B1.

PartA Kirchoff’s Laws

Aim : To verify KVL and KCL for a given circuit.

Objectives:
1. To study the application of KCL & KVL for a given network.
2. To complete theoretically the voltage drops & the current through for a given network
3. To obtain experimentally the voltage drops & the current through for a given network
4. To verify KVL & KCL for a given network.

Circuit diagram:

Fig A. Kirchhoff Voltage Law

Fig B. Kirchhoff Current Law

For KCL:

V in= ______V

Component
Value
R1

R2

R3

R4

For KVL:

V in =_______V

Components Values

R1

R2

R3

R4
Procedure:

For KCL

1. Connect the power supply Vin=9 volt.

2. Measure the current in the five branches (I1, I2, I3, I4, ) using law i.e. I=V/R

3. Verify I1+I2=I3+I4 i.e. I in=I out

4. Compare current values found out experimentally and theoretically common to your result.

For KVL
1. Connect the power supply V in = 9V.

2. The theoretically calculate the voltage across resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 using law V=IR

3. Starting at pt. A move in a clockwise direction in a closed loop & measure each voltage drop V1, V2,
V3.V4.

4. Compare the voltage values found out experimentally & theoretically .

For KCL

Experimental values of Theoretical values f current

Iin=

I1=

I2=

I3=

I4=

Iout=

Calculation:

Vin=______V

R1xR2
R12= R1||R2 = -----------= ________ohm
R1+R2

R3xR4
R34= R3||R4 = -----------= ________ohm
R3+R4

Requ. = R12 + R34 = _________ohm

Vin
Iin = ---------- R2 R1 R3 R3
Req I1 = Iin x ---------- I2 = Iin x ---------- I3 = Iin x ---------- I4 = Iin x ----------
R1 + R1 + R3 + R3 +
R2 R2 R4 R4

Iin=I1+I2; Iout= I3+I4;

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For KVL

Experimental values of Theoretical values of voltages in

Vin=

V1=

V2=

V3=

V4=

Calculations:
Vin = ____ V

Requ.= R1+R2+R3+R5

Vin
Iin = ----------
Req

V1= R1 x Iin

V2=R2 x Iin

V3= R3 x Iin

V4=R4 x Iin

Vin = V1+V2+V3+V4
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Result:
1. For KCL:
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2. For KVL:
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Conclusion:
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 PartB. Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem

Aim: To study and verify the Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem

Objective :

1. To applied Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems in finding the current flowing in a

2. To verify the laws theorems by comparing the calculated values to those obtained by

measurement.

Apparatus:

Circuit board with inbuilt power supply, Digital multimeter, milliammeter

Thevenin Equivalent
 Norton Equivalent

Figure 1-1

(a) Thevenin’s Theorem :

1. Measure the supply voltage and resistance of each resistor. Record these values in

Table 1-1. Select RL as the resistor where it is proposed to determine the current

value.

2. Construct the circuit in Figure 1-1. Do not turn on the supply.

3. Remove resistor RL from the network.

4. Turn on the supply. Measure the voltage between the points A and B of the network.

This is the Thevenin’s voltage. Record the value in Table 1-2.

5. Switch off the power supply. Replace the power supply V1 with a short circuit.

6. Measure the resistance between terminals A and B. This is the Thevenin’s resistance.

Record the value in Table 1-2.

7. Place back the resistor RL in circuit with an ammeter is connected between terminals

A and C

8. Remove the short circuit connection and place back the supply in the circuit.

9. Turn on the supply. Read and record the current value flowing in the resistor RL.

10. Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit inclusive of resistor RL.

1. Construct the circuit as shown in Figure 1-1. Do not turn on the supply

2. Remove resistor RL from the network. RL is selected as the resistor where it is

proposed to determine the current value.

3. Turn on the supply. Read the current shown by the ammeter between terminals A and

B.This is Norton’s current, IN. Record its value in Table 1-3.

4. Switch off the power supply. Replace the supply with a short circuit.

5. Measure the resistance between terminals A and B. This is Norton’s resistance, record

the value in Table 1-3 .

6. Place back the resistance RL in circuit with an ammeter is connected between

terminals A and C.

7. Place back the power supply in the circuit and remove the short circuit connection.

8. Read and record the current value flowing in the resistor RL.

9. Draw Norton’s equivalent circuit inclusive of resistor RL.

Measured & Calculated values

V1 R1 R2 R3 R4 RL

Table 1.1

Measured values Theoretical values

Thevenin’s Thevenin’s current in Thevenin’s Thevenin’s current in

resistance voltage RL resistance voltage RL

Rth Vth IL Rth Vth IL

Table 1.2

Measured values Theoretical values

Norton’s Norton’s current in Norton’s Norton’s current in

resistance current RL resistance current RL

RN IN IL RN IN IL

Table 1.3
Calculation:

Vth =

Rth =

IN =

RN =

Result: -

Equivalent circuits:
Conclusion:

Theory: -

Statement of Thevenin’s theorem :

It states that any two terminal network containing a number of voltage and / or current sources and
resistances can be reduced to a simple circuit, containing an equivalent voltage source Vth in series with an
equivalent resistance Rth. Vtth is the open circuit voltage between the two terminals & Rth is the resistance
of the network as seen through output terminals when all the sources are replaced by their internal
resistances.

Statement of Norton’s Theorem:

It states that any two terminal network containing a number of voltages and/or current sources and
resistances can be reduced to a simple circuit containing an equivalent current source IN in parallel with a
resistances RN. IN = Short circuit current between the output terminals & RN = Resistance seen between the
output terminals when all the energy source are replaced by their internal resistance.