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EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes occur when rocks in the earth's crust break due to movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity. There are two main types - tectonic and volcanic. Seismology studies earthquakes and seismic waves. Different types of seismic waves include P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves. Earthquakes are measured by magnitude on the Richter scale and intensity on the Mercalli scale. Major fault lines like the San Andreas Fault pose the greatest earthquake risk. Earthquakes can cause physical damage through landslides, fires and liquefaction as well as structural damage to buildings and roads.

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60 views2 pages

EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes occur when rocks in the earth's crust break due to movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity. There are two main types - tectonic and volcanic. Seismology studies earthquakes and seismic waves. Different types of seismic waves include P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves. Earthquakes are measured by magnitude on the Richter scale and intensity on the Mercalli scale. Major fault lines like the San Andreas Fault pose the greatest earthquake risk. Earthquakes can cause physical damage through landslides, fires and liquefaction as well as structural damage to buildings and roads.

Uploaded by

Joe Daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EARTHQUAKES TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKE - TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES - occur


when rocks in the earth’s crust break due to
- sudden movement/shaking or trembling of the geological forces created by the movement of
ground caused by the abrupt release of energy in tectonic plates.
the earth’s crust
- VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES - occurs due
SEISMOLOGY to volcanic activity; they are weaker than
tectonic earthquakes.
- it comes from the Greek word “seismos”
which means earthquake. SEISMIC WAVES

- is the field of science that study earthquakes - are energy released as vibrations generated by
and seismic waves that move through the earth sudden impulse in the earth such as earthquakes.

4 MAJOR LAYERS OF THE EARTH TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

- CRUST - SURFACE WAVES - originate from


epicenter and travel through the earth’s crust and
- MANTLE have lower frequency or travel slowly than body
- OUTER CORE waves; only happen after body waves; type of
wave which causes most of the destruction.
- INNER CORE
TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES
LITHOSPHERE IS BROKEN INTO
- RAYLEIGH WAVES - the movement
SEGMENTS CALLED TECTONIC PLATES.
of this wave is vertical through rolling up the
FORESHOCKS are light shaking of ground ground like waves of oceans.
that happens in the same site where a stronger
- LOVE WAVES faster than Rayleigh
earthquake follows.
wave and can only be felt in the earth’s crust
MAINSHOCKS are the stronger earthquake. and shakes the ground in horizontal manner or
sideways.
AFTERSHOCKS happen after the mainshock
and occur at the same site of the mainshock. - BODY WAVES - travel through the earth’s
interior and carry some of the energy from the
2 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF focus to the surface; these waves have higher
EARTHQUAKES frequency and precursor of surface waves.

FOCUS OR HYPOCENTER - The


location below the earth’s surface where
earthquake starts.

EPICENTER – The location directly


above the hypocenter.
TYPES OF BODY WAVES FAULT PLANE surface that the movement
has taken place within the fault.
- P-WAVES (PRIMARY WAVES) -
fastest kind of seismic waves; Also called as HANGING WALL is the rock mass resting
compressional wave because of its pushing and on the fault plane.
pulling motion through the rock; They vibrate or
material movement is parallel to the travel FOOTWALL is the rock mass beneath the
direction fault plane.
-S-WAVES (SECONDARY WAVES) - is MOST DANGEROUS FAULT LINES
the next wave we feel after the first shaking of
the ground; also called shear waves; they vibrate -SAN ANDREAS FAULT, SOUTHERN
with material movement perpendicular to the CALIFORNIA (STRIKE-SLIP FAULT)
travel direction.
- CARRIBEAN PLATE
MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKES
- WEST VALLEY FAULT (DEXTRAL SLIP
- MAGNITUDE (RICHTER SCALE) – FAULT SYSTEM)
measures the energy released from the
TYPES OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY
source of the earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKES
- INTENSITY (MERCALLI SCALE) –
- PHYSICAL DAMAGE
measures the strength of shaking produced
by the earthquake. - LANDSLIDES

SEISMOLOGISTS records the behavior - TSUNAMIS


of these waves
- FIRES
SEISMOMETER is used to detect the - MUDSLIDES
waves.
- LIQUEFACTION
SEISMOGRAPH is a special device that
measures the seismic waves. -STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

SEISMOGRAM is a recording made by the -BUILDINGS COLLAPSE


seismographs or seismometers. - ROADWAYS COLLAPSE
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE or PACIFIC - EMOTIONAL DAMAGE
RIM is the haven of the most volcanic and
earthquake-prone places on earth; it is the - DEATHS
place where tectonic plates come together;
horseshoe shaped belt.

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