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Equivalence and Boundry - Testing

The document discusses techniques for intelligently selecting test cases from a large pool when exhaustively testing all combinations is not feasible. It describes equivalence partitioning, which divides input values into partitions where behavior is expected to be the same. Boundary value analysis then tests values at the boundaries between partitions. Together these techniques reduce the number of test cases while still covering all scenarios. Boundary value analysis involves testing minimum, maximum, and values just inside and outside partitions. Equivalence partitioning is applied first to divide inputs, then boundary value analysis selects test cases at the boundaries.

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pratik sukenkar
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217 views5 pages

Equivalence and Boundry - Testing

The document discusses techniques for intelligently selecting test cases from a large pool when exhaustively testing all combinations is not feasible. It describes equivalence partitioning, which divides input values into partitions where behavior is expected to be the same. Boundary value analysis then tests values at the boundaries between partitions. Together these techniques reduce the number of test cases while still covering all scenarios. Boundary value analysis involves testing minimum, maximum, and values just inside and outside partitions. Equivalence partitioning is applied first to divide inputs, then boundary value analysis selects test cases at the boundaries.

Uploaded by

pratik sukenkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practically, due to time and budget considerations, it is not possible to perform exhausting

testing for each set of test data, especially when there is a large pool of input combinations.

We need an easy way or special techniques that can select test cases intelligently from the
pool of test-case, such that all test scenarios are covered.

We use two techniques - Equivalence Partitioning & Boundary Value Analysis testing
techniques to achieve this.

What is Boundary Testing?


Boundary testing is the process of testing between extreme ends or boundaries between
partitions of the input values.

 So these extreme ends like Start- End, Lower- Upper, Maximum-Minimum, Just Inside-
Just Outside values are called boundary values and the testing is called "boundary
testing".
 The basic idea in boundary value testing is to select input variable values at their:

1. Minimum
2. Just above the minimum
3. A nominal value
4. Just below the maximum
5. Maximum

 In Boundary Testing, Equivalence Class Partitioning plays a good role


 Boundary Testing comes after the Equivalence Class Partitioning.

What is Equivalent Class Partitioning?


Equivalent Class Partitioning is a black box technique (code is not visible to tester) which can
be applied to all levels of testing like unit, integration, system, etc. In this technique, you divide
the set of test condition into a partition that can be considered the same.

 It divides the input data of software into different equivalence data classes.
 You can apply this technique, where there is a range in input field.

Example 1: Equivalence and Boundary Value


 Let's consider the behavior of tickets in the Flight reservation application, while booking
a new flight.
 Ticket values 1 to 10 are considered valid & ticket is booked. While value 11 to 99 are
considered invalid for reservation and error message will appear, "Only ten tickets
may be ordered at one time."

Here is the test condition

1. Any Number greater than 10 entered in the reservation column (let say 11) is
considered invalid.
2. Any Number less than 1 that is 0 or below, then it is considered invalid.
3. Numbers 1 to 10 are considered valid
4. Any 3 Digit Number say -100 is invalid.

We cannot test all the possible values because if done, the number of test cases will be more
than 100. To address this problem, we use equivalence partitioning hypothesis where we
divide the possible values of tickets into groups or sets as shown below where the system
behavior can be considered the same.
The divided sets are called Equivalence Partitions or Equivalence Classes. Then we pick only
one value from each partition for testing. The hypothesis behind this technique is that if one
condition/value in a partition passes all others will also pass. Likewise, if one condition
in a partition fails, all other conditions in that partition will fail.

Boundary Value Analysis- in Boundary Value Analysis, you test boundaries between
equivalence partitions

In our earlier example instead of checking, one value for each partition you will check the
values at the partitions like 0, 1, 10, 11 and so on. As you may observe, you test values atboth
valid and invalid boundaries. Boundary Value Analysis is also called range checking.

Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are closely related and can be used
together at all levels of testing.

Example 2: Equivalence and Boundary Value


Suppose a password field accepts minimum 6 characters and maximum 10 characters
That means results for values in partitions 0-5, 6-10, 11-14 should be equivalent

Test Scenario # Test Scenario Description Expected Outcome

1 Enter 0 to 5 characters in password field System should not accept

2 Enter 6 to 10 characters in password field System should accept

3 Enter 11 to 14 character in password field System should not accept

Examples 3: Input Box should accept the Number 1 to 10


Here we will see the Boundary Value Test Cases

Test Scenario Description Expected Outcome

Boundary Value = 0 System should NOT accept

Boundary Value = 1 System should accept

Boundary Value = 2 System should accept

Boundary Value = 9 System should accept

Boundary Value = 10 System should accept

Boundary Value = 11 System should NOT accept

Why Equivalence & Boundary Analysis Testing


1. This testing is used to reduce very large number of test cases to manageable chunks.
2. Very clear guidelines on determining test cases without compromising on the
effectiveness of testing.
3. Appropriate for calculation-intensive applications with large number of variables/inputs

Summary:

 Boundary Analysis testing is used when practically it is impossible to test large pool of
test cases individually
 Two techniques - Equivalence Partitioning & Boundary Value Analysis testing
techniques is used
 In Equivalence Partitioning, first you divide a set of test condition into a partition that can
be considered.
 In Boundary Value Analysis you then test boundaries between equivalence partitions
 Appropriate for calculation-intensive applications with variables that represent physical
quantities

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