Tagalog (Filipino)

Languages
About 87 native languages and dialects are spoken, all belonging to the Malay-Polynesian linguistic
family. Of these, eight are the first languages of more than 85% of the population. The three principal
indigenous languages are:

 Cebuano, spoken in the Visayas.

 Ilocano, spoken in Ilocos.
 Tagalog, predominant in the area around Manila.
Since 1939, in an effort to develop national unity, the government has promoted the use of the national
language, Pilipino, which is based on Tagalog. Pilipino is taught in all schools and is gaining acceptance,
particularly as a second language. For a brief clarification of the differences between Tagalog and Pilipino
(also known as Filipino), please see Differences
Many use English, the most important nonnative language, as a second language, including nearly all
professionals, academics, and government workers. In January 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
ordered the Department of Education to restore English as the medium of instruction in all schools and
universities.

Only a few Filipino families use Spanish as a first language.

Ilocano
Please see Ilocano (Philippines) for information about the Ilocano language and culture.
Tagalog
Tagalog is the Austronesian language of the Philippines, spoken as a first language by about 17 million
people on the island of Luzon and by at least half a million immigrant Filipinos. As the language of Manila,
the capital and chief city of the Philippines, Tagalog has long had an importance outside its own speech
area.
The Tagalog Alphabet
Tagalog has 16 consonant sounds, 5 vowel sounds, and 5 diphthongs. Syllable stress is used to
distinguish between words that are otherwise similar. With the exception of the glottal stop ( ' ), all of the
sounds are represented by letters in writing. Tagalog is a highly phonetic language. Generally, words are
spelled as they are pronounced.
For examples of linguistic differences between English and Tagalog, see the section below entitled
“Important Considerations for Assessment and Treatment.”

Consonants
The Tagalog consonants are b, d, k, g, h, l, m, n, ng, p, ( ' ), r, s, t, w, and y. Ng represents the velar nasal,
and the apostrophe ( ' ) represents the glottal stop.

For more information please see:Tagalog consonants

Vowels
The Tagalog vowels are i, e, a, o, and u. Generally, these sounds maintain their pronunciation (or phonetic
properties) regardless of the sounds around them. Consecutive vowels are generally articulated with a
glottal stop intervening between them.
 For more information please see:Tagalog vowels
Diphthongs
The Tagalog diphthongs are iw, ay, aw, oy, and uy. These are complex sounds which are combinations of
simple vowels and semi-vowels.

For more information please see:Tagalog diphthongs

Phonics
Please click on the folloiwng link Tagalog phonics to hear recorded samples of the sounds associated with
the Tagalog letters.
Grammar
Please click on the following link Tagalog grammar for a comprehensive overview of all aspects of Tagalog
grammar.

Implications for the SLP

Linguistic Considerations
Phonology
A 2004 study followed the development of English phonology in a child whose first language was Tagalog.
The question posed by the study was whether a monolingual SLP can distinguish between a language
difference and a disorder. Results found that the SLP was able to distinguish between difference and
disorder; however, it was critical that the SLP examine the phonological system of the child’s first
language to look for similarities and differences with the English phonological system. It was also found
that the SLP should follow clients over time and document changes with therapy to help distinguish
disorder from difference. An important caveat, however, was that if an SLP were able to evaluate the client
in his or her first language, problems would be immediately apparent, and the process would be
considerably accelerated.

Some practical implications identified by the author of this study that can be applied to assessment of
young children whose first language is Tagalog (as well as other first languages) are as follows. First, SLPs
should take notice of the production of sound types. Delayed or deviant development should raise
suspicion (e.g., universal patterns of development). Second, substitutions can be analyzed to determine if
the child is using typical vs. idiosyncratic substitutions. Third, SLPs can determine if phonological
processes are age appropriate and if extinction of processes follow a typical pattern. Finally, monitoring
phonological performance over time can determine if later developing and dissimilar sounds are
acquired.1
Some phonological differences to keep in mind during assessment include the following:

 Nine English consonants do not occur in Tagalog: /v/, /j/, /z/, voiced and voiceless th, sh, dz, ch, z.
 English phonology includes several more vowels and diphthongs than Tagalog.
 Differences in place of articulation exist even with similar phonemes.

Grammar
 Tagalog does not have an auxiliary or linking verb (such as to be in English). Difficulty with forms that
include this auxiliary verb should be anticipated during assessment, and direct instruction may be
appropriate during intervention if it is not picked up naturally.
 Pronouns in Tagalog do not indicate gender. A pronoun can refer to either “he” or “she.”
 Tagalog does not have the subject or predicate of the type to which English speakers are accustomed.
Instead, Tagalog has “focus.” The concept of focus can be summarized by the following: In a Tagalog
sentence, a Tagalog speaker will pick out a word that he or she most wants to emphasize. This word could
be the most important word in the sentence, or it could have some special sense of prominence. This
chosen word of special emphasis is said to be the focus of the sentence. The word chosen as the focus is
dependent on what the speaker wants to emphasize. If unsure which word is the focus, it is helpful to ask
oneself “What is the point of this sentence?” In spoken English something similar to focus is indicated by
emphasizing the word with the voice, using stress. But Tagalog indicates focus by placing a marker in
front of the word that is the focus. This marker indicates that the word that follows is the focus of the
sentence. The concept of focus is integral to Tagalog grammar.
 A 2006 study that reviewed the English Language Narratives of Filipino children revealed, among other
results, that the use of non-standard English forms does not necessarily indicate a language disorder.
Rather, these are utterances that may have been influenced by the grammatical structure of the Tagalog
language they hear at home.

Types of Word Formation

Processes
Compounding
Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes.
The words are called compounds or compound words.

In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed.

Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that means

native compounds are made out of independent words that can
occur by themselves. Examples:

mailman (composed of free root mail and free root man)

mail carrier
dog house
fireplace
fireplug (a regional word for 'fire hydrant')
fire hydrant
dry run
cupcake
cup holder
email
e-ticket
pick-up truck
talking-to

Some compounds have a preposition as one of the component

words as in the last 2 examples.

In Greek and Latin, in contrast to English, roots do not typically

stand alone. So compounds are composed of bound roots.
Compounds formed in English from borrowed Latin and Greek
morphemes preserve this characteristic. Examples
include photograph, iatrogenic, and many thousands of other
classical words.

Note that compounds are written in various ways in English: with

a space between the elements; with a hyphen between the
elements; or simply with the two roots run together with no
separation. The way the word is written does not affect its status
as a compound. Over time, the convention for writing compounds
can change, usually in the direction from separate words (e.g.
email used to be written with a hyphen. In the 19th century,
today and tomorrow were sometimes still written to-day and to-
morrow. The to originally was the preposition to with an older
meaning 'at [a particular period of time]'. Clock work changed
to clock-work and finally to one word with no break (clockwork).
If you read older literature you might see some compound words
that are now written as one word appearing with unfamiliar
spaces or hyphens between the components.

Another thing to note about compounds is that they can combine

words of different parts of speech. The list above shows mostly
noun-noun compounds, which is probably the most common part
of speech combination, but there are others, such as adjective-
noun (dry run, blackbird, hard drive), verb-noun (pick-
pocket, cut-purse, lick-spittle) and even verb-particle (where
'particle' means a word basically designating spatial expression
that functions to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as
in run-through, hold-over. Sometimes these compounds are
different in the part of speech of the whole compound vs. the part
of speech of its components. Note that the last two are actually
nouns, despite their components.

Some compounds have more than two component words. These

are formed by successively combining words into compounds,
e.g. pick-up truck, formed from pick-up and truck , where the
first component, pick-up is itself a compound formed
from pick and up. Other examples are ice-cream cone, no-fault
insurance and even more complex compounds liketop-rack
dishwasher safe.

There are a number of subtypes of compounds that do not have

to do with part of speech, but rather the sound characteristics of
the words. These subtypes are not mutually exclusive.

Rhyming compounds (subtype of compounds)

These words are compounded from two rhyming words.
Examples:

lovey-dovey
chiller-killer

There are words that are formally very similar to rhyming

compounds, but are not quite compounds in English because the
second element is not really a word--it is just a nonsense item
added to a root word to form a rhyme. Examples:

higgledy-piggledy
tootsie-wootsie

This formation process is associated in English with child talk (and

talk addressed to children), technically called hypocoristic
language. Examples:

bunnie-wunnie
Henny Penny
snuggly-wuggly
Georgie Porgie
Piggie-Wiggie

Another word type that looks a bit like rhyming compounds

comprises words that are formed of two elements that almost
match, but differ in their vowels. Again, the second element is
typically a nonsense form:

pitter-patter
zigzag
tick-tock
riffraff
flipflop

Derivation Derivation is the creation of words by modification of

a root without the addition of other roots. Often the effect is a
change in part of speech.

Affixation (Subtype of Derivation)

The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or
more affixes to a root, as in the word derivation itself. This
process is called affixation, a term which covers both prefixation
and suffixation.

Blending
Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes
in English. It is especially creative in that speakers take two
words and merge them based not on morpheme structure but on
sound structure. The resulting words are called blends.

Usually in word formation we combine roots or affixes along their

edges: one morpheme comes to an end before the next one
starts. For example, we form derivation out of the sequence of
morphemes de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next
and each one has identifiable boundaries. The morphemes do not
overlap.

But in blending, part of one word is stitched onto another word,

without any regard for where one morpheme ends and another
begins. For example, the word swooshtika 'Nike swoosh as a logo
symbolizing corporate power and hegemony' was formed
from swoosh and swastika. The swoosh part remains whole and
recognizable in the blend, but the tika part is not a morpheme,
either in the word swastika or in the blend. The blend is a perfect
merger of form, and also of content. The meaning contains an
implicit analogy between the swastika and the swoosh, and thus
conceptually blends them into one new kind of thing having
properties of both, but also combined properties of neither
source. Other examples
include glitterati (blending glitter and literati) 'Hollywood social
set', mockumentary (mock and documentary) 'spoof
documentary'.

The earliest blends in English only go back to the 19th century,

with wordplay coinages by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky. For
example, he introduced to the language slithy, formed
from lithe and slimy, and galumph, (from gallop and triumph.
Interestingly galumph has survived as a word in English, but it
now seems to mean 'walk in a stomping, ungainly way'.

Some blends that have been around for quite a while

include brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor
hotel), electrocute (electric and execute), smog (smoke and fog)
and cheeseburger (cheese and hamburger). These go back to the
first half of the twentieth century. Others, such
as stagflation (stagnation and inflation), spork (spoon and fork),
and carjacking (car and hijacking) arose since the 1970s.

Here are some more recent blends I have run across:

mocktail (mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol'

splog (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and
raise Google-ranking'
Britpoperati (Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about
current British pop music'
Clipping
Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is
'clipped' off the rest, and the remaining word now means
essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or
meant. For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of
an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning a gun with a rifled barrel.
(Rifled means having a spiral groove causing the bullet to spin,
and thus making it more accurate.) Another clipping is burger,
formed by clipping off the beginning of the word hamburger.
(This clipping could only come about once hamburg+er was
reanalyzed as ham+burger.)

Acronyms
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and
making a word out of it. Acronyms provide a way of turning a
phrase into a word. The classical acronym is also pronounced as a
word. Scuba was formed from self-contained underwater
breathing apparatus. The word snafu was originally WW2 army
slang for Situation Normal All Fucked Up. Acronyms were being
used more and more by military bureaucrats, and soldiers
coined snafu in an apparent parody of this overused device.
Sometimes an acronym uses not just the first letter, but the first
syllable of a component word, for example radar, RAdio Detection
And Ranging and sonar, SOund Navigation and Ranging. Radar
forms an analogical model for both sonar and lidar, a technology
that measures distance to a target and and maps its surface by
bouncing a laser off it. There is some evidence that lidar was not
coined as an acronym, but instead as a blend of light and radar.
Based on the word itself, either etymology appears to work, so
many speakers assume that lidar is an acronym rather than a
blend.

A German example that strings together the initial syllables of the

words in the phrase, is Gestapo , from GEheime STAats POlizei
'Sectret State Police'. Another is Stasi, from STAats SIcherheit
'State Security'. Acronyms are a subtype of initialism. Initialisms
also include words made from the initial letters of a Phrase but
NOT pronounced as a normal word - it is instead pronounced as a
string of letters. Organzation names aroften initialisms of his
type. Examples:

NOW (National Organization of Women)

US or U.S., USA or U.S.A. (United States)
UN or U.N. (United Nations)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Some organizations ARE pronounced as a word:

UNICEF
MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving)

The last example incorporates a meaning into the word that fits
the nature of the organization. Sometimes this type is called a
Reverse Acronym or a Backronym.

These can be thought of as a special case of acronyms.

Memos, email, and text messaging (text-speak) are modes of

communication that give rise to both clippings and acronyms,
since these word formation methods are designed to abbreviate.
Some acronyms:

NB - Nota bene, literally 'note well'. Used by scholars making

notes on texts. (A large number of other scholarly acronyms from
Latin are used, probably most invented in the medieval period or
Renaissance, not originally in Latin)
BRB - be right back (from 1980s, 90s)
FYI - for your information (from mid 20th century)
LOL - laughing out loud (early 21st century) - now pronounced
either /lol/ or /el o el/; has spawned compounds like Lolcats).
ROFL - rolling on the floor laughing
ROFLMAO - rolling on the floor laughing my ass off

Reanalysis
Sometimes speakers unconsciously change the morphological
boundaries of a word, creating a new morph or making an old
one unrecognizable. This happened in hamburger, which was
originally Hamburger steak 'chopped and formed steak in the
Hamburg style, then hamburger (hamburg + er), then ham +
burger

Folk etymology
A popular idea of a word's origin that is not in accordance with its
real origin.

Many folk etymologies are cases of reanalysis in which the word

is not only reanalysis but it changes under the influence of the
new understanding of its morphemes. The result is that speakers
think it has a different origin than it does.

Analogy
Sometimes speakers take an existing word as a model and form
other words using some of its morphemes as a fixed part, and
changing one of them to something new, with an analogically
similar meaning. Cheeseburger was formed on the analogy
of hamburger, replacing a perceived
morpheme ham with cheese. carjack and skyjack were also
formed by analogy.

Novel creation
In novel creation, a speaker or writer forms a word without
starting from other morphemes. It is as if the word if formed out
of 'whole cloth', without reusing any parts.

Some examples of now-conventionalized words that were novel

creations include blimp, googol (the mathematical term),bling,
and possibly slang, which emerged in the last 200 years with no
obvious etymology. Some novel creations seem to display 'sound
symbolism', in which a word's phonological form suggests its
meaning in some way. For example, the sound of the
word bling seems to evoke heavy jewelry making noise. Another
novel creation whose sound seems to relate to its meaning
is badonkadonk, 'female rear end', a reduplicated word which can
remind English speakers of the repetitive movement of the rear
end while walking.
Creative respelling
Sometimes words are formed by simply changing the spelling of a
word that the speaker wants to relate to the new word. Product
names often involve creative respelling, such as Mr. Kleen.

Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa Kayarian/Pagkabuo

Posted on August 14, 2010 by lcmizzliz

May apat (4) na uri ng pangungusap ayon sa pagkabuo o kayarian.

1. Payak – isang diwa lang ang tinatalakay.
– maaaring may payak na simuno at panaguri.
Hal. Maraming biyayang bigay ang Panginoon sa mga tao.
2. Tambalan – may higit sa dalawang kaisipan.
– binubuo ng dalawa o higit pang sugnay na nakapag-iisa.
– ginagamitan ng pangatnig na magkatimbang
Hal. Ang biyaya ay kusang-loob na ibinibigay at ito ay kaloob na walang bayad.
Ang mga pangatnig na magkatimbang ay at, pati, saka, o, ni , maging, ngunit.
3. Hugnayan – pangungusap na binubuo ng isang sugnay na makapag-iisa at sugnay na di
makapag-iisa.
– ginagamitan ng pangatnig na di-magkatimbang ( kung, nang, bago, upang, kapag, dahil sa,
sapagkat)
Hal. Mabuti ang mag-asawa sapagkat tumutulong sa mga kapitbahay na nangangailangan.
( ang may salungguhit ay sugnay na makapag-iisa; walang salungguhit ay sugnay na di makapag-iisa)
4. Langkapan – pangungusap na binubuo ng tambalan at hugnayang pangungusap.
( binubuo ng 2sugnay na nakapag-iisa at sugnay na di nakapag-iisa)
Hal. Mabuti ang mag-asawa at sila ay may busilak na puso dahil sinusunod nila ang utos ng Panginoon.
(walang salungguhit ay sugnay na makapag-iisa; may salungguhit sugnay na di- makapag-iisa)
(courtesy of PHOENIX Pluma 6 Wika at Pagbasa)

Day 2
1.Payak-ito ang pangungusap na may iisang paksang pinag uusapan na kumakatawansa
ibat ibang anyo.Bagamat payak may inihahatid itong mensahe.

Mga anyo ng payak na pangungusap:

a.PS-PP

-payak na simuno at payak n panag uri.

Halimbawa:

Masipag na mag aaral si Jose.

Matalinong bata si Ruby.

b.PS-TP

-PAYAK NA SIMUNO AT TAMBALANG PANAG URI.

Halimbawa:

Matalino at masipag na mag aaral si Jose.

Mabait at mapagkakatiwalaan ang kaibign ko.

C.TS-PP

-tambalang simuno at panag uri.

Halimbawa:

Kapwa matulungin sina Jun at Lito.

Ang katarukan at kalinisn ng loob ay kailangn ninuman.

d.TS-TP
-tambalang simuno at tambalang panag uri.

Halimbawa:

Mapagkndili at maalalahanin sina mama at papa.

Sina pangulong Arroyo at Estrada ay mga haligi ng bansa at mga magulang ng bayan.

2.Tambalan
-ito ay pangungusap na may dalawang kaisipan na pinag uugnay o pinagdudugtong sa
tulong ng pangatnig.
Halimbawa:

Si Luis ay mahilig mang asar samantalang si Loreng ay mapagmahal.

Unang kaisipan-Si Luis ay mahilig mng asar.

Ikalawang kaisipan-Si Loreng ay mapagmahal.

Pangatnig-samantalang

3.Hugnayan

-ITO AYPANGUNGUSAP NA BINUBUO NG ISANG

SUGNAY NA MAKAPAG IISAAT SUGNAY NA DI MAKAPG
IISA.AN DIWA NG DALAWANG SUGNAY AY
MAGKARUGTONG AT PINAG UUGNAY O PINAGSAMA SAMA
NG PANGATNIG.

Halimbawa:

Di malayong umunlad ang Pilipinas kung ang mga mamamaayan ay magtutulong

tulong.

Sugnay na makapag iisa-Di malayong umunlad ang Pilipinas.

Sugnay na di makapag iisa-kung ang mamamayan ay magtutulong tulong.

Pangatnig-kung

4.Langkapan
-ito ay pangungusap na binubuo ng isa o mahigit pang sugnay na makapag iisa o sugnay
na di makapag iisa.

Halimbawa:
Makapapasa talaga siya at makataatamo ng diploma kung magsisipag sa pag aaral at
magtitiis ng hirap.

-Ang 2 sugnay na makapag iisa-Makapapasa talaga siya at makatatamo ng diploma.

-Ang 2 sugnay na di makapag iisa-Kung magsisipag sa pag aaral at magtitiis ng hirap.

PAGSASANAY:
Ibigay ang uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian nito.

1.Makakapasa ako sa pagsusulit bukas kung mag aaral ako ng mabuti.

2.Matatapos namin ang aming gawain kung kami ay magtutulong tulong at magkakisa.

3.Magluluto sana ako ng spaghetti at pansit kung bumili ka ng pangrekado.

4.Mahal na mahal nila ang isat isa kaya hinding hindi sila maghihiwalay at di nila
pababayaan ang isat isa.

5.Ipinpangako ko na mamahalin kita habambuhay at hinding hindi kita iiwan.

PANGUNGUSAP NA WALANG PAKSA

Anumang pangungusap o lipon ng mgasalita na walang simuno at panag uri bastat may
diwa at mensaheng ipaabot.Itoy maituturing na pangungusap na walang paksa.

URI NG PANGUNGUSAP NA WALANG PAKSA

1.EKSISTENSYAL

-May bgay na umiiral sa himig totoo ng pangungusap sa tulong ng mga katgang may o
mayroon.

Halimbawa:
1.May ttumatakbo

2.May dumating

3.Mayroong panauhin

4.May napapaayon

2.SAMBITLA

-Itoy isa o dalwang pnti ng salita na nagpapaabot ng diwa o kaisipan.Kadalasan isa ang
ekspresyon ng ipinapahayag.

Halimbawa:

yehe!

yahoo!

wow!

walastik!

3.PENOMENAL

-Nagsasaad ng panahon na kahit ito lamang ang banggitin may diwa ng ipinapaabot na
sapat upang mabigyang kahulugang ipinapaabot.Angtinawagan ay ay agad lalaapit dahil
baka may iuutos o tatawag.

Halimbawa:

Luis!:Maria!:bunso!:

5.PAGHANGA

-Itoy parang ekspresyon na nagpapahayag ng paghanga.

Ang ganda nya!

Ang talino mo!

Galing!

6.PAUTOS

-Salitang pautos na kahit nag iisa ay may ipinaabot na diwa o mensahe kayat di
pwedeng di sundin lalo na kung ang pagkakasabi ay maedyo madiin at mallim.

Halimbawwa:

Kunin mo,

Lakad na,

Takbo,

Sayaw.

7.PORMULARYONG PANLIPUNAN

-Ito ang salitang sadyang inakda sa sitwasyon:umaga tanghali gabi

Halimbawa:

Magandang umaga po

magandang gabi

Magandang taanghali

Paalam

Adyos

Tao po
Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa gamit
at tungkulin
1.PATUROL
-Ipinapahayag ng uring ito ng pangungusap ang isang katotohanano kalagayanayon sa
paraan ng pagkakapahayag.Palagiang sa tuldok tinatapos ng pangungusap na nagsasaad
ng katotohanan.

Halimbawa:

Napakagandang pamana ng edukasyon.

Totoong masaya ang buhay,may malungkot man o ligaya.

2.PAUTOS
-May himig ng pag uutos ay nauuri sa diwa ng pangungusap.

Ang pag uutos ay nauuri sa dalawa:

a.May paggalang sa kapwa sa tulong ng unlaping paki o maki.

b.Pag uutos na walang paggalang o pasintabi.

Halimbawa A.

1.Abutin mo nga ang sapatos ko.

2.Kunin mo ang gamit ko.

Halimbawa B

1.Pakiabot nga ng sapaos ko.

2.Makikikuha ng gamit ko.

3.PATANONG
-Pangungusap na may himig na nagtatanong .Tanong na may bagay na paglilinaw
na nagtatanong.at ito ay may bantas na patanong.

Halimbawa:

1.Alin ba ang higit na mainam,pera o pinag aralan?

2.Paano mo matutulungan ang iyong kapwa?

4.PADAMDAM
-Ginagamitan ng tandang padamdam (!)ang bawat pangungusap na may himig ng
matinding emosyon.Ang tandang padaamdam ay maaring ilagay sa huli o sa unahang
padamdam.

Halimbawa:

1.Naku po!Maligawgaw ,naluluha tuloy ako.

2.Ayun!Siya ang magnanakaaw!

Pangungusap ayon sa kayarian

Pangungusap ayon sa kayarian

Ang pangungusap ay may apat na kayarian: payak, tambalan, hugnay at

langkapan.

1. Ang payak na pangungusap ay nagpapahayag ng iisang kaisipan. Maaaring nagtataglay ng

payak o tambalang simuno at panaguri. May apat itong kayarian:

a. payak na simuno at payak na panaguri

b. payak na simuno at tambalang panaguri

c. tambalang simuno at payak na panaguri

d. tambalang simuno at tambalang panaguri.

Mga halimbawa:

Ang pamahalaan ay masigasig sa mabilisang pagsugpo ng kriminalidad sa bansa.

Ang mga lalaki at babae ay naghahanda ng palatuntunan para sa darating na pista.

Ang aming pangkat ay naglinis ng mga kalye at nagpinta ng mga pader sa paaralan.

Ang mga guro at mag-aaral ay aawit at sasayaw para sa pagdiriwang ng Buwan ng Wika.

2. Ang tambalang pangungusap ay binubuo ng dalawa o higit pang sugnay na makapag-iisa:

Halimbawa:

Nagtatag ng isang samahan sina Arnel at agad silang umisip ng magandang proyekto para
sa mga kabataan ng kanilang pook.

Maraming balak silang gawin sa Linggo: magpapamigay sila ng pagkain sa mga batang
lansangan, magpapadala sila nga mga damit sa mga batang ulila saka maghahandog sila ng
palatuntunan para sa mga maysakit sa gabi.

3. Ang hugnayang pangungusap ay binubuo ng isang sugnay na makapag-iisa at isa o

dalawang sugnay na di-makapag-iisa.

Halimbawa:

Gaganda ang iyong buhay kung susunod ka sa mga pangaral ng inyong magulang.

Ang batang na putol ang mga kamay ay mahusay gumuhit.

4. Ang langkapang pangungusap ay binubuo ng dalawa o mahigit pang sugnay na makapag-

iisa at dalawa o mahigit pang sugnay na di-makapag-iisa.
Halimbawa:

Ang buhay sa mundo ay pansamantala lamang kaya't dapat na tayo ay magpakabuti upang
makamit ang kaligayahan sa kabilang buhay.

Nahuli na ang mga masasamang-loob kaya't payapa na kaming nakatutulog sa gabi, kasi sila
lamang ang gumugulo sa amin.

Ang mga bayani natin ay namuhunan ng dugo upang makamtan ang kalayaan nang ang
bayan ay matahimik at lumigaya.