Last time 2/34

Lecture 5:
Construction of Instantons Instantons: Solutions to the self-duality equation F = ?F .
They are finite action solutions of Yang-Mills theory.
Christian Sämann That is, F → 0 for |x| → ∞.
Instantons on R4 extend/actually live on S 4 .
At infinity: A → γdγ −1 , γ : S∞
3 → G.

= Z.
For G = SU(2): [γ] ∈ π3 (S 3 ) ∼
Particularly nice: descibe instantons using quaternions:
 
x̄dx dx̄ ∧ dx
A(x) = im , F (x) = .
School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences 1 + |x|2 (1 + |x|2 )2
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh

SMSTC Gauge theory, 16.9.2013

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

The Moduli Space of the One-Instanton Solution 3/34 The Moduli Space of the One-Instanton Solution 4/34

Action of conformal transformations:

Note:
x → (ax + b)(cx + d)−1 , a, b, c, d ∈ H
Scaling Riemannian metric g → λg, λ ∈ R leaves instanton +

equation F = ?F invariant. Even conformally invariant. Acting by conformal trafos onto the one-instanton solution:
Need to conformally compactify R to
4 S4 to see the full a = d = 0, b = c = 1: x 7→ x−1 : related by gauge trafos.
symmetry group being realized. Invariant under SO(4) rotations up to gauge transformations.
Ex 4.4 Actually invariant under Sp(2)/Z2 .
Dirac U(1)-Monopole SU(2)-Instanton We need transformations SL(2, H)/Sp(2):
Space CP 1 ∼ = S2 HP 1 ∼ = S4
Conf. group SL(2, C)/Z2 SL(2, H)/Z2 x 7→ µ(x − b) , µ∈R, b∈H.
Transformation z → (az + b)(cz + d)−1 x → (ax + b)(cx + d)−1
a, b, c, d ∈ C a, b, c, d ∈ H
These transformations scale the instanton and move it around.
(Quaternions are non-commutative, order matters.)
The moduli of the one-instantons solution up to gauge trafos are
the instanton size λ ∈ R and the instanton position b ∈ H.

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
More Instantons, General Gauge Group 5/34 Spinor Notation 6/34
Many aspects of instantons are easier to study using spinor notation.

More generally: Decomposition of the tangent bundle

It turns out, that it is helpful to keep global gauge trafos. T R4 ∼
= (S + ⊗ S − )real
This implies adding 3 = dim SU(2) more moduli.
Dimension of moduli space: dim M1,SU(2) = dim M1,2 = 8. = C2 × R4 are bundle of (anti-)chiral Weyl spinors.
S± ∼
For k instantons, we would expect that dim Mk,2 = 8k. SO(4) ∼ SU(2) × SU(2), quaternions as 2 × 2-matrices.
For SU(N ), k = 1: embed SU(2) solution into SU(N ). Explicit formulas:
Stabilizer: S(U(N − 2) × U(2)).
x3 + ix4 −x2 + ix1
 
dim(SU(N )/S(U(N − 2) × U(2))) = 4N − 8. µ
x 7→ xµ σµαα̇ =x αα̇
= , α, α̇ = 1, 2
Altogether: dim M1,N = 8 + 4N − 8 = 4N . x2 + ix1 x3 − ix4
For k instantons, we thus guess dim Mk,N = 4kN . We will
confirm this later. We define λα = εαβ λβ , λα = εαβ λβ etc., ε12 = −ε21 = 1.
The instanton moduli space actually forms a smooth
ds2 = δµν dxµ ⊗ dxν → det d(xαα̇ ) = 21 εαβ εα̇β̇ xαα̇ xβ β̇ .
manifold, and one can define a metric on this space.
Derivatives: ∂αα̇ xβ β̇ := ∂
∂xαα̇
xβ β̇ = δαβ δα̇β̇

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

Instanton Equations are Integrable 7/34 Towards the Construction of Instantons 8/34

Curvature of gauge potential in spinor notation: Atiyah-Drinfeld-Hitchin-Manin construction

Construction giving all k-instanton sols. for gauge group SU(N ).
Fµν → Fαα̇,β β̇ = [∇αα̇ , ∇β β̇ ] = εαβ fα̇β̇ + εα̇β̇ fαβ
|{z} |{z} How to get to the ADHM construction
anti-self-dual self-dual
Original motivation: Instantons are bundles over twistor space
The instanton equation Fµν = 12 εµνκλ Fκλ becomes fα̇β̇ = 0. (more on this possibly later...)
The ADHM construction is a degenerate form of Fourier-trafo
Lax pair of instanton configurations on a 4-torus.
Define Lax pair ∇α := λα̇ ∇αα̇ , where (λα̇ ) ∈ CP 1 . (more on this later...)
The ADHM equation arises as D-flatness condition in certain
0 = [∇α , ∇β ] = λα̇ λβ̇ [∇αα̇ , ∇β β̇ ] supersymmetric gauge theories.
= λα̇ λβ̇ (εαβ fα̇β̇ + εα̇β̇ fαβ ) = λα̇ λβ̇ (εαβ fα̇β̇ ) ⇔ fα̇β̇ = 0 The ADHM construction arises very naturally by looking at a
configuration of a bound state of k Dp-branes inside N
D(p + 4)-branes in string theory. (see Tong and Dorey et al.)

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
Motivation for the ADHM Construction 9/34 The ADHM Construction 10/34

Consider the following construction method for connections: Initial Data

Just as manifolds can be embedded in Cartesian space
wα̇ ∈ Hom(CN , Ck ) ∼
= Ck ⊗ CN , wα̇ = εα̇β̇ wβ̇
(Whitney embedding theorem), we can embed the fibres of a
vector bundle E over M into a trivial vector bundle M × Rd . Xαα̇ ∈ gl(k), X αα̇ = εαβ εα̇β̇ Xβ β̇
This is essentially the Serre-Swan theorem, relating vector These have to satisfy the ADHM equation:
bundles to projective modules.
The fibres are the image of a projector Px , Px2 = Px . (wβ̇ )† wα̇ − (X αβ̇ )† Xαα̇ ∼ δα̇β̇
The connection on E is given by ∇µ sx = Px ∂µ sx .
The projector can be written as Px = ψx ψx† with ψx† ψx = 1k , Dirac operator
ψx : Rk → Rd , k: rank of vector bundle. 2×k
Consider a section sx = ψx g(x), g : C ∞ (M, Rn ), we have z }| {
wα̇ N
∇
/ := ∈ Hom(CN +2k , C2k )
∇(ψg) = ψψ † d(ψg) = ψ(dg + ψ † dψg) Xαα̇ + xαα̇ ⊗ 1k 2×k
It follows that
A = ψ † dψ . Lemma
/ = 12 ⊗ f −1 . (Ex. 4.6)
/ †∇
The ADHM equation is equivalent to ∇
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

The Explicit Construction 11/34 Verify the Construction 12/34

 
Instanton solutions from ADHM data Let’s check that Aαα̇ = ψa† ∂x∂αα̇ ψb is indeed self-dual:
Consider normalized zero-modes ψ = (ψa ) of: Introduce projector P := ψψ † .
  Because of ∇ / † ψ = 0 and ∇ / = 12 ⊗ f −1 : P = 1 − ∇
/ †∇ /†
/ f∇
/ † := (wα̇ )† − (X αα̇ + xαα̇ )† ⊗ 1k ∈ Hom(C2k , CN +2k ) :
∇ Let’s calculate:
Fαα̇,β β̇ = ∂[αα̇ Aβ β̇] − A[αα̇ Aβ β̇]
/ † ψa = 0 and ψ †a ψb = δab
∇ = ∂[αα̇ ψ † ∂β β̇] ψ + ψ † ∂[αα̇ ψψ † ∂β β̇] ψ
   
= ∂[αα̇ ψ † ∂β β̇] ψ − ∂[αα̇ ψ † ψψ † ∂β β̇] ψ
One can show that a = 1, . . . , N .    
= ∂[αα̇ ψ † (1 − ψψ † )∂β β̇] ψ = ∂[αα̇ ψ † (1 − P )∂β β̇] ψ
Solutions to the instanton equations are given by  
  = ∂[αα̇ ψ † (∇ / † )∂β β̇] ψ
/ f∇
† ∂
Aµ ∼ Aαα̇ = (Aαα̇,ab ) = ψa αα̇ ψb ∈ gl(N )
 
∂x = ψ † ∂[αα̇ ∇ / f ∂β β̇] ∇ /† ψ

 
= ψ † ∂[αα̇ ∇ / f ∂β β̇] ∇ / † ψ = εα̇β̇ ψ † Mαβ f ψ Ex 4.7
Invariant under U(k)-rotations ψ 7→ γψ.
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
The Moduli Space 13/34 Example: The k = 1, SU(2) Instanton again 14/34

Initial Data
Let’s count the free real moduli: wα̇ ∈ Hom(CN , Ck ), Xαα̇ ∈ gl(k) satisfying
2k × 2N from wα̇ ∈ Hom(CN , Ck ) ∼
= Ck ⊗ CN
(wβ̇ )† wα̇ − (X αβ̇ )† Xαα̇ ∼ δα̇β̇
2 × 2 × k 2 from Xαα̇ ∈ gl(k).
−3k 2 from the ADHM equation: Choose Xαα̇ = 0, w1 = λ 1


, w2 = λ 0


, λ ∈ R>0
0 1

(wβ̇ )† wα̇ − (X αβ̇ )† Xαα̇ ∼ δα̇β̇

Dirac operator and zero modes

−k 2 from global symmetry: Xαα̇ 7→ γXαα̇ γ −1 , wα̇ → γwα̇ /† = λ12 (xαα̇ )T

∇

Altogether, we obtain dimR M = 4kN , as expected. |x|

1
 
√ 2
ψ= |x|2 +λ2
λ
 , / †ψ = 0 ,
∇ ψ † ψ = 12 .
− √ 2 2 xα̇α
|x| |x| +λ

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

Yet Another Way of Writing the One-Instanton 15/34 Generalizations 16/34

Result of ADHM construction is one-instanton in singular gauge:

Instanton in singular gauge
λ2 There are a number of generalizations of the ADHM constructions
A= η a+ τ a xµ dxν ,
|x|2 (|x|2 + λ2 ) µν One can generalize to other gauge groups.
a+ :
ηµν ’t Hooft tensors, basis for self-dual 2-forms in 4d. There is a version on noncommutative spaces.
a(±)
Explicilty: ηµν = εaµν4 ± δaµ δν4 ∓ δaν δµ4 There is a version on Taub-Nut and other spaces.
Other equations, like the monopole equation.
Note:
(next...)
Return to our previous one-instanton solution by gauge trafo.
Versions using loop spaces.
The singularity at |x| = 0 is absent in the curvature.
Many of the recent generalizations are string-theory inspired
All the moduli are present in the ADHM data: We chose

Xαα̇ = 0
|{z} , wα̇ = |{z}
λ |{z}1 .
position size gauge

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
Dimensional Reductions 17/34 Simple Dimensional Reductions 18/34

We mentioned before the Straightforward dimensional reductions of instanton equations:

Ward conjecture R4 : F = ?F , Instanton equation
“Many (and perhaps all?) of the ordinary and partial equations R3 : F = ?dA Φ, Monopole equation
that are regarded as being integrable or solvable may be obtained R2 : . . . Vortex equation/Hitchin system
from the anti-self-dual gauge field equations (or its generalizations)
by reduction.”
R1 : ∇1 Φa = 12 εabc [Φb , Φc ], Nahm equation
Ward [1985] R0 : (X αβ̇ )† Xαα̇ = 0, part of ADHM equation

Reduction procedure (equivalent: Kaluza-Klein reduction)

Many other reductions, e.g. to
Assume that fields depend only on a subset of the coordinates.
nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Components of the connection along redundant coordinates
Painlevé equations
become scalar fields.
Example: Fields depend only on x1 , . . . , x3 , A4 → Φ String theory suggests a duality Rd ↔ R4−d . This is next...
Resulting eqn.: F = ?dA Φ, Bogomolny monopole equation.

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

The Poincaré Line Bundle 19/34 Pullbacks and Tensor Product Bundles 20/34

Recall:
Dual 4-torus Consider a manifold M with cover U = (Ua ).
= R4 /Λ, where Λ is a lattice.
We describe a 4-torus as T 4 ∼ Principal fibre bundle E with structure group G:
The dual lattice is Λ∗ = {µ ∈ R4∗ | µ · Λ ∈ Z}. Set of transition functions fab : Ua ∩ Ub → G.
= R4 /2πΛ∗ .
The dual 4-torus is described as T̂ 4 ∼ Connection: g-valued 1-form on M .
Use coordinates xµ on R4 and x̂µ on R4∗ Pullback
Given a map π : N → M , with π(y) = x. The pullback of E to N
along π has transition functions π ∗ fab (y) := fab (π(y)). Connection
L Poincaré bundle: trivial complex line b. L
A = Aµ (x)dxµ on E becomes π ∗ A := Aµ (π(y))d(π µ (y)).
? Connection one-form: AL (x, x̂) = ix̂µ dxµ
T 4 × T̂ 4 ∃γ: AL (x, x̂ + 2π) = AL (x, x̂) + γdγ −1 Tensor product
π @ π̂ A(x, x̂) indeed connection on T × T̂
R
@ Given two principal bundles E1 and E2 with sets of transition fncts.
T4 T̂ 4 Dual connection: ÂL (x, x̂) = −ixµ dx̂µ 1 ) and (f 2 ) and connections A and A , the tensor product
(fab ab 1 2
E1 ⊗E2 1 ⊗ f 2 ).
ÂL (x, x̂) = AL (x, x̂) + eix·x̂ de−ix·x̂ bundle E1 ⊗ E2 has transition functions (fab ) := (fab ab
Connection is AE1 ⊗E2 = A1 ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ A2 .
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
Nahm Transform 21/34 Nahm Transform: Conclusions 22/34

The Nahm transform works as follows:

Start: k-instanton in U(N ) gauge theory:
Principal bundle + connection (P, ∇)
Altogether, we get a one-to-one map between gauge
over T 4 , F∇ = ?F∇ , ch2 (F∇ ) = k
R
L
equivalence classes of instantons on T 4 and on the
? Pull back (P, ∇) along π. corresponding dual torus.
T 4 × T̂ 4
Tensor with Poincaré line bundle L: Looking at degenerate tori with infinite radii, we get:
π @ π̂
R
@ L ⊗ π ∗ P , AL⊗π∗ P = A ⊗ 1L + 1P ⊗ AL A transform between Instantons and ADHM data
T4 T̂ 4 Dirac operator: ∇
/ = σ µ AL⊗π
∗P
A transform between Monopoles and Nahm data
µ
A transform between Vortices and dual Vortices
ker(∇/ † ): ψ → projectors P = ψψ †
N -instn. in U(k) µ = T 4 dx4 ψ † ∂ ∂x̂µ ψ
R
Next:
Note:
Another motivation for ADHM construction: Twistor geometry.
Proof of self-duality: direct computation as for instantons.
Nahm transform applied twice: identity up to gauge trafos.
Atiyah-Singer index thm.: Dirac operators have right kernels
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

Twistor Space 23/34 Incidence Relation 24/34

Use again spinor notation: xαα̇ ∈ R4 . On S 2 ∼

= CP 1 , use λα̇ .
History
Proposed by Penrose in 1967 as an approach to Quantum Gravity Incidence relation
Input from QM: complex geometry, non-locality We can combine these in the following equation:
Input from GR: light-rays, null subspaces. z α = xαα̇ λα̇

Construction of Twistor space:

Observations:
Consider observers at each point and at each instance. !
Restrict to patches U± : λ1,2 = 1.
Twistor space P3 is the space of all light-rays they observe.
Regard z α as global sections of vector bundle over CP 1 .
This bundle is in fact O(1) ⊕ O(1) → CP 1 . Here, O(1) is the
P3 ∼
= R4
|{z} × S2
|{z} complex line bundle arising from the monopole bundle. That
all observers all lightrays is, it is a complex line bundle with first Chern number 1 and its
global holomorphic sections are polynomials of degree 1 in λα̇ .
Alternatively: Space of complex structures on R4 :
The above equation yields a diffeomorphism R4 × S 2 and the
U(2)/U(1) × U(1) ∼= CP 1 ∼= S2. total space of the vector bundle P 3 .
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
Incidence Relation and twistor correspondence 25/34 Penrose-Ward Transform 26/34

Simplification: complexify all: R4 → C4 , SU(2) → GL(2, C)

Penrose-Ward transform
Incidence relation: z α = xαα̇ λα̇ , xαα̇ ∈ C4 , (z α , λα̇ ) ∈ P 3 .
The Penrose-Ward transform maps certain holomorphic vector
bundles over P 3 to instanton solutions on C4 .
C4 × CP 1
π1 @ π2 Remarks:
R
@
PW transform yields 1:1 correspondence between
P3 C4
holomorphic equivalence classes of certain bundles over P 3
gauge equivalence classes of instantons
where π1 : Incidence relation, π2 : simple projection
PW transform restricts nicely to R4 and R2,2 .
The incidence relation yields geometric 1:1 correspondences: Similar transforms exist for most integrable equations, e.g.
monopoles. Need different twistor spaces.
A point x ∈ C4 ↔ a section CP 1x of P 3 .
It corresponds to a holomorphic transgression map.
A point (z, λ) ∈ P 3 ↔ a plane {xαα̇ = xα0 α̇ + κα λα̇ } ⊂ C4
⇒ C4 , P 3 are moduli spaces of certain subspaces of each other.
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

Recall: Triviality of vector bundles 27/34 Penrose-Ward Transform 28/34

Consider a manifold M with cover U = (Ua ), M = ∪a Ua Starting point

for example: CP 1 ∼
= S 2 with U = (U+ , U− ).
“A holomorphic vector bundle over P 3 of rank N that becomes
Vector bundle of rank N : maps fab : Ua ∩ Ub → End (CN ) holomorphically trivial when restricted to any CP 1x ,→P 3 .”
such that fab fbc = fac on Ua ∩ Ub ∩ Uc .
Two vector bundles (fab ), (f˜ab ) are called equivalent if there What this means:
are ψa : Ua → End (CN ) such that (fab ) = (ψ −1 f˜ab ψb ). a Consider cover U = {U+ , U− } of P 3 = O(1) ⊕ O(1) → CP 1 .
If the ψa are smooth: “topologically equivalent.” −1
Transition functions: f+− (z, λ) = f−+ (z, λ) ∈ End (CN ).
If the ψa are holomorphic: “holomorphically equivalent.” Triviality: f+− (z, λ) = f+− (xαα̇ λα̇ , λα̇ ) → f+− (λα̇ )
The transition functions (fab ) describing a vector bundle are −1
f+− (λα̇ ) = ψ+ (λα̇ )ψ− (λα̇ ) , ψ± (λ) ∈ GL(N )
thus an element of the first non-abelian Čech cohomology set.
A trivial bundle: (fab ) = ψa−1 1ψb = ψa−1 ψb . We call such bundles C4 -trivial.

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
The explicit Penrose-Ward Transform 29/34 The explicit Penrose-Ward Transform 30/34

Consider again the double fibration: π1∗ E

@@
C4 × CP 1
R
π1∗ E −1
@
E π1 @ π2 π1∗ f+− = ψ+ (x, λ)ψ− (x, λ)
C4 × CP 1
R
@ @@ R
@
C4
R
E P3
π1 @ π2
@ R
@
C4
R
@
P3
There are vector fields Vα := λα̇ ∂αα̇ along π1 :
Start fromC4 -trivial vector bundle E over P 3 with rank N . Vα λα̇ = 0, Vα z β = λα̇ ∂αα̇ xβ β̇ λβ̇ = λα̇ δαβ δα̇β̇ λβ̇ = δαβ λα̇ λα̇ = 0
Pull E back to C4 × CP 1 along π1 . π1∗ E is vector bundle w. Pullback definition: Vα (π1∗ f+− ) = 0, which implies:
−1 −1 −1 −1
transition funct. π1∗ f+− (x, λ) = f+− (xαα̇ λα̇ , λα̇ ) = f+− ◦ π1 . Vα (π1∗ f+− ) = Vα (ψ+ ψ− ) = −ψ+ (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ ψ− +ψ+ Vα ψ−
As E is trivial on any CP 1x , the bundle π1∗ E is trivial! We thus have global gauge potentials:
−1
Write π1∗ f+− = ψ+ (x, λ)ψ− (x, λ) −1
Aα := (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ −1
= (Vα ψ− )ψ−

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons

Compatibility condition 31/34 Instantons via the Penrose-Ward transform 32/34

−1
Global connection Aα := (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ −1
= (Vα ψ− )ψ− on C4 × CP 1 .
−1
First step of Penrose-Ward transform ⇒ Aα := (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ .
Note:
Aα contains a gauge potential Aαα̇ on C4 : Aα = λα̇ Aαα̇ .
Connection has components only along π1 : C × CP → 4 1
P 3.
From the definition of Aα , we have
We can Laurent-expand on U+ and U− in λ and compare:
−1 −1
0 = [Vα − Aα , Vβ − Aβ ] = λα̇ λβ̇ [∂αα̇ + Aαα̇ , ∂β β̇ + Aβ β̇ ]
(Vα ψ+ )ψ+ = (Vα ψ− )ψ− ⇒ Aα = −λα̇ Aαα̇
= λα̇ λβ̇ (εαβ fα̇β̇ + εα̇β̇ fαβ ) = λα̇ λβ̇ (εαβ fα̇β̇ ) ⇔ fα̇β̇ = 0
Aα thus contains a gauge potential Aαα̇ on C 4.
Aαα̇ is therefore the gauge potential of an instanton.
From the definition, we have: One can easily do the inverse construction:
−1
Aα := (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ ⇔ (Vα − Aα )ψ+ = 0 Start from an instanton Aαα̇ on 4 . C
Construct Aα = λα̇ Aαα̇ .
−1
Necessary condition for solution: Solve Aα := (Vα ψ+ )ψ+ .

[Vα − Aα , Vβ − Aβ ]ψ+ = 0 ⇔ [Vα − Aα , Vβ − Aβ ] = 0

−1
f+− = ψ+ ψ− defines a bundle on 4 × P 1 . C C
We have Vα f+− = 0 ⇒ bundle descends to P 3 .
Vα − Aα : Lax operators λα̇ (∂αα̇ + Aαα̇ ) of instanton equation.
Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons
Example: Atiyah-Ward ansatz 33/34 Concluding Remarks 34/34

Starting point: rank-2 vector bundle over P 3 with

Remarks on ADHM construction and Penrose-Ward transform:
λ−1
 
ρ + Both constructions are connected via monads and equivalent.
f+− =
−λ+ 0
Starting points:
The splitting f+− = ψ+−1
ψ− reads as: ADHM construction: Need solution to ADHM equation.
Penrose-Ward transform: Need holomorphic vector bundle.,
φ + ρ+ −λ−1 φ + ρ− λ−1
   
−1 + ρ+ 1 1 + Actual construction:
f+− = ψ+ ψ− = √ √
−λ+ 1 φ φ λρ− 1 ADHM construction: Solve an algebraic equation. ,
−1
Penrose-Ward transform: Find splitting f+− = ψ+ ψ− . /
Decomposed the function ρ in its Laurent series
Roughly: in practise, use ADHM for concrete computations
∞
X and use PW-trafo for more abstract considerations.
ρ= ρn λn = ρ− + φ + ρ+
n=−∞ Example:
Twistor space P 6 for H = ?H in 6d known since ∼ 1985.
Note: ρ± and φ are holomorphic on U± and CP 1 , resp. Proposal for non-abelian gerbes from 2000 onwards.
Readily compute A± ± −1 PW-trafo for these gerbes on P 6 yields (2, 0)-theory.
α = ψ+ Vα ψ+
− φ− 2 ∂ν φ 2 ) + 12 12 (φ 2 ∂µ φ− 2 + φ− 2 ∂µ φ 2 )
1
1 a a − 12 1 1 1 1 1 1
Aµ = 2i ηµν σ (φ ∂ν φ
2

Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons Christian Sämann Lecture 5: Construction of Instantons