell cycle and are better suited dendrimer conjugates have been used for radiolabeling
for the treatment of slow growing cancers. Alkylating with minimal loss of immunoreactivity.
agents stunt tumor growth by cross-linking guanine
nucleobases resulting in abnormal base pairing or DNA IV. PRINCIPLE OF CANCER TREATMENT
strand breaks. Tumor DNA is unable to uncoil and separate Aside from destroying cells directly, one can take a more
which prevents the cell from dividing. Cisplatin is one of the elegant approach to tumour elimination. Mass and energy
most widely used antineoplastic alkylating agent for the balance are well understood and are widely used in all types
treatment of certain cancers such as testicular and ovarian of science and engineering. Furthermore, these concepts
carcinomas, and carcinomas of the head and neck. The are quite general, and can be applied to other fields as well,
aqua cisplatin-DPPG micelles were converted into such as medicine. The general principles of mass balance,
liposomes 100-160 nm in diameter by mixing with vesicle energy conservation and entropy production are applicable
forming lipids followed by dialysis and extrusion through to bio systems as well as industrial processes. Thus, one
membranes, entrapping and encapsulating cisplatin with a may define the malignant tumour as a bio system and
very high yield. proceed to investigate the mass, energy and entropy
D. Lipid/Polymer inputs, outputs and accumulations. Since the ultimate goal
Positively charged lipid-based nanoparticles are known to is to destroy the tumour, it can be achieved by limiting or
trigger strong immune responses when injected into the eliminating the inputs of the needed nutrients and the
body. This can be problematic when attempting to use this useful energy that are vital to its growth and survival.
type of nanoparticle as a drug delivery vehicle. Lipid-based Likewise, the outputs can be also limited, which are
cationic nanoparticles are a new promising option for necessary for the tumour cells to get rid of toxic waste
tumor therapy, because they display enhanced binding and products that are left over from the multitude of
uptake at the neo-angiogenic endothelial cells, which a biochemical reactions continuously taking place.
tumor needs for its nutrition and growth. By loading Furthermore, basic anatomy and biology tells that cells
suitable cytotoxic compounds to the cationic carrier, the within the human body get a vast majority of their nutrients
tumor endothelial and consequently the tumor itself can be and energy from the bloodstream, and likewise use the
destroyed [8]. For the development of such novel anti- bloodstream to eliminate the toxins [10]. Cells that are cut
tumor agents, the control of drug loading and drug release off from circulation quickly undergo necrosis and are
from the carrier matrix is essential. Screening of different effectively eliminated. Therefore, the goal is to separate
matrices for a given drug may be useful for fast and efficient the tumour from the circulation in order to kill it. Numerous
optimization of drug/lipid combinations in pharmaceutical studies have explored the possibility of isolating cancer
development. tumours from the blood stream. The underlying principle of
E. Dendrimers the study is that the cells within the growing tumour
produce and send out basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Dendrimers are synthetic, nanometer-sized (bFGF) accompanied by Vascular Endothelial Growth
macromolecules that can be modified to suit a specific Factor (VEGF), the combination of which stimulates the
application. Several types of dendrimers are commercially development of new capillaries that grow into the tumour.
available, among which Polyamidoamine (PAMAM)
dendrimers are the most extensively studied for biological
application. They have a unique architecture based on â- V. DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
alanine subunits with primary amine groups on the surface Another important issue to be addressed is cancer
that are available for the attachment of several types of diagnosis through nanotechnology. In order to provide
biological material. Their aqueous solubility and early and thus more effective cancer treatment, early
biocompatibility are well suited to carry ligands, detection of the disease is crucial. Two approaches to
fluorochromes, and drugs for targeting, imaging, and drug cancer detection may be envisioned and they include:
delivery [9]. Some of the issues associated with a) In vitro (laboratory-based) diagnostics.
immunoconjugates, such as decreased solubility and

39
KIIT
b) In vivo diagnostics. unfortunate to develop it. Cancer will continue to be a big
Although in vivo detection is still a challenge, in vitro problem since it is a disease related mostly to age. As our
detection studies have recently produced some impressive population average age increases due to medical advances,
breakthroughs. cancer will be a major disease of the aging. Nanotechnology
Laboratory-based (in vitro) nanotechnology methods are is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and
based on the concept of computer chips. For example, with prevention of cancer disease. It will radically change the
the use of some recent discoveries in nanoarrays, we can way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet
now detect multiple biomolecular markers at very low the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer.
concentrations in various biological fluids. There are The integration of nanotechnology into cancer diagnostics
currently two equally effective nanoarray methods. The and therapeutics is a rapidly advancing field, and there is a
first method involves nanowires connected to a high- need for wide understanding of these emerging concepts.
sensitivity electronic ammeter. Each nanowire is designed The development of new nanoscale platforms offers great
to be a good binding site for a specific biomolecule. The potential for improvements in the care of cancer patients in
biofluid under study is passed through a channel where it is the near future.
allowed to come into direct contact with the wire array. The
conductance of the wires changes as the molecules bind, REFERENCES
and detection is made possible by measuring the [1] Andrievsky, G.V. and Burenin, I.S. (2001) ‘On medicinal
conductance in real time. The second method involves a and preventive efficacy of small doses of hydrated C60
nanoarray of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) cantilevers fullerenes at cancer pathologies’, Chemistry Preprint
which are equipped with antibodies specific to selected Archive, 2002, No. 6, June, pp.50–65.
molecules. The array is submerged in a biofluid where the [2] Basu, S.C. and Basu, M. (Eds.) (2002) ‘Liposome
molecules that are present are allowed to bind to the methods and protocols’, Methods in Molecular
antibodies. As they bind, they are measured by a Biology, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, May.
combination of a highly focused laser beam and sensitive
photodetectors, with a technique similar to that used in [3] Denmeade, S.R. and Isaacs, J.T. (2002) ‘A history of
AFM. Both methods can yield data that are highly accurate, prostate cancer treatment’, Nature Rev. Cancer, Vol. 2,
even with concentrations in the range of parts per million. pp.389–396.
In vivo diagnostic techniques are currently under [4] Gao, X., Cui, Y., Levenson, R.M., Chung, L.W.K. and Nie,
development. One method is to use nanoarrays similar to S. (2004) ‘In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with
those described above. However, due to conditions that semiconductor quantum dots’, Nature Biotechnology,
are much more adverse in a living patient, significantly Vol. 22, pp.969–976.
higher concentrations of the desired molecules are [5] Gao, X., Yang, L., Petros, J.A., Marshall, F.E., Simons,
necessary for accurate detection. Another method is to J.W. and Nie, S. (2001) ‘In vivo molecular and cellular
implant biosensors directly into the patient and to have imaging with quantum dots’, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.,
them relay, gathered information to an external data Vol. 16, No. 1, February, pp.63–72.
collector [11]. The major problem with these methods that [6] C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, Annu Rev
still remains unresolved is biofouling, or the nonspecific Mater Sci 30, 545-610 (2000).
adoption of serum proteins to the sensors. Since serum [7] Jain K. ,Nanotechnology in clinical laboratory
proteins are present in healthy as well as malignant diagnostics: Clin Chim Act 358,37–54 (2005).
environments, the accuracy of the measurements can be
greatly impaired. This problem has been in the way of [8] Ferrari M., Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and
effective in vivo detection for quite some time. challenges: Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 161– 71 (2005)
[9] B. Ehdaie, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 3, 108-110 (2007).
VI. CONCLUSION [10] James R Baker , Jr., Antonia Quintana, Lars Pehlerel,
Mark Banazak- Holl al, Donold Tomalia, Ewa Raczka. The
Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer have always synthesis and testing of anti- acancer therapeutic
been a formidable medical challenge. In fact, cancer has nanodevices: Biomedical microdevices, 3:1, 61-69 (2001).
long been considered an incurable disease and it is grouped
with Hepatitis C and AIDS. Throughout the bulk of human [11] Scott E. Mc Neil , Nanotechnology for Biologist:
history, cancer tended to be fatal in those who were Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 78, 585- 591 (2005).

40
KIIT
Assessing the Potential Impact of
Nonmaterials and Risk Involved

Ashu Soni and Mrs.Bhawana Verma

ECE Dept.
Dronacharya College of Engineering ,Gurgaon
soniashu.14@gmail.com
bhverma@yahoo.co.in

Abstract:
Nanoscience and its emerging technologies are expected Introduction
to bring a fundamental change in manufacturing in the next An exciting revolution in health care and medical
few years and will have an enormous impact on Life technology looms large on the horizon. The agents of
Sciences, including drug delivery , diagnostics and change will be microscopically small,future products of a
production of biomaterials. Nanotechnology presents new discipline known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology
opportunities to create new and better products. It also has is the engineering of molecularly precise structures
the potential to improve assessment, management, and typically 0.1mm or smaller and, ultimately, molecular
prevention of environmental risks. By considering risk in machines.Nanomedicine is the application of
the early stages of a technology,costs of identifying nanotechnology to medicine. It is the preservation and
important health and environmental impacts after a improvement of human health, using molecular tools and
technology has widely diffused can be avoided. The key molecular knowledge of the human body. These
factors for discussion herein include the importance of nanoparticles may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic
particle characterization studies; development of a antiviral,antitumor or anticancer agents. But as this
nanomaterial risk framework; as well as corresponding technology matures in the years ahead, complex
hypothesis-driven, mechanistically-oriented nanodevices and even nanorobots will be fabricated,first of
investigations,concomitant with base set hazard studies biological materials but later using more durable materials
which clearly demonstrate that particle size is only a single such as diamond to achieve the most powerful results.
(and perhaps minor) factor in influencing the safety of
nanomaterials. The presence of nanomaterials (materials that contain
nanoparticles) is not in itself a threat. It is only certain
This paper examining potential environmental applications aspects that can make them risky, in particular their
and implications of nanotechnology. It also describes the mobility and their increased reactivity. Only if certain
issues to ensure that society benefits from advances in properties of certain nanoparticles were harmful to living
environmental protection that nanotechnology may offer, beings or the environment would we be faced with a
and to understand and address any potential risks from genuine hazard. In this case it can be called nanopollution In
environmental exposure to nanomaterials. The research addressing the health and environmental impact of
has already borne fruit, particularly in the use of nanomaterials we need to differentiate between two types
nanomaterials for environmental clean-up and in beginning of nanostructures: (1) Nanocomposites, nanostructured
to understand the disposition of nanomaterials in biological surfaces and nanocomponents (electronic, optical, sensors
systems. Some environmental applications using etc.), where nanoscale particles are incorporated into a
nanotechnology have progressed beyond the research substance, material or device (“fixed” nano-particles); and
stage. Nanotechnology also has the potential to improve (2) “free” nanoparticles, where at some stage in
the environment, both through direct applications of production or use individual nanoparticles of a substance
nanomaterials to detect, prevent, and remove pollutants, are present. These free nanoparticles could be nanoscale
as well as indirectly by using nanotechnology to design species of elements, or simple compounds, but also
cleaner industrial processes and create environmentally complex compounds where for instance a nanoparticle of a
responsible products.. As products made from particular element is coated with another substance
nanomaterials become more numerous and therefore (“coated” nanoparticle or “core-shell” nanoparticle).
more prevalent in the environment.

41
KIIT
There seems to be consensus that, although one should be
aware of materials containing fixed nanoparticles, the
immediate concern is with free nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles are very different from their everyday
counterparts, so their adverse effects cannot be derived
from the known toxicity of the macro-sized material. This
poses significant issues for addressing the health and
environmental impact of free nanoparticles.it is important
that a powder or liquid containing nanoparticles almost
never be monodisperse, but contain instead a range of
particle sizes. This complicates the experimental analysis as
larger nanoparticles might have different properties from
smaller ones. Also, nanoparticles show a tendency to
aggregate, and such aggregates often behave differently
from individual nanoparticles.

Fig 1:-Nanomaterial releases to th environment

Nanomaterials production
such as TiO2 and SiO2 are produced by combusting
The methods for producing nanoparticles are as varied as vaporizable compounds (e.g., TiCl4), appear to be the most
the materials themselves. For example,fullerenes comprise commercially successful approach to gas-phase synthesis
a class of nanomaterials that are made of a newly of nanoparticles .
discovered allotrope of carbon and exist as hollow spheres,
ellipsoids, or tubes.They have created significant The sol–gel method (liquid-phase synthesis)—formation of
commercial interest because of their high strength, solid inorganic materials from molecular precursors via
electrical conductivity,electron affinity, structure, and room-temperature, wet-chemistry-based procedures—is
versatility. Some fullerenes have been found naturally as easily adapted to making powders as well as films. This
combustion products. As a result, they are typically method typically yields amorphous TiO2, and a subsequent
fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge, or calcination step is usually required to crystallize the
controlled pyrolysis. The formation of nanotubes typically material. Other common approaches include the
requires a metal catalyst, such as iron or nickel (3), to hydrothermal and the furnace pyrolysis methods.
organize carbon presented as CO, whereas spherical Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nanoiron) are relatively
“buckyballs” can be formed by burning benzene in an advanced environmental nanotechnologies in terms of
oxygen–argon flame with careful control of gas flow large-scale commercial production. Nanoiron is produced
.Quantum dots are semiconductors that display narrow commercially by several companies; each uses a
fluorescence or absorption bands because of quantum proprietary synthesis method. In general, two na-noiron
constraints imposed on electrons by the finite size of the synthesis methods are used commercially:the bottom-up
material. and the top-down approaches.
In contrast with these bottom-up methods for nanoparticle
fabrication, metal oxanes (e.g., alumoxane) are made in a
top-down procedure in which a mineral (boehmite in the Elements of risk
case of alumoxanes) is cut into smaller pieces by an organic Risk is an important issue to consider in the early stages of
acid in an aqueous solution . Metal oxanes have been used any new technology. Belatedly identified health and
as alternatives to sol–gel precursors for membrane environmental risks have halted technologies of
fabrication and thin films.TiO2 nanoparticles are widely widespread societal usefulness, leaving society to scramble
used for applications such as photocatalysts, pigments, and for functional substitutes; the cases of
cosmetic additives. Many procedures have been reported chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and asbestos are examples.
for producing TiO2 nanoparticles; most typically involve Even risks not scientifically certain but broadly perceived
synthesis by hydrolysis and calcination .Flame and furnace can cause similar inefficiencies; despite heavy investments
reactor syntheses, in which powders in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their

42
KIIT
potential benefits to society, public perception of risk has nanomaterials Only recently have researchers begun to
slowed GMO development.By proactively studying the study the potential ecological risks and impacts of
potential risks of an emerging technology, we can avoid nanomaterial releases to the environment.To date, how
having to react to problems caused by belatedly identified much exposure to “nanolitter”may affect living organisms
real and perceived risks. Nanotechnology,involving remains unknown,as do any specific mechanisms of
materials and objects on the scale of 100 nm and smaller toxicity.
with unique, size-related properties, could benefit from This pioneering study concluded that stable colloidal
such proactive consideration of risk. Nanotechnology is suspensions of buckminsterfullerenes (C60) in water
forecast to revolutionize a diverse array of industries as (nC60) exerted oxidative stress and caused severe lipid
scientists and engineers design devices and materials that peroxidation in fish brain tissue. Whether oxidative stress
are superior in terms of speed, efficiency, and strength. was the result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced
Responsible uses of manufactured nanomaterials in by nC60 or by the cellular immune response system was not
commercial products and environmental applications, as investigated. The cytotoxicity of other water-soluble,
well as prudent management of the associated risks, photosensitive fullerenes (e.g., carboxylated C60, fuller
require a better understanding of their mobility, pyrrolidine) and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., SiO2, TiO2,
bioavailability, and impacts on a wide variety of organisms. ZnO) has also been associated with oxidative stress, on the
For nanomaterials to present a risk, there must be both a basis that light stimulation causes ROS production, and this
potential for exposure and a hazard, such as toxicity, that leads to high toxicity.On the other hand, numerous
results after exposure. Exposure varies on the basis of observations have been made of fullerenes acting as
conditions such as the manner in which materials are antioxidants. Indeed,the antioxidant properties of C60
handled in the workplace, how nanomaterials partition to have been compared to those of vitamins C and E in
various phases (e.g., water and air), the mobility of preventing lipid peroxidation induced by superoxide and
nanomaterials in each of these phases, their persistence, hydroxyl radicals . This apparent dichotomy underscores
and the magnitude of the sources . Research evaluating the need for research on nanomaterial–cell interactions
potential worker exposure to nanomaterials in fabrication and the resulting effects on metabolic processes and cell
facilities has focused largely on airborne pathways and, to physiology as a function of dose and exposure
a lesser degree, on direct dermal exposure . The transport conditions.Microbial ecotoxicology is a particularly
and fate of nanomaterials in aquatic environments has important consideration in elucidating cytotoxicity
received relatively little attention. mechanisms that could be extrapolated to eukaryotic cells.
More recent work has begun to consider the impacts of Moreover, because microorganisms are the foundation of
nanomaterials on bacteria and aquatic life. Although some all known ecosystems, serving as the basis of food webs
nanomaterials, such as fullerenes,may have very low and the primary agents for global biogeochemical cycles,
solubilities in water, functionalization may increase their they are important components of soil health.
affinity for the aqueous phase and their potential reactivity Microorganisms could serve as potential mediators of
with cells. Indeed,increasing nanoparticle affinity for the nanoparticle transformations that affect their mobility and
aqueous phase may be a requirement for uses of these toxicity. Thus, a better understanding of
materials in applications ranging from drug delivery to nanomaterial–microbe interactions is important because it
groundwater remediation. For example, hydroxylation of will ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool to
fullerenes, either intentionally or in the fabrication process, improve material and social conditions without exceeding
will increase their apparent solubility. Chemical or the ecological capabilities that support them.Suspensions
biological oxidation may add, remove, or modify of nC60 have been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity,
functionalities associated with mineral nanoparticles, and although the possible mechanisms responsible for such
the adsorption of natural organic matter may alter their toxicity remain unknown. Unlike some eukaryotic cells that
charge and stability in suspension. can assimilate large nanoparticles (up to 100 nm) , bacteria
generally cannot assimilate particles >5 nm, including nC60.
Thus, antibacterial activity likely involves direct contact of
Nanomaterials hazards nanoparticles with the cellular surface; this suggests that
Cellular interactions and toxicity. Numerous studies have the surface chemistry and morphology of nanomaterials
investigated the human health implications of could be very influential factors in their toxicity. The

43
KIIT
antibacterial effect of nC60 could also be due to oxidative (2–30 ppm) and nanomagnetite (2–30 ppm) indicate that
stress. Some oxidation reactions damage the cell these nanoparticles produce an oxidative stress response
membrane and affect cell permeability and fluidity,leaving and are taken up into cells (Figure 2). Noncytotoxic doses of
cells more susceptible to osmotic stress or hindering Degussa P25 nano-TiO2 caused rapid and sustained release
nutrient uptake. Furthermore, bacterial membranes are of ROS by CNS microglia, indicating the potential for
the loci of electron transport phosphorylation and energy neurotoxicity. Exposure to these nanoparticles also
transduction, which can be disrupted if a redox-sensitive affected ATP levels, caused mitochondrial depolarization,
nanomaterial contacts membrane-bound electron carriers and stimulated an oxidative burst in the microglia and
and withdraws electrons from the transport chain. In neurons. These results suggest the potential for negative
theory, such redox interactions could also generate free health effects from exposure and uptake of nanoparticles
radicals that oxidize double bonds on fatty-acid tails of into mammalian cells. However, it is important to note that
membrane phospholipids; this could result in the formation these are in vitro responses and represent significantly
of highly reactive epoxides that can further compromise higher exposures than expected. Tox-icity data and the
the integrity of the cell membrane and even damage DNA. potential exposure levels must be considered
However, whether nanomaterials cause oxidative stress by simultaneously to determine the risks.
generating ROS or by the cell’s response to the Conclusion-Even though improvement has been made
nanoparticles is not yet clear.These theoretical interactions toward understanding the health and environmental
could serve as a guide for advanced microscopic and consequences of these materials, challenges remain for
chemical analyses of cell constituents to elucidate toxicity future research. We have focused on the important issue of
mechanisms and discern physiological characteristics that particle characterization studies, which are critical
confer bacterial resistance to toxicity. For example,it is fundamentals for studying health and environment
plausible that cells possessing a high concentration of impacts of nanomaterials. In addition, a considerate risk
antioxidants (e.g., reduced glutathione) or enzymes that management model framework for identifying the
destroy ROS (e.g., catalase, peroxidase,superoxide potential risks related to exposures to nanomaterials has
dismutase) might be less susceptible to nanomaterial been developed. Health and environmental risks are
toxicity. Theoretical considerations also suggest that products of both hazards and exposures. Many often
smaller nanoparticles are likely to be more toxic because of threat data from a toxicity study are confused with the
their large specific surface areas, which are conducive to concept of health risk. It should be noted that exposure is
greater bioavailability.Thus, factors that promote an integral part of this equation. Risk management should
coagulation and precipitation of nanoparticles in the be an integral part of an work-related safety and health
environment, such as increases in salt concentration, are program,
likely to mitigate ecotoxicity.
which is based on recognition of the nanomaterial hazards,
It has been suggested that derivatization of fullerenes evaluation of the exposure potentials, and application of
decreases toxicity. However,derivatization provokes control measures to reduce the risk.
numerous changes in the physical characteristics of these
materials, including aggregation state, hydrophobicity, and
reactivity,that have not been controlled in studies to References
date.Metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (e.g.,
nanoiron,magnetite, TiO2) have been proposed for [1] Health effects related to nanoparticle exposures:
groundwater remediation , water treatment and removal Environmental, health and safety considerations for
of toxic contaminants from air streams. Their widespread assessing hazards and risks David B. Warheit ,
use could expose biological systems through inhalation, Christie M. Sayes , Kenneth L. Reed , Keith A. Swain.
dermal contact, or ingestion and absorption through the [2] Assessing the risk of manufactured nanomaterials
digestive tract. A recent investigation indicates that CeO2 Mark R.Wiesner Duke university,Greg V lowry
nanoparticles are taken up into human fibroblasts in vitro Carnegie Mellon University Pedro Alvarez Rice
(44). However, few other studies describe the effects of University Dianysios Dionysiou University of
particles once they are taken up into the cells.Preliminary Cincinnati Pratim BiswasWashington University in
investigations of the in vitro response of central nervous ST. Louis
system (CNS) microglia to low concentrations of nanoiron

44
KIIT
[3] Mullin, R. P. What Can Be Learned from DuPont and [6] Tsao, N.; et al. Inhibition of Group A Streptococcus
the Freon Ban: A Case Study. J. Bus. Ethics 2002, 40, Infection by Carboxyfullerene. Antimicrob. Agents
207-218. Chemother.
[4] Asbestos: from ‘magic’ to malevolent material. Late 2001, 45 (6), 1788–1793.
Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary [7] Mashino, T.; et al. Antibacterial and Antiproliferative
Principle 1896-2000; Activity of Cationic Fullerene Derivatives. Bioorg.
Office for Official Publications of the European Med.
Communities: Luxembourg, 2001; pp 52-63. Chem. Lett. 2003, 13 (24), 4395–4397.
[5] Feder, B. From Nanotechnology’s [8] Babynin, E. V.; et al. Study of Mutagenic Activity of
Sidelines,OneMore Warning. New York Times, late Fullerene and Some of Its Derivatives using His+
ed., New York, Feb 3, 2003, p Reversions of Salmonella typhimurium as an
C1.contaminationsNanometre-size products of Example. Genetika 2002, Using Endohedral
uranium bioreduction. Metallofullerene Radiotracers.
Nature 2002, 419, 134-134. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96, 5182–5187.

Coupled Cd(oh)2 Coated Q-cds - Tio2

Nanoparticles

Shipra Mital Gupta1 and Arvind Kumar Jain2

1
University School of Basic & Applied Sciences,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
Delhi – 110075
1
shipra.mital@gmail.com
2
Ansal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon, Haryana – 122003

Abstract:
There has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in two or more semiconductors of different bandgaps,
exploiting renewable sources of energy such as hydro doping of transition metal ions etc. have been adopted for
energy, wind energy, ocean energy and solar energy due to the enhancement of their photocatalyitic activity.
the increased global consumption and demand of energy Q-CdS has a suitable bandgap with absorption in the visible
and the dwindling resources of fossil fuels. Solar energy has region. However, it has a problem of photoanodic
a great potential as it is non-polluting energy source and dissolution. We have modified the surface of Q-CdS by
plentifully availability throughout the year. It has been binding excess Cd2+ through hydroxylation. This enhances
found that quantum-sized semiconductor particles have a its photostability and induces the bandgap emission but it
vast potential in harnessing of solar energy and its makes the particle relatively inert to initiate photoredox
conversion to chemical energy. These systems have drawn processes. Cd(OH)2 coated Q-CdS did not sensitize the
attention in initiating photocatalytic redox transformations reaction of indole – O2 redox couple. So we coupled
and treatment of industrial waste. Cd(OH)2 coated Q-CdS particles with TiO2 which sensitizes
A number of strategies viz. sensitization and surface these reactions efficiently (f indigo = 0.08).
modification of large bandgap semiconductors, coupling of

45
KIIT
Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials

Prof. V.K Syal1 and Ms. Anjana Behal2

KIIT College of Engineering
Maruti Kunj, Gurgaon-122102
Abstract:
Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials are the key size, and distribution at nanolevel needs sophisticated
technologies in the current century. Nanotechnology is the characterization techniques like electron microscopy, X ray
field of applied science focused on the fabrication, diffraction, Raman spectroscopy etc. This paper discusses
synthesis, characterization and application of materials and the basic principles and applications of various techniques
devices at nanoscale. The precise control of nanoparticle to be used for characterization of nanomaterials.

Schematic diagram of SEM Schematic diagram of Raman

Carbon Nanotube Sensor Networks: A Review

Preeti1, Deepak2 and Kanika3
MAIT Gzb, DRDO2, & KIIT3, Gurgaon
1

Abstract:
This review paper describes the the development of carbon coordinated nanoscale data acquisition is one of the most
nanotube transmitter and receiver circuits operating with promising functions in the nanotechnology applications.
radio frequency (RF), allows current wireless technologies The concept of Carbon Nanotube Sensor Networks (CNSN)
to function at nano-scale environments. This vision also for future nanoscale data acquisition applications is also
enables a very large set of new applications such as described. CNSN can be perceived as the down-scaled
coordinated disease detection, drug delivery, and version of traditional wireless sensor networks without
biological and chemical attack defense. Especially, downgrading its main functionalities.

46
KIIT
Role of Nanostructured Materials &
Devices in Environmental Pollution Control

Sanjeev K. Sharma, A. K. Jain and Era Upadhyay

Ansal Institute of Technology, Gurgaon-122 003, Haryana, India.
era.upadhyay@aitgurgaon.org

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is the natural progression of technology the nanotechnology and advanced nanomaterials
miniaturization from the bulk macroscopic world to micro production offers significant opportunities for a wide range
dimensions (e.g., integrated circuits), and, finally, into the of applications for detection monitor, control, and
nanoworld (e.g., the quantum dot). The diverse remediation of a broad range of environmental pollutants
applications of nanotechnology across a number of and contaminants. Nanotechnology is also likely to help
disciplines in recent years have inspired environmental prevent a great deal of pollution in the future by affording
researchers to address the need for efficient and effective the opportunity to “reinvent the energy infrastructure that
methods and devices for the reduction of environmental powers the economy. Nanoscale materials and devices
burden by conserving resources, reducing chemical waste, could result in game-changing breakthroughs in energy
and utilizing less raw materials, chemicals, and energy. production through advances in hydrogen and solar
Industrial and agriculture waste, air pollutants, and waste energy, and could even beget vast improvements in the
waters can be reduced and/or treated by process control, efficiency and cleanliness of carbon-based energy.
emission control, and waste treatment Rapid progress of

PEDOT-PSS/ graphite nanocomposites fabricated by spin

coating and solution casting method : A comparison

Prachi Singhal and Sunita Rattan

Amity school of Engineering and Technology, AUUP, Noida, India.

Abstract:
The conducting polymer nanocomposites have attracted carbon nanotubes. In the present study, nanocomposites
considerable attention in recent years because of their consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-
wide application potential in electronics field and diverse styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) matrix reinforced with
areas. The introduction of electrically conducting carbon graphite nanosheets were prepared by solution casting
based nano particles as nano graphite, CNTs, carbon fibers and spin coating method. The nanocomposites prepared
into the polymeric matrix is a promising approach to were characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR technique.
fabricate electrically conductive polymeric The dispersion of nanoparticles in PEDOT-PSS polymer is
nanocomposites. Among the different carbon found to be better in case of solution casting method. The
nanoparticles much less work has been done on conductivity studies of the prepared nanocomposites were
nanographite although they have in-plane electrical, carried out.
thermal and mechanical properties comparable to that of

47
KIIT
Toxicity Of Nanomaterials:
A Major Challenge of the Day

A. K. Jain and Sanjeev Kumar Sharma

Ansal Institute of Technology –Gurgaon-122003
Jain1dcy@gmail.com

Abstract:
Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention in the important for providing mechanistic details in the uptake,
scientific community ever since its emergence as a persistence, and biological toxicity of nanoparticles inside
powerful engineering and applied science tool. While living cells. As evident from recent findings,
beneficial aspects of nanomaterials are well established, nanotechnology can dramatically change the properties
there are also evidences of the harmful impacts of and applications of industrial and research materials. The
nanomaterials on the living cells. We have now understood selectivity and reactivity achieved due to very small size
the potential and risks of nanotechnology, whether have produced a wide variety of applications of
through general culture in books such as Michael Crichton’s nanomaterials. Such extraordinary physicochemical
authored Prey or through the scientific reports of the kind properties bring along a concern about the adverse effects
recently published by the Royal Commission on of nanostructures on biological systems. Research in the
Environmental Pollution. This has led to a general field of biomaterials and biotechnology along with other
consensus that there is a great need to assess the sources of human interaction with nanomaterials has thus
toxicology of nanoparticles (NPs). It is much harder to attracted considerable attention. This short paper provides
proceed further without knowing the risks and challenges insights into the physical, chemical, and interfacial
associated in using nanoparticles for their unending parameters on the toxic potential of nanomaterials. While
applications. The diverse array of surface properties nanotechnology has promised invaluable progress in
achieved due to reduction in particle size that catalyzes the science and technology, the onus rests on the scientific
surface chemistry of nanoparticles is responsible for their community to predict the unknown outcome on the
toxic potential. Physical parameters such as surface area, biological system for its safe proliferation.
particle size, surface charge, and zeta potential are very

Fig. The mechanisms of interaction of nanomaterials with biological tissues, illustrating the importance of material chemistry, electronic structure,
bonding, active or passive surface coatings, solubility, and interactions with other environmental factors

48